“The Influence of Parental Conservative Ideology on Young Adults and Their Ideological Contradiction toward Health Care Reform”

Amanda Tilley

PSC-318

Dr. Matthew Desantis

16 December 2009

Tilley 1

Introduction

Reaching the end of his first year President Barack Obama faces two wars, globalization,

economic recession, and rising unemployment, but the prophet of hope has not given up,

especially on the important issue of reforming health care in the United States. The reformation

of health care has been a national debate since the early 1900s. Recently, the issue of health care

has taken precedence over many other issues for American families. Obama Administration’s

proposed legislation was the first health major care reform initiative to pass through the House of

Representatives since the creation of Medicare and Medicaid programs. Currently, 47 million

Americans are uninsured1 and growing with unemployment reaching 10 percent. Family

providers that are losing their jobs are also losing benefits, like health care, but aren’t making

enough money to pay for private insurance that covers their entire family and make too much

money to be considered for options like Medicaid. President Obama and reform supports are

proposing a public health care option, which is causing chaos among the opposition. The public

option, in laments terms, is projected to shorten the gap between cost and quality of health care

coverage for all Americans. The government will provide a health care option at a lower cost

than most private insurance options, which must abide by the same regulations and benefit

requirements of the private insurers. By establishing a public option there will also be the

existence of an insurance stock exchange in which consumers could view each plan’s, both

public and private, premium and pick which suits their family best. The public option must be

self-sustaining, as well as, establish contingency funds and are subject to adjust premiums

annually to assure viability.2 This capitalist idea is supposed to drive competition between all of

1 Palfreman, Jon, and T. R. Reid. "Frontline: Sick around the World." Frontline. PBS. 15 Apr. 2008. Television.2 House Commitees on Ways and Means, Energy and Commerce, and Education and Labor. "HEALTH REFORM AT A GLANCE: PUBLIC HEALTH INSURANCE OPTION." 9 June 2009. 16 December 2009 <http://edlabor.house.gov/documents/111/pdf/publications/DraftHealthCareReform-PublicOption.pdf>.

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the insurance providers which, in theory, will lower overall costs and raise quality of coverage

and care.

In general most Republicans reject this form of a public option and for the most part

Democrats support the public option. However, climbing unemployment rates and a weighing

recession affect all people, despite political ideology. Those affected most by the recession

would also benefit from healthcare reform; that being young adults between 19 and 29 years old.

In 2005, of nonelderly adults that are uninsured, 30 percent were young adults ages 19-29.3

Students graduating from high school or college are entering a diluted working world and being

dropped from their pre-existing health care providers. Students who are covered under the State

Child Health Insurance program or Medicaid are only covered until they are 19 years old. If a

student is covered by their parent’s employee-based private insurance, but they do not attend

college, they are dropped from coverage at 19. If the student goes to college they are dropped

after graduation. If, and that’s a big if, a student finds a job right out of high school or college it

is very rare that the job will provide a health benefits package or even a high enough wage for

the young adult to purchase their own private insurance. About one-third of workers ages19-29

earns less than $10 an hour; among those workers 43 percent are uninsured3. About 26 states

have extended the coverage age from 19 years old to up to 30 years old in New Jersey,4 but some

are reliant upon education and dependency status. Encouraging a public health care option for

young adults would relieve some financial pressures as these students head out into the ‘real

world’. The proposed health care legislation would also require all people, especially young

3 Collins, Sara R., Cathy Schoen, Jennifer L. Kriss, Michelle M. Doty, and Bisundev Mahato. "Rite of Passage? Why Young Adults Become Uninsured and How New Policies Can Help." The Commonwealth Fund 26 (2007): 1-15. JStor. Web. 15 Dec. 2009.

4 "States with Extended Dependent Coverage | Health Insurance Plans for Young Adults | Qvisory & Aetna." Qvisory | Career Planning, Personal Finance & Health. Qvisory, 2009. Web. 16 Dec. 2009. <http://qvisory.org/health/learn/extendedcoverage>.

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adults, to be covered by some form of health care; similar to state initiatives regarding auto

insurance. Young adults are more likely not to enroll in health care policies even if they are

available because they are young and healthy; however young adults are more prone to

emergency room visits that any other age group. They also have severe health risks, nearly one-

third of all people diagnosed with HIV are young adults, of the 21 million women categorized as

a young adult approximately 3.5 million get pregnant each year, and since the 1990s obesity has

risen by 70 percent in this age group, which is the fastest increase among all adults. 3 Clearly,

young adults are not as invincible as they believe and under the current system it is hurting the

taxpayers. Senator Sherrod Brown, a Democrat from Ohio, spoke of this issue in an interview,

“Every one of your hospitals have brought in a young person who is hurt and has been in a

motorcycle accident or something and has no insurance and that's really a tax on everyone else.

Nationally, on average, it's about $1,000 per policy. Everybody's got to pay $1,000 more because

you've got to take care of them. That's why we want to get younger, healthier people mandatory

(insurance), insist that they all join, that way we get everybody in the system."5 More importantly

is that in 2007 two-thirds of young adults without health insurance went without needed medical

attention for various reasons including cost.5 The benefits of the health care reform initiative

have given young adults a vision of hope. CNN exit polls of the 2008 Presidential Election claim

that 68 percent of young adults voted for Obama with 9 percent saying health care reform is the

most important issue.6 Today, about two-thirds of young voters in the United States, regardless

of political ideology, believe that their government should provide health care to all Americans.7

5 Chaney, Joshua. "Senator: Make Health Insurance for Young Adults Mandatory." Politics Daily. AOL, 25 Aug. 2009. Web. 16 Dec. 2009. <http://www.politicsdaily.com/2009/08/25/sherrod-brown-addresses-young-adult-health-reform-concerns-in-oh/>.

6 Von Kanel, Joe, and Hal Quinley. "Exit polls: Obama wins big among young, minority voters." CNN.com. CNN, 4 Nov. 2009. Web. 16 Dec. 2009. <http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/04/exit.polls/>.

7 "Rock the Vote: Health Care." Rock the Vote: Rock the Vote: What Would You Do? 2009. Web. 17 Dec. 2009. <http://www.rockthevote.com/issues/health-care.html>.

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However, out of all American voters today only 41 percent approve of the proposed health care

plan.8

Recently, the public option of the health care reform legislation has been disbanded;

however, Democrats are pushing for two private national policies that will be mandated by the

Office of Personnel Management, the department that issues federal employees their health

benefits.9 President Obama encouraged the effort in addressing health care reform, “especially

since it's aimed at increasing choice and competition and lowering cost.”9As the health care

dilemma increases it is interesting to observe how parental ideology influences student ideology

on issue like health care and how such an influence is ultimately detrimental to the well-being of

young adults. Research conducted over the last few months on the campus of High Point

University, a Southern private school, by university students analyzes student responses about

health care reform as well as including analysis of background information including ideology

and parental ideology.

Literary Analysis

The study of parental ideological influence over child sociopolitical attitudes has been

observed in the U.S. by analyzing relative voting behaviors. Shrikant Dash conducted a study in

1992 named the Transmission of Ideology and Partisanship in India, Canada, and the United

States. Dash evaluates how strong each parent’s ideology and partisanship influences that of

their child in three differing democratic nations. He used survey data from high school students

8 Health Care Reform - Rasmussen Reports"" Rasmussen Reports": The Most Comprehensive Public Opinion Data Anywhere. Rasmussen Reports, LLC, 14 Dec. 2009. Web. 15 Dec. 2009. <http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/current_events/healthcare/september_2009/health_care_reform>.

9 Murray, Shailagh, and Lori Montgomery. "Senate Democrats largely support health-care deal that drops public option." The Washington Post. 10 Dec. 2009. Web. 16 Dec. 2009. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/09/AR2009120904636_2.html?sid=ST2009120904888>.

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in all three countries in order to analyze “the relative strength of partisanship and ideology in the

transmission of political attitudes.” 10 Dash notes that outside influences such as the Caste system

in India as well as race in the United States affect political affiliation, as well as understanding

that the basis of parental ideology and partisanship are based off of the student’s perspective and

may not directly reflect the actual views of the parent.10

The study revealed that transmission of ideology depended on the type of governing body

and culture; although all three governments are democracies, Canada and India use a

parliamentary system with multiple political parties and the United States relies on a presidential

system with only two political parties. The study revealed that categorizing under political

ideology was prevalent in India and Canada where there are more diverse political parties;

whereas, in the United States people are more focused on political party rather than an ideology.

Dash also discovered that the transmission of political ideas from parent to child depended upon

the familial culture of that society. Although a democracy, the religious and historic culture of

India places a higher emphasis on paternal importance. Males are often seen as the true head of

the household and so their political view is respected and imitated by their children. Graphs

indicating a liberal to conservative scale based on the role of the government in the economy

shows almost identical graphs between the paternal and self views. Canada’s only correlation

between parental and self views was that all three graphs were skewed to reveal more moderately

conservative views. The United States however, show that self views reflect maternal views

focused between moderate and conservative stances. It is debated that this is because children

spend more time with their mothers in America.10 Self proclaimed moderate views in Canada and

America also show that there is “a decline in conservatism from the parents’ generation.” 10 The

10 Dash, Shrikant. "Transmission of ideology and partisanship in India, Canada, and the United States." Political Psychology 13.4 (1992): 709-25. JStor. Web. 16 Dec. 2009. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3791498>.

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study also shows that throughout all of the countries, fathers are more extremely conservative

than mothers or students. The study then identifies that some issues may lie in the distinction

between ideology and partisanship. For the United States Dash provides a table discussing the

Transmission of Partisanship in the United States. Contradictory to the ideological study, this

evaluation shows that in national elections that 84.3 percent of students registered as Democrats

voted along with their fathers and only 77.3 percent with their mothers. However, mothers still

hold strong within the Republican Party with 92.2 percent of their children also voting

Republican and only 83.6 of Republicans voting with their fathers.10 Overall, the study

concluded that, “the distribution of ideological preferences in different generations can be as

much a result of the kind of ideological choices available as they are a part of the socialization

process itself”; 10 as well as noting that transmission is dependent upon the “relative influence of

male versus female parents, given their role as independent political and social actors in the eyes

of their children” 10and that party identification not ideology, especially in the United States,

decides the view of social issues.

Hypotheses

Beginning in September we conducted research about President Obama’s health care

reform initiative. As a group, we decided to distribute surveys to students on High Point

University’s campus in order to gain information on students’ positions on the health care

reform. We chose to distribute these to only students as most will be graduating shortly and

providing their own health insurance in the near future.

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H1: Young adults, ages 18-24, are known to show the least amount of political activism through

voting; in the 2008 presidential election only 49% of 18-24 year olds voted.11 However, most

adults associate themselves with a particular ideology or political party even if they have not

voted. With the aid of our surveys, I believe that most young adults are ideologically influenced

by their parents, and more specifically that conservative parents will directly or indirectly

influence their children to be conservative. For all intents of this study I will regard

“conservative” ideology as including “very conservative.”

H2: As discussed, young adults make up 30 percent of uninsured nonelderly Americans.3

However, of all young adults attending college full-time, about 68 percent are dependent upon

their parents’ employer health insurance benefits or are covered under individual and university

based plans.3 This means that once these students graduate, unless they are able to find a job that

includes health benefits or they make enough money to pay for private insurance immediately

following graduation, they will be without health coverage. The new health care plan will offer

some type of government-sponsored insurance or private options under government directive

that will create competition to lower prices and raise quality coverage. President Obama is also

trying to push a government mandate that all U.S. citizens must have health insurance or incur

some sort of fine. This will ensure that young adults are able to find and pay for health coverage

once their parents’ insurance drops them. Generally speaking most conservatives oppose this

legislation because of increased government control. Understanding that conservative young

adults are directly influenced by their parents’ ideologies I believe that most young adults would

support a public option regardless of political affiliation.

11 U.S. Census Bureau. Public Information Office. Turnout Increases by 5 Million in 2008 Presidential Election. U.S. Census Bureau News. U.S. Department of Commerce, 20 July 2009. Web. 16 Dec. 2009. <http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/voting/013995.html>.

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Methods

We distributed 34 random surveys to 34 full-time students throughout High Point

University’s campus. Each survey consisted of the same 21 close-ended questions and responses.

The questions were divided into personal background questions and policy related questions. The

questions were designed in an unbiased manner and allowed the person being surveyed to

communicate their beliefs through a scale system. We each entered the data into an SPSS

dataset. Numbers were used to convey qualitative data, for example, a question regarding gender

would be put into the dataset as 1 for male or 2 for female depending on the response. For my

first hypothesis, of the 21 questions I focused on self political ideology and parental ideology

categorized by mother and father. I thought it was best to compare these questions because they

were directed toward the respondent in the same manner. However, I must note that the political

ideology of the mothers and fathers of the respondents was answered by the respondent and may

not directly reflect the true views of the parents. Under SPSS I used the frequency function to see

how many respondents categorized themselves under a specific ideology and copied this for the

mother and father responses. I then chose to comparatively analyze through the cross-tabs

function the political ideology of the respondent and the ideology of the mother, as well as, the

ideology of the respondent and the ideology of the father. The cross-tabs function supplied me

with multiple tables and bar graphs that gave greater insight into how the ideologies

corresponded between the respondent and the mother as well as the respondent and the father.

This method allows me to directly compare the respondents’ ideologies to the mothers’ and

fathers’ ideologies and evaluate if they correlate or not. If they correlate, meaning if the

respondent is conservative and their parents are conservative then my hypothesis will be proved

correct, if they do not match then my hypothesis will be disproved. Again, for all intents of this

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study I will regard “conservative” ideology as including “very conservative.” However, there are

outside influence that have not been taken into account for the purpose of this study. Ideologies

are the only evidence being analyzed to prove or disprove the stated hypothesis. Known

influences such as gender, religion, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and regional residency have

not been factored in to this equation.

For my second hypothesis I used the same SPSS dataset originally entered by our group. I

again chose to comparatively analyze survey questions through the cross-tabs function. I selected

to analyze the respondents political ideology compared to their response of if they support a

public option. I then compared the respondents’ mothers’ ideologies to the respondents answer to

the proposed question regarding the public health care option. SPSS then again portrayed such

data through various tables and bar charts. Once again for all intents of this study I will regard

“conservative” ideology as including “very conservative.”Comparing such information will

allow me to view if the respondent replied as a conservative and if he or she then supports the

public option. Again, ideologies and responses to the question “Does the respondent support a

public option?” are the only evidence being analyzed for this study. Known influences such as

gender, religion, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and regional residency have not been factored

in to this equation.

I decided to compare the survey questions this way, much like that of Shrikant Dash’s

research in Transmission of Ideology and Partisanship in India, Canada, and the United States.

Although all of the questions for the research under that study were not revealed, he compared

self and parental ideologies of students in India, Canada, and the United States.10 He then

compared scaled ideologies of all three groups to a government policy question related to the

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economy. 10 I am comparing scaled ideologies of all three groups to the respondents’ answer to a

policy question regarding health care reform.

Findings

Regarding my first hypothesis I conducted comparative analysis of respondent ideology to

mother and father ideology through the cross-tabs function of SPSS. As far as ideological

frequency of the respondent, 3 considered themselves very liberal, 4 are liberal, 8 are moderate,

13 are conservative, 5 are very conservative, and 1 marked “other” (Chart1.1). Respondents

answering under the conservative category make up 52.9 percent of total surveyed respondents.

Respondents answering for their mothers’ ideologies believe that of the 34 surveyed, 0 are very

liberal, 4 are liberal, 8 are moderate, 13 are conservative, 6 are very conservative, and 3 didn’t

know (Chart1.2). Fathers were listed as 2 are very liberal, 1 is a liberal, 5 are moderate, 16 are

conservative, 6 are very conservative, and 4 didn’t know (Chart 1.3). In observing Charts 1.1 and

1.2 I noticed that the respondents’ ideologies were quite similar to the mothers’ ideologies,

which is an interesting fact that correlates with Dash’s findings of student ideologies reflecting

their mother’s in America because they spend so much more time with them.10

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8.82%

11.76%

23.53%38.24%

14.71%

2.94%

Political Ideology of Respondent Percent

Very LiberalLiberalModerateConservativeVery ConservativeOther

11.76%

23.53%

38.24%

17.65%

8.82%

Political ideology of Mother Percent

Very LiberalLiberalModerateConservativeVery ConservativeDon't Know

5.88% 2.94%

14.71%

47.06%

17.65%

11.76%

Political Ideology of Father Percent

Very LiberalLiberalModerateConservativeVery ConservativeDon't Know

Chart 1.1: Political Ideology of Respondent

Chart 1.2: Political Ideology of Mothers

Chart 1.3: Political Ideology of Fathers

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After reviewing such charts it was clear that a majority of political ideologies were conservative.

This however could be in large part due to the Southern location in which the survey was

conducted and socioeconomic standing of many of the students attending a private university. In

comparing the respondents’ ideologies to the mother I used the charts created through SPSS.

Chart 2.1 shows that 14 of the respondents are conservative to very conservative correlating with

their mother’s ideology. Only in 5 cases did those surveyed oppose the mothers’ responses of

conservatism and respond between moderate and very liberal. In one case a respondent answered

very conservative as opposed to his or her mother categorized as liberal.

Next, while comparing the respondent ideologies to the father ideologies I found that most

respondents agreed with their father’s ideological views. Chart 2.2 reveals that13 respondents

supported their father’s conservative ideologies. In 3 cases, the respondent was listed as

Chart 2.1: Political Ideology of Respondent versus Mother’s ideology

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conservative or very conservative, while his or her father is more moderate. However 5

respondents did oppose their father’s conservative viewpoints and recognized his or her self as a

liberal or very liberal.

Overall, 18/34 respondents listed themselves as conservative with 19/34 mothers listed as

conservative and 22/34 fathers listed as conservative. In both charts it is obvious that a majority

of conservative students agree with both their mothers and fathers conservative ideologies. This

study therefore proves that young adults are influenced by the political ideologies of their parents

and furthermore that, conservative parents will raise conservative children.

My second hypothesis consists of using the results of my first hypothesis to prove that

college students, regardless of political ideology, would support a public option because of their

Chart 2.2: Political Ideology of Respondent versus Father’s ideology

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impending circumstance regarding health insurance after graduation. Generally speaking

conservative parents raise conservative children and the public health care option is outright

opposed by a majority of conservatives; however, when addressing this issue to college students

the ideology and policy do not match up. According to Chart 3.1, 6 conservative respondents

said that they would support a public health care option; however, 8 conservative respondents

claim that they would not support a public health care option. Overall 13 of 34 respondents

believed they would support a public option, only 4 listing themselves as liberal or very liberal.

Interestingly, 13 of 34 respondents also answered that they would not support a public option. 8

respondents did not know if they would support a public health care option or not. This could be

evidence that not many students understand the complexities of the public health care option. In

relation to the chart below I have come to the conclusion that my second hypothesis is

inconclusive. According to the chart 13 respondents said they would support the public option

and 13 respondents said they would not support the public option and so there cannot be a clear

conclusion drawn from this study.

Chart 3.1: Political Ideology of Respondent and Support of Public Health Care Option

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Conclusion

According to the research conducted I was able to draw conclusions from both of my

hypotheses. My first hypothesis stated that most young adults are ideologically influenced by

their parents, and more specifically that conservative parents will directly or indirectly influence

their children to be conservative. A survey of 34 college students was conducted including 21

close-ended questions. The survey asked students general background information pertaining to

gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, religion, political party affiliation, political ideology,

and parental political ideologies followed by a series of policy questions related to health care

and the current health care reform initiative. Through the surveys I found that a majority of

respondents are conservative, which can be explained by residential region, the South, and

generally middle to upper class socioeconomic status, being at a private school. However,

outside influences such as these were not factored into the conclusive evidence of the study. An

interesting fact is that the ideologies of the respondents were closely linked to that of the

mothers’, which is what researcher Shrikant Dash concluded in his findings about the

transmission of ideology and partisanship from parents to children the United States.10 I also

found that a majority of the parents were also conservative which led to the conclusion that

children are influenced by parental ideology and that conservative parents will raise conservative

children. However, my second hypothesis was not as conclusive. I used the same surveys as the

first hypothesis and added data collected from the survey question “Would the respondent

support a public option?” I compared the respondents’ ideologies to their answers to that

question and analyzed the information computed. 13 out of 34 respondents support the public

option with 6 admittedly being conservative. However, 13 out of 34 respondents also do not

support the public option, 8 being conservative. Overall, 8 respondents did not have an opinion

about the public option. Due to no emergent majority for support or no support my second

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hypothesis is inconclusive. The only hint of the hypothesis being disproved is that 8

conservatives do not support the public option and only 6 do support the option; however, the

numbers are too close to make a generalized conclusion.

I believe that my overall findings were successful. As I thought, political ideologies are

transferred from parent to child. However, my conclusions may have been influenced by outside

factors that were not incorporated into my research such as regional residency and

socioeconomic status. I was also able to easily observe this information because the questions

pertaining to ideology were worded similarly. Using the question regarding the respondents’

party affiliations may have misconstrued my results because of the different connotation between

ideology and partisanship. In my second hypothesis, however, I think my research could have

expanded especially under the survey. If the survey had asked about parental views of the public

health care option as well as ideology I could have produced better findings that may have

proven or disproven my hypothesis. Also, although there were multiple articles dedicated to

parental influence on child ideology there weren’t any articles related to ideology and health care

reform. This is most likely due to the fact that the health care reform legislation is relatively new

and still not passed by the Senate. In the future I would expect more information on the topic in

relation to ideology and the expectations of young adults.

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Works Cited

Chaney, Joshua. "Senator: Make Health Insurance for Young Adults Mandatory." Politics Daily. AOL, 25

Aug. 2009. Web. 16 Dec. 2009. <http://www.politicsdaily.com/2009/08/25/sherrod-brown-

addresses-young-adult-health-reform-concerns-in-oh/>.

Collins, Sara R., Cathy Schoen, Jennifer L. Kriss, Michelle M. Doty, and Bisundev Mahato.

"Rite of Passage? Why Young Adults Become Uninsured and How New Policies Can

Help." The Commonwealth Fund 26 (2007): 1-15. JStor. Web. 15 Dec. 2009.

Dash, Shrikant. "Transmission of ideology and partisanship in India, Canada, and the United States."

Political Psychology 13.4 (1992): 709-25. JStor. Web. 16 Dec. 2009.

<http://www.jstor.org/stable/3791498>.

Health Care Reform - Rasmussen Reports"" Rasmussen Reports": The Most Comprehensive

Public Opinion Data Anywhere. Rasmussen Reports, LLC, 14 Dec. 2009. Web. 15 Dec.

2009.<http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/current_events/healthca

re/september_2009/health_care_reform>.

House Commitees on Ways and Means, Energy and Commerce, and Education and Labor.

"HEALTH REFORM AT A GLANCE: PUBLIC HEALTH INSURANCE OPTION." 9

June 2009. 16 December 2009

<http://edlabor.house.gov/documents/111/pdf/publications/DraftHealthCareReform-

PublicOption.pdf>.

Murray, Shailagh, and Lori Montgomery. "Senate Democrats largely support health-care deal t

hat drops public option." The Washington Post. 10 Dec. 2009. Web. 16 Dec. 2009.

<http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-

dyn/content/article/2009/12/09/AR2009120904636_2.html?sid=ST2009120904888>.

Tilley 18

Palfreman, Jon, and T. R. Reid. "Frontline: Sick around the World." Frontline. PBS. 15 Apr.

2008. Television.

"Rock the Vote: Health Care." Rock the Vote: Rock the Vote: What Would You Do? 2009. Web.

17 Dec. 2009. <http://www.rockthevote.com/issues/health-care.html>.

"States with Extended Dependent Coverage | Health Insurance Plans for Young Adults | Qvisory

& Aetna." Qvisory | Career Planning, Personal Finance & Health. Qvisory, 2009.

Web. 16 Dec. 2009. <http://qvisory.org/health/learn/extendedcoverage>.

U.S. Census Bureau. Public Information Office. Turnout Increases by 5 Million in 2008 Presidential

Election. U.S. Census Bureau News. U.S. Department of Commerce, 20 July 2009. Web. 16 Dec.

2009. <http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/voting/013995.html>.

Von Kanel, Joe, and Hal Quinley. "Exit polls: Obama wins big among young, minority voters."

CNN.com. CNN, 4 Nov. 2009. Web. 16 Dec. 2009.

<http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/04/exit.polls/>.