Anatomy and Physiology of the Anatomy and Physiology of the Speech and Hearing Mechanisms:Speech and Hearing Mechanisms:

Basic Elements Basic Elements of Anatomyof Anatomy

Wilhelmina Wright-Harp, Ph.D.

Associate Professor:

Howard University

Department of Communication of

Sciences and Disorders

2009 Fall Semester

Lecture OutlineLecture OutlineSystems of CommunicationAnatomical Terminology

– Basic terminology– Directional Terms– Brain Sections

Basic Elements of Anatomy– Cells– Tissues– Ligaments and Tendons– Joints– Muscles

Systems Involved in the Systems Involved in the Communication ProcessCommunication Process

Nervous System Respiratory/Resonatory

System Phonatory System Articulatory/Resonatory

System Auditory System

Auditory

Articulatory

Respiratory

Phonatory

Nervous

Systems Involved in the Systems Involved in the Communication Process Communication Process

cont.,cont.,

TerminologyTerminology Anatomy = the study of the structure of an

organism (Seikel, 2005 p. 6) Physiology = “the study of the function of the

living organism and its parts, as well as the chemical processes involved.” (Seikel, 2005 p. 6)

Specializations of anatomy– applied anatomy (clinical anatomy) – descriptive anatomy (systematic anatomy) – Gross anatomy– Microscopic anatomy – Surface anatomy – Developmental anatomy – Pathological anatomy– Comparative anatomy

Terminology continued...Terminology continued...

Neuroanatomy - involves the study of the anatomy of the nervous system.

Neurophysiology - involves the study of the function of the neuron and other aspects of the nervous system.

Directional TermsDirectional Terms anterior (ventral) posterior (dorsal) superior inferior cranial caudal medial lateral distal proximal

Body SectionsBody Sections

Midsagittial Section Sagittal Section

Body SectionsBody Sections

Coronal Section Horizontal or

(transverse) section)

http://homepage.smc.edu

Terms for Body MovementsTerms for Body Movements

Abduction Adduction Flexion Extension Supination Pronation

http://www.amputee-online.com/amputee/

Basic building blocks of the Basic building blocks of the human bodyhuman body

The body is comprised of four levels of organization:

cells tissues organs systems

cells

tissues

organs

systems

Building Blocks:Building Blocks:Cell TypesCell Types

Three types of cells are:muscle cellsnerve cellsbone cells

Muscle CellsMuscle Cells

Nerve CellsNerve Cells

Bone CellsBone Cells

Bone cells are of two major types:– Osteoblasts– Osteoclasts

Building Blocks:Building Blocks:Tissue TypesTissue Types

Cells of common structure and function are organized into tissues. There are four primary types of tissues:– epithelial– connective– muscle– neural

Building Blocks:Building Blocks:Tissue TypesTissue Types

I. EPITHELIAL TISSUE is comprised of the following two types:

Simple - consisting of a single layer of cells.

Compound - consisting of two or more layers of cells.

Epithelium Tissue Types:Epithelium Tissue Types:SimpleSimple

Types of simple epithelium include:

Squamous epithelium Cuboidal epithelium Columnar epithelium Ciliated Columnar epithelium

Simple Squamous EpitheliumSimple Squamous Epithelium

http://nte-serveur.univ-lyon1.fr/nte/EMBRYON/www. uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/210labs/epithelial1.html

Simple Cuboidal EpitheliumSimple Cuboidal Epithelium

http://nte-serveur.univ-lyon1.fr/nte/EMBRYON/www. uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/210labs/epithelial1.html

Simple Columnar EpitheliumSimple Columnar Epithelium

Simple Ciliated Columnar Simple Ciliated Columnar EpitheliumEpithelium

Epithelium Tissue Types:Epithelium Tissue Types:CompoundCompound

Types of compound epithelium include:– Pseudostratified columnar– Stratified Squamous– Stratified Cuboidal/Columnar– Transitional Epithelium

Epithelium Tissue Types:Epithelium Tissue Types:

Reference: http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit2_2_body_tissues.html

Tissue Types (continued)Tissue Types (continued)Connective TissueConnective Tissue

II. CONNECTIVE TISSUE- functions to bind structures together. The following are types of connective tissue: – Areolar– Adipose– Collagenous or white fibrous tissue – Elastic or yellow tissue – Lymphoid tissue– Cartilage– Vascular (blood)– Bone

Connective Tissue cont.,Connective Tissue cont.,

Areolar Adipose

http://www.washington.uwc.edu/about/faculty/schaefer_w/TissuesPage.htm

Connective Tissue cont.,Connective Tissue cont.,

Collagenous/White Fibrous

Elastic Yellow Tissue

http://www.washington.uwc.edu/about/faculty/schaefer_w/TissuesPage.htm

Connective Tissue Cont.,Connective Tissue Cont.,

Lymphoid

Cartilage

Connective Tissue cont.,Connective Tissue cont.,

Vascular

Bone

http://www.washington.uwc.edu/about/faculty/schaefer_w/TissuesPage.htm

Tissue Types (continued)Tissue Types (continued)Connective TissueConnective Tissue

Compact Bone

Spongy Bone

.www.scienceclarified.com.

www.histology-world.com/keyfeatures/bone1.htm

Compact and Spongy Bone Compact and Spongy Bone cont.,cont.,

http://concise.brittanica.com

Tissue Types (continued)Tissue Types (continued)Connective TissueConnective Tissue

Blood plasma

http://www.washington.uwc.edu/about/faculty/schaefer_w/TissuesPage.htm

Connective Tissue: CartilageConnective Tissue: Cartilage

Types of cartilage include:– Hyaline– Fibro cartilage– Yellow-elastic

Connective Tissue: CartilageConnective Tissue: Cartilage

Cartilage

http://www.gbmc.org/voice/anatomyphysiologyofthelarynx.cfm

Tissue Types (continued)Tissue Types (continued)CartilageCartilage

Types of cartilage include:

Hyaline - which is smooth and has a glassy, bluish white color.

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/Anatomy_&_Physiology/A&P201/201_Slides.htm

Cartilage cont.,Cartilage cont.,

Fibro-cartilage - this is a dense white cartilage.

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/ Anatomy&Physiology/A&P201/201_Slides.htm

Cartilage cont.,Cartilage cont.,

Yellow elastic cartilage - is firm elastic cartilage.

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/Anatomy_&_Physiology/A&P201/201_Slides.htm

Tissue Types (continued)Tissue Types (continued)Muscular TissueMuscular Tissue

III. MUSCULAR TISSUE - is capable of contraction once stimulated, e.g. muscles of VFs, tongue, etc... – Some types of muscle fibers are:– smooth– cardiac– skeletal or striated

Muscle TypesMuscle Types

Smooth Muscle

http://www.washington.uwc.edu/about/faculty/schaefer_w/TissuesPage.htm

Muscle TypesMuscle Types

Cardiac Muscle

http://www.washington.uwc.edu/about/faculty/schaefer_w/TissuesPage.htm

Muscle TypesMuscle Types

Skeletal (Striated) Muscle

http://www.washington.uwc.edu/about/faculty/schaefer_w/TissuesPage.htm

Tissue Types (continued)Tissue Types (continued)Nervous TissueNervous Tissue

IV. NERVOUS TISSUE - consists of neurons or nerve cells. The three types are:– sensory– motor – internuncial

Tissue Types (continued)Tissue Types (continued)Nervous TissueNervous Tissue

Neurons - The function of neurons is to transmit neural impulses from:

one neuron to another from neuron to muscle from sensory receptors to other neural

structures (e.g. muscles, brain). Glial Cells - Another type of cell found in the

NS are glial cells which serve as supportive cells for neurons and form the blood brain barrier.

NeuronNeuron

http://www.harveyharte.com/psychoneurophysiology.htm

Neuron cont.,Neuron cont.,

Motor Neuron

Sensory

Internuncial

http://www.solarnavigator.com/human_brain.htm

Ligaments and TendonsLigaments and Tendons

Ligaments bind structures together. There are several types of ligaments.– visceral ligaments– skeletal ligaments– Tendons usually bind muscles to other

structures.

Ligament vs. TendonLigament vs. Tendon

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/19089.jpg

Types of JointsTypes of Joints

The junction of bones with other bones or cartilage with cartilage occurs by means of joints. Joints are generally classified by the degree of movement they allow. The three types are:– diarthrodial - which are high mobility joints.– amphiarthrodial - are joints with limited

mobility.– synarthrodial - are immobile joints.

Fibrous JointsFibrous Joints

Types of fibrous or synarthrodial joints:– syndesmosis– sutures– gomphosis

http://acsweb.fmarion.edu/Barbeau/104L2_skeletal.htmhttp://music.musictnt.com/biography/sdmc_Gomphosis

Cartilaginous JointsCartilaginous Joints

SynchrondrosisSymphisis

http://commons.bcit.ca/biology/articulations/amphiarthrotic.html

Synovial JointsSynovial Joints

These joints are unique in that they are comprised of a joint cavity containing synovial fluid. Some types are:– Arthrodial (gliding joint)– Spheroid (cotyloid joint)– Condylar (ball and socket joint)– Ellipsoid (ball and socket joint)– Trochoid (pivoting joint)– Sellar (saddle joint)– Ginglymus (hinge joint)

Synovial Joints cont.,Synovial Joints cont.,

http://www.shelfieldpeonline.co.uk/assets/images/joints.gif

Types of joints cont.,Types of joints cont.,

http://www.infovisual.info/03/026_en.html

Origin and InsertionsOrigin and Insertions

origin - the point of attachment with the least mobility.

insertion - the point of attachment with the most mobility, which moves due to muscle contraction.

Origins and InsertionsOrigins and Insertions

Origin and Insertions of Suprahyoid muscles of the larynx.

Muscles (continued)Muscles (continued)

agonists - are muscles that move a structure.

antagonists - are muscles that oppose a movement

synergists - are muscles used to stabilize structures.

muscle innervations may be sensory (afferent) or motor (efferent).

motor unit is the efferent nerve fiber and the muscle it innervates. Muscles are innervated by a single nerve.