“The French Menace”

Essential Question

Why do wars occur?

Enduring Understanding Wars change political boundaries and population distribution.

TEKS HISTORY: The student understands significant political and economic issues of the revolutionary era. The student is expected to: • Analyze causes of the American Revolution, including mercantilism and British economic

policies following the French and Indian War. (8.4a)

Instructional Activities Hook: Show students the Gang Injunction transparency and allow students to read the caption: Most people will fight for what they think is theirs. Discuss the following question: Describe what will happen when two or more gangs claim the same neighborhood as their own to rule? Can these gangs live in the same “hood” peacefully? Why or why not?” Students should be able to offer examples of how peaceable solutions are rarely or never sought. For example, gangs are notorious for fighting and using violence to get what they want, control of a territory or neighborhood.

Teacher explanation to students: From about 1750 - 1770 the English fought the French over a border dispute involving the Ohio River Valley. While both nations claimed this area, the underlying dispute was that each country wanted control of North America. The French and Indian War where the Indians sided with the French against England. England won the war but at a great financial cost. The colonists rebelled against England for their unfair mercantilist policies; in an attempt to recover their financial loses as a result of the French and Indian War.

I. Vocabulary Acquisition: conflict, Albany Plan of Union, ally, trade, taxation, salutary neglect, Proclamation of 1763, and Treaty of Paris (1763) • Vocabulary Activity 1: Visual Discovery (See page 9 of the Instructional Strategies Handbook for the Social Studies ) • Vocabulary Activity 2: Survival Words (See page 11 of the Instructional Strategies Handbook for the Social Studies ) • Vocabulary Activity 3: Mix, Match & Freeze (See page 11 of the Instructional Strategies Handbook for the Social Studies)

II. Guided Practice: Model for students how to complete the graphic organizer using Placard A. Discuss the A Conflict in North America which details the conflict that developed between Britain and France. (Make 2 to 3 sets of Placards A thru I depending upon class size and groups)

III. Independent Practice: Have students work in pairs to complete the remaining placards with graphic organizer.

IV. Map Activity: Using page 134 from the Creating America textbook, students will label and color a map of North America. The top map should reflect what North America looked like before the French and Indian War; the bottom map should reflect what it looked like after the war.

IV. Debriefing Activity: Students will pretend to be colonists and write a letter to King George III demanding the right to settle in the Ohio River Valley. Include a minimum of three reasons to settle and explain how the Proclamation Line of 1763 would increase tensions between British colonists and the mother country of England. Then have students exchange letters and respond as King George III.

Assessment Questions 1. The Proclamation of 1763 stated that colonists could not settle beyond which of the following geographical features?

A Mississippi River B Great Plains C Appalachian Mountains D Rocky Mountains

2. In this cartoon, what is Benjamin Franklin trying to tell the American colonies?

A The only way to win the war against France is to fight together. B Only the New England colonies will succeed in the war against the French. C The only way for the colonies to survive is to surrender to the French. D The South is the key to defending the colonies from France.

http://www.davidgbrown.net/sentinal/cartoons/pages/gangs.htm

Most people will fight for what they think is theirs.

Describe what will happen when two or more gangs claim the same neighborhood as their own to rule. Can these gangs live in

the same “hood” peacefully? Why or why not?

Source: Creating America

A Conflict in North America BACKGROUND

By the mid-1700s, the major powers of Europe were England, France, Spain, and the Netherlands. All

were competing to establish an empire in North America. For centuries, Britain and France had been competing for wealth and by 1700 they were two of the

strongest powers in Europe. The long time rivalry and competition caused bitter feelings between the British and French colonists living in North America.

In 1689, when France and England declared war on each other in Europe, the French and English

colonists in America also began to fight. Along with their Native American allies (friends), they attacked each other’s settlements and forts causing much devastation. During the 1700s, two additional wars between France and England fueled wars in their colonies. There was never a clear victory in these wars. Finally, the French and Indian War (1754-1763), decided which nation would control the northern and eastern parts of North America. Source: Creating America, McDougal/Littell; A History of US by Joy Hakim

PLACARD A

http://thesaloon.net/blog/_archives/2007/2/23

Fur Trade in the Ohio River Valley

The English competed with the French for furs (mostly beaver fur) and trade opportunities along with

Native American groups who competed to supply furs to the Europeans. The fur trade created an economic and

military relationship between Native Americans and Europeans who were trade partners. For example, the

Huron and Algonquin Native American groups allied with the French and the Iroquois Nation were often allied

with the English. These alliances (friendships) between Europeans and Native Americans led to their

participation in each other’s wars.

The most powerful group of Native Americans in the east was the Iroquois Confederacy, which consisted

of six tribal nations. The Iroquois managed to remain independent by trading with both the British and French

while playing the British and French against each other. Nevertheless, the Iroquois came under greater pressure

as the British moved into the Ohio River Valley. In the end, the leaders of the confederacy gave certain trading

rights to the British and reluctantly became their allies. Source: Creating America, McDougal/Littell; A History of US by Joy Hakim

PLACARD B

http://anastrologersperspective.com/breaking_silence.php4

British Troops in the Ohio River Valley

The French and Indian War seem inevitable when British fur traders began moving into the Ohio River

Valley in the 1750s. The French and their Native American allies became concerned when they discovered that

British land companies were making plans to settle colonists there.

In an attempt to keep the British out of the valley, a French officer named Charles de Langlade destroyed a

village and a British trading post. The British traders left, and the French built forts to protect the region which

connected Canada and the Louisiana Territory. In 1753, the lieutenant governor of Virginia sent British troops to

build forts to protect their land claims and to tell the French to leave. Source: Creating America, McDougal/Littell; A History of US by Joy Hakim

PLACARD C

http://images.google.com

Facts about The French and Indian War

The French and Indian War involved the British, the French and their Native American allies. The conflict

started and was fought from 1754 to 1763 when the British decided that they wanted to profit from the fur

trade in the Ohio River Valley. France had already claimed land and built forts to defend their claims in North

America. When the British started building forts on the land, the French were not pleased and attacked.

Although the British government sent troops from England to fight, much of the war was fought by the

colonists who lived in the area. They fought eagerly hoping that any land gained in the struggle, would be theirs

to claim and live on.

The French and Indian War ended with a British victory and the signing of the Treaty of Paris of 1763.

France lost all of its land claims, while British Empire doubled its land holdings in North America.

Source: Creating America, McDougal/Littell; A History of US by Joy Hakim

PLACARD D

http://www.solarnavigator.net/history/george_washington.htm

George Washington, Who? George Washington was only 21 years old in 1754. He grew up on a plantation in Virginia, as the son of

wealthy parents. He began working as a land surveyor at the age of 15, he was gifted at mathematics. His job took him to frontier lands in western Virginia.

Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia made Washington a lieutenant colonel in the spring of 1754, and sent him to the Ohio River Valley with a 150 men militia – a group of civilians trained to fight in emergencies. The militia had orders to build a fort where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers meet to form the Ohio River. When Washington arrived, he found that the French were already building Fort Duquesne on that very spot.

Determined to carry out his orders, Washington hurried into action. Indian allies discovered that French scouts were camped in the woods ahead. Marching quietly through the night, Washington surprise attacked the camp and scattered the French. When Washington heard that the French were about to counterattack, he and his men quickly threw up a temporary fort. They named it Fort Necessity. Badly outnumbered, a force of 700 French and Indians surrounded the fort and Washington and his militia surrendered. The French then released Washington and he returned home. This battle came to be known as the Seven Years War in Europe, and the French and Indian War in America. Source: Creating America, McDougal/Littell; A History of US by Joy Hakim

PLACARD E

Albany Plan of Union

Representatives from the British colonies and the Iroquois nation met in Albany, New York July of 1754.

The colonists wanted the Iroquois to fight with them against the French but the Iroquois did not commit to this

alliance.

Benjamin Franklin admired the union of these six Iroquois nations, and suggested that the colonies unite

for defense against the French. His Albany Plan of Union was the first official proposal to unite the colonies. The

plan called for each colony to send representatives to a Grand Council. This council would be able to collect

taxes, raise armies, make treaties, and start new settlements. The leaders in Albany supported Franklin’s plan, but

the colonial legislatures rejected it because they did not want to give up control of their own affairs.

Source: Creating America, McDougal/Littell; A History of US by Joy Hakim

PLACARD F

http://www.edmaps.com/html/canada1.html

The Treaty of Paris, 1763 (Every war ends with a treaty)

Spain came into the war on the side of the French in 1761, but their help was too late. When the Seven

Years’ War in Europe ended in 1763, England (Britain) had won. By the terms of the Treaty of Paris, Britain

claimed all the land east of the Mississippi River. To reward Spain for their help, France gave Spain New Orleans

and the Louisiana territory west of the Mississippi River. Britain gave Spain back Cuba and the Philippines which

they had seized from them previously in exchange for Florida. The treaty ended French power and presence in

North America. The French menace was gone. Source: Creating America, McDougal/Littell; A History of US by Joy Hakim

PLACARD G

http://www.answers.com/topic/liberty-tree

Let’s Begin Taxing Those Ungrateful Colonists Britain owed a large debt from the French and Indian War. Keeping troops in the colonies to enforce the

Proclamation of 1763 would raise the debt even higher. Britain needed more revenue, or income, to meet its

expenses. So it attempted to have the colonies pay part of the war debt. It also wanted them to contribute toward

the costs of frontier defense and colonial government. In the past, the king had asked the colonial assemblies to

pass taxes to support military actions that took place in the colonies. This time, Parliament voted to tax the

colonists directly.

Source: Creating America, McDougal/Littell; A History of US by Joy Hakim

PLACARD H

Tax collectors were tarred and feathered

http://www.glencoe.com/qe/qe96.php?qi=2453

The Proclamation of 1763 Britain and the colonies fought side by side during the French and Indian War and the American colonists

took pride in being victorious over the French. When the war ended problems arose due to Britain wanting to govern its 13 colonies and the territories that were gained as a result of winning the war. The British Parliament in London imposed new laws and restrictions. The colonists were angered because they had been allowed to develop on their own. For years the colonists govern themselves and made their own decisions with little to no interference. This practice is called salutary neglect. The new laws that were being passed made the colonist feel that their natural rights and freedoms were being violated.

The Proclamation of 1763 was the first of Parliament’s laws which stated that colonists could not settle west of the Appalachian Mountains. Britain wanted this land to remain in the hands of its Native American allies hoping to prevent another war. The proclamation angered colonists who had hoped to move to the fertile Ohio River Valley. Many of these colonists had no land of their own and were upset because they had bought land as an investment. As a result, many ignored the law.

Source: Creating America, McDougal/Littell; A History of US by Joy Hakim

PLACARD I

The French Menace Directions: Read each Placard, discuss the reading with your partner and answer the questions based on the information.

PLACARD VISUAL QUESTIONS

A

What was occurring in Europe that contributed to the conflict in North America?

B

Why did the British desire to move into the Ohio River Valley?

C

What actions by the British caused France to become angry?

D

What happened to France after the French and Indian War was finally over?

Graphic Organizer

1

PLACARD VISUAL QUESTIONS

E

What role did George Washington play in the French and Indian War? Do you think his role was important? Why or Why not?

F

Why did the colonies fail to unite after Benjamin Franklin’s Albany Plan of Union was a success with the representatives in Albany, New York?

G

How did the terms of the Treaty of Paris, 1763 benefit Britain and Spain and not France?

H

What problem did the British government face after the war? What did the British government plan to do to solve its problem?

I

How did the Proclamation of 1763 affect the colonists geographically?

Graphic Organizer

2

French and Indian War

Map Activity

Map A – Label the map below as it would have looked BEFORE the French and Indian War. Indicate which parts of the continent were claimed by France, Spain and Great Britain.

Map B – Label the map below as it would have looked AFTER the French and Indian War. Indicate which parts of the continent were claimed by France, Spain and Great Britain.

Survival Words – The French Menace Directions: Inventory the list of terms by completing the boxes marked A thru C. Then with a partner discuss and write your own definition for each term. After participating in a Visual Discovery activity or studying unit you may adjust your definition.

A. I know the meaning and I use the word B. I know the meaning, but I do not use the word C. I don’t know the word

Word A B C Meaning/Definition

Conflict

Albany Plan of Union

Ally

Trade

Taxation

Salutary Neglect

Proclamation of 1763

Treaty of Paris (1763)

Visual Discovery

www.imagesource.com

Don’t look now, but the French are coming and

we’re not together!!

blog.ewm.com

www.nymag.com

canadianethnicmedia.com

What?! I have 13 COLONIES! I forgot about

them.

www.granger.com www.ushistory.org

www.travelblog.org