Project Work On

Social Studies

Submitted to: Submitted By:Kalpana Oli

Subject TeacherAnuva Khanal

Class: VIIISection: B, Roll No: 24

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Acknowledgement

I have completed this project due to the proper guidelines of our respected teacher Ms. Kalpana Oli.

Also, I could not have completed this project in absence of my dear sister Anjeela Khanal who used to advise me in each and every phase of this project development.

Similarly, I would like to thank my mother for sharing her experience in developing such an effective project during a short span of time.

Finally, I cannot forget my elder sister Anuja Khanal who guided me to type and design in MS Word 2003.

In conclusion I would like to thank the V. S. Higher Secondary School for providing us such a challenging research oriented task.

Thank you once again for all admirable, precious and praiseworthy helping hands and minds.

Anuva KhanalClass 8B

September 1, 2011

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Preface

This project became one of the exciting creative works that I have completed in a short span of time. It includes awareness and IQ about our country with full of pictures with their brief discussions. Basically this project includes information about fourteen zones, five development regions, major mountains, highways, wildlife reserves, historic and religious places, hydropower and many more.

In fact I used Social studies book, Atlas and Internet as source of information. Similarly, other resources such as magazines, newspapers and recent IQ books were also used. But among them internet resources were the effective one.

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Contents

Topics Page

1. Acknowledgement..................................................................................................iii2. Preface....................................................................................................................iv3. Contents...................................................................................................................v4. Fourteen Zones With Their Headquarters...............................................................15. Five Development Regional Headquarters..............................................................26. Physical Division of Nepal......................................................................................47. National Parks and Wild Life Reserve....................................................................98. Historical and Religious Places.............................................................................119. Industrial States of Nepal.......................................................................................1610. Major Rivers and Lakes of Nepal..........................................................................1711. Air Network System in Nepal................................................................................2412. Major Hydro Power Projects of Nepal..................................................................2713. Natural Vegetation.................................................................................................3114. Major Paddy and Jute Producing Districts of Nepal.............................................3215. Major Tea and Coffee Producing District of Nepal...............................................3416. Municipalities of Nepal.........................................................................................3717. Conclusion.............................................................................................................3918. Resources...............................................................................................................40

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Fourteen Zones with Their HeadquartersNepal is divided into 14 zones and 75 districts, grouped into 5 development regions. Each district is headed by a fixed chief district officer responsible for maintaining law and order and coordinating the work of field agencies of the various government ministries.

Eight out of the ten world's highest mountains are in Nepal.

The development regions of Nepal are: Eastern Development Region, Central Development Region, Western Development Region and Far Western Development Region. Zone with their districts and respective headquarters are listed below.

Bagmati Zone Bhaktapur District (Bhaktapur)Dhading District (Dhading Bazaar)Kathmandu District (Kathmandu)Kavrepalanchok District (Dhulikhel)Lalitpur District (Patan) Nuwakot District (Bidur) Rasuwa District (Dhunche) Sindhupalchok District (Chautara)

Bheri Zone Banke District (Nepalgunj) Bardiya District ( Gulariya) Dailekh District (Dullu) Jajarkot District(Khalanga) Surkhet District (Surkhet) Dhawalagiri Zone Baglung District (Baglung) Mustang District(Jomsom) Myagdi District (Beni) Parbat District (Kusma)

Gandaki Zone Gorkha District(Gorkha)Kaski District (Pokhara) Lamjung District (Bensi Sahar) Manang District (Chame) Syangja District (Syangja)Tanahu District (Damauli)

Janakpur Zone Dhanusa District (Janakpur) Dholkha District (Charikot)

Mahottari District (Jaleswor) Ramechhap District (Manthali) Sarlahi District (Malangwa) Sindhuli District (SindhuliGadhi)

Karnali Zone Dolpa District (Dolpa)Humla District (Simikot)Jumla District (Jumla Khalanga)

Kalikot District (Kalikot)Mugu District (Gamgadhi) Koshi Zone Bhojpur District (Bhojpur) Dhankuta District(Dhankuta) Morang District(Biratnagar) Sankhuwasabha District (Khandbari) Sunsari District (Inaruwa) Terhathum District (Manglung)

Lumbini Zone Arghakhanchi District (Sandhikharka) Gulmi District (Tamghas) Kapilvastu District (Taulihawa)Nawalparasi District ( Parasi) Palpa District ( Tansen) Rupandehi District (Bhairahawa)

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Mahakali Zone Baitadi District (Baitadi) Dadeldhura District (Dadeldhura) Darchula District (Darchula) Kanchanpur District(Mahendara Nagar)

Mechi Zone Ilam District ( Ilam) Jhapa District (Chandragadhi) Panchthar District(Phidim) Taplejung District (Taplejung)

Narayani Zone Bara District (Kalaiya) Chitwan District (Bharatpur)Makwanpur District (Hetauda) Parsa District (Birgunj) Rautahat District ( Gaur)

Rapti Zone Dang DeokhuriDistrict (Ghorahi) Pyuthan District (Pyuthan) Rolpa District (Liwang) Rukum District (Musikot) Salyan District(Salyan Khalanga)

Sagarmatha Zone Khotang District (Diktel) Okhaldhunga District (Okhaldhunga)Saptari District (Rajbiraj) Siraha District (Siraha) Solukhumbu District (Salleri) Udayapur District (Gaighat)

Seti Zone Achham District (Mangalsen) Bajhang District (Chainpur) Bajura District (Martadi) Doti District(Dipayal) Kailali District (Dhangadhi)

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Five Development Regional Headquarters

SN Development Regions Headquarter Zones1 Eastern Dhankuta Koshi, Mechi, Sagarmatha2 Central Kathmandu Bagmati, Janakpur, Narayani3 Western Pokhara Dhawalagiri, Gandaki, Lumbini4 Mid -Western Birendranagar Bheri, Karnali, Rapti5 Far-Western Dipayal Mahakali, Seti

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Physical Division of Nepal

Nepal is a mountainous country. Its area is 147181 Sq km. The length is about 885 km. from Mechi to Mahakali. But the width differs from 144 km. in the east to 241 km in th west. Its average width is about 193 km. Nepal can be divided into three main geographical division.

15% Himalayan/Mountainous Region, 68% Hilly Region and 70% Plane/Terai Region

The Himalayan Region 1 The Greater Himalayan2The Border Himalayan 3The Inner Himalayan

The Hilly Region1. The Midland2. The Mahabharat Range3. The Churia Range

Terai Region1. The Inner Terai2. The Bhabar Region3. The Southern Terai Belt

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Major Mountains of Nepal

Nepal contains part of the Himalayas, the highest mountain range in the world. Eight of the fourteen eight-thousanders are located in the country, either in whole or shared across a border with Tibet or India.

SN Mountain/Peak metres feet Section Notes1.

Mount Everest 8,848 29,029 Khumbu Mahalangur Earth's highest from sea level

2. Kangchenjunga 8,586 28,169 Northern Kangchenjunga 3rd highest on Earth3. Lhotse 8,516 27,940 Everest Group 4th highest4. Makalu 8,462 27,762 Makalu Mahalangur 5th highest5. Cho Oyu 8,201 26,906 Khumbu Mahalangur 6th highest6. Dhaulagiri I 8,167 26,795 Dhaulagiri 7th highest7. Manaslu 8,156 26,759 Mansiri 8th highest8. Annapurna I 8,091 26,545 Annapurna 10th highest9.

Gyachung Kang 7,952 26,089 Khumbu Mahalangur between Everest and Cho Oyu

10. Himalchuli 7,893 25,896 Mansiri 18th highest11. Ngadi Chuli 7,871 25,823 Mansiri First ascent 197012.

Nuptse 7,861 25,791 Everest Group

319 metres prominence from Lhotse

13.Jannu 7,710 25,295

Kumbhakarna Kangchenjunga

14. Jongsong Peak 7,462 24,482 Janak #57 in the world15. Yangra 7,422 24,350 Ganesh 16. Kabru 7,412 24,318 Singalila Kangchenjunga 17. Chamlang 7,321 24,019 Barun Mahalangur #79 in the world18. Langtang Lirung 7,227 23,711 Langtang #99 in the world19. Chamar 7,187 23,579 Sringi First ascent 195320. Pumori 7,161 23,494 Khumbu Mahalangur First ascent 196221. Gauri Sankar 7,134 23,406 Rolwaling First ascent 197922. Tilicho Peak 7,134 23,406 Annapurna First ascent 197923. Api 7,132 23,399 Yoka Pahar Gurans First ascent 196024. Baruntse 7,129 23,389 Barun Mahalangur First ascent 195425. Nilgiri 7,061 23,166 Nilgiri Annapurna First ascent 196226. Saipal 7,031 23,068 Saipal Gurans 27.

Machapuchare 6,993 22,943 Annapurna Sacred mountain, unclimbed

28.Kang Guru 6,981 22,904 Larkya or Peri

2005 avalanche kills 18

29. Dorje Lakpa 6,966 22,854 Langtang 30. Ama Dablam 6,812 22,349 Barun Mahalangur Mother and her

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SN Mountain/Peak metres feet Section Notesnecklace

31. Kangtega 6,782 22,251 Barun Mahalangur First ascent 196332. Cho Polu 6,735 22,096 Barun Mahalangur First ascent 199933. Num Ri 6,677 21,906 Barun Mahalangur First ascent 200234.

Khumbutse 6,640 21,785 Khumbu Mahalangur First mountain west of Everest

35. Thamserku 6,623 21,729 Barun Mahalangur First ascent 196436. Dragmarpo Ri 6,578 21,581 Langtang Unclimbed37. Taboche 6,542 21,463 Khumbu Mahalangur First ascent 197438. Singu Chuli 6,501 21,329 Annapurna Trekking peak39. Mera Peak 6,476 21,247 Himalayas Trekking peak40.

Hiunchuli 6,441 21,132 Annapurna Trekking peak (difficult)

41.Cholatse 6,440 21,129 Khumbu Mahalangur

Connected to Taboche

42. Kusum Kangguru 6,367 20,889 Barun Mahalangur

Trekking peak (difficult)

43. Ombigaichan 6,340 20,801 Barun Mahalangur 44.

Kongde Ri 6,187 20,299 Barun Mahalangur Trekking peak (difficult)

45.

Imja Tse 6,160 20,210 Khumbu Mahalangur

Also known as Island Peak. Popular trekking peak.

46. Lobuche 6,145 20,161 Khumbu Mahalangur Trekking peak47.

Nirekha 6,069 19,911 Khumbu Mahalangur Trekking peak (difficult)

48. Baden-Powell Peak 5,825 19,111 Jugal

Formerly known as Urkema Peak

49.Pokalde 5,806 19,049 Khumbu Mahalangur

Trekking peak (moderate)

50. Mount Khumbila 5,761 18,901 Mahalangur Unclimbed

51. Tharpu Chuli 5,663 18,579 Annapurna Trekking peak52.

Kala Patthar 5,545 18,192 Khumbu Mah Popular hiking peak below Pumori

53. Yala Peak 5,520 18,110 Langtang

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National Parks and Wild Life Reserve

Royal Suklaphanta Wildlife ReserveRoyal Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve was until recently a royal hunting domain. It is dominated by sal trees associated with asna, semal, karma, khair and sissoo sub-species and phanta grasslands. A prime habitat for the swamp deer, it is also home for the wild elephant, tiger, hispid hare, blue bull, leopard, chittal, hog deer and wild boar, along with 200 recorded species of birds. Reptiles include the marsh mugger, Indian python, monitor lizard, cobra, krait and rat snake.

Royal Chitwan National ParkRoyal Chitwan National Park (932 sq km) is the most popular safari destination. It covers a unique ecosystem in the world, containing the Churia hills, ox-bow lakes and flood plains. Dominated by sal forests, the park has 50 species of grasses. The 43 species of animals include the endangered one-horned rhino, royal Bangal tiger, gharial crocodile, gaur, wild elephant, four horned antelope, striped hyena, pangolin, Gangetic dolphin, monitor lizard and pythons.

Langtang National ParkLangtang National Park (1710 sq km) abounds in numerous vegetation types. Oaks, maple, various rhododendrons, chir pine, fir, blue pine, hemlock and spruce are found here. The latitudinal/topograhical variations show such diverse animals as the wild dog, Himalayan black bear, Himalayan tahr, ghoral, serow, rhesus monkey and common langur. This region is also an important route for migrating birds.

Rara National ParkRara National Park (106 sq km) has its gem in Rara, Nepal's biggest lake (10.8 sq km) at 2990 m! The park ascends from 1800 to 4048m and abounds in coniferous forests of blue pine, black juniper, West Himalayan spruce, oak and Himalayan cypress as well as Indian horse-chestnut, walnut and Himalayan popular. It is an ideal habitat for the musk

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deer, Himalayan black beer, leopard, ghoral, Himalayan tahr and wild boar. Snow trout is the only fish found in Rara Lake.

Sagarmatha (Everest) National ParkSagarmatha (Everest) National Park (1148 sq km), which includes the tallest mountain in the world, is listed as a World Heritage Site. Geologically young and broken into deep gorges and glacial valleys, the Park has vegetation graduating from pine, hemlock, fir, juniper, birch, rhododendrons, scrube, alpine, plants and then to bare rock and snow. This is home to the Himalayan tahr, ghoral, serow and musk deer. The Himalayan black bear and snow leopard are now rarely sighted.

Koshi Tappu Wildlife ReserveThe vegetation here is mainly of grassland, scrub and deciduous forests. the reserve is unique for its wild arna buffaloes. Other mammals are the hog deer, wild boar, spotted dear and blue bull. The species of birds total 280 here, including 20 of ducks, two of ibises, many stroks, egrets, herons and the endangered swamp partridges and Bengal floricans. The reserve is a resting place for migrating birds not seen anywhere in Nepal. The endangered gharial crocodile and Gangetic dolphin are also recorded in the Koshi River.

Royal Bardiya National ParkRoyal Bardiya National Park (968 sq km) is the largest and most undisturbed wilderness area in the Terai. It is thickly forested by sal trees and is carpeted with grass, savannah and riverine forest. It is a regenerated habitat for endangered species like the rhinoceros, wild elephants, tiger, swamp deer, black buck, gharial crocodile and Gangetic dolphin. Endangered bird include the Bengal florican, lesser florican, silver-eared mesia and Sarus crane.

Shey-Phoksundo National ParkShey-Phoksundo National Park (3555 sq km) is the biggest park in Nepal. Luxuriant forests of blue pine, spruce, cypress, poplar, deodar, fir and birch are found here. It is a primal habitat for the snow leopard and the blue sheep; so also for ghoral, Himalayan balck bear, Himalayan weasel, Himalayan mouse hare, yellow-throated marten, langur and rhesus monkeys. The park is equally rich in many kinds of birds.

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Historical and Religious Places

Former royal palace at Basantapur, Kathmandu

Hindu temples in Patan, capital of one of the three medieval Newar kingdoms

Janaki Temple

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Pashupati Temple

Lumbini

Swyambhunath, Kathmandu

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Pashupatinath Temple

Nepal has many remarkable religious places, which reflect the long history of Nepali art and architecture. Below, we describe some of the famous religious places of Nepal.

BALMAKI ASHRAM

The Balmaki Ashram is situated in the forest on the banks of the Terbeni river, at the southwestern corner of the Royal Chitwan National park. It was a retreat used by the great Hindu sage, Balmaki. This is where Sita is sad to have live with her two sons, Labha and Kusha, after separation from Rama. Various statues were unearthed in this area during an archeological excavation in the late 60's. Recently, a Temple of Sita has been built here.

VARAHAKSHETRA

Varahakshetra, located at the confluence of the Saptakoshi and Kaka rivers, is 20 km away from a town in eastern Nepal - Dharan. Varahakshetra is among the four great Hindu pilgrimages. Here, the boar-Varaha, an incarnation of Lord Vishnu is sald to have a said to have killed demon Hiranakshaya. Apart from the main shrine dedicated to Varaha, there are many other temple with images of the Varaha is Varahakshetra. Every year on the first of Magh (November), a religious fare takes place here.

DEVGHAT

Devghat is situated 6 km to the north of Narayanghat, the gateway to the Royal Chitwan National Park. On the day of the Makar Sakranti festival in January pilgrims come here to take holy dips in the Narayani, formed by the meeting of the kali Gandaki and Trisuli. There is a settlement of a community of elderly, retired people here. Davghat can be reached by taking a daily flight or bus services.

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DHANUSHADHAM

Dhanushadham, a historical and religious site, dates back to the time of the great epic- Ramayana. It is located 18 km northeast of janakpur in the south central region of Nepal. Dhanushadham was the place where Lord Rama had broke Shiva's divine bow, a condition for winning the hand of Sita in marriage. According to the epic, one of the three pieces of the bow fell in the present day Dhanushadham.

MUKTINATH

Muktinath of religious importance to both Hindus and Buddhists. The main shrine of Muktinath is a pagoda-shaped temple dedicated to the Lord Vishnu. In the walls around it are 108 waterspouts. The Jwala Mai temple nearby has a spring and an eternal flame fed by natural gas.Muktinath is set in the north central part of Nepal. It is a six- hour walks from the jomsom airport. Helicopters are also available.

RIDI

Ridi is among the most popular religious places in Nepal. Rikeshwor narayan Mandir, situated here, is the local version of the Pashupatinath temple with its auspicious Ghats (cremation grounds). It is situated at the confluence of the Kali Gandaki and the Ridi Khola, linked by a 50 km dirt road to the hill resort town of Tansen.

During the Makar Sankranti Festival, hundreds of devotees from different parts of the world throng the Dhanusha temple to worship the fossilized bow fragments and to take ritual dips in the river. Here, thee are other temples dedicated to Devendra and Ganesh too.

GOSAIKUND

A lake is believed to have been created by Lord Shiva when he thrust his Trisula (trident) into a mountain to extract water so that he could cool his stinging throat of the lake, which is said to be the remains of a Shiva shrine. People often claim that they see Shiva lying in the water. Devotees gather here in hordes on the full moon night of August to take holy dips in the lake.

Gosaikunda is situated at the altitude of 4380 m t. to the north of Kathmandu on the Lang tang trekking trail. The holy lake is a two daylong trek from Dhunche, which can be reached through an adventurous 118 km mountain road from Kathmandu via Trisuli Bazaar. Small hotels and pilgrim shelters are available here for travelers.

MANAKAMANA

The Temple of manakamana, a very popular pilgrimage in Nepal, is a temple of one of the manifestations of the Hindu goddess Bhagawati. Bhagawati is belived to have the

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power to fulfill wishes. It lies 125 km to the west of kathmandu. It is a steep three- hour hile from Abu Khairenion the Kathmandu-Gorkha highway. A cable car also takes travelers to manakamana.

SIMRAUNGADH

The capital of the former kingdom of Tirahut, is the seat of a rich civilization, which peaked between the 11th and 14th centuries. The ancient city suffered terrible devastation in the hands of invaders but its cultural glory remained in the archeological treasures that are found here. They’re many Hindu temples that draw people to this place in large numbers.

Simraunghadh is situated in the Terai plains to the south of Kathmandu. The most convenient access to this place, by air, is from Birgunj (270 Km away from Kathmandu). Another route to Simraugadh is a Flight to Simara (15 minutes) and then a drive to Birgunj (25 km) from where it is 45 km to simraughad.

Most of the festivals celebrated in Nepal are religious. However, they can be generally divided into four sections keeping in mind the main aspects of the festival emphasized.

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Industrial States of NepalThe industrial sector in Nepal is very undeveloped. Early industrial ventures, spurred by domestic shortages in the 1930s and 1940s, fared badly due to inexperience. By 1960 there were 63 registered industries, unsupported by adequate institutional organization or infrastructure. With the influx of foreign aid targeted at both the industrial sector and the transport and communications infrastructure, a mix of modern industries and cottage industries slowly developed, numbering 3,557 institutions by 1997. They are small by international standards. Industrial activity, accounting for about 21 percent of GDP, employs only 3 percent of the population. Most of these industries are located around urban centers such as the Kathmandu Valley and in the Tarai region. Nepal suffers from a lack of both internal and external investment. This stems from low domestic savings, a small domestic market, a severe shortage of skilled labor, chronically corrupt and inefficient public administrations, high transport and operating costs, the inadequacy of power resources and, increasingly, political instability. There have been recent attempts to encourage investment and privatization through the Industrial Policy 1992 and Foreign Investment and One Window Policy 1992, and the creation of industrial centers with governmental land and buildings on lease for private ventures.

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Major Rivers and Lakes of NepalRivers in Nepal are treated as goddesses. They are the ever flowing and inspiring source of beauty, abundance and infinite adventure. The rugged topography, extreme variations and excessive snow melting in Nepal make this mountain kingdom blessed with blosoming, flowering rivers, running across the country. This makes Nepal an obvious choice for river adventure.

River journeys in Nepal are electrifying and nerve thrilling. Your life flashes before you as you comfortably hurtle towards monster boulders and towering walls of water. So come let us indulge in this maddening and bone chilling experience.

Major Rivers of Nepal

Name Location Speciality Distance DurationSunkoshi Eastern Nepal The Golden River 270 km 9 daysTrisuli Central Nepal Best for White water rafting 38 km ½ dayMarshyangdi Western Nepal The Thrilling River 47 km 4 daysSeti Western Nepal The Isolated River 35 km 2 daysKali Gandaki Western Nepal Best for Kayaking 70 km 5 daysKarnali Mid Western Nepal Largest and longest river 180 km 5 days

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The Major River Systems in Nepal

The Koshi River System The Koshi river system consists of Tamor, Arun, Dudhkoshi, Likhu, Tamakoshi, Sunkoshi and Indravati rivers.The Arun and Sunkoshi originate in Tibet. The confluence of these rivers is at Tribeni (near Dharan) in Sagarmatha Zone. Flowing for almost 10 kms through a narrow gorge before entering the plains, the 'Sapta Kosi' or simply the 'Koshi', swollen with the waters of the seven rivers, finally merges into the Ganges.The Kali Gandaki originates in Mustang and converges with the Trishuli at Deoghat in Chitwan. The river is then called the 'Narayani' and goes on to meet the Ganges.The Gandaki River System The Kali Gandaki originates in Mustang and converges with the Trishuli at Deoghat in Chitwan. The river is then called the 'Narayani' and goes on to meet the Ganges.The Gandaki river system in central Nepal consists of the Kali Gandaki, Budhi Gandaki, Marsyanghi, Trishuli, Seti, Madi and Daraundi rivers.The Kaligandaki is the longest river and the Trishuli, the main tributary of this system.The Karnali River System The Karnali river system in Western Nepal consists of the Humla Karnali, Mugu Karnali, Seti and Bheri rivers and is the longest river system in the country. The Humla Karnali, which rises in Tibet, is the main tributary. After entering India, this river assumes the name Gogra.

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Lakes in Nepal

Majestic, splendid and holy... the lakes of Nepal are reverred not only for their natural beauty but also for the spiritual importance attached to them. There are around two hundred lakes in Nepal of glacial and tectonic origin. Mountain lakes like Rara, Phoksundo and Phewa are majestic in extent and beauty.

SN Lake Category Location Water Surface Area (hct)1 Rara Tal Mountain Lake Mugu District 10002 Phewa Tal Mid-hill lake Pokhara 5233 GosikundaTal Mountain lake Himal region -4 Pokshundu Tal Montain Lake Dopla District 180

Other Lakes in Nepal

Mid-hill Lakes Low Land LakesBegnas Tal Rupia TalRupa Tal Gadhbhijala TalDeepang Tal Nakhrodi TalKhaste Tal Badhaiya TalMaidee Tal Sakhunia Tal Syarpu Tal BudhiTalRokum Tal Gaindhawa Tal Mahadev Tal Beesh Hazar TalKailali Halkhoria Tal

The possible activities that can be done are:

Activities Nepal lakes are famous for their crystal clear water, scenic backgrounds and the adventure activities that they offer. Cited below are two of the activities that keep you fresh and vigorous like the blue waters of the lakes themselves.

Boating The pleasure of touching water waves while siting on a boat cannot be described in words. A relaxing boat drive on Phewa lake of Pokhara is one of the most soothing experiences in Nepal. Leisure boating can be done in various locations. Pokhara, set in a lush topical alley, with a backdrop of the Annapurna range, is blessed with many lakes and is the most famous spot for boating activities.

The Phewa, Begnas and Rupa lakes provide enough space for boating experiences. Phewa Lake is Pokhara's prime attraction for photographers, boaters and shore side strollers.Visitors love sending an hour or two rowing (or being rowed by one of the local boats men) through the many inlets, with a visit to the Varahi island temple.

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Fishing Nepal, the world's second rich country in the water resources having numbers of rivers and lakes, is an ideal location for fishing and angling. There are some specific ethnic group in the hills and Terai region of Nepal whose lifestyle has been based on Fishing. Bote, Majhi, Tharu and Machhuwar are some of them.

With approximately 118 varieties of fresh water fish found in the Himalayan waters of Nepal, fishing can be really exciting. Mahaseer is the most commonly sought sport fish, besides mountain stream trout-like varieties and lowland water species. Pokhara's crystal clear lakes are the best for fishing.

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Major Highways of Nepal

Highways in Nepal Kathmandu and major cities of Nepal are inter-connected with Highways and roads. They are also well connected with India through plains of the Terai. However Nepal does not have well developed network of Highways of western standard. There are only a few highways with better engineering and several connecting roads to main highways. Condition of Highways vary from well maintained two lane Highways to potholed and hilly roads. The drive in a later type of roads may give you roller coaster ride. Visitors are permitted to drive their own cars but the vehicles must possess an international carnet. There are regular bus services to Kathmandu and major cities from all the border points. The interior parts of the country are also linked with a number of highways and roads. Any way the network of roads and highways have linked several tourist destinations, cities, Industrial and commercial centers in Nepal. The main highways are from East to West and Link roads from North to south. Please find the highways map of Nepal.

Mahendra Highway: It is longest highway in Nepal. It links Eastern border with India to Western border with India. The East Pont is at Kakarbhitta. It is also an Exit point to Northeast India including Darjeeling and Sikkim. The West Point is at Mahendra Nagar. It is linked with Northwest India including Kumau, Nainital of Uttarnchal. The major destinations along and around the Highways are Kakarbhitta, Bhadrapur, Dharan, Janakpur, Narayanghat, Butwal, Shiddarthnagar, Nepalganj, Bardiya, Mahendranagar, etc.

Prithvi Highway: It is a busiest Highway in Nepal. It connects Kathmandu with Pokhara and then to Baglung. Baglung is a start point of Trekking to Mustang and also put in point of white water river rafting at river Kaligandaki. Major destination along and around the highway are Mankamana, Gorakha, Damauli, Bandipur, Besisahar, etc.

Shiddarth Highway: It is an important Highway which connects Sunauli at Shiddarthnagar to Pokhara via Tansen. It crosses Mahendra Highway at Butwal.

Tribhuvan Highway: It is an oldest Highway linking Capital with India at Birganj. Other major destination in the Highways are Daman and Hetauda.Arniko Highway: It is the only Highway going to Nepal Tibet border at Kodari from Kathmandu. It has several connecting roads including Lamosangu to Jiri. Jiri is considered a gateway to Everest region.

Important North South roadsKathmandu Dhunche: This road links with Langtang region. It starts from Kathmandu to Nuwakot. It has several hilly connecting roads. These include Dhunche, Rasuwa at Nepal Tibet border. Bhadrapur to Ilam: The road has major destinations including Ilam, Pashupati Nagar, Panchthar (Kanchenjunga region), etc.

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Biratnagar to Hile: It connects Mahendra Highway at Itahari and links Dharan and Dhankuta. Hile and Basantpur are gate way of Kanchenjunga and Barun Makalu conservation.Narayanghat to Gorakha: It is an important link road connecting Mahendra Highway at Narayanghat and Prithvi Highway at Mugling Nepalganj Surkhet: This road starts Nepalganj at Nepal India border to Surkhet valley which gateway to Jumla and other remote hilly area. It crosses Mahendra Highway at Kohalpur.Dhangadhi Dadeldhura: This road starts at Nepal India Border at Dhangadi to Dadeldhura crossing Mahendra Highway at Atariya.

Beni Jomsom: The road is under construction. You can drive to Jomsom and to Muktinath in a fair weather.

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Air Network System in Nepal

Nepal Airlines (formerly known as Royal Nepal Airlines) is the national, flag-carrier airline of Nepal. Its main base is Tribhuvan International Airport, Kathmandu. The airline was established in July 1958 as Royal Nepal Airlines Corporation (RNAC). The airlines first aircraft was a single Douglas DC-3, used to serve domestic routes and a handful of destinations in India. The airline acquired its first jet aircraft, Boeing 727's, in 1972. In 2004 the Nepal Government decided to sell off 49% of its stake in Nepal Airlines to the private sector. Presently, the airline operates a fleet of seven aircraft and flies to 39 destinations; seven of which are international.

Domestic Airlines in Nepal Many new domestic airlines have taken to the skies since the privatization for the airline industry in 1991 (and several have even gone defunct). All are based in Kathmandu, and most operate with small STOL (Short Take Off & Landing) aircraft like Twin Otters. Below is a short profile of each airline.

Yeti Airways Yeti Airways was established in 1998 and operates with a fleet of four 19-seater DHC-6-300 Twin Otter aircraft. Their route net covers Lukla, Pokhara, Simikot, Phaplu, Lamidanda, Rumjatar, Simara, and Jomsom.

Buddha AirNepal's trendiest airline operates with the most modern fleet – four Raytheon Beech 1900D 19-seater aircraft. Buddha Air stresses the safety factor, and though recently established in 1997, has quickly grown to be popular. Destinations served include Lukla, Jomsom, Pokhara, Biratnagar, Nepalganj, Bhairawa, and Bhadrapur.

Cosmic AirEstablished in 1998, Cosmic Air operates with one 19-seater Dornier 228, and have two MI-17 helicopters for charter services. Destinations served include Lukla, Pokhara, Jomsom, Bharatpur, and Bhadrapur.

Gorkha Airlines

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Gorkha Airlines has been in operation since 1996, serving Pokhara, Jomsom, Lukla, Bharatpur, Bhadrapur, Tumlingtar, Simara, and Bhairawa with two 19-seater Dornier 228s.

Shangri-la AirEstablished in 1999, Shangri-la Air serves Pokhara, Jomsom, Lukla, Phaplu, Bhairahawa, Bharatpur, Phaphlu, Rumjatar, and Simara with two 19-seater DHC-6-310 Twin Otter aircraft.

Skyline AirwaysSkyline Airways was established in 1999 and operates with two 19-seater DHC-6-310 Twin Otter aircraft. Destinations include Lukla, Phaplu, Pokhara, Jomsom, Bharatpur, Phaphlu, Rumjatar, and Simara.

Royal Nepal AirlinesNepal's national flag carrier is yet to gain popularity despite having been established over three decades ago. The government-owned airline, however, has the most extensive network of domestic routes, serving virtually every remote district in the country. Royal Nepal operates its domestic network with a fleet of 19-seat Twin Otters and 44-seat Avro (HS-748) aircraft.

Fig. : Nepal Airlines

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Major Hydro Power Projects of Nepal

Introduction

Nepal land is blessed with enormous amount of Water, sources of which comes from the mighty Himalayan Range. Hydropower is the major source of Electricity in this country. World's 20% of electricity is by Hydropower. In contrary, 96% of electricity in Nepal is by Hydropower - That says a lot of Nature Power of Nepal. Hydropower electricity is environment friendly - no pollution in air or in land, and, is also the most efficient method of all.

Yet, Despite the vast amount of source, not all sources have been used in Nepal. Many small to large scale private-run and Government owned companies operate their hydropower projects throughout Nepal.

Nepal has the capacity to produce upto Eight Five Thousand Megawats of Electricity - 85,000 megawatts. Today, country produces less than 50% of that capacity.

Why Can't Nepal Produce Enough Power ?

Due to lack of electricity, many parts of Nepal share electricity. Ask any Nepali who lives here if they like the word - Load Shedding, a term commonly used in Radio/Tvs and Publications to notify public of schedule of electricity for the comming week. Nepal has extreme land. Transportation for any construction in rural parts of Nepal is a major challenge. Many major hydropower projects require years, if not decades. Nepal realizes the problem and the need to generate electricity quickly. So, small hydropower projects, which can be done by small farmers or a group of villages, are being constructed across Nepal.

Is Nepal all Hydro power?

There are a few diesel power in the country. But many would like to say that Nepal is completely a hydropower nation given the comparison of projects by their capacity. Diesel-power comprises of less than 4% of the total projects and hence often is ignored. Nepal needs to import fuel/diesel from India, since it doesn't have oil. Diesel-power is expensive for this nation also Nepal doesn't need any diesel-powers if it can establish hydropower, for which, locations are in abundant

Hydro power project is a big - it requires lots of manpower and money. Construction of various complex structures, Transportation of building materials, machines are key tasks which require lots of time in planning and operation. Most Government run projects are funded by donations and/or loans from foreign countries. The word Hydropower means Water Powered Electricity; Hydro means Water and Power is the Electricity. The electricity is generated by the currents of waters from rivers in the country. Project also

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requires great planning for electricity distribution. Of all the projects in Nepal, these are the biggest of all.

Even as we write here, many are currently working, others have completed their projects and many fold projects are proposed everyday!!. By the Year 2001, Number of major hydropower Projects completed is 18 and number of projects proposed is 28. And by the same period, over 45 Small hydropower projects were located throughout the country, providing electricity to otherwise rural areas such Dhading, Dolpa, Helambu.

Hydropower business is a great way for Nepal to progress - It has the potential to uplift poverty, provide electricity to every household and even allow Nepal to sell electricity to other countries. Popularity of Hydropower comes closer to becoming Nepal's third most important business for earning foreign-revenue and every year, lots of foreign companies visit Nepal for project studies.

Please use the menu on the left to browse through our resources. Have a question that's not answered by u ? please let us know at this thread on the forum.

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Natural Vegetation

Natural vegetation grows naturally in the environment by themselves without being planted through human activities such as farming and economic and urban development.

Similarly, natural vegetation means any plants or trees that grow on their own ‘naturally’ without any form of human intervention. Certain type of plants of trees have a natural place of origin or habitat, and before humans began to harvest vegetation and cut down trees, this type of vegetation would grow naturally without any form of man-made chemicals such as pesticide, to manipulate its growth. Each place on earth had a community of plants that were natural and adapted to a specific area, and, more importantly, had grown accustomed to that climate zone. It is this type of plant community that is referred to as "natural vegetation”.

The origins of some types of plants have been displaced with growing technology and trade, and in some respects have been the cause of some damage to the natural vegetation of certain countries. The Rhododendron, for example, is native to Spain and Portugal; however, it is now regarded as a common representative of British countryside when it is in bloom. This plant was introduced to the British Isles during the Victorian period, when Britain saw a huge expansion to their trade and empire. Yet, it is believed that the Rhododendron has been the cause for the destruction of much of the natural vegetation in Britain. For, where the conditions are suited to this plant, it will smother and destroy any competing plant in the vicinity.

There are lots of advantages and disadvantages to importing non-native vegetation, for instance the discovery of new species and to harvest species that are endangered, however, as we have seen, there have been some issues where the natural vegetation of one area has been destroyed and endangered by a vegetation that is unnatural to that country.

In Nepal, natural vegetation follows climate. As such, five different types of natural vegetation can be distinguished on the basis of the climate types noted above. These include (a) Sub-tropical Evergreen Forest (b) Deciduous Monsoon forest (c) all reveals that forest (d) alpine grassland (e) Tundra Vegetation. It all reveals that forest is the dominant type of vegetation in Kingdom of Nepal.

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Major Paddy and Jute Producing Districts of Nepal

Name Address CityArihant Multifibers Ltd. Biratnagar BiratnagarBaba Jute Mills (P) Ltd. Katahari BiratnagarBaba Jute Mills (P) Ltd. GPO: 245, Biratnagar, Main Road BiratnagarBiratnagar Jute Mills Ltd. Mills Area BiratnagarC. M. Jute Mills (P) Ltd. Biratnagar BiratnagarCM Jute Mills (P) Ltd. Ward 7 BiratnagarGuheshwari Twine (P) Ltd. Biratnagar BiratnagarGuhyeswari Twine Plant (P) Ltd. Biratnagar BiratnagarHansraj Hulaschand Jute Mills SonapurJain Impex GPO: 93, Biratnagar BiratnagarLalwani & Co. GPO: 93, Brt, Biratnagar BiratnagarLaxmi Concern GPO: 2827, Ktm, New Road KathmanduM. R. Traders Kamaladi KathmanduNepal Jute Industries Tinpaini BiratnagarNikki Jute Industries KatahariPathibhara Jute Industries (P) Ltd. ItahariPathivara Jute Industries ItahariRaghupati Jute Mills Biratnagar BiratnagarRaghupati Jute Mills Ltd. Mills Area BiratnagarShankar Jute Company Main Road BiratnagarShree Hanuman Industries (P) Ltd. Rani Mills Area BiratnagarShyamu Kapu GPO: 133, Ktm, Kantipath KathmanduSri Raghupati Jute Mills Ltd. GPO: 363, Ktm, Ganabahal KathmanduSwastik Jute Industries (P) Ltd. Tinpaini Biratnagar

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Major Tea and Coffee Producing District of Nepal

Tea growing regions of Nepal are: Dhankuta Illam Jhapa Therathum PanchtharTea In Nepal

Types and Characteristic of Nepali Tea

TypesMost Nepali Teas produced for export purpose are called Orthodox, also named as the Himalayan Orthodox Tea. The name says it all, doesn't it? Nepali Tea estates and gardens are the immediate neighbors of the mighty Himalayan Range.

Nepali Organic Orthodox Teas are First Flush (FTGFOP I), STGFOP I (Silver Tippy Golden Flowery Orange Pekoe). Don't they have cute names ? The naming system tells us about the tea's color, shape, size, aroma and and a whole lot and more, doesn't it?

S - Silver T - Tippy G - Golden O - Orange P - Pokoe B - Broken W - Wiry I - First Flush, and II - Second Flush

Based on grades, here are more Nepali Orthodox Teas : TGFOP,, GFOP, FOP, OP, BOP and P. Now, can you tell us what WP means ? Good job!

Other Teas are also slowly being produced and marketed such as Nepali Green Tea.

Nepali Tea bushes are grown at high altitude ranging from 3,000 feet to all the way upto 7,325 feet. The highest tea garden of Nepal is Guranse, which is located at an elevation of 7325ft in Dhankuta region and is owned by Guranse Tea estate. Currently main tea growing areas in Nepal are Jhapa, Illam, Panchthar and Dhankuta. All Nepali Tea Companies that export teas are 100 percent organic, all are certified by NASAA, Australia, which is accredited to IFOAM and AQIS. Teas are produced from pure agricultural soil, biologically and ecologically balanced methods. No wonder Tea awards are lined up for Nepalese Tea. Guranse Tea wins China Expo 1999 award for superb

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taste, aroma, infusion and character. CTC teas are grown in Terai region of Nepal (lower flat land of Nepal) while Orthodox Teas are grown in Hill regions. CTC teas are mainly consumed in the domestic market as it is cheaper to produce while Orthodox Tea takes more time and money to produce hence are more expensive than CTC Teas.

Coffee In Nepal

The climatic boon of Nepal to grow wide range of crop species is unique in the world comparing its total geographical area. The ecological settings in the Himalayan hills provide Nepalese coffee an unique opportunity for quality production with consequent demand in international specialty markets. It is grown in small family farms under shade in the northern-most coffee region of the world without any external inputs. The cherries ripen during the cooler and sunny October to December season offer handsome taste, aroma and flavour.

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Municipalities of Nepal

Rank Municipality Census 1991

Census 2001

Est. 2005 District

1 Kathmandu 421.258 671.846 790.612 Kathmandu2 Pokhara 95.288 156.312 186.41 Kaski3 Lalitpur 115.865 162.991 183.316 Lalitpur4 Biratnagar 129.388 166.674 168.331 Morang5 Birganj 69.005 112.484 133.244 Parsa6 Dharan 66.457 95.332 128.605 Sunsari7 Bharatpur 54.67 89.323 117.162 Chitwan8 Bhim Dutta 62.05 80.839 99.124 Kanchanpur9 Butwal 44.272 75.384 91.737 Rupandehi

10 Hetauda 53.836 68.482 84.8 Makwanpur11 Bhaktapur 61.405 72.543 76.89 Bhaktapur12 Janakpur 54.71 67.192 74.258 Dhanusa13 Dhangadhi 44.753 67.447 73.151 Kailali14 Itahari 26.824 41.21 72.387 Sunsari15 Triyuga 37.512 55.291 71.26 Udayapur16 Siddharthanagar 39.473 52.569 63.372 Rupandehi17 Nepalganj 47.819 57.535 61.477 Banke18 Madhyapur Thimi 31.97 47.751 58.807 Bhaktapur19 Mechinagar 37.108 49.06 56.173 Jhapa20 Ghorahi 29.05 43.126 55.536 Dang Deukhuri21 Lekhnath 30.107 41.369 53.216 Kaski22 Kirtipur 31.338 40.835 51.335 Kathmandu23 Birendranagar 22.973 31.381 49.993 Surkhet24 Gulariya 30.621 46.011 49.457 Bardiya25 Tikapur 25.639 38.722 44.762 Kailali26 Ratnanagar 25.118 37.791 43.665 Chitwan27 Kalaiya 18.498 32.26 39.367 Bara28 Tulsipur 22.654 33.876 39.061 Dang Deukhuri29 Kamalamai 24.368 32.838 36.44 Sindhuli30 Damak 41.321 35.009 33.766 Jhapa31 Gorkha 20.633 25.783 35.455 Gorkha32 Rajbiraj 24.227 30.353 33.063 Saptari33 Kapilvastu 17.126 27.17 32.139 Kapilvastu34 Byas 20.124 28.245 31.826 Tanahu35 Lahan 19.018 27.654 31.497 Siraha36 Putalibazar 25.87 29.667 31.043 Syangja37 Panauti 20.467 25.563 27.604 Kavrepalanchok38 Gaur 20.434 25.383 27.327 Rautahat

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Rank Municipality Census 1991

Census 2001

Est. 2005 District

39 Dipayal-Silgadhi 12.36 22.061 27.088 Doti40 Inaruwa 18.547 23.2 25.031 Sunsari41 Siraha 21.866 23.988 24.659 Siraha42 Ramgram 18.911 22.63 24.014 Nawalparasi43 Jaleswar 18.088 22.046 23.574 Mahottari44 Baglung 15.219 20.852 23.297 Baglung45 Tansen 13.599 20.431 23.19 Palpa46 Khandbari 18.756 21.789 22.904 Sankhuwasabha47 Bhimeshwar 19.26 21.916 22.851 Dolkha48 Dhankuta 17.073 20.668 22.085 Dhankuta49 Bidur 18.694 21.193 22.063 Nuwakot50 Waling 16.712 20.414 21.869 Syangja51 Narayan 15.738 19.446 20.91 Dailekh52 Malangwa 14.142 18.484 20.285 Sarlahi53 Bhadrapur 15.21 18.145 19.524 Jhapa54 Amaragadhi 16.494 18.39 19.015 Dadeldhura55 Dasharathchand 18.054 18.345 18.318 Baitadi56 Ilam 13.197 16.237 17.492 Ilam57 Banepa 12.537 15.822 17.154 Kavrepalanchok58 Dhulikhel n.a. 11.521 10.17 Kavrepalanchok

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ConclusionIn this way I came to know about a number of things about Nepal. In the past, I used to

read and appear in exam but after completing this project I internalize all the knowledge

that is included in this project. Also, I can explain every aspect of the above mentioned

subjects since me myself involved in inquiry with teachers, parents and seniors.

I am excited to complete this type of independent, investigating job. It made me more

confident and daring in exploring myself in various fields. The effort that I made to

complete this creative task has made me wise and studious.

Now, I am able to implement my knowledge and skills of any subject matter in real life.

Also, I knew how to acquire knowledge and complete their documentation in any subject.

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Resources

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

2. A Text Book of Social Studies Grade VIII

3. ATLAS of Nepal, EKTA Publication

4.

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