“Zero Liquid Discharge” Concept for Efficient Management...
Transcript of “Zero Liquid Discharge” Concept for Efficient Management...
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“Zero Liquid Discharge” Concept for Efficient Management of
Urban Waters & Wastewaters
Prof. Shyam R. AsolekarCentre for Environmental Science and EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Bombay
Powai, Mumbai 400 076Phones: 022- 2576 7851 E-mail: [email protected]
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Water Scenario in Developing Countries
� Inadequate water supply and poor water quality
� Increasing demand for water for domestic, agriculture, as well as industrial purposes
� Available water resources continuously gettingdeteriorated
Causes� Discharge of partially treated or untreated wastewater/ effluents
into water reservoirs� Agricultural and Urban runoff � Increasing water demand� Excessive water withdrawal prevents dilution of pollutants
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Wastewater Treatment in India
35558
30000
35000
40000Wastewater Generated (MLD) Wastewater Treated (MLD)
15644
2696
8040
11553
233.70
5000
10000
15000
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25000
Metropolitan Cities Class I Cities Class II Towns
MLD
[CPCB, 2009]3
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35558
25000
30000
35000
40000M
LDWastewater Generated (MLD) Wastewater Treated (MLD)
Trends of Wastewater Treatment and Management in India
(Source: CPCB, 2009)
7006
16662
27554037
11553
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
Year-1979 Year-1995 Year-2009
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The Imminent Challenges in Management of Water Resources
� Pollution due to disposal of untreated (or partially treated) sewage and sullage into natural watercourses and
� Pollution caused by disposal of industrial wastewater into sewers and watercourses
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One usually encountered solution is to treat the sewages and wastewaters to regulatory standards and then dispose them off into receiving bodies!
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The other less favored solution is to treat the sewages and wastewaters to much HIGH standards
and then reuse / recycle them!
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� The treated effluent is used as a water resource for beneficial purposes
------New and assured water source
Reclamation of Wastewaters forRecycling and Reusing: A New Horizon
� The effluent is kept out of streams, lakes, and beaches;
------ Reduces pollution of natural water reservoirs
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Reuse: To extend the life of resource/product by using it again, repairing it, modifying it or creating new uses for it
Recycle:Collecting and reprocessing already
Reclamation… cont’d…
Recycle:Collecting and reprocessing already manufactured materials for remanufacture either as the same thing or as part of a different product
Reduce:To bring down use of resource/material to a smaller extent, size, amount or quantity
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Solution – Water Recycling
Advantages:
� Achieving 24 x 7 water supply� Achieving 24 x 7 water supply�Reduced consumption of potable water�Elimination of pollution of watercourses
� Reducing the cost of wastewater treatment
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� The installation and operating costs of existing technologies are rather high and hence are ill-afforded by the communities
� The available technologies are often complex, require heavy machinery that are capital intensive
Points for Immediate Action
require heavy machinery that are capital intensive as well as energy intensive during operation and
� The technologies usually rely upon expensive chemical inputs (such as chlorine, alum, lime, poly-electrolyte, etc.) and generate sludges that may be hazardous in nature and difficult to de-water and dispose 11
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� Low cost with Minimum possible
Mechanization
� Simple in Operation
What is “Appropriate”?
� Simple in Operation
� Suitable for Incremental improvement and
� Recycle and Reuse oriented
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Decentralized Solutions are Appropriate
� Effective and low-cost
� NTSs Utilize plants and their associated
rhizospheric microorganismsrhizospheric microorganisms
� Natural synergistic relationship �plants �soil �microorganisms and �water
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�Natural treatment systems require local dedication, support and cooperation
�Eventually, the community will assume project ownership and
Community Is the Key!
project ownership and
�Ultimately, benefits must be enough for the community to want to keep the project intact
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Intrinsic Engineered
Classification of Natural Treatment Systems
Stressed Self-sustaining
Phytoremediation Bioremediation Hybrid(Source: Chaturvedi et al., 2008) 15
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The most common NTSs include � Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSPs)
� Hyacinth and Duckweed Ponds (DPs)
� Fish Ponds
Aquatic Natural Treatment Systems
� Fish Ponds
� Oxidation Ponds and Lagoons
� Algal-bacterial ponds
� Polishing Ponds (PPs) and
� Constructed Wetlands (CWs) etc16
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Physico - Chemical (Primary)
� Oil and Grease Removal � Screen and Grit Removal� Coagulation and Flocculation� Sedimentation� Sedimentation� Plate Settlers and Tube Settlers� pH Adjustment� Sludge Thickeners� Vacuum Filters� Centrifuges
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Physico - Chemical (Advanced)
� Ion-exchanging� Membrane Separation (RO)� Membrane Filtration (UF, MF, NF)� Sorption (PAC, GAC)� Sorption (PAC, GAC)� Solvent Extraction� Molecular Sieves
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Classification of Biological Systems
Aerobic CombinationAnaerobic
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Classification of Aerobic Biological Systems
CombinationFluidized Bed Biofilm Reactor (FBBR)
Suspended Growth Activated Sludge ProcessMembrane BioreactorAerobic Lagoons
Attached Growth Trickling FiltersRotating Biological Contactors
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Classification of Anaerobic Biological Systems
Attached Growth Anaerobic Sludge DigesterAnaerobic Contact ReactorsBio-gas Reactors (Gobar gas)
Combination
Expanded Bed Reactor
Suspended GrowthUASBsAnaerobic Filters
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Classification of Biological Systems
Aerobic Combination• Facultatvie Lagoon• Sequential Bio-Reactor• SSND Process
Anaerobic
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Zero Discharge? Near-Zero Discharge?
• Zero discharge differs from pollution preventionfrom the perspective of converting all the wastes to useful materials
• Zero Discharge is the final destination of the journey towards preventing pollution
• In reality, absolute zero discharge condition may not be always possible to achieve -but, near zero discharge can be achieved!
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Zero Discharge… cont’d …
• In its broadest sense, "zero discharge" means no discharge or emissions to any media (say, river, lake, reservoir, creek or estuary)
• More commonly, “zero discharge” focuses on • More commonly, “zero discharge” focuses on the Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD)
• The time has come for insisting the inclusion of other kinds of wastes including gases, sludgesvapors and even irrigation of treated wastewaters under “zero discharge” discussion!
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Theoretical Zero Discharge
No emissions?
L
Value Added Products(S/L/G)
Production Plant
S L
Products(S/L/G)
SLG
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Zero Liquid Discharge
S
Scrubbing or Detoxification
ETPLS
S
Production PlantProducts(S/L/G)
L
G
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Technological Options for Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD)
• Reverse Osmosis
• Thermal/Vacuum Evaporation
• Electrodialysis
• Ion Exchange
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Constructed Wetland Research in IIT BombayResearch in IIT Bombay
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Source: Ian Markiewicz29
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Types of Contaminants Removed
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Laboratory CW Reactors Installed for Investigation
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Collection and Analysis of Biomass from Field
Typha latifolia Typha latifolia Typha latifolia
Canna indica Canna indica 32
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Establishing CW Research Stations on IITB Campus
CW-2
CW
-1
Cattle Barn
IITB Campus
Devi Temple & Priest Quarters
Sewage Sump
CW-3
Septic Tank
Pump House
Field Lab
Research Station: Water Prospects
C
Research Station: Water Blessing 33
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Success Story of Rejuvenation of Success Story of Rejuvenation of Mansagar Lake, Jaipur
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Man Sagar Restoration Model...success through INNOVATION
Jal Mahal Resorts Pvt Ltd
Reviving Art - Culture -Environment
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Success through Eco-System based Scientific approach…
Environmental Scientists
Environmental Engineers
Multidisciplinary team
...revived Man Sagar Lake habitat has been widely excepted by Nature and its creations…
Hydrologist
Chemical Engineer
Botanist
Environmental Activist
Landscape Architects
Local flora and fauna experts
And more…
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Jal Mahal has been abandoned for more than a century...picture from late 1800’s
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Jal Mahal created around 1730’s to celebrate Man Sagar by Raja jai Singh
Jal Mahal Monument was built on the edge of Man Sagar by Raja Jai Singh almost the same
time as the creation of Jaipur city
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Summers of 2003, 2004, 2005...
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Images of storm water Images of storm water
Summers of 2009, 2010, 2011...
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Heavy pollutants load existed on lake bed
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Images of storm water Images of storm water
Systematic desilting operations cleared the lake bed of substantial pollutant load
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What Should Be Our Mission?
DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLE [Art. 48-A]
“The state shall endeavor
to protect and improve to protect and improve
the environment and
to safeguard the forests and
wildlife.”
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What Should Be Our Mission? [… . continued]
FUNDAMENTAL DUTY [Art. 51-A(g)]
“The "FUNDAMENTAL DUTY" of every
citizen is to protect and improve citizen is to protect and improve
the natural environment including
forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife and
to have ecological compassion .”
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Thank you!Thank you!Prof. Shyam R. Asolekar
Centre for Environmental Science and EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Bombay
Powai, Mumbai 400 076Phones: 022- 2576 7851
E-mail: [email protected]