AP Biology 2009-2010

Endocrine SystemHormones

& Homeostasis

Regents Biology

Homeostasis Homeostasis

__________________________________ organism must keep internal conditions

stable even if environment changes also called “________________________”

example: body temperature ___________________________

_____________________________________ _____________________________________

___________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________

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Regulation How we maintain homeostasis

_________________________ nerve signals control body functions

_________________________ _________________________ chemical signals control body functions

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Controlling Body Temperature

high

low

nerve signals

sweat

nerve signals

brain

body temperature

shiver brain

dilates surfaceblood vessels

constricts surfaceblood vessels

Nervous System Control Feedback

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Hormones Why are hormones needed?

chemical messages from one body part to cells in other parts of body

communication needed to coordinate whole body

________________________

growth hormones

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Endocrine System Endocrine system releases hormones

____________________________________________________

chemicals cause changes in other parts of body

slow, long-lasting responsegrowth hormonessex hormonesresponse hormonesmetabolism hormonesand more….

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Responding to hormones __________________________________

__________________________________

____________

__________________

__________________

can’tread

signal

can’tread

signal

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Glands ______________

melatonin ______________

many hormones: master gland

______________ thyroxine

______________ adrenaline

______________ insulin, glucagon

______________ estrogen

______________ testosterone

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Maintaining homeostasis

high

low

hormone 1

lowersbody condition

hormone 2

gland

specific body condition

raisesbody condition

gland

Feedback

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Negative Feedback Response to changed body condition

if body is high or low from normal level signal tells body to make changes that will

bring body back to normal level once body is back

to normal level, signal is turned off

_________

high

hormone 1

lowersbody condition

gland

specific body condition

Regents Biology

liver

pancreas

liver

Regulation of Blood Sugar

blood sugar level(90mg/100ml)

insulin

body cells takeup sugar

from blood

liver storessugar

reducesappetite

glucagon

pancreas

liver releases

sugartriggershunger

high

low

FeedbackEndocrine System Control

AP Biology 2006-2007

Endocrine SystemHormones

& Reproduction

Regents Biology

Sex & Growth Hormones Large scale body

changes how do they work

_________________ start new processes

in the body by turning genes on that were lying “dormant”

Regents Biology

Pituitary gland hormones Sex & reproductive hormones

____________ _____________________________ stimulates egg & sperm production

____________ _____________________________ stimulates ovaries & testes prepares uterus for fertilized egg

oxytocin stimulates childbirth contractions releases milk in nursing mothers

prolactin milk production in nursing mothers

hormones hormones

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________________ ________________ sperm production

& secondary sexual characteristics

________________ ________________ egg production,

preparing uterus for fertilized egg & secondary sexual characteristics

Reproductive hormones

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Sperm production over 100 million produced per day! ~50 million released per mL!

Male reproductive system

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spermatocytes

seminiferoustubule

sperm

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Male reproductive system

Testes & epididymis sperm production &

maturation Glands

seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethal

produce seminal fluid

Buffers against acidic vaginal fluids

Regents Biology

Male reproductive system ______________________

produces sperm & hormones ______________________

sac that holds testicles outside of body to keep sperm at correct temperature.

______________________ where sperm mature

______________________ tubes for sperm to travel from testes to penis

Prostate, seminal vesicles, Cowper’s (bulbourethal) glands nutrient rich fluid to feed & protect sperm

Regents Biology

Female reproductive system

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Female reproductive system ______________________

produces eggs & hormones ______________________

nurtures fetus; lining builds up each month ______________________

tubes for eggs to travel from ovaries to uterus ______________________

opening to uterus, dilates 10 cm for birthing baby ______________________

birth canal for birthing baby

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Female reproductive system

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Egg maturation in ovary

releasesprogesterone

maintainsuteruslining

produces estrogen

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LH

FSH

estrogen

progesterone

lining of uterus

egg developmentovulation = egg release

corpus luteum

0 7 14 21 28days

Menstrual cycle Controlled by

interaction of 4 hormones FSH & LH estrogen progesterone

Regents Biology

corpusluteumovary

Female reproductive cycle

pregnancy

maintainsuterus lining

no

yes

Feedback

estrogenegg

matures &is released(ovulation)

builds up uterus lining

FSH & LH

progesterone

progesterone

fertilized egg(zygote)

corpus luteum breaks downprogesterone drops

menstruation

corpusluteum

maintainsuterus lining

pituitarygland

hypothalamus

Regents Biology

Female hormones FSH & LH

_____________________________________________ stimulates egg development & hormone release peak release = release of egg (ovulation)

Estrogen _____________________________________________ stimulates growth of lining of uterus decreasing levels causes menstruation

Progesterone _____________________________________________

cells that used to take care of developing egg stimulates blood supply to lining of uterus decreasing levels causes menstruation

Regents Biology

Fertilization

Regents Biology

Placenta Food & gases diffuse across blood vessels Mother’s & Baby’s blood NEVER mixes

Regents Biology

Any Questions??