“Final” Combined Report for WP2 Resulting from the ... report … · This is the Technical...

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“Final”

Combined Report for WP2

Resulting from the Analysis Framework of

WICO

Version 5

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WP2–AnalysisFramework

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WP2 report at v5 Final

1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 6

1.1 Stages..................................................................................................................................... 6

1.2 Definitions and Terms Used in WICO .................................................................................. 6

1.3 Scope ................................................................................................................................... 11

1.3.1 Policies – Annex Section 1 .......................................................................................... 11

1.3.2 Market Factors – Annex Section 2 ............................................................................... 11

1.3.3 Technical – Annex Section 3 ....................................................................................... 11

1.4 Membership of Technical and Scientific Committee .......................................................... 11

2 Partner Viewpoints ..................................................................................................................... 13

2.1 Policy Highlights ................................................................................................................. 13

2.1.1 Italy (Spanish Notes) General Observations ................................................................ 13

2.1.2 Spanish Overview ........................................................................................................ 14

2.1.3 England ........................................................................................................................ 15

2.2 Market Highlights ............................................................................................................... 17

2.2.1 Joint .............................................................................................................................. 17

2.2.2 Italy .............................................................................................................................. 21

2.2.3 Spain ............................................................................................................................ 21

2.2.4 England ........................................................................................................................ 24

2.3 Technical Highlights ........................................................................................................... 24

2.3.1 Italy .............................................................................................................................. 24

2.3.2 Spain ............................................................................................................................ 24

2.3.3 England ........................................................................................................................ 24

3 Wider International Information ................................................................................................. 24

3.1 Turbines ............................................................................................................................... 24

3.2 Examples of SWT Plant and Technology from outside WICO participating Countries ..... 25


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3.3 Market ................................................................................................................................. 25

4 Annexes ...................................................................................................................................... 25

Annex 1: Italian Analysis Framework............................................................................................ 26

Annex 2: Spanish Analysis Framework ......................................................................................... 37

Annex 3: English Analysis Framework.......................................................................................... 63


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Document Plan

Version No.

Issue Name Date Comment

1.0 Agreed Methodology November 2009

This is the initial issue of WP2 report combining the various country initial

analysis framework inputs.

2.0 Policies January 2010

This is the Policies issue of WP2 report combining the various country inputs

2.1 Policies Update January 2010

This is the Policies Update issue of WP2 report with 1st local workshop inputs

3.0 Policies & Market April 2010 This is the market issue of WP2 report combining the various country inputs

3.1 Policies & Market Update

April 2010

This is the Market Update issue of WP2 report updated with 2nd local workshop

inputs

4.0 Policies, Market & Technical

October 2010

This is the Technical issue of WP2 report combining the various country inputs

4.1 Policies, Market & Technical Update

October 2010

This is the Technical Update issue of WP2 report updated with 3rd local workshop

discussions inputs

5.0 Final December 2010

This is the final issue of WP2 report combining the various country and

workshop final inputs into Version 4.1

This progression of document releases complies with the auditable WP2 outputs, 4 documents. Progression of the document is punctuated by releases in line with the timings of the local workshops of WP3 and WP5. The issues have been given recognisable names linked to the topics of the workshops but the work of updating will continue according to emergence of information on any topic at any time from each contributing team member. All topics will be finalised and issued as the “final” issue. Version 4.1 is available for any final edits as needed in arriving at the final guidelines leading to version 5.0. The auditable issues (contractual outputs) are emboldened above.


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TABLES

Table 1-1 Terminologies for turbine scale in use in each contributing country .................................. 8

Table 1-2 Members of the Technical & Scientific Committee .......................................................... 11

Table 2-1 Summary of Market Related Points from W/S 2 ............................................................... 17

Table 3-1 SWT Plant from outside WICO participating Countries ................................................... 25


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1 Introduction The WICO project goal is joint working and the exchange of knowhow and experience between England, Italy and Spain to promote deployment of small-scale wind turbines as part of the push toward wider uptake of renewable energy schemes that are essential to avert the feared climate change. The projects particular focus is increasing the exploitation of coastal winds.

We identify drivers and practices currently applicable to countries and regions and identify, amplify, exchange and commend the best of these. This document also reports barriers where found, and suggests actions needed to ameliorate them.

This report follows a planned series of updated issues, each incorporating contributions from partners especially those arising out of a sequence of joint workshops in Ravenna, Southampton and Huelva.

This is part of Work Package 2 Analysis Framework, where each contributing country investigates its own domain in relation to WICO objectives and aims. The individual national analyses are presented in dedicated annexes to this combined document. Agreed material (if any) of an extra-regional nature is included at section 3 of the body of the report. The three countries work together to exchange and explore the available information from each nation and discuss this. These discussions result in the various issues of the combined analysis document, which ultimately intended to support the project’s final output, “Guidelines” for the deployment of small-scale wind installations (Work Package 4).

1.1 Stages

There are four natural stages: agreement of methodology; and a sequence of themes covering “policies”, “market” and “technology”. Each theme has associated with it, written contributions from partners and a joint workshop where all can debate, compare and contrast their different views and regional approaches. Each of the project partners is responsible for providing written contributions, which are subject to collation and issue by England (WP2 leader). Partners may provide inputs and revisions from any theme for consideration for incorporation at any time during the progress of WP2 prior to Version 4.1 and editorial corrections until the final up-issue as Version 5.0, as set out in the “Document Plan” section above.

1.2 Definitions and Terms Used in WICO

The consensus view among partners was that we should simply recognise that terminology is informal except where there is a specific context. Different user groups and authorities use definitions differently and readers will have to beware that terms like, “small”, “mini”, “micro”, etc. are variable. WICO has therefore continued to use the terms informally but to state specifications where these are important such as where a specific regulation or standard is being discussed.

We had hoped to identify common terminology used to categorize the sizes or output power of wind turbines in the contributing countries. However, this proved impracticable due to differences both


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between and within each partner country. In practice it has not been necessary to be very specific about size as small wind is seen to cover a range of instances each with their own considerations.

An illustration taken from England is, according to the Publication, Environmental Health Practitioner (Chartered Institute of Environmental Health) February 2007, “At the moment a micro wind turbine has no specific definition. However, the DTI and EST define microgeneration (which includes that by wind power) as: “... any technology, connected to the distribution network (if electric) with a capacity below 50-100kW. Most domestic installations will be below 3kW”.

A wind turbine with a generating capacity at the upper end of this definition would typically have a rotor diameter of 20m and stand 30m tall. A wind turbine at the upper end of the “domestic installations” definition would typically have a rotor diameter of about 3.5m.” Internet reference, www.cieh.org/ehp/ehp3.aspx?id=3202

A list of some terminology and size ranges is set out in Table 1-1.


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Table 1-1 Terminologies for turbine scale in use in each contributing country

Place of Use

Terminology Power Range

Swept Area, (and height if applicable)

Comment Country where used

England Micro Wind 1.5kW per dwelling

N/A Taken from the final report, “Cost Analysis of The Code for Sustainable Homes” www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/doc/codecostanalysis.doc

Yes

England Medium Wind

150kW to 600kW


No

England Large Wind 600kW to 1.2MW


No

England Micro wind turbines

0 to 1.5kW

N/A RenewableUK Small Wind Systems UK Market Report April 2010

England Small wind turbines

1.5 to 15kW


England Small-Medium wind

15 to 100kW



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turbines

Scottish Natural Heritage

Micro Renewables

50 kW “Micro renewables refers to installations of less than 50kW (electrical) or less than 45kW (thermal)”

Italy Wind turbine 20 kW From the Finance point of view

Italy Wind turbine

60 kW From the Authorization (Decree Law n.387/2003)

Italy Wind turbine 1 MW From the Environmental point of view (Decree Law n.152/2006 and further modifications - Law n.99/2009)

Italy

Italy Small Wind Turbine (SWT)

1-50 kW 2-200 m2 reference IEC 61400/2 (tower is comprised within the WECs and DC<1500V, AC<1000V) [NB: IEC 61400/2 is the international standard used in testing and has been adapted to be the basis of MCS, Micro-generation Certification Scheme, in UK but where scale terminology remains flexible)]

Italy

Italy SWT 1-700W 0-2m2 With the reference IEC 61400/2 (tower is not comprised within the WECs) Italy

Spain Small Wind Up to 100kW

Taken from the report “ State of the art and regulation of mini wind energy sector in Spain” http://www.appa.es/descargas/Energia_Minieolica_en_Espana.Mar07.pdf

Spain. Small Wind Up to 65 kW

Up to 200 m2 (less than 15 m diameter)

(According to IEC 61400-2 Ed 2)


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Spain Small Wind Up to 100 kW

Less than 20 m diameter

According to low voltage low voltage Regulation .

Spain Medium wind turbines

100kW Spain Taken from the report “State of the art and regulation of mini wind energy sector in Spain”. “http://www.appa.es/descargas/Energia_Minieolica_en_Espana.Mar07.pdf

Spain Large Wind ≥ 500kW

Taken from the report “State of the art and regulation of mini wind energy sector in Spain”. http://www.appa.es/descargas/Energia_Minieolica_en_Espana.Mar07.pdf


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1.3 Scope

The scope is broad covering the current and potential (changing) situations described under the WP3 and WP5 workshop topical headings, “Policies”, “Market Factors” and “Technical”. The report is structured to facilitate working arrangements within these headings, which now follow together with amplifying bullet definitions.

1.3.1 Policies – Annex Section 1

Identify applicable laws, formal procedures and approval systems that may pose barriers to, or facilitate, the introduction of Small Wind Turbines (SWTs) to any location.

1.3.2 Market Factors – Annex Section 2

List the available or proposed incentive schemes for SWTs such as feed in tariffs or other incentives in each country identifying any leading areas of active debate

List economic viability factors, risks, opportunities and any live issues for uptake of SWT either commercially or privately, competing renewable power plants types

1.3.3 Technical – Annex Section 3

List the SWTs manufacturer (or final assembler) and any major integrator/installers with performance information

List the wind data resources, atlas’s and wind data databases; and identify limits to applicability

List centres for Research and Technology, Development, and Knowledge Transfer.

1.4 Membership of Technical and Scientific Committee

The active members of the TSC for this study are listed in Table 1-2. Each country has listed their active contributors in their relevant annex.

Table 1-2 Members of the Technical & Scientific Committee

Staff member name Email address Mail address Marco Bacchini [email protected] Piazza Caduti per la Libertà

2/4 48121 – Ravenna - Italy

Francesco Matteucci [email protected] Via Zuccherificio 10, 48100 Ravenna – Italy

Larry Parker [email protected] [email protected]

Fernando El católico,18,3ª 21003 -HUELVA- Spain


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Staff member name Email address Mail address Manuel B. Acevedo Pérez [email protected] Manuel B. Acevedo Pérez

Fernando El católico,18,3ª 21003 -HUELVA- Spain

Brendan Webster [email protected] 15 Carlton Road South, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 7PL, England


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2 Partner Viewpoints This document is a compendium of identified, policy, market, technical, elements obtained within Work Package 2 “Analysis”. Work Package 3 facilitated exchange of ideas and maturing of viewpoints underpinning the viability of Small Wind Turbines as a source of green electricity. The combined viewpoint emerging from these activities is delegated to Work Package 4, “Guidelines”.

2.1 Policy Highlights

WICO believes that simplification of planning process could be achieved within suitable guidelines for installations up to a size defined in each country or region. The Ravenna partner wishes to see simplified means of granting consent for small wind project In England a scheme of Permitted Development has been consulted upon but a legal General Permitted Development Order from government is awaited.

All partners would like to see a time limit to be placed upon planning authorities when making decisions on SWT. In England a period of 8 weeks is mandated for decision post formal application.

All countries would like to see a streamlining of the initial consultative periods including clearer criteria for SWT developers. All partners see that environmental assessment is a key activity to be streamlined and the public educated to understand and not exaggerate the real impacts.

2.1.1 Italy (Spanish Notes) General Observations

Law 387/2003 allows a Unique Authorization/Permit. This is required as long as the installation is more than 60kW. However, if the nominal output of the turbine is less than 60kW then just a declaration for commencement of works is required (DIA).

If there is no rejection within 30days after following normal planning procedure, you don’t have to go through with a DIA.

Up to 1MW you don’t have to go through the “screening” stage (step before “scoping”) of an Environmental Impact Assessment. Beyond that, you must carry out “screening”.

In general the biggest administrative problem is with getting the approval for connection to the grid. Despite the fact that the electricity company is obliged to give you the closet connection point they are not keen to cooperate.

There is lack of consistency at the power rating levels related to the legislation. For example: 1 MW is the threshold for EIA, 60kW for DIA, and 20kW the limit at which you will be considered an industrial producer of energy, and will have increased tax liability.

In general there is a real need to streamline bureaucracy, and to have more coherency as Provincial Laws are all different.


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In Ravenna, they are working with the municipality to simplify procedures. Currently they are allowing installations that are no more than 3m higher than the house. The Province is trying to push through a law that states that if the nominal power of the turbine is less than 5kW and for self-consumption, then planning approval will not be required. Otherwise it must fit with the municipal plan for the coast.

The Law says that authorization for planning must be authorized within 180 days, however as there is no penalty for delayed replies, this rule is toothless.

There is currently no incentive for off-grid systems, only for grid-connected. It works through bimonthly meter reading where one is paid 0,30€c per kWh, and use of the energy is free. For reference PV is up to 0,55€c per kWh.

2.1.2 Spanish Overview

The Spanish view of workshop 1 was that it shows:

• A notable lack of Technical information and environmental formation about mini wind at the political and technical level.

• Politicians have a negative perception of wind (noises, damage to birds, risks…) and don’t differentiate between mini-wind and big wind.

• Local municipal officers don’t have sufficient knowledge on procedures for wind installations etc. (e.g. call for tenders).

• There are too many companies selling many products leading to confusion on information and poor decision making.

• The Lack of Specific legislation in mini wind which prevents clarity for investment.

• There is no confidence in results (real production) of mini-wind turbines.

Therefore strong political commitment is essential for the success of any progress in mini-wind.

In terms of incentives, the lack of differentiation between big wind and mini-wind means a feed-in tariff of only 0,08€, which is far from making it financially viable.

Procedures are the same as for big wind parks, in Andalusia; if grid-connected it must abide by the GICA law. Law R.D.661/2007 Regulates energy production activity and R.D.6/2009 for grid connected (Guarantee: 20€/kW). There are subsidies of 30% (min.) in Andalusia for off-grid systems.

More research to be conducted into exact procedure and timelines.

For Grid-connected systems, delays in approval for planning permission can last years. Anyway, connection to grid of small wind facilities is not regulated by law till next approval of Royal Decree. National Parks have special restrictions, even for off-grid systems.


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Recommendations are as follows:

For policies

• Awareness and dissemination campaigns (local job vs. wind parks).

• Accreditation based on real production of small wind turbines.

• Guaranteeing of production from installers (investors).

• Avoid large mini wind parks to avoid feeding negative perception.

• Training and formation, such as the Energy Managers on line courses, being done by the Diputacion of Huelva.

• Strong political commitment.

For Legislation

• Differentiation needed between grid-connected wind parks and mini wind (grid connected or stand-alone).

• A FIT of least 0.20€ (it is actually 0.45€ in Portugal). On 10th March manufacturers are going to meet with Ministry of Industry for feed-in-tariffs.

For Planning Authorisation

• For Grid-connected systems Delays in permits should be shorter and fast-track solutions should be sought.

• For Off-grid, the permits should be much simpler

2.1.3 England

England has Planning Policy Statements and Enforceable Spatial Plans

NB Since the project started UK Government has changed. The UK Government has now announced that Regional Spatial Statements will no longer be used. A new policy of “Localism” is being invoked; however, the full meaning of this is yet to become clear. Local Authorities remain responsible for all consenting to development proposals for renewable energy installations other than Nationally Significant Infrastructure Projects (NSIPs). They must still produce local development plans which must be sustainable. The mechanism for ensuring that national targets are met is yet to be defined, at time of writing.

The original contribution to this document has been retained and may serve to


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illustrate practices.

The new “Localism” Bill was published in the UK on 13 December 2010. A guide to its essentials can be found at http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/localgovernment/decentralisationguide

In setting policy for renewable energy England has Planning Policy Statements covering distinct aspects or viewpoints which have the weight of law given by umbrella or general planning law. These PPSs guide production of Regional Spatial Plans, which carefully match national objectives to regional and sub-regional natural assets and designations. PPS 22: Renewable Energy is the most specifically applicable of these in relation to renewable energy targets but other PPSs may intersect on matters such as PPS 9: Sustainable Development in Rural Areas. The methods for creating Local Spatial Plans in PPS 12 must also be used. From the latter arises the Local Development Framework. This is the guide by which Local Planning Authorities must make their planning decisions. Failure to abide by this may result in legal challenge and adverse consequences for Local Authorities and possibly intervention by government.

The Regional Spatial Plans that result from this are examples of best practice in target setting. Targets are nationally aligned but specifically achievable at each subordinate level according to real capacity and constraint. A senior document applicable to the South East of England is The South East Plan - Regional Spatial Strategy for The South East of England, issued by Government Office for the South East (GOSE).

English Planning Approval Process

The planning approval process in England is democratically driven by the decision making powers of elected councillors within Local Authorities except for nationally strategic infrastructure projects which are handled by a separate process. Small wind is dealt with in the same way as all other matters which fall under the jurisdiction of Local Planning Authorities. The process is offered as an exemplar of best practice in democratic and effective decision making. A flow diagram is given in E-1.2.2 for projects requiring formal approval. Much reliance is placed on pre-planning consultation in order to avoid ill-judged applications being made. During this consultation, the scope of statutory consultation (Environment Agency, Civil Aviation Authority, Natural England, etc.) is worked out. This could involve public consultation if a deviation from the Local Development Framework is suggested. Formal consultation after the plans have been submitted is thereby speeded up. A period of democratic consultation follows submission where all stakeholders and the public have a chance to make their views known to those who will decide – a committee of publically elected council members. Between submission and decision a period of 8 weeks is allowed. Failure to achieve this would have financial consequences for the LA.

English Thresholds of current and future importance

Connection to the grid is automatically permitted for devices delivering up to 16 Amps per phase.


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Discussions are being had to enable ease of developers to connect to the grid perhaps on a “connect and manage” basis. This is still an open debate but could result in the onus being placed on network operators to manage all connections effectively with penalties for failure.

Small turbines are probably going to fall within the scope of “permitted development” during 2010. The limits would be determined by a combination of height (15m) and swept area (28m2) for the turbine and other spatial and natural constraints. Permitted Development allows compliant projects to go ahead without need of planning approval.

2.2 Market Highlights

2.2.1 Joint

Combined views at the end of Workshop 2 were summarised in the following table.

Table 2-1 Summary of Market Related Points from W/S 2

Factor\Partner Italy Spain UK FIT FIT scheme exists

0.30 Euro cents per KWH

FIT scheme same as big wind

FIT scheme began 1 April 2010 Tapered with capacity and year of entering scheme.

Planning Procedures and Costs

30 day period to raise objections – see previous work

6 months – 2 years for planning process depending upon region. Up to 10% of cost of installation in tax to local authority.

Subject to general planning laws. The bigger the more demanding in terms of impact, many factors involved. UK is investigating GPDO (exemption) for very small turbines. Once pre-application work done can take 8/13 weeks. Large Wind requires full EIA and Nationally Significant Infrastructure Project (NSIP) have a separate process...


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Factor\Partner Italy Spain UK Device Certification and Associated Costs Availability of certification facilities and sites

CE certificate required Costs of certification

CE certificate required

CE certificate required with validation for medium wind devices the same as big wind. However, for small devices up to 50KW MCS certificate for equipment to qualify for FIT. Transitional list from one of 3 MCS accreditation bodies for small turbines.

Installer Certification No certification required

Regulated by Royal Decree 2224/1998 of 16 October, laying down the photovoltaic and small wind power systems occupancy certificate for professional installers(Not allowed for grid connection)

For devices up to 50KW need MCS/MIS accredited installer to qualify for FITs

Treatment of Income from FIT

Treated as income to be declared on tax return.

Alternative is net metering

No current FITs

Have to pay income tax on FIT income.

Tax free for residential installations.

Taxable to business based installations


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Factor\Partner Italy Spain UK Regulatory differentiation between ‘small’ and ‘big wind’.

Different limits for environmental planning and taxation and grid connection.

Big and small the same

Prospective GPDO limits very low. 50% of generated power can be deemed as exported to the grid for devices below 30KW, metered above. General planning laws and FIT scheme applies for installations of up to 5MW decision timescales 8 or 13 weeks after formal planning application . NSIPs (Wind Farms) subject to national planning process

Environmental Impact Assessment and associated considerations

Pre application discussions advisable. Some impact studies likely especially for bigger devices. Full EIA for very large devices and wind Farms. Costs can be important at very small scale. Statutory Consultees review applicant studies free of charge. Applicants fund the studies.

Wind Resource Estimation and Measurement

There are many useful wind maps avalaible and easy to apply both national level and Andalucía

Wind maps available but not easy to apply to real installations. Sampling and modelling required. Some limitations to DECC database are described in Annex 3.


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Factor\Partner Italy Spain UK Grid Connection Former DK 5940 law

concerning quality of supply. Apply for connection 60 days to give technical solution for connection Obliged to connect in next 90 days. Installation of device can proceed during this period Renewable device connection have a priority of despatch status – cannot postpone connection

Allowed by law up to 16A per phase with a short timescale for compliance. Above this negotiation required.

Capital Finance Schemes

Leasing and mortgage possibilities

Grants for off grid schemes up to 80% of capital cost. Not national Andalucía only. Seems to work well, given to installer up to 3 months after.

Idea to link loans to property rather than person

Public Awareness and Industry Reputation

In isolated small power installations we can find examples of bad installers (no professional) which damage reputation of Small Wind Energy.

Observed examples of poor installation fairly common.

On-going maintenance

Generate more – pay more to installer/ maintenance.

Provision of maintenance and reliability reputation may be factors in determining planning consent


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Factor\Partner Italy Spain UK Local policy Impacts -How local and national governments interact to meet the needs of local plans.

Until mid-2010, national renewable objectives could be expressed through Regional Spatial Strategy and imposed/agreed through Local Development Framework. RSSs have now been cancelled by new Government.

Impact of Recession Reduction in availability of private, public and credit capital funding. Lower confidence in private sector – is expenditure on renewable seen as a luxury? Impact of fuel poverty (fuel bill > 10% of household income)

99% Tozzi client base is private

Governmental discussion about increasing CO2 targets from 20% to 30% to counter dip in investment in renewable technology post credit crunch. Governmental funding is likely to be low though commitment to FITs and targets remains. Private sector will have to drive the movement. Government may push to increase bank lending.

2.2.2 Italy

No separate comments are included here; please refer to Annex 1, Italy.

2.2.3 Spain

PROPOSALS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF MINI WIND SECTOR

1. Specific and different regulatory framework from the big wind.

2. Specific retributive adjustment system. 3. Redeem projects / facilities in a period not exceeding 2/3 of the equipment useful life.4. Limit the economic return per year (KW subsidized).

5. Regulating system to prevent large facilities.

6. Supply point previously contracted with the supplier company.

7. Limiting the installed power to 150% of the supply contract.


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8. Values complying with noise and safety regulation.

9. Safety Regulations for connection to the grid.

10. Establish a simplified administrative process, to streamline administrative procedures.

CONCLUSIONS OF LOCAL WORKSHOP ON MARKET:

• There is a lack of technology knowledge by the administration.

• APPA is developing "Bylaws" for municipalities to implement application requirements as:

• UNE (IEC) Standards compliance safety and noise.

• Hitch installer bulletin.

• Production estimate.

• Feed-in tariffs must be enough for not to allow exponential growth of mini wind systems.

• Subsidies to installed power are a mistake because it´s installed a lot of power and insufficient accumulation so the installation does not work properly.

New Order of microgeneration. Scheduled date: 16 June (Draft presented). So far it has not been approved. Is expected to be adopted before the end of 2010

• Ranks:

• Photovoltaic: Up to 2 MW.

• Mini wind: Up to 25kW.

• No assignment registration is necessary.

• Less than 10 kW: attached to connection point .Just presenting technical report.

• Greater than 10kW: the supplier company must accept the connection point we propose. If company want to be another one has to bear the cost.

HOW DO YOU CREATE MARKET?

Feed-in tariffs: Must be granted up to a production maximum.

Limiting the installed power to 150% of supply contract. Avoid “mini wind parks”.

You cannot give feed-in tariffs / subsidies to large plants.


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The mini wind should not be a financial product. Must be profitable for the consumer / producer, installer and manufacturer.

Need for awareness campaigns, demonstration facilities of good practice.

Equipment must be amortized over 10 years, which implies that for a system of winds about 4-5 m/s, and a 3 kW installation, feed-in tariff required is 40-45 €cents.

The goal is to reach 50 MW installed up to next year.

-NATIONAL PLAN FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY:

-Onshore

-Offshore

-Mini wind

-REGULATION SYSTEM

It is proposed to apply the concept of DISTRIBUTED microgeneration,

i.e.: energy transfer production to the place of demand (decentralized). • Avoiding losses in transmission and distribution. • Avoiding the proliferation of large power plants but allowing micro installations.

APPROVAL OF WIND TURBINES

Avoid low-quality imports that may be dangerous and bad press to small wind technology that prevents the development of the potential market, because of a lack of:

Appropriate certification procedures.

Useful and understandable documentation (for installer and user).

The proximity of facilities to residential areas involves greater emphasis on noise and vibration parameters.

Is proposed to establish standards based on safety and noise international standards, favouring domestic production and local jobs.

Venting distribution networks not overloads occur.

CIEMAT:

• Is developing a rating and energy efficiency label for facilities. It should be disseminated to consumers.


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Required:

• The training of installers.

• Installer’s accreditation. . Actually Installers are regulated by R.D. 2224/1998 (PV and Small wind Installers Certification) but they are not allowed for grid connection.

• The regulation of its obligations.

2.2.4 England

The introduction of Feed In Tariffs has invigorated the microgeneration market in respect of photovoltaic but the currently limited choice of MCS qualified equipment has hindered small wind. Perhaps the biggest factor is uncertainty of annual output for most potential purchasers of SWTs. If the installation site is not obviously a good wind site, then careful survey is needed and this puts up-front money at risk. Also SWT requires planning consent and Distribution Network Operator’s permission to connect to the grid even at very small scale whereas PV does not.

A significant English feature is personal tax exemption for domestic (home user) FIT earnings.

Please refer to Annex 3, England.

2.3 Technical Highlights

2.3.1 Italy

No separate comments are included here; please refer to Annex 1, Italy.

2.3.2 Spain

Spain has indicated three particular examples of best practice technical applications.

Three-phase photovoltaic system, with the support of wind energy to diversify energy supply.

Windmill built out of scrap materials.

Mobile telephone relay transmitter

2.3.3 England

Please refer to Annex 3, England, where it will be seen that technical choice and site assessment are seen as critical technical issues. Further, there has been adverse technical experience reported from earlier installations: less than rated output for actual wind, turbine failures, adverse environmental impact (noise) on small scale systems…

3 Wider International Information

3.1 Turbines

For those interested in seeing a wide range of turbines currently on offer please refer to for example,


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http://www.allsmallwindturbines.com/

At the moment of writing that website has 526 Small Wind Turbines from 190 manufacturers indexed: under two types: 426 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT); and, 100 Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT).

Interested parties can add to this list.

3.2 Examples of SWT Plant and Technology from outside WICO participating Countries

Table 3-1 SWT Plant from outside WICO participating Countries

Ref Manufacturer address

Name and Type: HAWT, VAWT

Technical sheet of each product (link)

Power rating

4-1.1 SOUTHWEST WINDPOWER, INC. 1801 West Route 66 Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA

Skystream 3.7, HAWT

http://www.windenergy.com/products/whisper_500.htm

3000 watts at 10.5 m/s

… ….

3.3 Market

The “Alliance for Rural Electrification” made the point at the International Small Wind Conference in Glasgow 2010, that there are vast areas of the world where political and material infrastructure result in (often very expensive) off-grid diesel generation of electricity to meet local community needs. Particular areas where communities are powered in this way, and where there may be an important market region for alternative provision of electricity including wind power, include central latitudes of Africa, India/Pakistan/etc. and Indonesia.

4 Annexes


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Annex 1: Italian Analysis Framework Members of the Technical & Scientific Committee for Italy

Staff member name Email address Mail address Marco Bacchini [email protected] Piazza Caduti per la Libertà

2/4 48121 – Ravenna - Italy

Francesco Matteucci [email protected] Via Zuccherificio 10, 48100 Ravenna – Italy


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Section 1

“Policies” - Italy

I-1.1 Applicable Laws for SWT

See laws as specified in Section I.1.2

I-1.2 Authorization Procedure for SWTs

I-1.2.1 Law n.239/2004 and further modifications

National law for the reorganization of energy field: it define State, Regions and Local Administration responsibility (Regions can legislate on energy) is found in http://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/ (official website) or http://www.reteambiente.it/normativa/

I-1.2.2 Decree-law n.387/2003 and further modifications

Decree-law n.387/2003 is the first national law (directive 2001/77/CE) that define authorisation procedures for renewable energy source plants (unified procedure to build up and to operate plants). For wind source 60 kW is the threshold beyond which authorisation is required. Below 60 kW it is sufficient formal communication of work start which is operative after 30 days. The reference websites for this are http://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/ (official website) or http://www.reteambiente.it/normativa/

I-1.2.3 Regional Law n.26/2004 and further modifications

Regional law n.26/2004 is about energy: Region has delegated Provinces and Municipalities responsibility on authorisation procedure on renewable and conventional energy plant (below 50 MW). Between 50 and 300 MW responsibility is in charge of Region. Over 300 MT and further information is at website http://demetra.regione.emilia-romagna.it/al/monitor.php?vi=nor&pg=Title_nor.htm&pg_dir=p&pg_t=text/html&pg_a=y

I-1.2.4 Law n.99/2009

Several simplifications about procedural aspects of existing laws. About wind power the environmental screening is required only over the threshold of 1 MW instead of 60 KW. The 60 KW threshold has been defined by Province of Ravenna, according to the ones defined by Decree-law n.387/03. Further information is available through, http://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/ (official website) or http://www.reteambiente.it/normativa/


Main national law about environment. In particular it deal with Environmental Impact Evaluation and further information is available through, http://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/ (official website) or http://www.reteambiente.it/normativa/

I-1.2.6 Regional Law n.9/99 and further modifications


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Regional Law about Environmental Impact Evaluation that define methodology and timing of specific authorization procedure. Further reading is available at, http://demetra.regione.emilia-romagna.it/al/monitor.php?vi=nor&pg=Title_nor.htm&pg_dir=p&pg_t=text/html&pg_a=y

I-1.2.7 Law n.241/1990 and further modifications

Administrative aspects – Main national law about principles and administrative procedures for public administrations. The related internet sites are, http://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/ (official website) or http://www.reteambiente.it/normativa/

I-1.2.8 D.Lgs. 26.10.1995, n. 504, art. 53

Release of operating license for electrical energy production work (in specific for wind power plant) for total transfer to the grid. The related internet sites are http://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/ (official website) or http://www.reteambiente.it/normativa/

I-1.3 Competences and Evaluating Bodies including Laws and Procedures under review for Change

I-1.3.1 National Guide Lines for authorization procedures by art. 12 Decree-Law 29 dicembre 2003, n. 387 and Technical Guide Lines for renewable energy plants

The document is aimed to simplify and standardize authorization procedures, in application of Decree-law n.387/2003; however, an internet reference is not available at the moment (only draft version made by Ministry)

I-1.3.2 POC – Municipal Sandy shore Management Plan –Municipality of Ravenna

The wind and solar systems installed with the only purpose of self-maintenance of buildings/businesses will benefit of simplified authorisation procedures. Hence it is not necessary to wait for the answer of the Public Administration to the communication of work start (D.I.A Denuncia inizio lavori), which is normally obligatory. Please refer to http://www.poc.ra.it/nl/poc_link_1308.mn

I-1.4 Environmental Restrictions


Ordinary procedures (as defined by art. 146 of Decree-lawn.42/04) require an estimated evaluation by Superintendence. This advice is binding. According to new procedure, operative from 1st January 2010: The competent authority is charged to: verify the documents within 40 days; acquire the

mandatory advice of the “Commission for Architecture and Built Environment”; send the request to the Superintendence

After receiving the documents, the Superintendence has 45 day time to express his binding opinion. If no opinion is expressed, the competent administration can convene a meeting of the Departments of the different involved bodies, which has to come out with a solution in maximum 15 days. In case of favourable opinion of the Superintendence, the “landscape


29

authorisation” will be granted in 20 days. In case of negative opinion, a refusal communication will be notified within 20 days.

In any case the competent authority has to grant or refuse the authorisation within 60 days from the delivery of the dossier by the Superintendence. The duration of the procedure can be at maximum 105 days (120 in case the Departments assemble is held). The “landscape authorisation” is effective/operative after 30 days from the issuing date. Further information is available through, http://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/ (official website) or http://www.reteambiente.it/normativa/

I-1.4.2 Decree by the President of Republic, 8th September 1997, n. 357 modified by Decree by the President of Republic, 12th march 2003 n. 120

This is the national law for impact assessment strictly referred to the preservation of natural habitats, wild animal and plant life. Further reference is at http://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/ (official website) or http://www.reteambiente.it/normativa/

I-1.4.3 Regional law n. 6 del 17th February 2005 modified by Regional Law 14 th April 2004, n. 7

Regional law for impact assessment strictly referred to the preservation of natural habitats, wild animal and plant life. Regional System of Natural Protected Areas Protette. At website, http://demetra.regione.emilia-romagna.it/al/monitor.php?vi=nor&st=query&xq=q02 more information can be found.

I-1.4.4 Regional Committee Resolution no. 1191, 24 July 2007 Regional resolution for impact assessment strictly referred to the preservation of natural habitats, wild animal and plant life. Ratification of guidelines for characterization, management and monitoring of Community Relevant Sites (SIC) and Special Preservation Areas (ZPS). Reference website is, http://www.regione.emilia-romagna.it/wcm/ermes/pagine/delibere.htm I-1.5 Regional Energy Plans & Compliance

I-1.5.1 Summary energy plan Here is the area energy plan (population, target local energy production, target local energy consumption) and web link. According to Regional Energy Plan (PER):

Target of wind energy production = 21 Mw refers to 2010 (45 GWh) Reduction of energy consumption = 12%

http://demetra.regione.emilia-romagna.it/stampa/delibere_pdf/viii%20legislatura/2007/0141-ogg2130.pdf According to Provincial Energy Plan (PEP):

Target of wind energy production = 12% of PER equals too 4,6 Mw refers to 2010 (5,4 GWh)

Reduction of energy consumption = 180 ktep http://www.provincia.ra.it/Argomenti/Ambiente/Energia-ed-elettromagnetismo/Il-Piano-Energetico-Provinciale


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The Actual Energy consumption by users is 2888 GWh (electrical consumption refers to 2006); whereas, Target Energy consumption is 180 Ktep

I-1.6 EU Renewable Energy Targets for Country

The table below contains the relevant targets.

Ref. Targets planned by EU for Renewable energy production

Targets planned at regional/ local level

Any additional specification

I-1.6.1 Green Book COM (2000) 769: 12% of energy balance due to renewable energy sources

+294 Ktep (at local level 2010)

I-1.6.2 Green Book COM (2000) 769: 22% of electricity from renewable energy sources

+1,218 GWh (at local level 2010)

I-1.6.3 COM (2008) 19: 17% energy consumption from renewable sources/total amount of energy consumption

+184 Ktep (at local level 2020)

I-1.6.4 Regional target: enhancement of renewable energy sources (2010)

See I-1.5.1

I2 Extended Comments, Interpretation and Discussion

There are no further comments at this time.


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Section 2

“Market Factors” - Italy

Table I-2.1 Incentives and Tariffs

I-2.1.1 All inclusive tariff (T.O.) Decree All inclusive tariff (T.O.) Decree made by Ministry of Economic Development 18.12.2008 http://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/ (official website) or http://www.reteambiente.it/normativa/ http://www.gse.it/ENG/Pagine/default.aspx. These are specific incentives dedicated to SWT (1-200 KW) for a period of 15 years and no risks are seen.

Table I-2.2 Planning or Other Acceptability Risks including Landscape Issues

I-2.2.1 Noise and vibration

Noise and vibration may affect neighbours for which there are noise investigations and studies

I-2.2.2 Visual effects

Mitigation of landscape and environmental impacts is the most important. It depends on location of SWT.

I-2.2.3 Influence on bird migration

Studies and mitigation (including potential different site and position) are carried out.

Table I-2.3 Competing or Alternatives to SWT

I-2.3.1 Photovoltaic

Photovoltaic plant is available in the range of 1 to 20 kW and is dependant on tariffs.

I-2.4 Commercial Risks

Table of Risks

Ref Risk Evaluation viewpoints Comment I-2.4.1 Demand might

change Currently customers need reliability from the products

-

I-2.4.2 Uncertainty causes delay

If the installations will not start many customers will delay or change their investment

-

I-2.4.3 High costs of operation and maintenance

Currently SWT don’t need efficiency certification (power curve)

It could be useful have this kind of certification

I-2.4.4 Wrong evaluation of

Not accurate wind resource assessment

Collect data and manage it correctly


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wind resources



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Section 3

“Technical” - Italy

I-3.1 SWT Plant and other associated equipment

Table of SWT Plant and other associated equipment

Ref Manufacturer or Integrator

Company address

Type: HAWT, VAWT, …

Technical sheet of each product (link)

Power rating

I-3.1.1 Tozzi Nord Via San Sebastian – 38110 Trento – Italy

HAWT, VAWT

www.tozzinord.it 7 KW 1,5 KW

I-3.1.2 Ropatec Via Zuegg 38/40 - 39100 Bolzano - Italy

VAWT www.ropatec.com various

I-3.1.4 Svecom Energy

Via della Tecnica, 4 -36075 Montecchio Maggiore (VI) - Italy

HAWT www.svecomenergy.com 50 KW

I-3.1.5 Jonica Via Poerio, 226 - 74020 Lizzano (TA) - Italy

HAWT www.jimp.it 10 KW 25 KW

I-3.1.6 BMP Piazza Cinque Giornate 10 – 20129 Milano - Italy

HAWT www.bluminipower.it 20 KW

I-3.1.7 Pramac Località Il Piano - 53031 Casole d'Elsa (SI) - Italy

VAWT www.pramac.com 400 W 1 KW

I-3.1.8 Terom Via Nuova 16 40050 Funo (BO) - Italy

HAWT www.terom.it 50 KW


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I-3.1.9 Aria-Libellula via Guarini 90, Livorno - Italy

HAWT www.aria-srl.it 55 KW

I-3.1.10 EolPower Aerospace Engineering Dept (DIAS) University of Naples “Federico II” Via Claudio, 21 - 80125 - Napoli, Italy

HAWT www.eolpower.com 1 KW 5 KW 60

I-3.2 Wind Data and Information

Table of Wind Data

Ref Data or Information

Internet URL Notes (how data were obtained)

I-3.2.1 CESI Atlas (windspeeds database)

http://www.ricercadisistema.it/pagine/notiziedoc/61/index.htm http://www.ricercadisistema.it/pagine/notiziedoc/61/Velocita_25m/QuadroUnione_25m.pdf

See page 4 of CESI Atlas (pattern synthesis)

I-3.2.2 Wind atlas of the University of Genova

http://atlanteeolico.erse-web.it/viewer.htm webgis

I-3.3 WICO Anemometers

Table of WICO Anemometers

Ref Coordinates of WICO anemometers

Type of anemometer and sensor (height, …)

Wind data format file

1. Bagno SoleLuna – Marina Romea (Ravenna, Italy)

44°31’32’’N 12°16’45’’E

10 m high from the ground floor; speed and direction measurement; Robinson cup anemometer type, with threshold value of 0.5 m/s and upper limit value of 60 m/s; anemometer weight 2/3 kg; ; data logger with GSM/GPRS

Microsoft excel database


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wireless link; batteries 2. Bagno Smeraldo – Lido di Dante (Ravenna, Italy)

44°23’11’’N 12°19’11’’E

Anemometer model SS-WIND-01 calibrated according to standard World Meteorological Organization (WMO; 10 m high from the ground floor; speed and direction measurement; data logger with GSM/GPRS wireless link; batteries

Microsoft excel database and webgis

3. Hotel Palace – Milano Marittima (Cervia, Italy)

44°16’23’’N 12°21’11’’E

See no.2 Microsoft excel database and webgis

Table I-3.4 Non WICO Anemometers available

Ref Accessible non WICO anemometer data sources



I-3.4 Centres for Research and Technology, Development, and Knowledge Transfer

Table of Centres for Research and Technology, Development, and Knowledge Transfer

Ref Centre Activity Contact Information

1 University of Trento – mechanical and structural engineering Dept. (DIMS), http://www.ing.unitn.it/dims/ http://www.eolicotrento.ing.unitn.it/

Wind turbine design

Prof. Lorenzo Battisti

2 University of Trento – Materials engineering and industrial technologies Dept. (DIMTI) http://www.ing.unitn.it/dimti/

Composite material for wind turbines

Prof. Alessandro Pegoretti

3 University of Padova – Electrical Engineering Dept. (DIE) http://www.die.unipd.it/ http://labme.die.unipd.it/

Electric component of Wind turbines

Prof. Andrea Tortella

4 Politecnico di Milano – Aerospace Engineering Dept. (DIA) http://www-en.aero.polimi.it/EN/index.php?&MMN_position=1:1 http://www.aero.polimi.it/~bottasso/POLI-Wind.htm

Wind turbine design

Prof. Carlo Bottasso

6 Politecnico delle Marche http://e-ntrasites.univpm.it/Ingegneria/Engine/RAServePG.php

Wind re source evaluation

Prof. Ricci


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7 University of Firenze http://www.unifi.it/mdswitch.html

Wind engineering

Prof. Borri


Annex 2: Spanish Analysis Framework

Members of the Technical & Scientific Committee for Spain

Staff member name Email address Mail address Larry Parker mailto:[email protected] Fernando El Católico,18-2ª

21003-HUELVA-SPAIN Manuel B. Acevedo Pérez mailto:[email protected] Manuel B. Acevedo Pérez

Fernando El Católico,18-2ª 21003-HUELVA-SPAIN


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Section 1

“Policies” - Spain

S-1 Country law for incentives

S-1.1 Order of 4 February 2009 establishing the regulatory basis of an incentives´ program for Andalusian sustainable energy development for the years 2009-2014. (BOJA No. 30 .13 February 2009)

Summary of key aspect of the incentive Order is, “Number of lines of fundable projects, has been reduced to five: Savings and energy efficiency, Renewable energy, Achievement energy and energy recovery; Studies, energy audits and consultancies and dissemination activities; Energy Infrastructure.” “Assistance will be provided to pursued target, so as to apply only on the additional investment that has the purpose of energy saving or the production or use of renewable energy against a less friendly with environmental sustainability criteria real alternative. Also is proportional to beneficial effects, i.e. the amount of saved energy or renewable energy produced.” This Order shall apply to any requests for incentives that arise from the date of entry into until December 30th. 2014. This Order established the bases which shall be governed by the incentives granted by the Department of Innovation, Science and Commerce for the promotion of saving and energy efficiency, energy production from renewable sources, the best use of energy, waste energy recovery, as well as improvement and development of infrastructure for transport and energy distribution in Andalusia. It´s called for years 2009-2014. This Order shall apply to those projects or activities which, according to the specifications contained in it, whose purpose is the sustainable energy development of Andalucía. The incentives granted under the present Order shall be compatible with other aid, income or resources that are granted for the same purpose, from any government or public or private, national, EU or other international organizations, provided that the amount thereof, own or together with other aid, income or resources do not exceed the cost of incentivised performance. May be beneficiaries of these incentives, natural or legal persons, public or private, or their groups, where the investment or expenditure takes place in Andalusia. The types of projects or activities are: Saving projects and energy efficiency . Energy installation projects from .renewable sources, Projects of energy recovery facilities, Energy studies and dissemination activities. These may include: Solar thermal hot water production, Solar photovoltaic. Installation of biomass for thermal end-uses, with less than 300 kW power. Isolated small wind. Mixed of the above types: Solar, wind, biomass or solar installations.


39

Table 1. - Maximum incentive rates by categories


40

Table 2: Granted projects The facilities will be granted when they meet the following requirements: a) Be carried out by reputable companies, which are responsible to apply for the grant. b) Have a guarantee and maintenance of all installation without additional cost to the user for a minimum period of three years. c) Projects must be technically, economically and financially viable d) The beneficiary must provide a financial contribution of at least 25% Deadline for the resolution and reporting of granted incentives shall be two months from the date of entry into the responsible body for processing. After that time if no decision had been stated, the application could be considerate as rejected. Projects to produce electricity from renewable energy sources, must comply following conditions: a) Its purpose is the production of electricity for non-grid connected applications, and always to be included in any of the following (among others): 2. º Isolated small wind facilities, located at a distance greater than 500 m of the electric grid, including those for the exclusive production of mechanical energy. 3. º Photovoltaic installations, small wind mixed isolated located at a distance greater than 500 m from the electric grid. Internet sites where the law is available/ or other source is Order of incentives also Incentive program for sustainable energy development of Andalusia 2009-2014


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Andalusian Energetic Sustainability Plan

Plan Andaluz de Sostenibilidad Energética (PASENER) 2007/2013

PLAN OBJECTIVES:

1 Primary energy consumption from renewable sources over primary energy consumption in Andalusia energy purposes only. In 2013 there will be a contribution of renewable energy sources to primary energy structure of 18.3%.

2 Total installed electrical power with renewable technologies compared to the power existing total power in Andalusia. In 2013 this indicator would be around 39.1%, which will almost fivefold increase power obtained with renewable technologies regarding the situation in 2006.

3 Gross production of electricity from renewable sources over net consumption of Andalusians (excluding consumption to Electrical generation and refineries). In 2013 this indicator is projected to reach 32.2%.


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4 Primary energy saving over primary energy consumption in Andalusia exclusively for energy, recorded in 2006. In 2013 is expected to save 8% of primary energy consumed in 2006.

5 Total primary energy consumption in Andalusia Vs Gross Domestic Product of Andalusia. It is the primary energy intensity indicator. This indicator presents an increasing tendency in recent years, a trend that is expected to slow during the period of the Plan. It aims to reduce primary energy intensity by 1% in 2013 regarding in 2006.

6 Consumption of biofuels in total consumption of petrol and diesel of Andalusia in the transport sector. In 2013 this indicator is projected to reach 8.5%.

7 Equivalent Interruption Time of Installed Power (TIEPI) in Andalusia 2013 against the current TIEPI. The aim is to lower the TIEPI of each areas (urban, semi-urban, rural concentrated and dispersed rural) in 33% below current values. The goal for 2013 is to bring the urban area TIEPI in 0.86 hours in semi-urban area in 1.37 hours, 2.89 hours in concentrated rural areas and 3.81 hours in dispersed rural area, which will get a TIEPI for all Andalusia of 1.56 hours.

8 Resident population in towns between 10,000 and 20,000 inhabitants who have in 2013 gas distribution network for domestic and commercial use vs. the resident population in all towns between 10,000 and 20,000 inhabitants of Andalusia. In 2013, 80% of residents in towns between 10,000 and 20,000 must have the ability to access natural gas supplies, according with a balanced distribution of that energy source in the territory.

9 CO2 Emissions derived from each power unit generation in Andalusia. In 2013 CO2 emissions from each power generation unit is reduced by around 20%.

10 CO2 Emissions avoided as a result of savings in energy efficiency measures and greater renewable energy generation within the Plan operation. In 2013 CO2 emissions avoided will rise to 11 million tonnes.

11 Total contribution of renewable energy sources to final consumed energy by Andalusia (excluding consumption in production, processing, distribution) with energy purposes only. In 2013 this indicator is projected to reach 27.7%.

In the new National Plan for Renewable energies 2011-2020, approved last June the 30th is provided a specific regulatory treatment and establishment of an appropriate remuneration framework that encourages facilities of Small wind power in urban, semi-urban, industrial and agricultural, with characteristics differentiated in terms of technological maturity and regarding the development of medium and large wind power.

S-1.2 Country law for application of SWTs

S-1.2.1 Legislation Related to Renewable Energy


43

Here we can find applicable national legislation related to procedures, installation and operation of SWT The relevant internet site is Legislation PER - IDAE, Institute for the Diversification and Saving of Energy.

S-1.2.2 In the same way, Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade is working on a New R.D. for the connection of small power plants of Renewable energies including Small Wind facilities.

This proposal will be approved shortly. (Probably before end 2010)

The purpose of this Royal Decree, is the development of Law 54/1997, according with current Directive 2004/8/EC and Directive 2009/28/EC, by establishing administrative and technical as basic connection to grid of low and medium voltage installations of renewable energy and cogeneration of small power facilities, taking into account their particular characteristics in order to establish a specific regulation allowing the development of these activities

This royal decree replace the Royal Decree 1663/2000 of 29 September on connection of low power photovoltaic installations to grid , expanding its scope to all the technologies and maintaining the structure of its basic content.

It´s introduced as a new summary procedure for small power plants seeking to connect at points where there is already a supply. Likewise, introducing the possibility of developing a balance between energy gained as consumer and energy sold as producer. Similarly, it plans to develop a procedure for the balance of power between the generator and associated consumer, (Net- metering) to encourage production facilities design for self-consumption. These measures are designed to develop the concept of distributed generation, which provides benefits to the system such as reduction of losses in grid, reducing needs for investment in new grids, and ultimately, an impact minimization of Electric facilities in their environment.

The purpose of this R.D. is the establishment of basic administrative and technical conditions for low voltage grid interconnection of production facilities for renewable energies if less than 100 kW. Sharing infrastructure facilities for the disposal of electricity are considered excluded groups if the power sum is greater than 100 kW.

Four types of facilities are distinguished: It is worth noting the type A: Facilities under 10 kw-connected within a network operator to be processed by simplified procedure)....

S-1.2.3 Spanish coast´ Strategic Environmental Study for the installation of offshore wind farms.

The objective is to identify areas of terrestrial maritime public domain for the sole environmental effects, meet conditions for offshore wind farms installation. The relevant internet site is http://www.mityc.es/energia/electricidad/RegimenEspecial/eolicas_marinas/Documents/EEAL_parques_eolicos_marinos_Final.pdf

S-1.2.4 Procedures for authorizations and permits, for implementing power generation projects at

sea.


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Link: http://www.boe.es/aeboe/consultas/bases_datos/doc.php?coleccion=iberlex&id=2007/14657

Aims at regulating the procedures and determining the conditions and criteria for obtaining permits

and government concessions necessary for the construction and expansion of electricity generation

facilities that are physically located in territorial sea.

The offshore wind generation facilities it seeks to locate in the territorial sea will have an installed

capacity exceeding 50 MW minimum.

S-1.3 Authorization procedure for SWTs

S-1.3.1 REAL DECRETO 661/2007, 25 of May

“REAL DECRETO 661/2007, 25 of May” regulates the activity of energy production in the special regime: facilities with installed power capacity below 50MW, which, in theory, would include Mini wind. Reference is found at the link, BOE.es:

S-1.3.2 Real Decreto-ley 6/2009, 30 April

“Real Decreto-ley 6/2009, 30 April” regulates access and connection to electricity network of electric power production facilities with special arrangements.Is a law developed for PV installations. No refer to mini wind. More information is available through the following link, /doc/legislacion/RDL6-2009-RE.pdf',500,500)

S-1.3.3 Procedures and formalities for miniwind installations

Actually it is necessary to refer to Large Wind and Photovoltaic legislation for small wind installations procedures.

All procedures are available in Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade official website: http://www.mityc.es/energia/electricidad/TramitacionInstalaciones/Paginas/AutorizacionInstalciones.aspx

Basically consists of:

Administrative authorization shall refer to the draft of the facility and processed, where appropriate, together with the environmental impact study. Enable the petitioner to begin preparatory work on-site fitness facilities.

Approval of the construction plan: refers to the specific project installation and allows the holder to the construction or establishment of it.

Operating permit, permits, after completion of the project, put electric voltage in the facilities and proceed to commercial exploitation.

Applications for administrative approval and adoption of the draft implementation may run consecutively, contemporary or jointly.

More information is available through link:

Procedures and formalities for miniwind installations

S-1.3.4 Administrative procedure for processing applications to approval of power generation facilities in territorial sea.

Information on this topic can be found through link, BOE.es:

S-1.3.5 Act Promoting Renewable Energy And Energy Efficiency In Andalusia. LEY 2/2007, de 27 de marzo

This Act regulates the promotion of savings and energy efficiency as part of the combination formed together with the relevant statement of the primacy of renewable energy. It is necessary to promote energy education as an element of environmental education. This ranges from schools to public awareness campaigns, and from encouragement for citizens and productive sectors, to


46

respect and cooperate with the pursuit of the general interests under this Law. More information can be found through, http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2007/05/07/pdfs/A19568-19578.pdf S-1.3.6 Harmonization of existing regulations to encourage integration of small wind turbines power in urban, semi-urban, industrial and agricultural zones is in draft in the new Renewable Energy Plan 2011 -2020.

S-1.4 Legal changes under review

S-1.4.1 Changes under review

Due to novelty of mini wind technology, these laws do not address, define or separate mini wind energy production of other ,submitting to this sector to same procedures than Photovoltaic systems <100kw or big power production wind farms . Until the application of Renewable Energy Plan 2011-2012 Miniwind Energy will not be considered as distinct subgroup.

Until June 2010, in Spain there will be no law providing for Mini wind energy production as specific subgroup. By that time, the different public and private lobbies involved and working with the Governement, bid for the eventual inclusion in the Renewable Energy Plan through favourable legislation that support the launch of this sector of demonstrable benefit in achieving energy efficiency.

Here you can find the Draft of the Renewable Energies National Plan presented the 11th June 2010 and the final version (30/06/2010): http://www.mityc.es/energia/desarrollo/EnergiaRenovable/Documents/20100630_PANER_Espanaversion_final.pdf

S-1.4.2 Article 4 of RDL 6 / 2009

Elimination of Article 4 of RDL 6 / 2009, which is, according to some, against the spirit of the new European Renewable Directive 2009/28/CE, although ,in the case of power plants not exceeding 100 kW, this requirements imposed by Article 4 is not necessary.

Five business associations are calling for management and development of the sector is done through the promised Renewable Energy Law. More information through website, http://www.appa.es/descargas/NdP-Asociaciones-piden-rechazar-enmienda.pdf

S-1.4.3 Spanish Association of Renewable Energies Producers (APPA) and Greenpeace

The Spanish Association of Renewable Energies Producers and Greenpeace advocate their Bill on Renewable Energies to transpose the new European Directive. Greenpeace and APPA believe than Spain can and should lead Europe and world in the development of renewable energy, so in its proposal include more ambitious goals for our country, so that by 2020 renewable energies reach at least 30% of total energy consumption and at least 50% of electricity. Information may be consulted at links Article.pdf and Bill.


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S-1.5 Existing environmental restrictions for installing SWTs

Off shore wind parks:

The study adopted the same approach now holds the original, but harder the installation conditions in some parts of Cadiz coast. This is the case of Gibraltar Strait which is totally prohibited the opening of offshore wind farms. As for the rest of the coast, the government also declared an exclusion red stripe zone for mills. That is, any project must be to a minimum of five miles offshore . However, in the second zone established by the Ministry, in yellow, the parks will be installed with particular conditions. In this case, the investment projects will be presented to justify that do not break the landscape, observed the artisanal fisheries, do not interfere with traffic and not damage tuna traps, among other requirements. The third slot opened by the central Government has declared the area as suitable for these facilities.

For more information following link is offered, http://cindoc.ciemat.es/?pid=4000&id_seccion=1&tipo=noticias&id=2792

S-1.5.1 Royal Decree 1 / 2008 of 11 January

Royal Decree 1 / 2008 of 11 January, by approving the revised text of the Law on Projects´ Environmental Impact Assessment.

This legislation regulates, clarifies and harmonises existing legislation on projects´ environmental impact assessment. Annex II regulates wind farms with less than 50 wind turbines.

More information is available via link, BOE.es:

S-1.5.2 Administrative procedure for processing applications

Administrative procedure for processing applications to approval of power generation facilities in territorial sea. The information link is BOE.es:

Main issues of this procedure are:

-Offshore wind generation facilities it seeks to locate in the territorial sea, will have an installed capacity exceeding 50 MW minimum.

-Procedure for approving the installation:

-Presentation of the booking area and need for the characterization of offshore wind area. Characterization of offshore wind area, conducted by the Directorate General for Energy Policy and Mines isthe collection of all reports issued by the institutions concerned in relation to the likely conditions that the installation of the offshore wind farm might have on the environment that surroundings. The deadline to the resolution of this process is 4 months.

Characterization of offshore wind area will demonstrate, through reports provided by different institutions consulted, the impact that offshore wind facility would likely cause within the


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area, depending on your location. Also justify the appropriateness or otherwise of carrying out projects for offshore wind generation facilities within the study area, setting out which locations are most appropriate and which are difficult and what kind.

Shall, annually and with a time horizon of five years, an estimate of the maximum access capacity of electricity grids near the study area, as well as an estimate of the maximum power to drive the area.

S-1.5.3 Spanish coast´ Strategic Environmental Study for the installation of offshore wind farms.

The objective is to identify areas of terrestrial maritime public domain for, the sole environmental effects, meeting conditions for offshore wind farms installation. The website and links providing information are, http://www.mityc.es/energia/electricidad/RegimenEspecial/eolicas_marinas/Documents/EEAL_parques_eolicos_marinos_Final.pdf and Maps of Strategic Environmental study of marine wind farm areas

Regional Energy Plans & Compliance

Table 3. - Andalusian Energy Plan Results forecast

See more information in:


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http://www.mityc.es/energia/desarrollo/EnergiaRenovable/Documents/20100630_PANER_EspanaAnexo.pdf

Figure.-Renewable Energies National production (2009)


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Table 5.-2020 Spanish objectives

Source: National Plan for Renewable Energies 2011-2020 http://www.mityc.es/energia/desarrollo/EnergiaRenovable/Documents/20100630_PANER_Espanaversion_final.pdf


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Figure.-Evolution of electric production by different energy sources.


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Section 2

“Market” - Spain

Expressed Concern or Opportunity

Where expression made – printed article, internet, broadcast, …

Potential means of Amelioration

Lack of political will to achieve the objectives of Renewable Energies

http://www.appa.es/descargas/NP_PANER_CERTIFICA_FALTA_VOLUNTAD_POLITICA.pdf

The comparison between the draft of the National Plan for Renewable Energies 2011-2020 published by the Institute for Energy Diversification and Energy Saving (IDEA) and the final version of the document is disappointing for those involved in renewable energy development in Spain. Not only has been ignored much of the arguments made, but also by the unexplained disappearance of entire sections explaining the benefits to Spain of the focus on renewable energy.

APPA sea a great opportunity for Spanish companies in the determined commitment ofBarack Obama by renewables.

http://www.appa.es/descargas/NP%20-%20APPA%20Barack%20Obama.pdf

Barack Obama, has championed during his election campaign renewables as a source of income, a means to ensure energy supply in North America and an important sector for the creation of jobs.The President of the Spanish Association of Renewable Energy Producers think that "Barack Obama will give a definitive boost to U.S. renewable sector than has already achieved significant progress and development and in which Spanish companies have played and will play a major role”.

National Plan for Renewable Energies 2011-2020 Differentiation at regulatory and remuneration level of small wind energy in the new SENP 2011 - 2020 will develop this technology in Spain .The establishment of its own objectives opens door to the development of small wind energy. The draft sets a target of 370 MW of Small wind power by 2020. The objectives would allow

http://www.appa.es/descargas/NP_APPA%20MINIEOLICA%20SITUACION%20Y%20POSIBILIDADES.PDF

Proposals for a correct development: Among the measures proposed by the Section of APPA for harmonic small wind development of this technology are those that link production with consumption, to prevent the proliferation of large small power wind turbine installations . It is proposed as a mandatory requirement for a small wind installation there is a point of consumption. The power to be installed must never exceed 150% of the supply contract for that point of consumption and would be limited by particular technic restrictions. There are also measures to ensure that small wind technology is not concentrated in certain parts of Spain, given the diversity of wind resources. So it will be established a feed in tariff enough to amortize the investment in ten years. Premium would be charged up till a monthly or annual determined fee was reached and then the energy would cost only market price. Thus, in all areas of the country could be


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the implementation of 100,000 small installations of this technology.

developed such projects and there would be no discrimination on the existence of resource. "The aim is to encourage distributed generation and this can not benefit some Spanish areas more than others. Savings that this technology provides in transmission and distribution should be reflected in pay, but such limited compensation as it would be yearly or monthly, would prevent to see this technology as a financial product, "said the president of APPA small wind Section. Boost for distributed generation Small wind technology is a prime example of distributed generation, where the electricity production facilities are close to consumption points . Worldwide this technology, along with solar photovoltaic allows the electrification of remote areas with local energy, which is key in developing countries. "Clearly small wind technology allows us to today, and more so in the future due to its cost reduction potential, bring electricity to more than 2,000 million people who lack it. But we must not lose sight of distributed generation benefits for a developed country by bringing the production to consumption. Networks losses and network infrastructure investments that distributed generation would prevent in Spain must also be taken into account.

http://www.blogenergiasrenovables.com/index.php/2010/02/minieolica-nueva-alternativa-de-microgeneracion-urbana/

There is currently no legislation that defines it in very strong, but future progress is expected to set a policy that clearly defines what the limits of this technology to be considered as such. So far, the use of small wind energy was directed only to subsistence in places where there is no grid (gardens, yards, houses ...), but the latter have begun to market in Spain two legal alternatives and Navarra, has was the first autonomous community to implement it. The first option is made to focus on self, but this time, in buildings where there is already electricity grid, for example a house or other company that uses power from the mains. In this mode, the power generated is consumed directly by operating appliances and prevents its owner has to buy that power to the electric company. For example, a conventional wind turbine power 1.75 kW, could generate over 50% of annual electricity an average household. The other application, just as it currently does photovoltaic solar energy, would sell the power generated to the grid. This is an innovative form and the Government of Navarre has been the first in Spain to have a facility of this type in one of its buildings, by the, company Navarre ALBA RENOVA.


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Both types are designed to generate electricity in urban or industrial environments and be consumed in the same building in which it occurs or in their environment. This results in a decentralized production that minimizes transmission losses. It works out networks and prevents the proliferation of large power plants. With the progress we're seeing, it is not surprising that most building owners to generate their own power in the near future. As a reference to the fact that solar energy fovotoltaica compete in price with conventional energy in a horizon of 7 or 8 years and probably will consume more profitable to sell to the grid in the future. Our neighboring countries (Portugal, Italy and France) already have specific regulations for small wind energy. And the more advanced, like Britain, have set a target of generating between 30% and 40% of the country's electricity by distributed microgeneration installations in buildings, especially small wind and solar PV through the "Low Carbon Buildings" ( Buildings with Low CO2) in 2050. At present, Britain has about 100,000 microgeneration installations and their owners have Renewable Certificates, in addition to those that produce green energy tax incentives. However, in Spain, there are still no specific regulations for small wind energy that is differentiated from the great wind. This is due to pressure from large utilities to hear, which persuaded the Government in October to thwart the development of a decree to put in place a regulatory framework attractive for small wind. Presently have closed some hope, but it is difficult to stem the tide ... and much less wind.


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Section 3

“Technical” - Spain

Renewable energy sources power plant

Typology of power plants Size of power plants

Tharsis (Huelva) On-Shore Wind farm 4.25MW (5 wind turbines) El Sardón(Huelva) On-Shore Wind farm 25.5 MW (30 wind turbines) El Granado(Huelva) On-Shore Wind farm 14,45 MW (17 wind turbines) El Centenar (Huelva) On-Shore Wind farm 42 MW (21 wind turbines) El Saucito (Huelva) On-Shore Wind farm 38 MW ( 19 wind turbines) La Retuerta (Huelva) On-Shore Wind farm 42 MW (21 wind turbines) La Tallisca (Huelva) On-Shore Wind farm 40 MW ( 20 wind turbines) Majal Alto (Huelva) On-Shore Wind farm 48 MW (24 wind turbines) Valdefuentes (Huelva) On-Shore Wind farm 28 MW (14 wind turbines) Las Cabezas (Huelva) On-Shore Wind farm 26 MW ( 13 wind turbines) Montegordo(Huelva) On-Shore Wind farm 48 MW (24 wind turbines) Los Lirios (Huelva) On-Shore Wind farm 48 MW (24 wind turbines) ENCE´s biomass power plant(Huelva)

Biomass 68.5 MW

ENCE´s biomass power plant(Huelva)

Biomass 50 MW

PS-10 Solucar (Sevilla) Thermo-solar 11 MW Sevilla PV(Sevilla) Thermo-solar 1.2MW Solnova-I(Sevilla) Thermo-solar 50 MW Almagrera (Calañas) PV plant 1 0MW Chanza Mini Hydro 4.5MW Aracena Mini Hydro 4.5MW Zufre Mini Hydro 4.5MW Disperse mini plants Mini PV Plants 80 MW (800X 100 kW)

List of the SWTs manufacturer

Company address Type of SWTs produced (HAWT, VAWT)

Technical sheet of each product

GEÓLICA INNOVATIONS

C/ Diego Velázquez 5

26007 Logroño

La Rioja

Teléfono: +34 91 110 43 55

VAWT E-mail: [email protected]


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Móvil: +34 661 10 27 89

This turbine is designed and manufactured completely in Spain but it´s homologation is in process.

TURBY Ibérica (Speedwind,S.L.)

Port Esportiu, local 72-73

08320 El Masnou Barcelona

VAWT http://www.turbyiberica.com/pdf/08_cast.pdf

Bornay Aerogeneradores, slu

P.I. Riu, Cno. del Riu, s/n

03420 Castalla (Alicante)

HAWT Bornay Wind turbines

ADES, alternative energy applications

Polígono Malpica-Alfindén

C/ La Sabina Nº13

50171 ZARAGOZA

HAWT ADES Wind turbine

ECERSA Ebro-Cantábrica de Energías Renovables

c/ Abendaño 37-bajo Tfno-fax: 945-219968

01008 Vitoria (Álava)

e-mail: [email protected]

http://www.ecersa.com/parques.htm

OBEKI GROUP C/Baratzondo, 3 - Pol. Ind. Apatta-Erreka.

Phone+34 943 679 900

Obeki Group Presentación - Origen


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| Fax.+34 943 679 901

Soluciones Energéticas S.A.

(SOLÉNER)

Avenida Real de Pinto, 146

Teléfonos: +34902012700, +34915050062

Fax: 915050079

28021 Villaverde Alto

Madrid

HAWT Solener Productos

INDESMEDIA EOL, S.A.

INDESMEDIA RENEWABLE SYSTEMS, S.L.

C/ San Martín del Pino, 16, portal 17, L3

39011 SANTANDER - CANTABRIA

Tel.: +34942 07 33 01

Fax: 942 07 34 33

e-mail: [email protected]

idmeolica

Hidroeléctrica Del Cadi S.A.

Cami Can Bros, S/N, Can Bros, BARCELONA 08760

t: +34937735228

Donqi Ibérica Ronda Universitat 7, 5º 4º 08007 Barcelona – España Telf. + 34 935 175 885Fax. + 34 935 504 047 Camino Esquiroz 3, A-6 32190 – Cizur Menor – Navarra - España

HAWT http://www.donqi.nl

ROBOTIKER- Parque Tecnológico Edif. 202

ROBOTIKER - Energy


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Tecnalia 48170 Zamudio-Bizkaia (Spain) Tel.: +34-94 600 22 66Fax: +34-94 600 22 99Videoconference Nº: +34-94 431 80 10 +34-94 431 80 25

ENAIR DAVID BORNAY, ENERGÍAS ALTERNATIVAS SOL I VENT Avda. Ibi 44, C.P. 03420, Castalla (Alicante) Telf. +3496 556 00 18, e-mail: [email protected]

HAWT ENAIR_DB.pdf

WINDECO [email protected] HAWT http://www.windeco.es/media/65e5723428dd8993ffff81deffff8709.pdf

http://www.windeco.es/

ECERSA Avendaño, 37 , Vitoria , Alava Spain

Ph.Phone:00 34 945219968

Non WICO Anemometers available.

Coordinates of WICO anemometers



http://www.mapa.es/siar/Informacion.asp

http://www.mapa.es/siar/descripcion.asp#apart2

At the bottom of the Web page you can see data model, registration format and method of calculation http://www.mapa.es/siar/descripcion.asp#apart2

Meteoclimatic MeteoHuelva - El estado del tiempo en Huelva 24h Online -

Davis Vantage Pro2 (wireless)


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Wind atlas available

Internet site of wind atlas / or other sources (books, etc…)

Notes (how data were obtained)

Spain's wind atlas developed by the idea

IDAE.Wind atlas/ Has an associated tool for calculating annual wind energy production in GWh for each grid point based on wind speed and the installed wattage. See Used Metodologíe

GLOBALWIND: HIGH RESOLUTION WIND RESOURCES MAPS AT REGIONAL SCALE from The National Renewable Energy Centre of Spain –CENER

GlobalWind CENER(wind potential analysis tool)

http://www.cener.com/documentacion/F3_EPR_GlobalWind.pdf

Strategic Environmental Assessment of the Spanish coast for the installation of offshore wind farms

Area14 Huelva Coast.pdf It shows suitable areas, limited areas and exclusion zones for offshore wind farms installation .Although link is related to an specific area (Huelva coast) remaining areas can be consulted at Area Coast.pdf

Wind Resource Map of Andalusia

Wind resource Map of Andalusia This tool is based on a series of wind simulations with a meteorological model, to estimate the wind potential existing in Andalusia and its variability in different time scales (monthly, seasonal and annual).

Table S-3.3.4 Centres for Research and Technology, Development, and Knowledge Transfer.

Ref Centre Activity Contact Information S-3.3.4.1

CEDER R&D Activities Off-grid wind power

systems. Flywheels

Centro de Desarrollo de Energías Renovables - Wellcome

CENER(National Renewable Energy Centre)

-Wind Turbine Analysis and Design (ADA) - Wind Turbine Certification - Wind Resource Assessment and Prediction (EPR) - Marine Wind Energy - Wind Turbine Test --Laboratory

Wind Energy - Research Areas - The National Renewable Energy Centre (CENER) T + 34 948 25 28 00 F + 34 948 27 07 74

[email protected]


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(LEA) - Wind Institute

CIEMAT The CIEMAT, an Organism of the Ministry of Science and Innovation, is a Public Research Agency for excellence in energy and environment, as well as in many vanguard technologies and in various areas of fundamental research.

http://cindoc.ciemat.es/index.php?pid=4000&id=223&tipo=proyectos MADRID: Moncloa Centre Avda. Complutense, 22 28040 (Madrid) Telephone: 00 34 91-346.60.00(switchboard) Fax : 00 34 91-346.60.05 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.ciemat.es/portal.do?TR=C&IDR=789

INTA INTA is the Public Research Organization specialized in aerospace research and technology development. Among its main functions it is worth mentioning: The acquisition, maintenance and continuous improvement of all those technologies that can be applied to the aerospace field. Performing all types of tests to check, approve and certify materials, components equipment items, subsystems and systems that have an aerospace application. To provide technical assessment and services to official bodies and agencies, and also to industrial or technological companies.

http://www.inta.es/grandesinstalaciones.aspx?Id=2&SubId=11 http://www.inta.es/Contacto.aspx [email protected] Phone: +34 91 520 1200

Fax: +34 91 675 5263

APPA The Association of Renewable Energy Producers-APPA-groups about five hundred companies operating in the renewable energy sector. APPA aims to help create favorable conditions for development of renewable energies with his performance in the following areas: APPA sensitizes the public about the need to use in the production

http://www.appa.es/12minieolica/12seccion.php


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of electricity sources to ensure sustainable development and environmentally friendly such as renewables. APPA dialogue with public and private entities (autonomous agencies, environmental organizations, chambers of commerce, trade unions and any group interested) on the various aspects involved in its activity. APPA coordinates with school authorities of all levels, outreach efforts and research on renewable energy. Also, among many steps, which took APPA is the presence in the development of Royal Decree 2366/1994 on the production of electricity with renewable energy sources, trying to improve the situation of renewables in relation to the legislation prior to this decree.

REOLTEC The Technology Scientist Wind Sector Network (REOLTEC) was born in July 2005 to integrate and coordinate the different activities of research, development and innovation that meet the needs of the farm sector. As a starting point of public programs R+ D + i complement, strengthen and boost private enterprise. GENERAL OBJECTIVE To consolidate the technological position of the domestic industry by strengthening and coordination stages selective scientific / technological and selective dissemination of results and experience obtained. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES Need Technology Network

http://www.reoltec.net/


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The significant growth of the Spanish wind energy sector has led a lap of the technological component and a fragmentation of knowledge, because in many cases, the requirement of local economic returns. However, the situation is changing in recent years by the need to optimize the integration on the grid and in the electrical system and the increased size of wind turbines. In addition to the technological challenges associated with the conditions of the electrical system are new, mainly arising from the upgrading and renovation of wind farms and marine developments.

S-3.3.5 Technical procedures under review.

In the new National Plan of Renewable Energies 2011-2020 is proposed a review of Technical Operating Procedures, adapting the technical requirements on the wind turbine behaviour into the grid in order to allow a better wind integration capacity in the electric grid .This procedure is a draft by the National Government and its deadline is forecasted for 2010-2013.

A standardization of technical instructions and procedures affecting mini wind equipment is provided in the new National Plan of Renewable Energies 2011-2020 aiming to normalize and approve the equipments certification. Established deadline is 2010-2011.

In the same way, Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade is working on a New R.D. for the connection of small power plants of Renewable energies including Small Wind facilities.

This proposal will be approved shortly (before end 2010).

Annex 3: English Analysis Framework

Members of the Technical & Scientific Committee for England

Staff member name Email address Mail address Brendan Webster [email protected] Brendan Webster Associates Ltd

15 Carlton Road South, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 7PL

Simon Powell [email protected] Marine South East Ltd 2 Venture Road University of Southampton ScienSouthampton SO16 7NP


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“Policies” - England

E 1 Applicable Law for SWT

E 1 .1 National Targets, Regional Spatial Strategies and Local Plans

In UK there are Acts of Parliament which govern planning without specific reference to particular items such as Small Wind Turbines. The overarching law governing all development comes under the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 [www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1990/ukpga_19900008_en_1 ]. That Act defines the role and responsibility of Local Planning Authorities in the development of the geographic area under its jurisdiction. In particular it requires them to take account of all the needs for that area in relation to many factors including population, economic growth, transport and many other things. The LPA is bound to form a structure plan and to maintain a constant review of their area. As changes to the structure become necessary, the LPA has to carry out certain assessments including consultation with the public and interested parties. The LPA also has to respond to and comply with Guidance or Direction that may be issued by the Secretary of State. The LPA is therefore responsible for maintaining and administering the local structure plan and is bound to work with the Secretary of State in its evolution. From time to time there are laws and policy statements that impact the priorities and formalities of the work of LPAs under the T&C Planning Act 1990. For example, The Planning Act 2008, www.communities.gov.uk/planningandbuilding/planning/planningpolicyimplementation/reformplanningsystem/planningbill/ brought in significant changes in relation to nationally important infrastructure projects and in establishing the “Infrastructure Planning Commission”, which among other things, determines how to proceed with major wind energy development both onshore and offshore. There is a raft of Planning Policy Statements which instruct LPAs as to what new or changed material considerations they have to work with. Of particular importance to SWT is Planning Policy Statement 22 (PPS22), which sets out the priorities and spatial planning guidance for “Renewable Energy” on land. That document does not prescribe what form the renewable energy has to take but does oblige LPAs to undertake a full and proper assessment of their local structure plans to identify space and allow for its development. Thus the process is one of flow down, first at regional level and then sub regional level. The companion guide states by way of introduction,

“Regional spatial strategies are to set out each region’s approach to a very broad range of planning issues, including economic development, housing, transport, energy and the environment. They will be subject to public consultation and examination, and must be approved by the Secretary of State before adoption. Once adopted, they will have statutory weight and subordinate policy tiers (local development frameworks and supplementary planning documents) will be expected to have general conformity with them. The importance afforded to regional spatial strategies in the new planning system means that a wide variety of regional stakeholders will want to influence its development.”

Regional Spatial Policies must be formed on a basis of evidence about resources and suitability of areas and any overriding constraints. This information rises from the district level in the form of units that can be assembled into regional targets aimed at meeting national targets. Policies are


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produced as part of the RSP which are suited to consistent use across all the districts and flowed back down to district level planners. Once agreed by the Secretary of State the policies within the Regional Spatial Strategy have the weight of law upon sub-regional and local plans, which must be generally supportive.

The reader may wish to access the detail by turning to PPS22, www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/147444.pdf and or its “Companion Guide”, www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/147447.pdf .This guide taken with the policy document itself form a very eloquent description of the milieu in which Small Wind developments proposals must be created. Developments will however have to have specific reference to local planning documents such as “Local Development Frameworks” Even at local level energy types should not be prescriptive or limiting which acknowledges the need for developers to offer what they see as effective within the planning constraints and criteria. In the case of wind power developments it is for developers to offer sound proposals.

This is explicitly stated throughout PPS22. For example, the following extract makes it clear that developers have creative and positive roles whilst recognising constraints and local planning policies.

“Regional spatial strategies should not include specific policies relating to the impact of wind turbines on airport operation, radar and aircraft, and neither they nor local development documents should include policies in relation to separation distances from power lines, roads, and railways. It is the responsibility of developers to address any potential impacts, taking account of Civil Aviation Authority, Ministry of Defence and Department for Transport guidance in relation to radar and aviation, and the legislative requirements on separation distances, before planning applications are submitted. Local Planning Authorities should satisfy themselves that such issues have been addressed before considering planning applications.”

Special assessment applies to National Significant Infrastructure Projects and is only mentioned here by way of completeness. Small wind will not fall within the scope of NSIP provision. For reference the guidance for NSIP is found within www.communities.gov.uk/planningandbuilding/planning/planningpolicyimplementation/reformplanningsystem/planningbill/ There is an amplifying guide which must be used by authorities when considering Nationally Significant Infrastructure Projects (NSIPs) www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/guidanceexaminationprocedure.pdf

In summary then, national targets for renewable energy are flowed down to Local Planning Authority level by an iterative process which takes into account both the national target and the sub-regional and local resources which could be brought into play in achieving these targets. Local


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Planning Authorities are the primary focus for developers wishing to develop small wind programmes.

A permeating requirement is described in Planning Policy Statement 1, “Delivering Sustainable Development”. Also at local level the usual panoply development planning processes come into play. However, now that renewable energy has become part of the legally imposed strategy, the LPA has created a framework in which developers can expect to succeed given good design and proper sensitivity to local criteria.

E 1.1.2 Local Area Agreement and Local Development Frameworks …

As part of linking local plans with central government local partners work together to produce a Local Area Agreement to improve the quality of life for local people. As such, the LAA is also a shorter-term delivery mechanism for the Sustainable Community Strategy. It provides a mechanism by which financial rewards for progress can be delivered to well performing local authorities. These agreements are aligned with the Local Development Framework which sets out how the regional spatial plan is interpreted democratically at local level. This mechanism may be subject to change if the political colour of government changes.

The LA has an obligation to regularly review the LDF. Changes to the LDF may be proposed by a LA but must be subject to public consultation and must continue to align with the policy imposed via the Regional Spatial Plan.

Small Wind Turbine installations are unlikely to be specified within the LDF. For significant industrial sized microgeneration there may be spatial constraints, which could be different from SWTs sited as part of say a dwellings development. However, the LDF will define areas of sites of special scientific interest (SSSI) and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) for which great attention will be paid to impact.

NB During the drafting of this document, in Mid-2010, UK government changed and the system of government incentives applied through LAAs was been changed. This was at the time of writing still in a state of flux. RSSs have been disposed with as an imperative to LDF. The emphasis is now on local viewpoints.

E-1.1.3 Guidance by Local Authorities

Local Authorities may produce detailed guidance in support of their local development plans. An example of this is a study on Renewable Energy (September 2006 Sheffield Renewable Energy Study –Power Final Report) undertaken by IT Power for Sheffield City Council. http://209.85.229.132/search?q=cache:qpeqnA-AxAcJ:www.tinsley-towers.org.uk/pages/council_study.pdf This study is recommended as an example of local studies to enable the spatial plan to succeed. Sheffield makes all the constraints explicit and this allows specific sites and options realistic for operators/developers. They provide a detailed set of potential sites for large turbines but also give specific guidance for Small Wind Turbines. This is an example


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of best practice by a Local Authority to illustrate what a LA may do the following extract is reproduced here.

Regarding Small Wind Turbines the report states,

“The three main installation constraints for small ground mounted wind turbine installations are finding a site that i) does not present noise or shadow flicker issues to surrounding buildings ii) does not impact considerably on the local visual amenity iii) does not have the potential for vandalism.”

“Building-mounted turbines require buildings either to be specifically designed for the installation of a turbine, or if a turbine is to be installed on an existing building it is recommended that a structural survey is conducted. A structural survey can ensure the building has sufficient structure strength to withstand the forces and vibration from a turbine. Chimneys are often regarded as suitable fixing locations for building-integrated turbines, however typical brick-built chimneys are not designed to take the lateral forces that are likely to occur and fixing to chimneys should be discouraged. Gable ends of building are otherwise preferred, but this substantially reduces the number of potential installation sites. In addition to the structural element, noise, visual impact and shadow flicker from a building mounted turbine must also be taken into consideration. Noise from small wind turbines is very much dependent on turbine as each turbine has a specific noise profile. Opinion as to whether a turbine is noisy is subjective and must be put in context with the background noise levels. The majority of noise arising from small turbines is due to blades moving through the air. The higher the tip speed of the blade the higher the vortices and noise. Small turbines are typically gearless and variable speed so noise increases as a result of increased wind speed. At high wind speeds the noise of a turbine is in part masked by the background noise of the wind. Mechanical noise also arises from the generator.”

“There is currently no specific guidance with regards to noise from small wind turbines. In light of this, the most appropriate step would be for to adopt the guidance set out for large scale wind turbines which suggests noise levels should not exceed 43 dB(A)3. Siting small turbines should take background noise into account as this masks noise arising from a small turbine, especially if located near to busy roads. Visual influence of small turbines is again subjective. Individual turbines are less imposing than the cumulative impact of a number of turbines. Future developments could potentially see numerous turbines being installed and their visual appearance should be considered in”

This will affect planning decisions and may vary according to location.

However, over the past recent years much progress has been made and we now expect a substantial proportion of domestic and light industrial scale wind turbines to become “Permitted Development” very soon (during 2010)


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E-1.1.4 Permitted Development

The Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) (Amendment) (England) Order 2008 governs permitted development such for microgeneration (of renewable energy) but does not yet include wind turbines. Act as Amended is at www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2008/uksi_20080675_en_1

UK planning law has been under review and it is almost certain that Small Wind Turbines will be “Permitted Development” and the following document is probably going to be adopted, http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/smallscalefinal.pdf

Table above extracted from the Communities and Local Government document, “Small-scale renewables and low carbon technology, Non-domestic permitted development review.” A subset of the above is being recommended for immediate (interim) use.


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E-1.2 Authorization procedure for SWTs

E-1.2.1 Planning Consent

Planning consent is currently required for all wind turbines. A Planning Application must be made to the Local Authority. The developer must consult and the LA will advise what the appropriate procedure is. If the scale of the development is very large or significantly impacts the local environment a special process may be needed. For Nationally Significant Infrastructure Projects a full scale Environmental Impact Assessment will be required and formal public consultation. A special Infrastructure Planning Commission (IPC) will be involved. This size project is outside WICO interest area. Below this there will be proposals of significant importance locally and will require a significant amount of consultation with statutory consultees such as the Environment Agency or Natural England, or the Highways agency. All planning applications must be advertised to those potentially affected to enable them to make representation.

All but the smallest applications plus any application receiving several objections from the public must go before and elected body of local representatives termed a “Planning Committee”. The officers of the Local Authority must present the committee with a reasoned assessment and a recommendation to allow or refuse the application.

Small wind installations considered to be unremarkable by the officers of the LA may, according to the rules applying in that council area, be delegated for decision to the Planning Officer. This is currently the practice by which domestic scale turbines often gain approval now.

When (if) Permitted Development becomes law, the committee will not be called upon but the developer may yet be advised to consult the Local Authority to ensure the project falls within the scope of the legislation.

E-1.2.2 Making an Application

It is established practice to encourage pre-application enquiries and consultation with the Planning Department. These will typically scope what work will have to be done by the applicant prior to submission and with whom the applicant will have to consult or obtain recommendation.

It is very important that the proposal is in line with the Local Development Framework. Departures from the framework can only be allowed by formal consultation and exercise of the democratic process. See also http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/england/public/buildingwork/projects/workcommonwindturb

The following flow diagram appears within the government Planning Portal http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/england/public/planning/applications/howtoapply/ At the first box on the process, the applicant will be advised as to what work is needed – local impacts, assessments of archaeological potential and proposals about how to protect these, impact of wildlife, etc. These include some consultations that are mandatory such as writing to aviation radar


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authorities for turbines exceeding 11m in height, and some which are not mandatory in all cases but the plan and its supporting documents will be commented up by bodies having a great degree of authority. Applicants generally comply with the advice given. If the situation is dubious in anyway, or particularly complex, an applicant can apply for “outline permission”. This is less arduous and costly and will serve to elucidate the issues that would be material to the full application. When a valid application is eventually submitted, a clock is set in motion. Formal notification and access to view the proposals has to be made by the LA to all potentially interested parties. The LA must determine the application within eight weeks. Failure to do so with good reason leads to financial penalty for the LA. The determination is typically made by a committee formed of trained but democratically elected local representatives.


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After approval has been made, work must still comply with other statutory regulations such as the Building Regulations which have been brought into law to ensure safety and energy efficiency etc.

In the case of wind energy, facilities for electrical connection will be required from the appropriate energy utility. This is generally not a problem but does have a cost. The process has been endorsed in effect by government which has published a list of feed in tariffs.

E-1.2.3 Connection to Grid


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For very small (domestic scale) electricity generation (up to 16 amps per phase) there is an automatic right to connect to the grid provided the electricity meter is suitable (OFGEM approved export meter). Above that negotiation with the network provider has to be carried out. This can be straight forward if the local network is suitable but can take a very long time costing a great deal of money. This situation is currently under active review by the UK government. The idea is a regime of “connect and manage” whereby the onus will be on the electricity distribution network company to connect and will have to manage or compensate. This is still an area that needs to be resolved and a potential block to medium and large scale connection.

Discussion and guidance for microgeneration can be found in: (Micro-generation network connection) www.berr.gov.uk/files/file15169.pdf; (Micro-generation network connection (renewables)) www.berr.gov.uk/files/file15202.pdf; and (Technical Guide to the Connection of Generation to the Distribution Network) www.berr.gov.uk/files/file15194.pdf. The latter is particularly relevant to local wind energy schemes which might interest large-scale housing development say. However the government is very much in discussion about how to improve connection schemes.

E-1.3 Laws and Procedures under review for Change

See sections E-1.1.4 and E-1.2.3. These are the introduction of Permitted Development and further improvements to grid connection for larger microgeneration projects (more than 16 Amps per phase)

E-1.4 Environmental Restrictions

Environmental restrictions are shared with all planning matters. Some aspects are particularly related to wind turbines such as avoiding interference with aircraft management radar and obstruction of migratory routes for birds. A relevant statement is PPS9, http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/147408.pdf . The first stage of the planning process is to enter discussion with the Local Planning Authority who will identify all the considerations and the statutory consultation bodies. Once it is determined that the project is a nationally strategic infrastructure project a full-scale procedure for impact assessment is put in place. This does not apply to SWTs.

E-1.5 Regional Energy Plans & Compliance

E-1.5.1 Compliance with approved regional development plans is required for sub-regional and local (District and Borough) development plans.

In advance of local targets being set in development plan documents, new developments of more than 10 dwellings or 1000m2 of non-residential floor space should secure at least 10% of their energy from decentralised and renewable or low-carbon sources unless, … not feasible or viable. It sets Target from 2010 5.5% renewable to 2026 16% renewable plus all new demand to be met renewably. The extensive plan for the South East can be found through www.gos.gov.uk/gose/planning/regionalPlanning/815640/ (See Section 9 “Natural Resource


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Management.” The Government Office for the South East, GOSE, published its Regional Spatial Strategy Plan for the South East in May 2009. All regions of England must publish such plans)

E-1.6 EU Renewable Energy Targets for Country

National and Regional Targets are taken from reference in E-1.5.1. Newer national targets may apply since Copenhagen. That would influence regional and sub-regional targets. These figures are National targets as at May 2009 are UK to meet 10% of UK electricity generation from renewable sources by 2010. UK to contribute to a binding EU target of 20% of energy consumption from renewable sources by 2020 with UK share of the target is 15%. For the South East the following table applies. Year Installed Capacity (MW) % Electricity Generation

Capacity 2010 620 5.5 2016 895 8.0 2020 1,130 10.0 2026 1,750 16.0 At sub regional level these targets have impacts and Authorities there have to plan. For example for West Sussex they say that, building regulations will require new development to meet low or zero carbon targets by 2016. West Sussex’s five local Authorities had an energy study carried out by the Centre for Sustainable Energy in October 2009, www.cse.org.uk/downloads/file/west_sussex_sustainable_energy_study.pdf . In that, they say that the use of wind power to meet the on-site generation requirements of new development is clearly limited by a number of constraints associated with built-up areas and the legitimacy of linking carbon savings from off-site wind power to particular developments is currently unclear with regard to forthcoming Building Regulations. The implication is that it may be that if renewable energy is to be used to meet development criteria, the plant will have to be collocated or closely situated. This could be particularly impacting on development local landscape. At District level wind farms could be useful to meet targets. E1 Extended Comments, Interpretation and Discussion

Some case studies may be found at

http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/Resources/Case-Studies#Resources/Case-Studies/Wind


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Section 2

“Market Factors” - England

E-2.1 Incentives and Tariffs

E-2.1.1 Renewables Obligation Certificates (ROCs) and Feed In Tariffs (FITs)

In April 2010, UK government created a regime of FITs which have displaced ROCs as the choice reward for various competing forms of microgeneration including Small Wind Turbines.

Cl

FIT offers a better return than ROC up to 1,500kW [9.4p/kWh]. Above 1.5MW and the ceiling size of 5MW [4.5p/kWh] are less favourable than the previously available ROC worth 9p per kWh. At the time of writing this document, ROCs were trading at about £45 to £50 on a buy-out price of £37/MWh (4.1p/kWh equivalent) and electricity selling for a further £45. A guide to Renewables Obligation can be found via, www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/what_we_do/uk_supply/energy_mix/renewable/policy/feedin_tarriff/feedin_tarriff.aspx The definitions and terms used for FIT-applicable micro-generation and grid


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connection can be found at: http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/what_we_do/uk_supply/energy_mix/renewable/feedin_tariff/feedin_tariff.aspx

In the UK Government’s published response to the summer 2009 consultation on FITs they indicate the intended rate of return.

“Tariff levels have been set to provide an expected rate of return, in real terms, of approximately 5-8% for well sited installations, taking into account the risks associated with deploying the different technologies and the likely effect those risks would have on investors’ willingness to invest. As the tariffs are linked to inflation, in nominal terms this rate of return could then be considered to be approximately 7-10%.”

FIT offers the best financial arrangement for SWT considered in WICO. As a working figure applicable to “well sited” installations we use 8% on capital excluding land cost. This is tax free for domestic investors but commercial operators do not currently get this treatment. This still does not create an obvious investment for some users who would have to commit capital into the project without a realistic option to disinvest.

The government has also set a guaranteed export tariff of at least 3p/kWh. As retail prices for electricity rise it will be possible for exporters to negotiate a higher tariff from electricity suppliers. Also, to ease the cost of set up and as temporary measure systems connect to the grid can be deemed to have exported 50% of the total electricity generated. This will end once the user has installed “smart” meters due to roll out by the end of 2020. These meters will introduce advanced control features and the ability to monitor and report generator meters and measure exports for billing purposes.

Risk is a factor in any investment, and for a relatively low return, this risk must be low. Clearly the investor will need to know the running costs and lifespan, and the amount of own time that has to be devoted. Thus there is a strong need for Standards to assure quality of both the product (turbine, electrical equipment and electronics) and the decision (how much electricity will it produce and when).

The downside of stringent standards is that they tend to raise the entry cost for manufacturers. Manufacturers must calibrate and provide evidence of compliance.

Governments could provide high incentives to make the decision easier for small scale investors. However, the political considerations include the fact that not everybody has the same potential to neither raise any funds nor have a building or property suitably located that could be used to deploy a turbine. The government would have to raise money from tax on the many to give fortuitous profits to the few. For that reason, return on investment may have to stay moderate.

There have been illustrative examples, by governmental or other responsible bodies, for a typical situation for an English domestic situation of a house with a well-sited 2.5kW turbine showing savings of ~£850 to ~£1000 for the owner. However, private advisers may exaggerate the benefit to


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indicate a potential saving of over £3000. It is clear that some form of regulation is required to prevent inexpert investors from disappointment. This is a challenge to the industry. Examples of these calculations can be found published on the internet for example, EDF, a major electricity supplier www.edfenergy.com/products-services/large-business/PDF/MBC-FS-FIT-001-1109.pdf showed a total benefit of £847.50 whereas a private renewables company, Rushbrook Renewables showed a total benefit of £3,118 www.rushbrookrenewables.co.uk/Generating%20Income.html for a similar installation. The key may be the assessment of the available wind and the amount of electricity generated. Another effect is the unit price of electricity quoted, for example EDF used 10p per unit as retail price whereas some governmental sites use up to 13p per unit. Rushbrook Renewables used 12.9p per unit in their example. The retail price of electricity is volatile but generally expected to continue to rise.

E-2.2 Planning or Other Acceptability Risks including Landscape Issues

E-2.2.1 Noise and Vibration may affect nearby residents

It is quite clear that the widespread intimate deployment of wind turbines within populated areas has brought with it new sensitivities which may affect nearby residents. Low levels of noise and vibration are highly subjective in terms of aggravation caused. For example, Professor Fowcs Williams, Emeritus Rank Professor of Engineering at the University of Cambridge, who is one of the UK's leading acoustical experts and an advisor to the Renewable Energy Foundation, spoke about criticisms frequently offered of UK regulations covering wind turbine noise, ETSU-R-97. The regulations were dated and in other ways inadequate requiring a transparent government review.

One study in progress at Nottingham University presented at the ISWC 2010 is looking at the subjective aspects of this problem. That study had not yet reached its conclusion but what was apparent was some feeling in the audience that those who complained had some psychological disposition not apparent in those that did not complain. Disturbingly, this seemed to be interpreted as a reason for discounting the distress to these sensitive people. There is a risk that the industry will be brought into disrepute if it does not take account of the impact of SWT noise and vibration to sensitive people.

E-2.2.2 Visual impact may be unacceptable

There are a few criteria to be found to guide installers. The discussion of GPDO proposals for SWT is useful here as the principles will extend beyond the very small scale considered for PD. See, www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/smallscalefinal.pdf , which document also indicates the problem of flicker. Clearly shadow and reflective flicker depend on relative sun position and proximity. These exist on a transient basis at certain times of day or year and depend on local geometry. Designers need to mitigate the effects to an acceptable level, though that level is subjective. Frequency of flicker may be related to potential for epileptic seizure and a rotational frequency of 3Hz is set as an upper limit for GPDO. However, it does seem to MSE that the frequency of flicker is more relevant and therefore the number of blades especially for non-HAWT devices should be considered (HAWTs generally have only 2 or 3 blades).


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E-2.2.3 Not In My Back Yard

Pressure groups influence planning decision makers by raising public anxiety. Anti-wind turbine pressure groups, for example, http://www.dartdorset.org/sos.html who argued noise impact on nearby dwellings and detrimental effect on landscape and tourism for a proposed installation of six full-scale turbines in north Dorset were influential in persuading the council to indicate probable refusal with the development wind company, Ecotricity, withdrawing. Public relations are a vital tool in gaining confidence and acceptance from the public. At the ISWC 2010 conference, Saleem Shamash, National Town Planner Manager, Arqiva Ltd (UK, Telecommunications) described lessons from the Telecoms Boom where the public where highly worried about telecoms masts. These included using words that are as benign as possible such as “sails” instead of “blades” and treating with respect the elected members of councils who make the eventual planning decision. There is also historic understanding that a gainful association with a potential source of nuisance mitigates negative impact. For example, airport noise is not as disturbing to airline and airport staff who live close by compared with those others living close by who have no connection.

Table E-2.3 Competing or Alternatives to SWT

E-2.3.1 FIT Alternatives

FIT scheme levels the playing field yet matching the user and microgeneration technology is essential. The other technologies within the FIT programme are direct competitors.

Anaerobic Digestion – Logistics of digestible material inputs, manpower, use for by-products, etc. Likely users: - Farmers, Local Authorities, Industry …

Hydro – Access to flowing water, Likely users:-Farmers, Landowners, Local Authorities …

Photo Voltaic – ~south facing installation, Likely sites: - Urban houses, commercial & horticultural premises. Maybe combined with other technologies on remote sites & standalone installations...

E-2.4 Commercial Risks

E-2.4.1 Loss of Industry Reputation

Inappropriate choice of SWT for specific application may bring disrepute upon the industry and alienate customers. A study was carried out by Warwick University and found that SWT was often deployed badly. See http://carbonlimited.org/2009/03/09/warwick-wind-trial-report-is-out-and-the-news-is-bad/ for comment. We need to employ industry standards or regulation to ensure that proper assessment of wind resource and that particularly specified turbines are sourced for those wind conditions and installation sight. GDPO anticipates the use of UKAS standards based on MCS and MIS standards in UK. These call upon the relevant IEC standards. Regulation of the industry in some form may also be needed to protect the unwary and inexpert buyer.


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E-2.5 Signposting

At the International Small Wind Conference 2010 held in Glasgow, Scotland, Ofgem provided the following signposting for enquiries and communication.

Ofgem’s Signposting for Enquiries and Communication


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Section 3

“Technical” - England

E-3.1 SWT Plant and other associated equipment

There are a great number of makes and models of turbine available. This document is not intended to be a trade directory. Two lists available from the internet include

http://www.allsmallwindturbines.com/

which includes small turbine offerings on a worldwide basis (probably USA focus). The list is dynamic and held 526 examples at the time of writing here.

At a small to medium scale, and available in the UK a list of 5KW to 250KW turbines offered by one supplier, Segen (Segen Ltd is registered in England and Wales as company number 05309114) is found at

http://www.segen.co.uk/eng/wind/windturbines.htm?gclid=CN-xh5aY0qQCFchH4wodZHRvIg

Segen is one of many suppliers and its inclusion here is not intended as recommendation but simply an illustration. Buyers should scrutinise the market.

That which is of importance and essential for buyers wishing to take advantage of Feed In Tariffs is the list of turbines currently (at time of writing). The live list can be found at

http://www.microgenerationcertification.org/Home+and+Business+Owners/Microgeneration+Products/Wind+Turbines

The current snapshot is included below.


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Wind turbines must be provided with matched rectifiers and control electronics. The turbine manufacturer must recommend suitable electronics.

A highly critical review of micro-wind turbines was carried out by Encraft Ltd. The resulting report demonstrates many of the short-comings at this scale and has made apparent to the industry the need for improvement in evaluation, calibration, installation, etc. It is an important report and has coloured the views of local authority planners and others. The industry has progressed and needs to avoid the historic problems. The report can be found at

http://www.warwickwindtrials.org.uk/resources/Warwick+Wind+Trials+Final+Report+.pdf

Encraft’s website is well worth a visit,

http://www.encraft.co.uk/

E-3.2 Wind Data and Information

Coastal Environmental Monitors

The diagram shows coastal environmental monitoring equipment some of which include anemometers.

These are owned and operated by various Local Authorities and Agencies, Geo Data Institute, University of Southampton, Manages data. Information from these stations is available in real time on line.

www.channelcoast.org/data_management/real_time_data/charts/

Meteorological Office Weather Stations are distributed widely across the UK. These are illustrated below.


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UK Meteorological Office Weather Stations measure among many other items:

Mean wind speed, mean wind direction and maximum gust at 10m above the ground [Anemometers used by Met Office include sonic types, used in adverse situations (mountains, say) and cup and vane types]

Visibility, cloud (cover type height), duration of sunshine

Integration (averaging) time is important as gusts and wind speed distribution are important to turbine selection.

DECC Official Wind Database

DECC (formerly DTI) wind speed database contains estimates of the annual mean wind speed throughout the UK. Factors to bear in mind include.

Uses an air flow model that estimates the effect of (large scale) topography on wind speed.

No allowance for the effect of local thermally driven winds such as sea breezes or mountain/valley breezes

The model has a 1km resolution and makes no allowance for topography on a small scale or local surface roughness (such as tall crops, stone walls, or trees)

Values given at either 10m, 25m or 45m above ground level

The data can only be used as a guide Ordnance Survey grid references used describe the bottom left corner of each 1km square.

The database is to be found at www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/what_we_do/uk_supply/energy_mix/renewable/explained/wind/windsp_databas/windsp_databas.aspx


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On-site measurements needed for a proper assessment

A further resource of value is to be found at:

http://www.encraft.co.uk/ws/P/Standalone/Screenshot/WindspeedLookup.php

which is the website of Encraft, the authors of the Warwick Report. That report painted a picture of micro wind generation calling inot question the capability and maturity of offerings at the time it was written.

E-3.2 Centres for Research and Technology, Development, and Knowledge Transfer

Various universities are seats of knowledge. Data from the coastal stations above are analysed by the University of Southampton, Geo Data Institute, www.geodata.soton.ac.uk/geodataweb/ .The institute provides a service for monitoring and analysing information, see www.channelcoast.org/southeast/

RenewableUK is acknowledged as a non-governmental knowledge expert organisation. www.renewable-uk.com/about-renewableuk/index.html

E-3.3 Negative Technical Reputation & Better Information

Early installations were not always well placed or installed. This has led to a loss of reputation for small scale wind. The report which describes some problems is to be found at, www.warwickwindtrials.org.uk/resources/Warwick+Wind+Trials+Final+Report+.pdf . A presentation revealing a few failed very small turbines is at www.warwickwindtrials.org.uk/resources/Practical+Challenges+of+Building+Mounted+Wind+Turbines.pdf. The author’s website, www.encraft.co.uk contains a range of good information for those considering purchasing a microgeneration system.

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