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I. Introduction

Could you still recall how it feels like to be taking a major exam with a sharp-eyed

professor? “Imagine yourself fearing of what score you will be getting from a test

wondering if you are going to pass or even answer this exam.”

Students’ life especially in the tertiary level is not a bed of roses. It includes a lot

of preparations like homework, projects, examinations and researches, that is why

students feel variety of negative emotions like worrying of something that might happen

in the future or failure to achieve goals and standards in school, which will possibly

develop into psychological disorders like “anxiety”, if mismanaged. As stated by Scarre,

Chris (1995), anxiety is a general term for several disorders that cause nervousness,

fear, apprehension and worrying. Moreover, it is an unpleasant state of inner turmoil,

often accompanied by nervous behaviour, such as pacing back and forth, somatic

complaints and rumination.

Furthermore, anxiety is a feeling of fear, worry and uneasiness, usually

generalized and unfocused as an overreaction to a situation that is only subjectively

seen as menacing. It is often accompanied by muscular tension, restlessness, fatigue,

and problems in concentration. However, anxiety is distinguished from fear, which is

referred to as an appropriate cognitive and emotional response to a perceived threat

and is related to the specific behaviours of fight-or-flight responses, defensive behaviour

or escape. Anxiety, on the other hand, occurs in situations only perceived as

uncontrollable or unavoidable, but not realistically so.

With the information above, the researchers are motivated to conduct a study on

anxiety since it will be a significant endeavour to find out the different levels of anxiety a

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paramedical and non-paramedical student in Liceo de Cagayan University may have

and what are the factors that cause this disorder. Moreover, this research will provide

recommendations on how to prevent or lessen the cases of anxiety disorders,

specifically to students.

Further, the main objective of this study is to identify the levels of anxiety among

paramedical and non-paramedical students in LDCU; hence the specific objectives of

the study are to determine the course taken by the respondent; age and year level of

the respondent; assess the degree/level of anxiety of the majority of the paramedical

students in LDCU based on their responses to the survey; assess the degree/level of

anxiety of the majority of the non-paramedical students in LDCU based on their

responses to the survey; compare the level of anxiety of the paramedical and non-

paramedical students in LDCU; and lastly to determine the factors that may cause

anxiety.

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II. Body

Researches conducted by the American Psychological Association show that

anxiety disorders can be caused by different factors like; family history, environmental

and external factors, and the medical factors, or a combination of these. According to

Goldberg, et.al, (1988), it is commonly triggered by the stress in our lives. Usually,

anxiety is a response to outside forces, but it is possible that we make ourselves

anxious with “negative self-talk”—a habit of always telling ourselves the worst will

happen. Anxiety risk factors include family history which refers to parenting factors that

includes parental rejection, lack of parental warmth, high hostility, harsh discipline, high

maternal negative effect, and anxious childbearing.

Based on a study in Harvard University by McLeod, et.al, (1985), theoretical

models emphasize the role of parenting in the development and maintenance of child

anxiety, but reviews of the empirical literature have provided mixed support for existing

theories. Traditional models of childhood anxiety sought to explain the development of

anxiety in terms of single main effects and focused primarily on the broad parenting

dimensions of acceptance versus rejection and psychological granting of autonomy

versus psychological control (Gerlsma et al., 1990; Masia & Morris, 1998; Rapee, 1997;

Wood et al., 2003). Both represent bipolar parenting dimensions, with positive parenting

practices (e.g., acceptance) at one end of the continuum and negative parenting

practices (e.g., rejection) at the other end of the continuum. For simplicity, we will use

the terms rejection and control throughout the rest of this paper. Parental rejection

connotes low levels of parental warmth, approval, and responsiveness (i.e., coldness,

disapproval, and unresponsiveness) (e.g., Clark & Ladd, 2000; Maccoby, 1992).

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Furthermore, parental rejection is hypothesized to undermine children's emotion

regulation by increasing sensitivity to anxiety (e.g., Gottman, Katz, & Hooven, 1997).

Hence, it is hypothesized to put children at an increased risk for developing anxiety

problems.

In terms of, parental control it involves excessive parental regulation of children's

activities and routines, encouragement of children's dependence on parents, and

instruction to children on how to think or feel (Barber, 1996; Steinberg, Elmer, & Mounts,

1989). Some theoretical models (Chorpita & Barlow, 1998; Krohne, 1990; Manassis &

Bradley, 1994; Rapee, 2001; Rubin & Mills, 1991) hypothesize that when parents are

highly controlling in contexts when it is developmentally appropriate for children to act

independently (attending elementary school), children may experience decreased self-

efficacy, and thus, increased anxiety especially about their ability to function on their

own within their environments (Wood, 2006). Conversely, some models (Chorpita &

Barlow, 1998; Wood et al., 2003) have hypothesized that parental encouragement of

children's autonomy and independence (in novel contexts) may augment children's

perceptions of mastery over the environment, leading to anxiety reduction.

Another factor that can be considered a cause acquiring anxiety disorder is the

environmental factors which includes peer pressure, drug-abusing behavior and child

abuse which involves cases like emotionally, physically or worst sexually abused. These

factors result to a type of anxiety called Social Anxiety.

Social anxiety is the fear of interaction with other people that brings on self-

consciousness, feelings of being negatively judged and evaluated, and, as a result,

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leads to avoidance. In terms of Peer Pressure it is one factor that contributes to social

anxiety; this is an influence that a peer group, observers or individual exerts that

encourages others to change their attitudes, values, or behaviors to conform to group

norms. As children approach and enter adolescence, the need to separate

psychologically from their parents, is a normal, developmental event. At the same time,

there is a heightened need for approval by one’s identified peer group. It becomes very

important to gain positive appraisals from peers and to avoid negative appraisals. These

two dimensions of need for approval have opposite associations with children’s well-

being, based on a study conducted by HHS Public Access, 2005.

Research shows that 87% of teens face a negative peer pressure situation daily –

most commonly concerning issues to cheat, skip classes, fight, lie to parents, dress or

look particular ways, vandalize, gossip/belong to cliques, stay out late, drive fast, not to

mention engage in high risk behaviors involving drugs, alcohol, or crime.

Drug-abusing behavior may also be acquired or developed due to peer pressure

or the environment that the child is in. Moderate alcohol consumption—a glass of wine

with dinner or a few drinks at a party—is no cause for concern for many people.

However those with anxiety disorders may find that alcohol or other substances can

make their anxiety symptoms worse. And they are two to three times more likely to have

an alcohol or other substance abuse disorder at some point in their lives than the

general population.

Another factor is the Child abuse. It is the physical, sexual or emotional

maltreatment or neglect of a child or children. In the United States, the Centers for

Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Department for Children and Families

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(DCF) define child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission

by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm

to a child. Child abuse can occur in a child's home, or in the organizations, schools or

communities the child interacts with.

There are four major categories of child abuse: neglect, abuse, psychological,

and sexual abuse. Emotional abuse refers to the psychological and social aspects of

child abuse; it is the most common form of child abuse. Complaints of neglect constitute

a significant proportion of notifications and referrals to child protection services;

however, there is no single definition of child neglect. It is generally understood that

"neglect" refers to a range of circumstances in which a parent or caregiver fails to

adequately provide for a child's needs: through the provision of food, shelter and

clothing, by ensuring their access to medical care when necessary, by providing them

with care, love and support, by exercising adequate supervision and control of the child,

by showing appropriate moral and legal guidance, by ensuring that the child regularly

attends school.

While, physical abuse has been a normal aspect of domestic life in various

communities for a long time. Physical assaults that would be serious criminal offenses if

committed by one man against another - for instance, hitting, slapping, or striking with

an object - have been legally and socially sanctioned when committed by a man against

his wife and child, or by parents against their children. Today, incidents of domestic

violence committed against both women and children remain at epidemic proportions,

although there is increasing recognition of the prevalence and harms of violence against

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women and children. Sexual abuse describes any incident in an adult engages a minor

in a sexual act, or exposes the minor to inappropriate sexual behavior or material.

On the other hand, Sexual abuse also describes any incident in which a child is

coerced into sexual activity by another child.

Contextual factors that are thought to contribute anxiety include gender

socialization and learning experiences. In particular, learning mastery (the degree to

which people perceives their lives to be under their own control) and instrumentality,

which includes such traits as self-confidence, independence, and competitiveness fully

mediate the relation between gender and anxiety. That is, though gender differences in

anxiety exist, with higher levels of anxiety in women compared to men, gender

socialization and learning mastery explain these gender differences.

A study conducted by Costra, P. (2009), anxiety is associated with medical

factors such as anemia, asthma, infections, and several heart conditions. Some

medically-related causes of anxiety include: stress from a serious medical illness, side

effects of medication, symptoms of medical illness, lack of oxygen from emphysema, or

pulmonary embolism (a blood clot in the lung).

However, medical factors should also be considered in concluding why a specific

person acquires anxiety disorder. A psychiatrist, clinical psychologist, or other mental-

health professional is usually enlisted to diagnose anxiety and identify the causes of it.

The physician will take a careful medical and personal history, perform a physical

examination, and order laboratory tests as needed. There is no one laboratory test that

can be used to diagnose anxiety, but tests may provide useful information about

medical condition that may be causing physical illness or other anxiety symptoms. To

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be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), a person must: excessively

worry and be anxious about several different events or activities on more days than not

for at least six months; find difficult to control the worrying; have at least three of the

following symptoms associated with anxiety on more days than not in the last six

months: restlessness, fatigue, irritability, muscle tension, difficulty sleeping, difficulty

concentrating.

Generally, to be diagnosed with GAD, symptoms must be present more often

than not for six months and they must interfere with daily living, causing the sufferer to

miss work or school.

Anxiety is the faulty activation of your fight or flight system at times when there is

no fear causing stimuli present. When anxiety hits, it automatically changes "behaviors"

in the sense that it prepares your body to fight or run away by increasing your heart

rate, causing sweating, etc. But anxiety can also change the way you act on a day to

day basis, both when you have anxiety and when you don't. In this article, we'll explore

some of the common and unusual behavioral changes that occur as a result of anxiety.

Behaviors are actually a significant part of most anxiety disorders, because by definition

anxiety needs to change your behavior in some way to qualify as an anxiety disorder.

For example, you cannot quality for a phobia if you don’t show fear at the site of your

phobic stimulus. You can't qualify for panic disorder if you don't have panic attacks,

which are a behavioral reaction. All of these are examples of ways that anxiety affects

behavior. But in this case, we're talking about very specific types of changes to behavior

that results from anxiety, and there are many.

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Enlisted, are just a few of the ways anxiety can affect behavior: Moping Behavior-

Perhaps the most common behavior is what some like to call "moping behavior." It is

this need or desire to be alone with your own thoughts and try to "deal with your

anxiety" without the help of others and without engaging in fun life activities.

Agoraphobia- Similarly, some anxiety disorders can cause a person to develop

agoraphobia, which is technically the fear of being unable to escape, but usually refers

to someone that refuses to leave their own and a few very select environments (like

work). Further, it is caused primarily from panic disorder, and it occurs because the

person starts to associate various locations with panic attacks, until eventually so many

places are associated with panic attacks that they simply refuse to go out at all. In

addition, it is a terrible disorder, and absolutely a behavioral one, despite the broad

range of ways that someone can be agoraphobic.

Lastly, Compulsions- Compulsive behaviors can refer to anything. Sometimes

they relate directly to the fear/obsession. For example, a fear of germs may have

someone compulsively wash their hands. Sometimes they relate to a need for order,

and a person will compulsively place objects or items in a specific order or pattern. But

in some cases, these disorders may not have any relationship to the fear at all, or may

be only slightly related as stated from Calm Clinic Articles (2001).

To be able to address the objective of this study, a survey is conducted to some

selected paramedical and non-paramedical college students in Liceo de Cagayan

University. The survey questionnaire used is adapted from Kroenke K. Spitxer RL,et.al

(2007) who performed a study on anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence,

impairment, co morbidity, and detection. We have selected 20 respondents to answer

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our questionnaire. 10 of the respondents are taking-up medical courses and the other

10 of the respondents are taking-up non-paramedical courses. The questionnaire

contains 7 questions. It has four choices, each choice corresponds a specific value and

be added in all to be able to know how much the degree of anxiety the respondent has

is. If the respondent is in the scale of (0-5) it means he/she is having minimal level of

anxiety, ( 6-10) means mild level of anxiety, ( 11-15) means moderate level of anxiety

and (16-21) means the highest degree or severe level of anxiety.

Table 1 Demographic Characteristic of Samples

Variables Paramedical Students Non-Paramedical

Number Students Number

Age:

15-17 years old 7 2

18-20 years old 3 7

21-23 years old 0 0

24-27 years old 0 1

Gender:

Male 4 8

Female 6 2

Year Level:

1st year college 8 3

2nd year college 2 7

3rd year college 0 0

4th year college 0 0

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Table 1 shows the demographic characteristics of the sample of both

paramedical and non-paramedical students in LDCU which includes the course

category, age, and gender and year level. It shows that majority of the paramedical

students are ages between 15 to 17 years old while majority of the non- paramedical

students are 18 to 20 years old. Majority of the paramedical students are male while

majority of the non-paramedical samples are female. Most of the paramedical students

are in 1st year college on the other hand majority of the non-paramedical students are in

2nd year.

Table 1.1 Levels of Anxiety among Paramedical Students in LDCU

Variables Anxiety Level

Gender: Minimal Mild Moderate Severe

Male 0 2 2 0

Female 2 1 2 1

Age:

15-17 years old 2 2 3 1

18-20 years old 0 2 1 0

Table 1.1 shows that the ages of the samples affect the degree of anxiety one may

have. It shows that paramedical students of younger ages have higher risk to anxiety. It

also shows that female paramedical students have higher risk to anxiety than males do.

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Table 1.2 Levels of Anxiety among Non- Paramedical Students in LDCU

Variables Anxiety Level

Gender: Minimal Mild Moderate Severe

Male 1 1 0 0

Female 1 4 3 0

Age:

17-19 years old 2 5 2 1

20-23 years old 0 0 0 0

24-27 years old 0 0 1 0

The table above indicates that the male non-paramedical students have higher

risks to anxiety. It also shows that non-paramedical students of ages 17-19 years old

have higher level of anxiety.

Table 1.3 Comparison of Levels of Anxiety between Paramedical

and Non-Paramedical Students in LDCU

Variables Levels of Anxiety No. Of Students

Paramedical Students Minimal 2

Mild 3

Moderate 4

Severe 1

Non- Paramedical Students Minimal 2

Mild 5

Moderate 3

Severe 0

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Table 1.3 tells us that 1 out of 10 paramedical students has severe level of

anxiety on the other hand non-paramedical students have 0 out of 10. There is also a

clear comparison that 5 out of 10 non-paramedical students have mild level of anxiety,

higher than the 3 out of 10 ratio for the paramedical students.

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III. Conclusion

Based on the data gathered, the researchers found out that the Paramedical

students in LDCU have higher level of anxiety than those of the non- paramedical

students. There is a ratio of 1:10 paramedical students suffering severe level of anxiety

while the latter has a ratio of 0:10. Related researches have cited that paramedical

courses are really stressful ones. Academic standards and activities cause students

worry so much if they could reach standards and perform specific activities. Such

challenges may cause psychiatric disorders like anxiety.

IV. Recommendations

The researchers recommend to consider most individual’s lifestyle. Lifestyle

changes are simple but powerful tools in treating depression and anxiety, and they are

an essential component of an integrated approach to treatment. In some cases, lifestyle

changes alone can lift depression or relieve anxiety, so it makes sense to start with

them right away. But if you are suffering from moderate to severe depression or anxiety,

also seek professional help right away. And if you don’t see relief from symptoms of

mild depression in a few months, likewise seek professional help as stated at Center for

Spirituality and Healing of Charlson Meadows (2014).

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Bibliography

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Lovibonds, S, et.al (1995). Manual for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale, 2nd Edition, Sydning, Psychology Foundation.

Gayle Beck J., (2010). Interpersonal Process in the Anxiety Disorders. NE, Washington, DC.Electronic Media and Online Resources

Study on Point Prevalence of Anxiety, and Depression by Refai Yassen Al-Hussein,et.al on the Technical Institute/Mosul.Retrieved March 1. 2015 from http://www.ia sj.net/iasj? func=fulltext&aId=30349

Crosta, Peter (2009): 'What is Anxiety?' .Retrieved February 2, 2015 from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/anxiety/

(WebMD) (2005): “Types of Anxiety Disorder” . Retrieved March 1, 2015 from http://www.webmd.com/anxiety-panic/guide/mental-health-anxiety-disorders

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