“Trapping the Sun’s Energy” - Miss Williams'...
Transcript of “Trapping the Sun’s Energy” - Miss Williams'...
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“Trapping the Sun’s Energy”
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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•Energy is trapped in chemical bonds
•But where does energy come from?
GLUCOSE
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•Carbohydrate sugar molecule
•Simple sugar, known as a monosaccharide(ex: fructose, glucose)
•Equation
•But where does glucose come from?
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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If you were making a cake, what would
the … Reactants be? Product be?
• Flour
• Eggs
• Sugar
• Water
• Etc.
•A Cake!
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PRODUCTS
REACTANTS
Photosynthesis Equation
Sunlight + 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2
carbon
dioxide
water sugar
(glucose) oxygen
“what is used” “what is made”
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Photosynthesis
A carbon dioxide requiring process that uses light energy (photons) and water to produce glucose (and oxygen)
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What organisms go through
photosynthesis? • Organisms that make
their own sugar/carbs
• Producers/autotrophs
▫ Plants
▫ Trees
▫ Algae
▫ Some bacteria
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Where does photosynthesis take place?
• In the chloroplasts of plant cells found in the leaves! ▫ (chloroplasts contain chlorophyll)
• Stomate/a: pores in plant’s cuticle (outer leaf surface) through which water and gases are exchanged
between plant and atmosphere
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Guard Cell Guard Cell
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Oxygen (O2)
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Plant Cell in Leaf
Cell Wall
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Central Vacuole
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Location of Photosynthesis:
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Photosynthesis
•What is needed?
▫ 1. chlorophyll
▫ 2. sunlight
▫ 3. water
▫ 4. carbon dioxide
▫ 5. enzymes
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What is needed for photosynthesis?
• 1. Chlorophyll
▫ Location chloroplast
▫ Pigment light absorbing chemical compound
Captures: light energy (into chemical energy)
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What is needed for photosynthesis?
1. Chlorophyll (continued) ▫ Structure Folded membranes: thylakoid membranes
▫Chlorophyll molecules found in these folds of thylakoid membrane
Stacks of thylakoids: granum/a Fluid: stroma
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Chlorophyll Continued…
• Chlorophyll traps light energy
and gives leaves/stem the green color
• ALL other colors are absorbed, but green (wavelength) is reflected
• Ex: During Fall trees stop producing chlorophyll
• ALL colors/wavelengths are reflected, so we see various colors of leaves
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Chlorophyll Molecules
• Chlorophyll pigments harvest energy (photons) by absorbing certain wavelengths (blue-420-470 nm and orangered-620-670 nm are most important).
• Plants are green because the green wavelength is reflected, not absorbed.
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Fall Colors • In addition to the chlorophyll pigments, there
are other pigments present.
• During the fall, the green chlorophyll pigments are greatly reduced (lower light intensity) revealing the other pigments.
• Carotenes are pigments that are orange.
• Xanthophylls are pigments that are yellow.
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Absorption of Chlorophyll
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What is needed for photosynthesis?
• 2. Sunlight ▫ Provides energy for chemical reactions to take
place
▫ Forms electromagnetic waves that travels from the sun to the earth
▫ Get to use via many forms ▫ Xrays microwaves
▫ Infrared radiowaves
▫ Visible light ultraviolet
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What is needed for photosynthesis?
• 3. Water ▫ Provides hydrogen and oxygen atoms that will
help form the products
• 4. Carbon Dioxide ▫ Provides carbon and oxygen atoms that will help
form the products
• 5. Enzymes ▫ Proteins that change the rate/speed of a chemical
reaction
▫ Crucial for photosynthesis
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Overall chemical reaction for
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Carbon dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen gas
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Photosynthesis: 2 main phases Light-DEpendent Light-INDEpendent
• REQUIRES light
• Reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast
• O2 is produced
from breakdown of water (H2O)
• Does NOT require light
• Reactions occur in the stroma of the chloroplast
• AKA Calvin Cycle
• Glucose is produced from CO2
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Photosynthesis: 2 main phases Light-DEpendent Light-INDEpendent
• (light rxns)
• Converts energy from solar power (photons) into the form of ATP and NADPH2
• (carbon fixation)
• Uses carbon dioxide from environment and energy (ATP and
NADPH2) from light
rxn to make sugar (glucose)
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Phase 1 LIGHT-DEPENDENT RXNS
(in thylakoid membrane!)
• Requires sunlight • Light energy strikes chlorophyll
molecules that are located in the thylakoid membrane/grana (of the chloroplast)
• Energy in light transferred to electrons, “excited electrons”
• Light energy breaks down water
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Phase 1 LIGHT-DEPENDENT RXNS
(in thylakoid membrane/grana(um)!)
•Excited electrons transferred to “E.T.C” electron transport chain
•(E.T.C. = Photosystem 1)
•Passed from protein to protein
•As passed, electrons will lose energy!
•Lost energy used to form ATP (from ADP)
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Phase 1 LIGHT-DEPENDENT RXNS
(in thylakoid membrane!)
•Electrons get re-energized in a second photosystem (E.T.C.)
•Energetic electrons get transferred to the stroma (fluid) of the chloroplast ▫ Transferred by electron carrier:
NADP+ ▫ Combines with: 2 electrons, H-atom NADPH2
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Electron Flow
P700
Photosystem I P680
Photosystem II
Primary Electron Acceptor
Primary Electron Acceptor
ETC
Enzyme Reaction
H2O 1/2O2 + 2H+
ATP
NADPH2
Photon
2e-
2e-
2e-
2e-
2e-
SUN
Photon
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Electron Flow cont.
• ADP + ATP
• NADP+ + 2H NADPH2
• Oxygen comes from the splitting of H2O, not CO2
H2O 1/2 O2 + 2H+
(Reduced)
P (Reduced)
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Phase 1 LIGHT-DEPENDENT RXNS
• End Result: ▫ USED
Sunlight Chlorophyll Water Enzymes
▫ NOT USED YET Carbon Dioxide
▫ CREATED Oxygen ATP NADPH
What has NOT been made yet??
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Phase 2 LIGHT-INDEPENDENT RXNS • AKA:
• NO light required
• Series of reactions that uses carbon dioxide which was
absorbed via stomates of the leaves ▫ Location stroma of the chloroplast
• NADPH and ATP produced in phase 1 are important molecules in this series of reactions
• Produces PGAL which combines to form glucose : it
takes 6 CO2 and uses 18 ATP and 12 NADPH2
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Photosynthesis
H2O CO2
O2 C6H12O6
Light Reaction Dark Reaction
Light is Adsorbed
By
Chlorophyll
Which splits
water
Chloroplast
ATP and
NADPH2
ADP
NADP
Calvin Cycle
Energy
Used Energy is recycled.
+
+
Oxygen comes from the splitting of H2O, not CO2
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Water Light
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____________ IS NOW MADE!
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Review: • What are the five (5) requirements for
photosynthesis?
▫
▫
▫
▫
▫
• What is the equation for photosynthesis?
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Review: • Why do you see green when you look at a leaf on
a tree?
• Where is chlorophyll stored?
• What are the two phases of photosynthesis? ▫ ▫
• Glucose is made during what phase of photosynthesis?
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Review: • Where do light-dependent reactions occur?
• Where do light-independent reactions occur?
• Light-independent is also known as?
• What products are formed during the light dependent phase of photosynthesis?
• What products are formed during phase the Calvin cycle?
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