“TO ANY COUNT, TO ALL COUNTS, TO WHAT IS MAN”: FINDING...
Transcript of “TO ANY COUNT, TO ALL COUNTS, TO WHAT IS MAN”: FINDING...
-
“TO ANY COUNT, TO ALL COUNTS, TO WHAT IS MAN”: FINDING PATTERNS OF GENDER IN EARLY MODERN PLAYS
HEATHER FROEHLICH UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE @HEATHERFRO
-
ALL’S WELL THAT ENDS WELL ACT II SCENE III 1096-1104
-
SLICING AND DICING SHAKESPEARE • Open Source Shakespeare • AntConc • Wordhoard • The OED • The Historical Thesaurus of the OED
-
COLLOCATION The likelihood of one lemma (word) to appear next to another lemma (word) in a corpus
-
COLLOCATION Dice coefficient test:
• mean of two conditional probabilities: P(w1,w2) and P(w2,w1)
• 2nd word in the bigram appears given the 1st word • 1st word in the bigram appears given the 2nd word
• computed on a scale from 0-1
-
GENDER & FORMALITY • Man/woman • Lord/lady • Knave/wench
-
MALE VS FEMALE IN CORPUS • 1012 male characters • 147 female characters • 63 unknown, mixed or otherwise ambiguous characters
-
MAN, WOMAN
-
POTENTIAL COLLOCATES FOR BOTH Honest A Old No Any Poor Wise This What But These
-
POTENTIAL COLLOCATES: MAN
Young Proper
Good
Honorable
No
Poor Dead
-
POTENTIAL COLLOCATES: WOMAN Fat False Foolish Mad Waxen Pernicious Wretched Weak Gentle Sweet
-
FALSE WOMEN? Falstaff (Merry Wives of Windsor)
The Witches (Macbeth) Viola (12th Night)
Portia (Merchant of Venice)…?
-
FALSE WOMEN?
-
POTENTIAL COLLOCATES: WOMAN Fat False Foolish Mad Waxen Pernicious Wretched Weak Gentle Sweet
-
POTENTIAL COLLOCATES: MAN Old Honest Young Wise Proper Good Honorable No Poor Dead
-
PROPER MAN
-
PROPER MAN “O, Charles the Dauphin is a proper man; No shape but his can please your dainty eye.” (Richard Plantagenet, Henry VI, part 1 V.iii.249)
“You can play no part but Pyramus; for Pyramus is a sweet-faced man; a proper man, as one shall see in a summer's day; a most lovely gentleman-like man: therefore you must needs play Pyramus.” (Quince, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, I.ii.341)
“Cassio's a proper man: let me see now: To get his place and to plume up my will In double knavery—How, how? Let's see:— After some time, to abuse Othello's ear That he is too familiar with his wife.” (Iago, Othello, I.iii.740)
“No, unpin me here. This Lodovico is a proper man.” (Desdemona, Othello, IV.iii.3056)
“Think not I love him, though I ask for him; 'Tis but a peevish boy; yet he talks well. But what care I for words? Yet words do well When he that speaks them pleases those that hear. It is a pretty youth- not very pretty; But, sure, he's proud; and yet his pride becomes him. He'll make a proper man.” (Phebe, As You Like It, III.v.1764).
-
MASTER, WOMAN
-
MASTER, WOMAN
-
MERRY WIVES OF WINDSOR
-
LORD, LADY
-
SOME POTENTIAL COLLOCATES FOR BOTH Good
Noble Gracious
Sweet
Young
…
-
LORD, MAN Good Of What The And Why That No For These Who Young
-
‘LORD’ FOR GOD
-
LADY, WOMAN Fair
Poor A
What
Face
No
-
LADY: MORE-LIKELY COLLOCATES Sovereign
Beauteous Virtuous
Gallant
Honourable
-
LADY: LESS-LIKELY COLLOCATES Or
But Of
Do
Have
Will
Shall Be
In
-
LORD: LESS-LIKELY COLLOCATES Marquis
Anoint Entreat
Valiant
Fie
Receive
-
NATIVE AND NON-NATIVE WORDS • Latinate as more formal, Germanic as less formal
• Levin, Long & Schaffer (1981), Levin & Novak (1991), DeForest & Johnson (2001), Bar-Ilian & Berman (2007)
• Shakespeare avoids Latin! • Hope (2012: 260), Spevack (1985: ii. 343-61)
-
LADY: MORE-LIKELY COLLOCATES Sovereign
Beauteous Virtuous
Gallant
Honourable
-
CLOSE-READING “I will overglance the superscript: 'To the snow-white hand of the most beauteous Lady Rosaline’ ” (Holofernes, Love’s Labours Lost: IV.ii.1280)
“This man is Pyramus, if you would know; This beauteous lady Thisby is certain. This man, with lime and rough-cast, doth present Wall, that vile Wall which did these lovers sunder; And through Wall's chink, poor souls, they are content to whisper.” (Quince, Midsummer Night’s Dream: V.i.1970)
-
VIRTUOUS?
-
CLOSE READING
-
LORD
-
LADY
-
WENCH
-
KNAVE
-
KNAVE, WENCH Mad
A Good
Poor
How
Thou
As
-
KNAVE Lousy
Cuckoldly Lazy
Rascally
Cowardly
Drunken
Scurvy Honest
…and Ford
-
FORD + KNAVE
-
FORD + KNAVE
-
MAN, KNAVE Young
Honest A
Poor
These
This
As What
That
-
HONEST KNAVE
-
KNAVE, LORD You
-
WENCH Light
Kitchen Arm
-
KITCHEN WENCH Marry, sir, she's the kitchen wench and all grease; and I know not what use to put her to but to make a lamp of her and run from her by her own light. I warrant, her rags and the tallow in them will burn a Poland winter: if she lives till doomsday, she'll burn a week longer than the whole world. (Dromio of Syracuse, Comedy of Errors III.ii.857) Without his roe, like a dried herring: flesh, flesh, how art thou fishified! Now is he for the numbers that Petrarch flowed in: Laura to his lady was but a kitchen-wench; marry, she had a better love to be-rhyme her; Dido a dowdy; Cleopatra a gipsy; Helen and Hero hildings and harlots; Thisbe a grey eye or so, but not to the purpose. Signior Romeo, bon jour! there's a French salutation to your French slop. You gave us the counterfeit fairly last night. (Mercutio, Romeo & Juliet, II.iv.1198)
-
LIGHT WENCH
-
WOMAN, WENCH Poor
No
-
LADY, WENCH Good
My Poor
The
-
IN CONCLUSION • A formality distinction emerges through an investigation
of words which are likely to appear next to each other
• But it’s not what we think it should be.
-
THANK YOU
-
3 WEIRD PLAYS • Love’s Labours Lost • Comedy of Errors • Merry Wives of Windsor