AOE 2104 - The Space Part
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Transcript of AOE 2104 - The Space Part
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AOE 2104 - The Space Part• Introduction to space systems
concepts• Space environment• Orbital mechanics• Launch vehicles• Space law and policy• Space industry• Daily Quizzes• Final Exam (Comprehensive)
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ReadingDava Newman, Interactive
Aerospace Engineering and Design, McGraw-Hill, 2002
• Background: Sections 1.7 – 1.10, Chapter 2
• Space Environment: Chapter 8• Orbital Mechanics: Chapter 9• Satellite Systems Engineering:
Chapter 10• Human Space Exploration: Chapter
11
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Sample Space ApplicationsCommunications Navigation RelayWeather Surveillance ScienceMaterials processing Search &
rescueAstronomy Weapons
TourismSpace Exploration Solar PowerTransportation Colonization
Mapping
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Basic Elements of Space Missions
• Subject - the “thing” which interacts with or is sensed by the payload
• Space segment - spacecraft comprised of payload and spacecraft bus
• Launch segment - launch facilities, launch vehicle, upper stage. Constrains spacecraft size.
• Orbit/constellation - spacecraft’s trajectory or path through space
• C3 Architecture - command, control and communications
• Ground segment - fixed and mobile ground stations necessary for TT&C
• Mission operations - the people, policies and procedures occupying the ground (and possibly space) segments
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Space segment
PayloadBus
Ground Segment
MissionOperations
LaunchSegment
Orbit andConstellation
Subject
Command, Control andCommunications
Architecture
Reference: Larson & Wertz, Space Mission Analysis and Design
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Payload and Bus Subsystems
S e n so rsC a m e rasA n te nn as
R a d ar
Payload
Pow erS o la r a rra ys
B a tte riesP M A D
ADC SS e n s o rs
A c tua to rsP ro ce ss o rs
Therm al ControlC o atin gsIn s u la tion
A c tive co n tro l
TT& CP o w e r sw itch ingE n cod e r/d e co d er
P ro ce ss o rs
PropulsionO rb it in je c tion
S ta tio nke ep ingA ttitu d e c o n tro l
StructureP rim a ry s tru c tu re
D e p loym e ntm e ch an is m s
Bus
SpacecraftBasic requirements• Payload must be
pointed• Payload must be
operable• Data must be
transmitted to users
• Orbit must be maintained
• Payload must be “held together”
• Energy must be provided
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Thoughts on SpaceSome comments overhead at the Officer’s Club
• It’s a really big place with no air.
• There’s nothing out there, is there?
• How many g’s is that satellite pullingwhen the ground track makes those turns?
• Why can’t I have my spy satellitepermanently positioned over Moscow?
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Useful Characteristics of Space• Global perspective or “There’s nothin’
there to block your view”• Above the atmosphere or “There’s no
air to mess up your view”• Gravity-free environment or “In free-fall,
you don’t notice the gravity”• Abundant resources or “Eventually, we
will mine the asteroids, collect more solar power, colonize the moon, . . .”
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Global PerspectiveAmount of Earth that can be seen by a satellite is much greater than can be seen by an Earth-bound observer.
Low-Earth orbit is closer than you think.Space isn't remote at all. It's only an hour's drive away if your car could go straight upwards.
— Fred Hoyle
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Instantaneous Access Area
Example: Space shuttleHR
RK
KIAA
e
e
A
A
cos
km 1055604187.2
)cos1(28
2km 628,476,11
24.179551.0cos
km 300Hkm 6378
IAA
Re
Re
H
A friend of mine once sent me a post card with a picture of the entire planet Earth taken from space. On the back it said, “Wish you were here.”
— Steven Wright
IAA
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Above the Atmosphere• This characteristic has several
applications Improved astronomical observations“Vacuum” for manufacturing processesLittle or no drag to affect vehicle motion
• However, there really is “air” in space Ionosphere affects communications signals“Pressure” can contaminate some
processesDrag causes satellites to speed up (!) and
orbits to decay, affecting lifetime of LEO satellites
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Vacuum Effects• While space is not a perfect vacuum, it is
better than Earth-based facilities200 km altitude: pressure = 10-7 torr = 10-5 PaGoddard vacuum chambers: pressure = 10-7
torr• Outgassing
affects structuralcharacteristics
possibility ofvapor condensation
Wake Shield Facility (shuttle experiment)
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Atmospheric Drag• Can be modeled same as with “normal” atmospheric
flight
• Key parameter is the “ballistic coefficient”:
• Larger ballistic coefficient (small massive satellite) implies slower orbital decay
• Smaller ballistic coefficient implies faster orbital decay • Energy loss per orbit is
HhSL
D
e
VACD/
221
)/( ACm D
rD2
Better not take a dog on the space shuttle, because if he sticks his head out when you're coming home his face might burn up. — Jack Handey
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WeightlessnessThis illustration from Jules Verne’s Round the Moon shows the effects of “weightlessness” on the passengers of The Gun Club’s “bullet” capsule that was fired from a large gun in Florida.
The passengers only experienced this at the half-way point between the Earth and the Moon.Physically accurate?
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Zero-Gravity?
This plot shows how gravity drops off as altitude increases.Note that at LEO, the gravitational acceleration is about 90% of that at Earth’s surface.
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Microgravity• Weightlessness, free fall, or zero-g• Particles don’t settle out of solution, bubbles don’t rise,
convection doesn’t occur• Microgravity effects in LEO can be reduced to 10-1 g (1
g)
On Earth, gravity-driven buoyant convection causes a candle flame to be teardrop-shaped (a) and carries soot to the flame's tip, making it yellow. In microgravity, where convective flows are absent, the flame is spherical, soot-free, and blue (b).