STOPPING BY WOODS (curs practic de limba engleză pentru învăţământul la distanţă)

Anul II

Autor: Asist. univ. drd. Daniela LINGURARU

C U P R I N S

Introducere. Obiective Lecţia 1. Grammar focus – questions Lecţia 2. Questionable Lecţia 3. Metaphor – time is money Lecţia 4. The butterfly Lecţia 5. Grammar section – the noun phrase Lecţia 6. Metaphor: human = plant Lecţia 7. Coniferous versus deciduous Lecţia 8. Grammar section (concepts expressed by modal and related verbs) Lecţia 9. Other concepts expressed by modal verbs Lecţia 10. Actions and reactions Lecţia 11. Deforestation Lecţia 12. Grammar focus – it & there Lecţia 13. Weather – metaphor Lecţia 14. Stopping by woods on a snowy evening (Robert Frost) Anexa 1 –Irregular verbs Anexa 2 – A Day’s Wait (Ernest Hemingway) Anexa 3 –Verbal tenses Anexa 4 – Spelling Bibliografie

INTRODUCERE

SCOPUL CURSULUI:

Prezentul curs este destinat studenţilor de anul II de la Facultatea de Silvicultură, Specializarea Silvicultură, regim la distanţă. Atât partea de teorie cât şi cea aplicativă au fost concepute în aşa fel încât să faciliteze familiarizarea studenţilor cu structuri elementare ale limbii engleze sau reactualizarea cunoştinţelor fundamentale deja dobândite. O atenţie specială s-a acordat acelor registre lingvistice care permit comunicarea în limba engleză, cât şi termenilor specifici specializării.

OBIECTIVELE PRINCIPALE:

1. familiarizarea studenţilor cu diferitele aspecte ale limbii engleze

2. dezvoltarea abilităţii studenţilor de a comunica în limba engleză

3. însuşirea de către studenţi a termenilor specifici specializării

4. însuşirea şi folosirea limbajului adecvat pentru a descrie activităţi, situaţii etc.

MODUL DE EVALUARE:

La sfârşitul fiecărui semestru, studenţii vor fi examinaţi în cadrul unui colocviu; stabilirea notei finale se va face şi în funcţie de verificările parţiale de la cursurile de pe parcursul semestrului.

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Lecţia 1. GRAMMAR FOCUS – QUESTIONS

Is it true love? From the heart? Love that pines? Cold love? None at all? What’s the matter, Schatz? Do you want me to read to you? How do you feel, Schatz? Why don’t you try to sleep? What kind of timepiece is this? How do you do? May I come in? How about Thursday at 6? Whose side are you on? What is it for? What is it like? What do you like? What does it look like? Is there anyone else? Can you hear me? Whom do you think I just ran into? You don’t speak French, do you?

“A WHITE BEAR! Very well. Have I ever seen one? Might I ever have seen one? Am I ever to see one? Ought I ever to have seen one? (…) If I should see a white bear, what should I say? (…) If I never have, can, must or shall see a white bear alive, have I ever seen the skin of one before? Did I ever see one painted? Have I ever dreamt of one? Did my father, mother, uncle, aunt, brothers or sisters, ever see a white bear? (…) How would they behave? How would the white bear have behaved? Is she wild? Tame? Terrible? Rough? Smooth? Is the white bear worth seeing? Is there no sin in it? Is it better than a BLACK ONE?” (The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Laurence Sterne, p. 324, Ch. XLIII, vol. V)

În gramatica tradiţională a unei limbi, enunţurile sunt de obicei clasificate în:

a) enunţuri declarative b) enunţuri interogative c) enunţuri imperative

d) enunţuri exclamative (Reichenbach, Întrebarea, teorie şi practică, 1947), unii lingvişti preferând taxonomii simplificate: enunţuri declarative / interrogative / imperative (Benveniste, 1966) sau declarative / interrogative (Quirk and Greenbaum, 1985: 24).

Întrebările (enunţuri interrogative) sunt, la rândul lor, clasificate după diverse criterii, în: întrebări totale / parţiale / alternative, directe / indirecte, propriu-zise / retorice, monologale / dialogale etc. În ceea ce priveşte întrebările în limba engleză, dincolo de orice clasificare prevalează modul lor de alcătuire. Astfel, întrebarea prin inversiunea subiectului cu verbul (sau prima formă verbală) sau cu ajutorul auxiliarului DO. Inversiune: ▪ BE ≡ (ca verb noţional) → la prezent: He is a forest engineer. Is he a forest engineer? → la trecut: He was asleep, really. Was he really asleep? ≡ (ca verb auxiliar) → He was reprimanded for what he had done. Was he reprimanded for what he had done? ▪ HAVE ≡ (ca verb noţional) → He has quite a fortune, you know. Has he? ≡ (ca verb auxiliar) → He has / had overcome the agonies of adolescence. Has / had he overcome the agonies of adolescence? ▪ HAVE GOT → He’s got one foot in the grave. Has he really? ▪ WILL + inf. → He will get better soon enough. Will he get better soon enough? ▪ WILL + HAVE + 3rd form → He will have finished his studies by the age of 25. Will he have finished his studies by the age of 25? ▪ MODAL + inf. → You may come in. May I come in? ▪ MODAL + HAVE + 3rd form → He could have done it. Could he have done it? Auxiliarul DO: ▪ DO → Do you know the people who live over the road? ▪ DOES → Does anyone have any questions? ▪ DID → Did you answer all the questions in the test?

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În funcţie de răspunsul pe care îl solicită, întrebările se impart în: YES / NO questions (întrebări fără cuvânt interogativ şi care cer o confirmare sau infirmare – aşa cum sunt toate exemplele de mai sus) şi WH-questions (întrebări cu cuvânt interogativ, care solicită un răspuns mai complex; modul de formare a întrebării se păstrează, cu excepţia verbului BE şi uneori a lui HAVE: DO sau DOES la prezentul simplu şi DID la trecutul simplu). Cuvintele interogative (question words / phrases) sunt: WHO (+ WHOM, WHOSE), WHAT, WHICH, WHEN, WHERE, WHY, HOW (HOW MUCH, HOW MANY, HOW OFTEN, HOW LONG, HOW FAR etc.). WHO → Who is she to order me around? WHOM → Whom did you send the parcel to? (formal) WHOSE → Whose gloves are those on the kitchen counter? WHAT → What languages can you speak? → What did you say to him? → What time are you arriving? → What kind of timepiece is this? WHICH → Which of the two do you like better: the red or the mauve one? WHEN → When do you usually leave work? WHERE → Where were you living at the time? WHY → Why on earth didn’t you ask any of us for help? HOW → How do you do? → How on earth did he find out about it? HOW MUCH → How much are the tickets? but: Can you tell me how much the tickets cost? HOW MANY → How many of you are willing to take the shortcut through the woods? HOW OFTEN → How often do you trim these shrubs? HOW LONG → How long have you been learning English? HOW FAR → How far is it to the railway station? Spoken phrases: ○ How about Thursday at 6? ○ How come Jude is home? ○ How’s your back this morning?

Atunci când într-o întrebare, pe lângă cuvintele interrogative apar şi prepoziţii, acestea se aşază de obicei la sfârşitul enunţului:

Whom are you waiting for? What are you looking at? Where does he come from? What were they talking about? Whose side are you on?

Atenţie!!! A nu se confunda WHAT IS IT FOR? cu WHAT IS IT LIKE? WHAT IS IT FOR? = scopul (why) WHAT IS IT LIKE? = felul (how) What is your boss like? What do dogs like? What does he look like?

Atenţie la transformarea lui NO şi SOME ( +compuşii acestora) în ANY (+compuşi) la interogativ!

Standing dead trees are of no value whatsoever. Are standing dead trees of any value?

There are some more questions, I believe. Are there any more questions?

There is someone else who wants a ticket. Is there anyone else?

Atenţie la ordinea cuvintelor în vorbirea indirectă (indirect speech)! I asked: “Where are you going?”

I asked her where she was going. sau în exemplele de genul:

I don’t care where she is.

Întrebările mai sunt clasificate în: ▪ formule de salut sau cu funcţie de contact → How do you do? → How are you? → How are you doing?

▪ formule cu funcţie metalingvistică → I beg your pardon?

→ Excuse me? → What does it mean?

→ What do you mean by that? → What’s that?

formule cu funcţie fatică → Hello?

→ Can you hear me? → OK? → Clear enough? formule modalizate → How should I know?

→ You’re telling me? → Why should they come? formule rezultate din elipsă → So what?

→ How so? → Well?

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Întrebarea este un act de vorbire: asertiv (What else is new? = Your news is no news.)

directiv (Will you pass the salt? = Give me the salt(-cellar). SAU:

Can you reach the top shelf? = Give me the book on the top shelf.) comisiv (Isn’t my word of honour enough? = My word of honour should be enough.

Why shouldn’t I help him, of all people? = Of all people, it’s him I should help). expresiv (Will you ever forgive me? SAU: How can I make you forget that?)

performativ (Do you, X, take Y, to be your lawful wedded wife / husband, to have and

to hold, to love and to cherish from this day forward, for better or for worse, for richer or for poorer, in sickness and in health, as long as you both shall live ? SAU: Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth, so help you God?)

Din punct de vedere al modalizării, întrebările sunt [+/- modalizate]: He must be on his way. He might be on his way.

(certitudine) (incertitudine)

What do I have to do? What can I do? (necesitate) (posibilitate)

Need / must I write everything down? Can I write everything down? (obligaţie) (non-obligaţie)

Întrebările pot declanşa o discuţie, pot reprezenta liantul acestuia sau pot lungi o convorbire, reluând unele informaţii (aşa-numitele “întrebări-ecou” → John has just come. Who? SAU: He’s a little bit careless. He (who)? I mean John.) Întrebările sunt simple / nucleare sau complexe, adică: multiple → Who said what?

successive → Who was at the door and what did they want?

dezvoltate → If it rained, would you take that huge umbrella?

subordonate → When did he say he was coming?

→ Whom do you think I just ran into? → Do you think you can afford locking yourself in your room day in day out, not eating anything and crying all the time, when you have two children you’re supposed to take care of?

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indirecte → You are asked where you were that night.

Exemplul de mai sus ţine de vorbirea indirectă. Un alt gen de « întrebare indirectă »

este aceea prin care vorbitorul încearcă să fie foarte politicos sau doar tatonează un teren pe care îl consideră încă nesigur:

Do you think the chairman would see me? Could you tell me whether … I was wondering if … I’d like to know if …

După cum se poate observa, ordinea cuvintelor în aceste întrebări indirecte este

aceeaşi ca la afirmativ.

Direct : Could you call me a cab? Direct: How old are you?

Indirect: Do you think you could call me a cab? Indirect: Could I ask you how old you are?

În general, întrebările directe (sau de rangul I) vizează explicit un element din

universul comun celor doi vorbitori (When is John coming?), în timp ce întrebările indirecte (sau de rangul II) vizează implicit un element din universul comun (Are you leaving or not? = Leave, for God’s sake!). eliptice → I came with Maria.

Maria who? → I went to the bookshop and bought it on the spot. You did? → Who, me? → What? → Sorry? dislocate → As forMary, what did she say?

scindate → Is this what you’re offering me?

→ Who was the one who took the floor first? apozitive → What do you recognize him by? Colour?

→ What is it that you don’t like about me? My relatives? Negative Questions

Întrebările negative sunt în general folosite atunci când se aşteaptă un răspuns negative ori pentru a exprima dezacordul sau surpriza.

But don’t you think they should be treated first? Don’t you like taking hot baths?

No, not really. Întrebările negative pot avea şi formă exclamativă:

Isn’t she beautiful? = She’s so beautiful! Doesn’t she look terrific?

Question Tags Question tag = partea finală a unui enunţ care îl transformă în întrebare (invitând interlocutorul la un răspuns) → se formează cu ajutorul auxiliarelor (DO, BE, HAVE sau un modal)

Dacă enunţul este afirmativ, tag-ul este obligatoriu la negativ, şi invers.

You speak French, don’t you? You don’t speak French, do you?

He left the country, didn’t he? He didn’t leave the country, did he?

You can swim, can’t you? You can’t swim, can you?

He’s here, isn’t he? He’s not here, is he?

Un enunţ negativ cu un tag afirmativ arată, de obicei, că cel care adresează

întrebarea se aşteaptă să primească un răspuns negativ, vrea să fie politicos sau adresează un reproş interlocutorului:

You don’t speak French, do you? No, sorry, I don’t.

You couldn’t give me a hand, could you?

Dacă verbul din principală este HAVE, tag-ul va fi alcătuit cu ajutorul lui DO, dar dacă HAVE este auxiliary, tag-ul va fi alcătuit cu HAVE, prin inversiune.

You had measles, didn’t you? You’ve just been sacked, haven’t you? Dacă în principală apare I AM / I’M, acestea sunt reluate în tag prin AREN’T I: I’m doomed, aren’t I?

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Dacă principala este de fapt un imperativ, în tag se vor folosi WILL sau WON’T. Dacă principala începe cu LET’S, în tag apare SHALL.

Have a seat, will you? Call me later, won’t you? Let’s take the train instead, shall we?

Sensuri posibile ale tag-ului: You haven’t got the report yet, have you? (request for confirmation) I don’t have to pay cash, do I? (confirmation) Well, they didn’t give me any chance, did they? (defence) So it was not you getting into the house late last night, was it? (sarcasm) You’re not going to fail that exam again, are you? (threat, attack)

Reply questions sunt asemănătoare tag-urilor, dar nu are loc schimbarea de la

afirmativ la negativ şi invers; în plus, ele sunt folosite de interlocutor pentru a-şi arăta interesul, uimirea sau îndoiala cu privire la ceea ce spune locutorul.

A: I broke up with her yesterday. B: Did you? (interes)

A: I can’t sew anymore. B: Can’t you? (uimire)

A: I think they’re drug-dealers. B: Are they? (îndoiala) 1. Unscramble the following questions: a) you, to, are, where, going b) yesterday, like, in, the, was, weather, Bucharest, what c) a, you, me, please, get, would, towel d) he, he, has, hasn’t, the, yet, country, left e) it, is, cannot, needles, but, that, what, sew, many, has 2. Ask questions to be answered by the given sentences: a) At 5.30 in the hallway. b) For about two weeks now. c) She leaned against one of the stems, under the lacery of twig and bud. d) 76% of the land area under forest cover. f) No, never. e) Since yesterday. f) Not bad. g) $ 25. h) By train. i) On Friday(s). k) Yes, you are. l) No, thanks. m) On the top shelf. n) Trimming.

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3. Give the interrogative form of the following statements: a) There is some milk left in the fridge. b) He said something unpleasant. c) There is no one at the door. 4. Transform the following sentences into: a) a negative statement b) a question c) a negative question You can add tags. ∗ It looks brand new. ∗ He lost the key to the front door. ∗ They shall be traveling all night. ∗ He won the first prize that night. 5. Fill in with the missing forms: I II III meaning bear beat begun bent bind blown a aduce a cumpăra come drew drunk feel a zbura forget a auzi hid hold kept led meant meet paid a vedea speak spent won

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6. In what situations might you say the following:

What’s on? Who’s in it? What’s it about? What time does it start? Where shall we sit? What did you think of it? Would you care to dance with me? Will you pass me the salt? Who’s who? Where to?

7. Make up questions that could occur: a) in a classroom b) in a hall where somebody is interviewed c) in conference d) during police interrogation e) in a court-room f) in a GP’s office g) in the street (conducting a survey) h) in an office (job interview) i) in a church (religious confession) j) in an application / entry form 8. Find questions which ask for: a) an explanation b) confirmation c) justification d) rectification f) reproach g) checking or repeating previous information Why not? confirmation He is one of our best master sawyers. What am I saying? Our bestmaster sawyer.

rectification

What do you mean by DED? (Dutch Elm Disease) explanation You’re not going to leave, are you? objection Have I been there? Yes, of course I have. repetition Don’t I know these foresters? justfication What else do you want from me? reproach 9. (NO) FURTHER QUESTIONS

……… you have to leave suddenly? ………you wearing a blue pullover? ………it Bruce who introduced us?

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……… you ever ridden a horse? 10. a) Get the necessary information from your partner to complete the table: Question You Your partner

like dancing speak French be a night bird do physical exercises would like to move to a foreign country like cats have got a dog read newspapers on a regular basis smoke own a car

b) Fill in the following table: activity never sometimes always stay up late My parents never let

me stay up late.

bring my friends home

cook ......... 11. a)Complete the sentences using the words from the box: What, Why, Where, When, Who, How 1. ... are you from? 2. ... are you doing? 3. ... is your birthday? 4. ... are you so sad? 5. ... are you ? b) About you and your partner: a) ………………. Physiopathology? b) What exactly …………………? c) …………………..in ten years’ time? d) ……………… Botany? e) Why …………………? f) ………………..before? g) …………………..Dendrology? h) How often ……………………?

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i) ……………………….your job? j) How long ……………….? k)……………………..abroad? l)………………………English? c) Riddles. Find the right answers. What keys do you find in trees? I have problems. What do kangaroos wear in winter? Hissssssssssssssssssssssssssssssstory. What do you call a scared cow? The Horsepital. What do whales eat? From the footprints in the butter. What is a snake’s favourite lesson? Jumpers. What’s the difference between a lion with a broken leg and a wet day?

Because it’s too far to walk.

What did one Maths book say to the other Maths book?

Monkeys.

Where do sick horses go? A coward. Why do birds fly south in winter? Fish and ships. How can you tell when an elephant has been in the fridge?

One roars with pain and the other pours with rain.

12. Mr. Smith ordered the servants to pack his bags at once. Who(m) ……………? What ……………? He tells me he works at Harrods for the time being. Who …………..? What ……………? Where ……………? Their son takes piano lessons. Who .....................? What ....................? 13. Add a question tag to each question, paying attention to the tense: 1. It’s a lovely day, …? 2. Your handwriting isn’t very good, …? 3. I don’t know her, …? 4. You don’t mind if I smoke, …? 5. There’s no hair on your head, …? 6. It arrives at 9. 20, …? 7. I’m late, …? 8. We aren’t being rude, …? 9. You aren’t wearing a watch, …? 10. I’m speaking slowly enough for you, …? 11. You came in a flying saucer, …? 12. He was 89 when he died, …?

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13. You did lock it, …? 14. It rained all night, …? 15. We had a good meal last night, …? 16. They haven’t paid the bill, …? 17. We’ve met somewhere before, …? 18. He’s never been to Brazil, …? 19. They hadn’t been there for years, …? 20. You will come in, …? 21. You’ll come and have some tea with me, …? 22. You can understand what I say, …? 23. You can’t open the can, …? 24. Let’s meet again, …? 25. Have a cucumber sandwich, …? 14. Translate: 1. Unde pot închiria o maşină? 2. Unde putem găsi o cabină telefonică? 3. Cum a fost spectacolul? 4. De unde vii? 5. Când pot să fixez o întâlnire? 6. Când vreţi să telefonez? 7. De ce e atât de supărat? 8. De ce să aşteptăm atât de mult? 9. Ce-ar fi să mai bem un pahar? 10. Cine sunt oamenii ăştia? 11. Cine vrea să vină cu noi? 12. Ce maşină vei alege? 13. La ce te gândeşti? 14. Al cui este acest stilou? 15. Cine urmează? 16. Ce se întâmplă cu ei? / Ce i-a apucat? 17. Cât de departe este gara? 18. Ce vârstă are mama ta? 19. Cât de scumpă poate fi o cămaşă? 20. Ce înălţime are fratele tău? 21. Câţi bani vreţi? 22. Cu cât timp în urmă s-a întâmplat? 23. De câte ori l-ai văzut? 24. Cât de des plouă în regiunea asta? 25. Câţi puieţi sunt în pepinieră?

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Lecţia 2. QUESTIONABLE Ask your partner: What was the most difficult question you had to ask /answer? What do you usually do to avoid a question? When was the last time somebody bombarded you with questions? What does “pop the question” mean? 15. Match exercise. Other ways of saying ASK: a) to appeal b) to apply c) to claim d) to cross-examine e) to demand

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f) to interrogate g) to interview h) to nag / pester i) to order j) to poll / survey k) to question l) to request to claim ● to ask for something very firmly and emphatically, especially

because you think you have a right to do this to order ● to ask repeatedly and authoritatively to poll / survey ● to ask someone (usually a witness or a prisoner) a lot of

questions systematically or for a long time in order to get information (sometimes using threats)

to demand ● to ask for something that is legally yours to interview ● to ask the court or someone in authority for help or a decision to

be changed (formal, written) to apply ● to annoy someone, especially by asking them many times to do

something to request ● to ask someone questions in a court of law (by a lawyer) to nag / pester ● to ask for a job, a place in a university, or permission to do

something (formal, written) to cross-examine ● to ask for something in a polite or formal way to question ● to ask for goods (e. g. food, drink etc.) you are going to pay for to interrogate ● to ask a large number of people the same set of questions in

order to find out their attitudes or opinions to appeal ● to ask someone questions during an interview (by a reporter)

He that nothing questions nothing gains. I’m tired of him questioning me on this and that.

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ASK ≠ ANSWER REPLY RETORT GET BACK TO RESPONSE 16. Replace ASK with one of the synonyms:

He …………… where they lived. He that nothing …………… nothing gains. I …………… an explanation for your behaviour. What are you ……… my …... for?

Fresh gossip! 17. Identify types of questions (total / partial, direct / indirect etc.) in the following extracts. The full text is to be found in appendix 2. ○ ‘What’s the matter, Schatz?’ ‘I’ve got a headache.’ ○ ‘Do you want me to read to you?’ ‘All right, if you want to.’ ○ ‘How do you feel, Schatz?’ ‘Just the same, so far.’ ○ ‘Why don’t you try to sleep? I’ll wake you up for the medicine.’ ‘I’d rather stay awake.’ ○ ‘What is it?’ ‘Something like a hundred.’ ‘It was a hundred and two.’ ‘Who said so?’ ‘The doctor.’ ○ ‘Do you think it will do any good?’ ‘Of course it will.’ ○ ‘About what time do you think I’m going to die?’ ‘What?’ ‘About how long will it be before I die?’ ‘You aren’t going to die. What’s the matter with you?’ (Ernest Hemingway – A Day’s Wait) 18. Compare:

The girl looks / is looking at the picture. (The) horses graze / are grazing in the field. The girl looked / was looking at the picture.

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I wrote / was writing / had written a story in my book. 19. Make up questions using the word between parentheses: Forests were much bigger – in the dim and distant past (When …?) - in the mid-eighties. (What …?) - when I was little. (Who …?) 20. a) Read the following and identify the verbal tenses: Timberwood has been expensive - for as long as I can remember. - ever since the Revolution ended. - lately. - over the past 15 years. b) Complete the following sentences. Pay attention to the verbal tenses. ………………………… - nowadays. - these days. - at present. - at this point in history. - at this moment in time. Forests are getting thinner and thinner - ………………………. - ……………………….. - ……………………….. Forests are going to continue to get thinner - …………………….. - …………………….. - ……………………... Afforestation will have doubled - ……………………… - ……………………… - ………………………. c) Consider the changes in your home town. Ex. The supermarket used to be a garage. The post-office used to be a museum. 21. Tell your partner to think about an object (s)he would choose for a TIME-CAPSULE and keep it in mind. Try to find out what that object is. Use some of the following questions: ○ What is it? ○ What’s it made of? ○ What colour is it? ○ How old is it? ○ How much is it worth? ○ Where do you keep it? ○ What special significance does it have for you / mankind? 22. a) Complete the following questions and then have a dialogue with your partner: 1. What’s your favourite …? 2. Can you tell me …?

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3. I’d like to know …? 4. How often do you …? 5. Do you remember …? 6. Do you think you’ll …? 7. What’s your opinion of …? 8. Do you know …? 9. Have you got …? 10. What’s the best thing about …? 11. When did you …? 12. How many …? b) Ask the guru / the fortune-teller questions about your future and / or past: Student A asks questions (Yes / NO questions) about a particular aspect of his / her life in the future (ex. Will I be rich?) Student B answers the questions by drawing randomly a ticket from a hat (s/he is supposed to prepare in advance a hat full of tickets with answers such as: Ah, the age-old question! I cannot predict now. You wouldn’t like to know. You wish! It is decidedly so. Mind your language, young man! As I see it, yes... But of course! It is for certain. The odds are in your favour. Wouldn’t you like to know! My sources say no. Are you serious? Let me get back to you. Outlook not so good. Ummm, aahh, weelll, sure... Ask me no questions, I’ll tell you no lies. Were you asking me? How should I know? If I say yes, will you stop asking? The possibilities are endless. When pigs fly. I’ll need to think about that. Reply hazy, try again. You may rely on it. No way! Signs point to... yes. Absolutely..... not. Absolutely..... but I’ve been wrong before. Two thumbs up! The outlook is grim. You’ve got to be kidding!)

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Lecţia 3. METAPHOR – TIME IS MONEY

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Did he really waste - nine hours before he made a decision? - his entire fortune on that trifle?

Will he really spend - an entire day to repair his old car? - a month’s salary to repair his old car?

You really need to budget your time.

I’ve invested a lot of time in her.

Paying the fees cost me five hours. Complete the following Chinese proverb:

TIME = MONEY

TO SPEND TO WASTE TO BUY TO RUN OUT OF TO SPARE

With money you can buy a CLOCK, but not TIME With money you can buy a HOUSE, but not a HOME With money you can buy a BED, but not SLEEP With money you can buy a BOOK, but not ..... With money you can buy a ..., but not RESPECT With money you can buy ......., but not ....... With money you can buy ......, but not ........ With money you can buy ........., but not ..........

23. Say the time! a) Write the following times as numbers. Use the 24-hour clock.

It’s nine p.m. 21. 00 It’s a quarter past five in the morning. It’s a quarter to two in the afternoon. It’s twenty-five to eight in the evening. It’s half past ten in the morning.

b) What’s the time in …….?

LONDON NY MELBOURNE MIAMI BANGKOK MOSKOW c) Represent graphically: ○ half past eight ○ eight thirty ○ a quarter to seven ○ six forty-five Around the Clock 12 clockwise

in no time time off just in time time limit well-timed dull time take your in due time time

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counterclockwise (BE) 6 anticlockwise (AE) ○ This shop is open around the clock. ○ He arrived at twelve o’clock sharp. Just in time for lunch. ○ It’s five minutes to ten. He ran out of time. ○ It’s twenty minutes to 6. It’s high time that – he left. - he should leave. - for him to leave. ○ It’s only a quarter past ten. Take your time! The time limit is half past two. ○ Already eight thirty? Amazing how time flies! ○ Have you got the time? ○ What time is it? ○ What’s the time? ○ Don’t tell me the time. I’ve got my own timepiece. ○ I’m afraid my alarm clock doesn’t keep good time. ○ Does it gain / lose time? ○ Is it fast or slow? ○ It just stopped. ○ I set my watch by the radio. ○ Wind it up and set it to 6.30. ○ Set the watch back. It’s two minutes fast. ○ Men don’t wear pocket watches anymore. ○ What kind of strap does your wrist watch have? ○ This old grandfather clock lost its hands. ○ What you should do know is make up for lost time. ○ The long hand points to the minutes. ○ The short hand points to the hour. ○ The second hand moves faster. ○ Midnight is 12 o’clock at night. ○ Noon is 12 o’clock in the daytime. ○ Is it 7 a. m. or p. m.? ○ We should get there at around three. ○ They arranged to meet at 9 o’clock precisely. ○ At 11 o’clock sharp he rang the front door bell. ○ Timewise they were not doing too badly. Motherwise she was not doing too badly either. ○ Beware! Waves at one o’clock! 24. Translate:

După ceasul meu e 3 fix. Avionul decolează la 6.15. Această cursă contra timpului din ultimele zile m-a epuizat. În trecut, oamenii foloseau clepsidre sau ceasuri solare pentru a măsura timpul.

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Oraşul ei se află la doar o oră depărtare de al meu. Îi plac foarte mult filmele de epocă.

Read the following text. What ‘s YOUR twisted concept of time / your secret time-related wish?

« ‘’What a funny watch !’’ Alice remarked. ‘’It tells the day of the month but it doesn’t tell what o’clock it is.’’

‘’Why should it ?’’ muttered the Hatter. ‘’Does your watch tell you what year it is ?’’

‘‘Of course not’’, Alice replied, ‘’but that’s because it stays the same for such a long time together.’’

‘’Which is just the same with mine’’, said the Hatter... ‘’I dare say you never even talked to Time’’... ‘’If you only keep in good terms with him, he’d do almost anything with the clock. For instance, suppose it were nine o’clock in the morning, just time to begin lessons: you just have to whisper a hint to Time and round goes the clock in a twinkling! Half past one, time for dinner!’’

‘’That would be grand, certainly,’’ said Alice, ‘‘but then – I shouldn’t be hungry for it, you know.’’

‘‘Not at first, perhaps,’’ said the Hatter, ‘but you could keep it to half past one for as long as you liked.’’ » (Lewis Carroll – Alice in Wonderland)

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25. Quality Time % What do you do all day? Draw a flipchart and represent graphically what percentage of your time you allot to: ○ work / school ○ sleep ○ family / friends ○ travel ○ others. See the following example: Rowan Woods, Christmas tree-grower.

ME (3 hours) I get a lot of personal time to watch TV or play the piano. I also

play all sorts of games on the computer. I like the learning process and think of it as leisure time.

WORK (11 hours) I grow Christmas trees and farm sheep and cow in mid-Wales. It’s been a mad five weeks but it is nearly over now. I spend a lot of time on the phone coordinating things.

SLEEP (8 hours) I need sleep. If I don’t get enough sleep I am prone to getting ill. FAMILY (1 hours 30 mins)

Because I work from home I see my family throughout the day. I take a lot of breaks and have lunch and dinner with my wife and children.

TRAVEL (30 mins)

I don’t get off the farm very often. When I do, it usually takes about half an hour.

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% What I used to do Draw a flipchart for you and one for Fox Glove, a 65-year-old pensioner, whose story you are supposed to complete. ACTIVITY (allotted time)

YOU FOX GLOVE

I used to work as a part-time art history teacher, three days a week. I also wrote for German newspapers as an art critic. Once I had the kids, I kind of lost control of my life.

......... I used to ride a bicycle to work, so it

took me about 45 minutes or so. ......... I used to sit for hours on end in

front of the computer, where I usually combined light work with doing something for me. Time for myself was any time without the children.

% What do you do all day ? Draw a flipchart for Reed Forrester. ME (3 hours) In the evening, I can’t just go to bed, like other people: I have

to wait for sleep to come a-knocking, so I practise the guitar, read tool catalogues, watch TV...

SLEEP (5 hours) I don’t like sleeping. I think Sandy-Man is creepy... TRAVEL (5 hours) On a commuting day I have to take the car, train and tube. WORK (8 hours) Definitely my favourite part of the day. I get to chase

poachers all day long. PARTNER (3 hours) I spend less time with Jules than I used to, but I try to make

up for it at the weekends.

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26. All in Good Time Complete the table: YEAR STATE ACTION Ex. In 1978, I was a new-born baby and I used to cry a lot. Ex. By 2040 I will have retired.

▪ a new-born baby ▪ a toddler ▪ in kindergarten ▪ of school-age ▪ a teenager ▪ coming of age ▪ aged 22 ▪ in my prime ▪ in my mid-twenties ▪ 36 years of age ▪ approaching middle age ▪ on the wrong side of 40 ▪ ageing ▪ pushing 50s ▪ in my late fifties ▪ heading for retirement ▪ coming up to 70 ▪ a bit long in the tooth ▪ with one foot in the grave ▪ pushing up the daisies

Use: would, used to, will, will have etc.

27. Answer the following questions:

What is “time is money” to you? Are you good at time management? What time do you begin / end work / school every day? What will you be doing this time tomorrow? What will you have done in in 10 year’s

time? Do you usually arrive in good time for meetings and appointments with people? Are you normally aware of roughly what time it is? Do you have a sense of time? Do you know the meaning of “to do time”? How many hours do you usually sleep at night? In what circumstances can you say: “it’s a cracker of a day”?

Would you rather be a plant? Match the tree with the age:

Walnut tree +500 years Fir tree, juniper, pine

± 13,000 years

Linden tree, chestnut (esculent)

+200 years

Mammouth -400 years

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Sagu ± 4000 years Life-cycle of a Plant 28. Arrange the following stages in the right order, using the following time adverbs and expressions: first, next, soon, at this stage, subsequently, meanwhile, later, then, afterwards, eventually etc.

present current archaic contemporary expectations obsolete for the time being prospects THE DAY BEFORE YESTERDAY YESTERDAY TODAY TOMORROW THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW

old-fashioned nowadays anticipation out-of-date up-to-date in the near / distant future

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formerly fashionable in the long / short run 29. Make up as many sentences as you can with the following time-markers:

Adj.: earlier, former, preceding, previous

Adj.: contemporary, simultaneous

Adj.: following, later, next

BEFORE Adv.:

already, first, formerly, previously, until now/ then, so far, ago, in the beginning

DURING Adv.: at

present, at this point, now, today, for the time being, at the moment, in the meantime, meanwhile, at the same time

AFTER Adv.: next, soon, by

the time, by the end, eventually, afterwards

Arrange the following time markers under the right headings: a four-hour (trip), afterwards, all the time, at the same time, every ten minutes, for a while, from (7) to (9), meanwhile, now and again, once a year, on the hour, overnight, previously, repeatedly, straight away, subsequently, till, until. DURATION SEQUENCE FREQUENCY Complete the sentences with prepositions from the box. at, for, from, in, on, to 1. I’m afraid the shop is closed ... Mondays. 2. I expect he’ll be back ... September. 3. What time is the reservation ...? 4. The library is open ... nine o’clock ... seven o’clock. 5. What do you do ... the weekends? 6. She gets up ... 11 o’clock every day. 7. ... the afternoon they watch TV. 8. ... weekends, they go on short trips. 30. Explain the difference between: ♠ to spend / waste / lose / kill / do time.

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31. Read and translate: Truth is the daughter of time. In times of yore, people were gore. Make haste slowly. Elms were nine times out of ten cut in the area. Close time is a period when fishing and hunting are forbidden. Other times, other manners. Now seems the right time to make changes. Seize the day! Under age is no age for one to smoke. Manners change with time. It was worth waiting for. Never put off tomorrow what you can do today. Georgia finds it difficult to husband her time. 32. ♣ timeconsuming ≠ timesaving Work with a partner. Give examples of timeconsuming (Student A) / timesaving (Student B) activities. 33. Time to Talk: a) Comment on / illustrate:

Time works wonders. Time heals the strongest grief. Time flies when you’re having fun. Time lost can never be recalled. Time waits for no one. Tomorrow never comes. You cannot save time; you can only spend it. Things may happen in an hour that don’t happen in a year. “There is an appointment time for anything. And there is a time for every event under

heaven – a time to give birth, and a time to die; a time to plant and a time to unroot what is planted.” (Ecclesiastes; 3:1-2) b) What do you usually do to fill a dead half hour (for instance between the Nine O’Clock news and the News at Ten)? List ten top-activities.

Give an account of a period of your life you jnow consider to be your “halcyon days”. Speak for about 3 minutes using the following prompts: timepoor, free time / leisure

time / pastime. 34. Group the following phrases denoting TIME into synonymic clusters: free time, idle time, just in time (for), in next to no time, in no time at all, in the nick of time, in time, in times gone by, in time of need, in times immemorial, lapse of time, leisure time, on time pastime, period of time, spare time, time span, to kick the bucket, to pass away, troublesome times, vacant time.

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1. ………………………………………… …………………………………………… ……………………………………………

perioadă de timp

2………………………………………….. …………………………………………… …………………………………………… …………………………………………… …………………………………………… ……………………………………………

timp liber

3. ………………………………………… …………………………………………… …………………………………………… ……………………………………………

(tocmai) la timp

4. ………………………………………… ……………………………………………

în timpuri străvechi

5. ………………………………………… ……………………………………………

vremuri grele

6. ………………………………………… ……………………………………………

într-o clipă

7. ………………………………………… ……………………………………………

a muri

35. Once upon a Time Put the following words and expressions in the correct groups: frequency (adverbs)

verbs expressions other

twice a year

to time

Only Time will Tell... Choose five of the following time expressions and write a short text.

twice / thrice a year biannual year by year

all the year round throughout the year

New Year’s Day / Eve !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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Time: ╬ belt ╬ bomb ╬ book ╬ expired ╬ honoured ╬ keeping ╬ machine ╬ sheet ╬ span ╬stained ╬ stricken ╬ travel ╬ worker ╬ worn ╬ zone.

every two years fortnight

seedling age ********** exploitable age

twelvemonth leap year light year yearly

once in a blue moon

biological clock ????????

to be ahead of one’s time

perfect timing

harvest time

sooner or later in due course

at the crack of dawn the time of my life

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deadline **********to be behind time

************* to be up to date ************* to do time ************* one at a time *************

hourglass

◦ from Day One ◦ for ever and a day

What’s in store? what the future holds…

in time on time at times most of the time

on Wednesday fortnight ******** a fortnight tomorrow

untimely

in the course of time / in the meantime

by the hour at the eleventh hour smbd’s finest/darkest hour strike/chime the hour for hours on end in the early/small hours of the day the hero of the hour rush hour

1st /2nd year student

to time

race against time in

early / late spring

local/mean/ Greenwich time

the night is still young

day in day out Let’s call it a day!

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in the long / short run

under age / be of age / come of age / turn 18

pushing 40s

part-time full-time flexitime

to date to update

c) Find equivalent expressions to complete the table:

very rarely on a daily basis at the correct time to be modern / fashionable nine times out of ten in the near future premature(ly) sometimes eventually almost too late very early in the morning d) Rephrase the time expressions in bold: Tom and Jenny hadn’t seen each other for donkey’s years. I do my exercises first thing in the morning. Why don’t you make a night of it? He arrived in the nick of time. You can’t just do everything on the dot. A lot of water has flowed under the bridge since then. Let’s go out tonight, for old time’s sake! I had a whale of time last night. Let’s call it a day!

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Just name the day! It’s one of those days... Eh, those were the days... We should try and make up for lost time. We could have a whale of a time. That phone call really made my day!

e) Go back and forth in time, marking important events in your life on the time line below. Past Present Future -------------------------------------------------------/------------------------------------------------------ 36. Pressed with Time Complete the beginnings and endings: ……………………………………this time last year..................................................... ........................................................this time next year.................................................... ............................................to have the time of your life................................................. ...........................................................as time goes by....................................................... ......................................................from time to time........................................................ A Right Time for Everything They say: 1 o’clock at night is the time when our body is the most tense between 2 – 4 o’clock (a. m.) our vigilance reaches the lowest level therefore we are

prone to accidents 3 o’clock (a. m.) - the lowest temperature at 4 o’clock (a. m.) our sleep is very unstable 8 o’clock in the morning – the heart beats faster between 9 – 11 we are intellectually at our best at 10 o’clock (a. m.) – we should not drink alcohol around midday our brain works best between 12 – 13 we can eat enough without the risk of getting fat at 2 p.m. we don’t feel pain so badly; now is the right time to make an appointment with

the dentist between 13 – 15 – time to relax between 15 – 19 – the best time for sports in the early evening (about 5 p.m.) food tastes better between 19 – 20 loneliness is hard to take 24 – time for beauty sleep

What have you noticed about your own circadian rhythm? Make your own timetable.

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8-10 a.m. morning 10-12 a.m. noon 12.00

12-02 p.m. 2-3 p.m. 3-4 p.m.

afternoon

4-5 p.m. early evening 5-6 p.m. evening 6-9 p.m. night 9-... 37

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Lecţia 4. THE BUTTERFLY THE BUTTERFLY (Hans Christian Andersen)

Motto: “Though nothing can bring back the hour Of splendour in the grass and glory in the flower.” (William Wordsworth – Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of EarlyChildhood) “Fallen flower I see Returning to its branch – Ah! a butterfly.” (A. Moritake; Transl. G. Bownas and A. Thwaite) 37. Comment on the idea of TIME as suggested by the following story.

♣ The butterfly was looking out for a bride, and naturally he wished to select a nice one among the flowers. ♣ He looked at them, sitting so quietly and discreetly upon their stems, as a damsel generally sits when she is not engaged; but there were so many to choose among, that it became quite a difficult matter. ♣ The butterfly did not relish encountering difficulties, so in his perplexity he flew to the daisy. She is called in France Marguerite. He knew that she could see into the future and that she did so often; for lovers plucked leaf after leaf from her, and with each a question was asked respecting the beloved: “Is it true love?”, “From the heart?”, “Love that pines?”, “Cold love?”, “None at all?” – or some such questions. Everyone asks in his own language. ♣ The butterfly came too to put his questions; he did not, however, pluck off the leaves but kissed them all one by one, with the hope of getting a good answer. ♣ “Sweet Marguerite Daisy,” said he, “you are the wisest wife among all the flowers; you know how to predict events. Tell me, shall I get this one or that? Or whom shall I get? When I know, I can fly straight to the fair one, and commence wooing her.” ♣ But Marguerite would scarcely answer him; she was vexed at his calling her “wife”. He asked a second time, and he asked a third time, but he could not get a word out of her; so he would not take the trouble to ask any more, but flew away without further ado on his matrimonial errand.

◘ discreet ≠ discrete ◘ to encounter = to meet (with), face ◘ to relish = to enjoy, to like, to delight in ◘ to pluck = a rupe, a smulge, a trage, a scoate, a arunca, a jumuli o pasăre, a ciupi coardele, a culege fucte, a trânti la un examen ◘ to pine = a se ofili = a tânji

Riddle: Why did the pine tree pine? Because it saw the weeping willow weep. ◘ to woo (and coo) = a face curte, a peţi ◘ ado = agitation, tumult, excitement, fuss

Make up questions to be answered by the underlined words and expressions.

Time markers: - when - a second time - ……………

Time expressions: - without further ado

Plants: - daisy

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Time markers: - in the early spring

♣ It was in the early spring, and there were plenty of snowdrops and crocuses. “They are very nice-looking,” said the butterfly, “charming little things, but somewhat too juvenile.” He, like most very young men, preferred elder girls. ♣ Thereupon he flew to the anemones, but there were rather too bashful for him; the violets were too enthusiastic; the tulips were too fond of show; the jonquils were too plebeian; the linden tree blossoms were too small and they had too large a family connection; the apple blossoms were certainly as lovely as roses to look at, but they stood today and fell off tomorrow, as the wind blew. It would not be worth while to enter into wedlock for so short a time, he thought. ♣ The sweet-pea was the one that pleased him most; she was pink and white, she was pure and delicate, and belonged to the class of notable girls who always look well, yet can make themselves useful in the kitchen. He was on the point of making an offer to her when at that moment he observed a pea-pod hanging close by, with a withered flower at the end of it. “Who is that?” he asked. “My sister,” replied the sweet-pea. “Indeed! then you will probably come to look like her, by-and-by,” screamed the butterfly as he flew on. ♣ The honeysuckles hung over the hedge; they were extremely ladylike, but they had long faces and yellow complexions. They were not to his taste. But who was to his taste? Aye! ask him that.

◘ snowdrop = ghiocel ◘ crocus = şofran ◘ thereupon = după care ◘ bashful = shy, timid ◘ jonquil = narcissus jonquilla ◘ plebeian= common, vulgar ◘ linden tree = tei ◘ wedlock = marriage ◘ sweet-pea = indruşaim, sângele voinicului ◘ pea = mazăre

Riddle: What letter grows in the garden? Pea. ◘ pod = păstaie ◘ withered = ofilit ◘ honeysuckle = caprifoi ◘ hedge = arbust; gard viu ◘ complexion = ten; înfăţişare, aspect

Read carefully the expressions in bold. Give other examples built on the pattern: too large (a family connection), fond of (show), for so (short) a (time). Provide synonyms and antonyms for the adjectives: bashful, enthusiastic, small, large.

Make up questions to be answered by the underlined words and expressions.

- …………… - ……………

Time expressions: - ……………

Plants: - snowdrops - …………… - …………… - …………… - …………… - …………… - …………… - …………… - ……………

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♣ The spring had passed, the summer had passed, and autumn was passing too. The flowers were still clad in brilliant robes but, alas! the fresh fragrance of youth was gone. Fragrance was a great attraction to him, though no longer young himself, and there was none to be found among the dahlias and hollyhocks. ♣ So the butterfly stooped down to the wild thyme. “She has scarcely any blossom, but she is altogether a flower herself, and all fragrance – every leaflet is full of it. I will take her.” So he began to woo forthwith. ♣ But the wild thyme stood stiff and still, and at length she said, “Friendship, but nothing more! I am old, and you are old. We may very well live for each other, but marry – no! Let us not make fools of ourselves in our old age!” ♣ So the butterfly got no one. He had been too long on the lookout, and that one should not be. The butterfly became an old bachelor, as it is called.

◘ clad = dressed ◘ hollyhocks = nalbă ◘ thyme = cimbru; lămâiţă

Make up questions to be answered by the underlined words and expressions.

Time markers: - the spring - …………… - …………… - …………… - …………… - ……………

Time expressions: - …………… - ……………

Plants: - dahlias - …………… - ……………

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♣ It was late in the autumn, and there was nothing but drizzling rain and pouring rain; the wind blew coldly on the old willow trees till the leaves shivered and the branches cracked. It was not pleasant to fly about in summer clothing; this is the time, it is said, when domestic love is most needed. ♣ But the butterfly flew about no more. He had accidentally gone within doors, where there was fire in the stove - yes, real summer heat. He could live, but “to live is not enough,” said he; “sunshine, freedom, and a little flower, one must have.” ♣ And he flew against the window pane, was observed, admired, and stuck upon a needle in a case of curiosities. (…) “Now I am sitting on a stem, like the flowers, “ said the butterfly; “very pleasant it is not, however. It is almost like being married, one is tied so fast.” And he tried to comfort himself with this reflection. ♣ “That is poor comfort!” exclaimed the plants in the flowerpots in the room. “But one can hardly believe a plant in a flowerpot,” thought the butterfly; “they are too much among human beings.”

◘ drizzle = burniţă; ploaie mocănească ◘ window pane = ochi de geam ◘ to stick, stuck, stuck = a infige

Make up questions to be answered by the underlined words and expressions.

Time markers & expressions: - late in the autumn - …………… - …………… - …………… - …………....

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“The honeysuckles hung over the edge…”.

● verb regulat: hang, hanged, hanged (a spânzura) He was hanged for first-degree murder.

TO HANG ● verb neregulat: hang, hung, hung (a atârna)

Grandma hung her grandson’s picture on the wall.

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“… the apple blossoms were certainly as lovely as roses to look at, but they stood today and fell off tomorrow, as the wind blew.” “But the wild thyme stood stiff and still…”.

.............................. .the president stands high in the public opinion polls............................. ................................my offer still stands................................................................................. ....................................................I stand corrected / rebuked................................................. .........................you don’t have to stand in line (AE) / a queue (BE) ..................................................to stand in somebody’s way.................................................. .............to make somebody’s hair stand on end...................................................................... .................................................he stands last on the list.......................................................... ..................................................to stand treat.......................................................................... ........................it’s not unusual to stand somebody a glass of wine......................................... .....................but I’m not going to stand by and see her hurt................................................... ................................................I’ll stand by you no matter what.............................................. .........................What does this M stand for?...........................................................................

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Translate:

De la ce vine „RP”? Detest oamenii care nu stau niciodată la rând. Nu mai suport aşteptarea. Când am auzit veştile, mi s-a făcut pur şi simplu părul măciucă. După cum stau lucrurile, situaţia nu se va îmbunătăţi prea curând. Degeaba te ridici în vârful picioarelor; n-ai cum să ajungi la tavan. Într-o asemenea situaţie trebuie neapărat să iei atitudine.

“The butterfly was looking out for a bride…”

“He looked at them, sitting so quietly and discreetly upon their stems…” “’They are very nice-looking,’ said the butterfly…” “The apple blossoms were certainly as lovely as roses to look at…”

“’Indeed! then you will probably come to look like her, by-and-by,’ screamed the butterfly as he flew on.”

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LOOK a privi, a se uita la; privire, uitătură

etc. (termen general, neutru) He gave me an astonished look. Let me have a look at your eye! The new look is a fashion of the

50s. PEEP a trage cu ochiul; privire rapidă,

vicleană His favourite occupation? Peeping

through the keyhole. PEEK + in, out, at peep - SCAN to look at smth. intently and quickly - SPOT to notice, to catch sight of All of a sudden I spotted John in

the crowd. GLARE to frown; to give a dirty look - GLANCE privire rapidă I saw at a glance that something

was wrong. to cast a glance at to take a glance at to glance at smbd.’s face to be worth a second glance a quick glance

GLIMPSE a zări ceva; a prinde din zbor; a vedea ceva foarte repede, neintenţionat

to catch / get a glimpse

GAZE a privi îndelung, cu interes sau cu admiraţie

a dreamy, long gaze to gaze into the far distance to gaze at

STARE o privire fixă, insistentă, de cele mai multe ori neplăcută pentru cel privit; o impoliteţe din partea privitorului

to stare at

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38. Complete the following sentences inserting a suitable term of the above group of synonyms: …………… what I’ve got! He could …………… at the sea for hours. They just …………… him as he flashed past.

They …………… in open astonishment at the bloody scene. A quick …………… was all I needed to reassure myself. What are you …………… at? We’ll have to take a good hard …………… at the problem. I’m not interested. I wouldn’t give it a second ……………. …………… through the key-hole was his favourite occupation. Mother says she’s …………… forward to meeting you.

“The butterfly did not relish encountering difficulties, so in his perplexity he flew

to the daisy.” “When I know, I can fly straight to the fair one, and commence wooing her.” “…so he would not take the trouble to ask any more, but flew away without further ado on his matrimonial errand.” “Thereupon he flew to the anemones.” “’Indeed! then you will probably come to look like her, by-and-by,’ screamed the butterfly as he flew on”.

“But the butterfly flew about no more.” “And he flew against the window pane…”

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“But Marguerite would scarcely answer him…” “She has scarcely any blossom, but she is altogether a flower herself ...” HARDLY / BARELY / SCARCELY

He can hardly / barely speak. He’so overcome by emotion. Hardly anyone writes to me those days. She lives in Spain, so we hardly ever see her. This is hardly the time or the place to discuss the matter. barely audible / visible / discernible / perceptible etc.

HARDLY / BARELY / SCARCELY had he entered WHEN he heard the phone ringing. NO SOONER had he entered THAN he heard the phone ringing.

“The apple blossoms were certainly as lovely as roses to look at, but they stood today and fell off tomorrow, as the wind blew.” “She has scarcely any blossom, but she is altogether a flower herself, and all fragrance – every leaflet is full of it.” Bloom, blossom, flower = floare To bloom, to blossom, to flower, to flourish = a înflori DAR: ◘ (to) bloom: What kind of flowers bloom in early spring? The roses in my garden are in full bloom at this time of the year. bloom: orice fel de floare, dar mai ales cele ornamentale, plantate pentru frumuseţea sau exotismul lor. ◘ (to) blossom: My cherry-tree is in full blossom at present. The dog-roses are blossoming , have you noticed? blossom: se foloseşte mai ales în legătură cu florile pomilor fructiferi;

uneori se foloseşte cu sens figurat; spre deosebire de bloom, blossom sugerează o etapă incipientă de dezvoltare a florii –

îmbobocirea mai mult decât floarea deschisă, ajunsă la maturitate. ◘ (to) flower: These shrubs / chrysanthemum / apple trees flower in late summer. flower: termen neutru, care le poate înlocui însă fără probleme atât pe bloom, cât şi pe blossom. ◘ (to) flourish: His business is flourishing. Drama flourished in O’Neill’s time in America. (to) flourish: a înflori (mai mult figurativ);

a prospera,a se dezvolta, a-i merge bine, a avea succes.

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39. Complete the following sentences inserting a suitable term of the above group of synonyms:

Cacti ............... despite the damp climate. The ............... of Romania’s youth has emigrated in the West. The dog rose …………… early. How’s your family? ……………. These …………… need careful watering. When do you expect these buds to ……………? When he found her, Rose was in her full …………….

40. Fill in the table:

Latin English Romanian Galanthus Nivalis zadă crabapple Lonicera Periclymenum

41. 3 at the Price of 1 Think of one word which can be used to complete the following three sentences:

……… in queue would be commonsensical in this situation, don’t you think? What does MDF ……… for? His works will definitely ……… the test of time.

42. ONCE UPON A TIME What day is today? Devise a calendar: This Day in History. YEAR EVENT

43. Write A HISTORY OF THE WOODS IN 10 ½ LINES. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. . It’s closing time!!!

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bark 2 n. [U] the outer covering of a tree (inner

bark ≠ outer bark) batten n. [C] a long narrow piece of wood that is attached to other pieces of wood or another building material to strengthen them and keep them in place beaver n. [C] a North American animal that has thick fur and a wide flat tail, and cuts down trees with its teeth beech n. [C/U] a large tree with smooth grey BARK, or the wood from this tree beetle n. [C] a round hard-backed black insect beetroot n. [C/U] BrE a plant with a round dark red rootthat you cook and eat as a vegetable birch n. [C/U] a tree with smooth BARK and thin branches, or the wood from this tree (the birch = the practice of hitting people with birch sticks as an official punishment) (silver birch) black walnut n. [C] Juglans nigra branch 1 n. [C] a part of a tree that grows out from the TRUNK and that has leaves, fruit, or smaller branches growing from it

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Lecţia 5. GRAMMAR SECTION – THE NOUN PHRASE

Verb in the singular ○ news: No news is good news.

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○ information: Unfortunately, he was unable to provide much information. ○ politics: Politics is talk. ○ gymnastics: Gymnastics is one of the few fields in which the Romanians outshine many others. (BUT: The gymnastics are being held in the open.) ○ measles: Measles is an infectious disease common in children. ○ mumps: Mumps usually affects the neck.

Unele substantive pot deveni numărabile, dar cu sensuri diferite pentru forma de plural. Altele sunt numărabile, dar forma de plural este polisemantică. Ex. □ AIR AIRS

His speech was really like a breath of fresh air. Don’t put on airs with me.

□ BEAUTY BEAUTIES Beauty lies in the eye of the beholder. A thing of beauty is a joy for ever. Your sister looks like she’ll grow up to be a beauty.

□ CHEESE CHEESES Really now, you know I can’t stand cheese. French cheeses are really appreciated around here.

∗ the same with WINES □ COFFEE COFFEES

They consider coffee a drug. Two coffees (cups of coffee), please!

□ COLOUR COLOURS What kind of colour is crimson? Australia’s national colours

to call to the colours = a chema sub drapel □ COMPASS COMPASSES

A magnetic compass and a map are invaluable assets to a sailor. Where are the compasses?

□ CUSTOM CUSTOMS He might be able to offer further information on local custom. Immigrants are usually stopped at customs and questioned.

□ DAMAGE DAMAGES The damage is done. There’s nothing you can do about it. They got two million dollars in damages.

□ EFFECT EFFECTS If he wants to impress people at the party, I’m afraid his outfit

will be of little or no effect. His personal effects were taken by the widow.

□ EXPERIENCE EXPERIENCES

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Applicants for the job should have experience of working with computers.

This is an experience I won’t forget for as long as I live. □ FISH FISHES

They never eat fish, unless there is an important holiday. The fishes felt more at ease in a larger bowl and swam happily to

and fro. □ FORCE FORCES

I didn’t mean to hurt you, it was through force of habit. the Forces = (BE) the army / navy / air forces of a country

□ GLASS GLASSES People who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones. A:‘My grandfather lived to be ninety and never used glasses.’

B:‘Well, lots of people prefer to drink from the bottle.’ □ GOOD GOODS

Going to AA would be for your own good. He’s trying to get rid of those stolen goods.

□ HAIR HAIRS Most men’s ideal of beauty is a woman with long, fair hair. If I hate grandma’s cat is because it leaves hairs all over the sofa.

□ LOOK LOOKS Why don’t we have a look around the village after lunch? She got her good looks from her mother.

□ MANNER MANNERS By his manner of speaking, one could tell he was a Southerner. It’s about time one taught you the good manners.

□ OAK OAKS In the centre there was an old table made of oak. The oaks, pines and hemlocks sighed as they moved their

branches. □ PAIN PAINS

to be in pain; to relieve / ease the pain No gains without pains.

I’m at pains to explain what really happened. □ QUARTER QUARTERS

It’s a quarter past ten. He must be in front of the cathedral. At half past seven I’ll pass by the servants’ quarters.

□ SPECTACLE SPECTACLES You should wear your spectacles to enjoy better this exciting

spectacle. □ WATER WATERS

They prefer soda to mineral water. Still waters run deep.

□ WOOD WOODS There was no wood left by the stove. ‘Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening’ is a famous poem

written by Robert Frost. □ WORK WORKS

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If he's not at home, then he must be at work.. Looking after children can be hard work, you know.

the works = the factory

Verb in the plural

Pluralia tantum proper:

ashes: oseminte, rămăşiţe pământeşti, ruine; to burn to ashes = a preface în cenuşă, a arde din temelii to rise from one’s ashes = a renaşte din cenuşă ATENŢIE! ash = frasin; scrum ash-tray = scrumieră Ash Wednesday = Miercurea Mare (a Paştelui)

means: means of transport; a means to an end; by means of; by all means; by no means oats: fields of oats; horses eat oats. odds: the odds are in favour of / against smth. / smbd.

The odds are that it will rain tomorrow. outskirts: on the outskirts of the town remains: They left the remains of the supper on the table.

His remains are buried in Westminster.

Substantivele collective au înţeles de plural dar formă de plural. Acordul cu verbul se face la singular sau la plural în funcţie de sens. Ex. □ the clergy = clerul □ the infantry = infanteria

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□ family My family has / have always been close.

□ poultry: The poultry have been fed. □ public: Give the public what they want / it wants. □ cattle: cattle rancher; 20/10 head of cattle □ people: one person – many people; one people – many peoples □ police: The police were severely injured during the rioting. □ vermin: Beggars are considered vermin by some people. To a farmer, foxes are vermin because they cause damage.

Personal adjective heads sunt adjective substantivizate care, ca şi substantivele collective propriu-zise, au formă de singular dar se referă la un grup (de oameni).

Unele substantive pot fi cuantificate cu ajutorul unor expresii partitive generale. Cele

mai frecvente sunt: A PIECE OF (news, advice, information), AN ITEM OF (furniture) , A BIT OF.

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Alţi cuantificatori (expresii partitive specializate): B ● a bag of time (o groază de timp / timp berechet)

a ball of wool (un ghem de lână) ● a bar of chocolate (o tabletă de ciocolată)

a barrel of wine / beer (un butoi cu vin) ● a basket of fruit (un coş cu fructe)

a blade of grass (un fir de iarbă) ● a bottle of milk (o sticlă de lapte)

a bowl of soup (un castron cu supă) ● a box of chocolates (o cutie cu bomboane de ciocolată)

a box of matches (o cutie de chibrituri) ● a breath of air (o pală / gură de aer)

a bunch of keys (o legătură de chei) ● a bunch / bouquet of flowers (un buchet de flori) C ● a can of beer / fish (o cutie de bere / o conservă de peşte)

a cloud of dust (un nor de praf) ● a clump of trees (un pâlc de copaci)

a collection of coins / stamps (o colecţie de monede / timbre) ● a colony of ants (o colonie de furnici)

a crew of sailors / pilots (un echipaj: marinari, piloţi etc.) ● a crop of fruit / apples / grapes (recoltă de fructe / mere / struguri etc.)

a crowd / mass / multitude of people (o mulţime de oameni) ● a crumb of bread (o firimitură de pâine)

a cup of coffee (o ceaşcă de cafea) D ● a drop of water / rain (un strop de apă / ploaie) F ● a flock of sheep / birds (o turmă de oi / un stol de păsări) G ● a gaggle of geese (un card de gâşte)

a grain of rice (un bob de orez) ● a group of friends (un grup de prieteni) H ● a head of cabbage / lettuce (o căpăţână de varză / salată)

a herd of cattle (o cireadă de vaci) ● a host of daffodils (un camp / o grămadă / spuzenie de narcise)

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J ● a jar of jam (un borcan de gem) L ● a loaf of bread (o franzelă)

a lock of hair (o şuviţă de păr) ● a lump of sugar (un bulgăre de zahăr) N ● a nest of wasps (un cuib de viespi) P ● a pack of cards (un pachet de cărţi)

a pack of wolves (o haită de lupi) ● a pint of beer (pint = 0.57 (GB) / 0.47 (USA))

a pot of milk (o oală cu lapte) S ● a series of incidents (o serie de incidente)

a set of cutlery (un set de tacâmuri) ● a slice of cake / lemon (o felie de tort / lămâie)

a string of pearls / beads / islands (un şirag de perle / mărgele; un şir de insule) ● a stud of horses (o herghelie de cai)

a suit of clothes (un costum de haine) ● a swarm of insects (un roi de insecte) T ● a team of researchers (o echipă de cercetători)

a tube of toothpaste (un tub de pastă de dinţi) W ● a wink of sleep (un pui de somn)

a word of abuse (o insultă)

Genitivul sintetic De cele mai multe ori, marca genitivul sintetic este ‘S; uneori însă, apostroful singur (sau chiar lipsa acestuia) semnalează o relaţie genitivală între cuvinte. În general, se adaugă: ► apostrophe + S [’s] substantivelor comune care desemnează persoane, fiinţe (forma de singular) my daughter’s car the student’s book the engineer’s tools substantivelor proprii (forma de singular) John’s car Dr. Johnson’s prescription substantivelor cu plural neregulat (forma de plural) the children’s toys the women’s hats ► apostrophe [’] substantivelor comune care formează pluralul regulat (forma de plural) my daughters’ car substantivelor proprii (forma de plural) the Johnsons’ apartment substantivelor proprii care se termină în –S, -X, -Z etc. (forma de singular) Dickens’ (dar şi: Dickens’s) Burns’ (dar şi: Burns’s) Brutus’, Moses’ etc. unor substantive comune care se termină în –[S] şi sunt urmate de cuvântul sake for goodness’ sake (dar şi: for goodness sake)

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DAR: for Mary’s sake; art for art’s sake; for God’s sake ► no apostrophe [] în cazul numelor de străzi, restaurante, magazine, fabrici, edituri, companii etc. St. James Road ( St. James’(s) Road) Longmans ( Longman’s) Harrods ( Harrods’)

the boy’s car [animat uman comun] Shakespeare’s plays [animat uman propriu] the government’s policy; the people’s complaints [animat uman colectiv]

the dog’s food;

the cat’s fur; the spider’s web; a bird’s egg; cow’s milk; the wolf’s fangs [animat non-uman] DAR: chicken soup; calf skin (animalele sunt sacrificate şi folosite).

my heart’s desire a bird’s eye view at arm’s length Hawks will not pick hawk’s eyes. by a hair’s breadth [inanimat expresii, idiomuri, proverbe]

a day’s wait a month’s delay a year’s leave

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a fortnight’s vacation a moment’s thought the hundred years’ war in a minute or so’s time today’s / yesterday’s newspaper in two years’ time last year’s edition a 10 minutes’ walk [inanimat diviziuni cronologice]

a 3 tons’ lorry [inanimat pondere, greutate] a 5 dollars’book [inanimat valoare, preţ, cost] at a stone’s throw [inanimat diviziuni spaţiale]

Europe’s countries

Romania’s economy Bucharest’s streets Moldavia’s monasteries The Danube’s Delta [inanimat nume geografice]

COUNTRY, TOWN, CITY, RIVER the town’s inhabitants; the river’s banks the film’s defenders

life’s joys liberty’s voice [inanimat personificări]

the Sun’s rays / heat the Moon’s surface the earth’s water the ocean’s roar [inanimat fenomene sau elemente naturale]

Genitivul sintetic poate fi şi eliptic (sau independent). Este prezentă marca ’S şi posesorul, dar nu şi obiectul posedat.

Don’t take my book. Take somebody else’s. Whose coat is this? Hellen’s? No, my sister-in-law’s. Tom’s is the fastest car. His memory is like an elephant’s. St. Paul’s (St. Paul’s Cathedral) Breakfast at Tiffany’s. They met at Uncle Tom’s. the hairdresser’s the dressmaker’s the greengrocer’s the baker’s the chemist’s Marks and Spencers

În unele titluri, nume de companii, nume de organizaţii (ex. the Students

Association, the United Nations Organisation, sau în unele cuvinte compuse (ex. shepherd dog, sheepskin, student hostel, horse / pig tail), avem de a face cu genitivul sintetic implicit sau juxtapus.

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Cazuri speciale: ● the group genitive (în cuvintele compuse, ‘S se adaugă ultimului cuvânt, chiar dacă nu acesta este nucleul semantic)

the father-in-law’s an hour and a half’s negotiation the day before’s newspaper in a minute or so’s time Elisabeth II’s jewels the Editor-in-chief’s decision

● 2 posesori – 1 obiect / 2 posesori – 2 sau mai multe obiecte Comparaţi:

Jim and Sarah’s parents (Jim şi Sarah sunt fraţi, sau Jim şi părinţii lui Sarah) Jim’s and Sarah’s parents (părinţii lui Jim şi părinţii lui Sarah – Jim şi Sarah nu sunt

fraţi) Genitivul analitic / prepoziţional Genitivul analitic exprimă: ● posesia ( the picture of my mother) ● apartenenţa ( the cover of the book the lid of the pot the trees of the forest)

Atenţie!

Comparaţi: a picture of my mother (o fotografie sau un tablou în care apare mama) a picture of my mother’s (o fotografie sau un tablou care aparţin mamei sau care au

fost realizate de aceasta)

Un substantiv introdus printr-o relaţie genitivală analitica (-OF) poate fi:

subiect logic: the love of her mother (her mother’s love) obiect logic: the love of her mother (love FOR her mother)

Genitivul analitic este preferat de următoarele cazuri:

the streets of the town [substantive comune inanimate] the mother of Anne and Sarah [substantive proprii aflate în relaţie de coordonare] the fears of the poor [adjective substantivizate] the teachings of the wise the reign of Queen Elisabeth the First

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the coat of the old man in the doorway the papers of the guests present the murder of Caesar the month of February ‘Historical Plays of William Shakespeare’ The first of December is the Romanian National Holiday. He was a great supporter of Blair’s.

Genitivul dublu

a picture of my mother (o fotografie sau un tablou în care apare mama) [genitivul simplu]

a picture of my mother’s (o fotografie sau un tablou care aparţin mamei sau care au fost realizate de aceasta) [genitivul dublu]

a description of Sadoveanu (Sadoveanu este cel descris) [genitivul simplu] a description of Sadoveanu’s (descrierea aparţine lui Sadoveanu) [genitivul dublu]

the sister-in-law of my mother’s cousin [genitivul dublu]

Funcţii sintactice ale genitivului (după A. Chiriacescu, p. 76-78) Attributive genitive possessive genitive

Michael Sturdza’s coat of arms my cat’s fur subjunctive genitive the manager’s approval (to approve) the passage of years (to pass) objective genitive a carrier’s goods (to carry) the understanding of a text (to understand) expressive of dependence the door of my house expressing family relationship Mary’s daughter the father of that man expressing authorship Byron’s poems my partner’s letters / paintings descriptive genitive a winter’s day a feeling of happiness partitive genitive five of the students the best of my students genitive of gradation the dream of my dreams

Subject of a gerund Anny’s coming Predicative It’s my brother’s. Adverbial of place at his aunt’s Direct object to visit Mme Tussaud’s Apposition the city of London

the month of July

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44. Form nouns by means of the following suffixes: a) gender suffixes: -ess; -ette; -ina; -ine; -a; -ix. b) diminutival suffixes: -ling; -let. c) adjectival suffixes: -age; -al; .ence; -ant; -ee; -er; -or; -dom; -hood; -ship; -ment; -ness; -ation; -ty; -ity. 45. Give nouns corresponding to the following: a) verbs (to appraise, to assist, to behave, to develop, to dine, to gossip, to inform, to know, to recognize, to solve) b) adjectives (childish, difficult, high, long, mossy, nation, northern, scientific, strong, superior, warm) 46. Before or After? Combine words in order to get compound nouns. 1 HORSE – man - race - shoe 2 LAND – father - lord - mark 3 MASTER – card - head - piece - school 4 PAPER – bag - money - news 5 SHOP – book - window - work 6 TABLE – cloth - tennis - time 7 WOOD – fire - pecker - pile

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47. Complete the table so as to form compound nouns: assistant ball bell berry cone lifting storm tree blue fir shop snow 48. What colour is suitable to form compounds with the following words: BELT, BIRD, BOARD, CURRANT, THORN? 49. Give more examples of compound nouns following the pattern: MAN-EATER GOAL-KEEPER SLEEP-WALKER STAMP-COLLECTOR 50. Complete the triangles: common masculine feminine ??? sheep ??? mare ??? ??? spouse ??? ??? ??? ??? granddaughter

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??? ??? father ??? brother ??? ??? deer ??? hen ??? ??? 51. Give the plural of the following nouns: box, cliff, fish, foot, forget-me-not, goose, half, house, larva, ladybird, leaf, louse, monkey, ox, phenomenon, photo, piano, pine, potato, series, sister-in-law, spruce, story, swine, thief, tooth, tree, wife, wolf. 52. Turn the following sentences into plural. a) Where is the knife? b) There’s no child in their family. c) Who’s that person? 53. Fill in the boxes with either C (COUNTABLE) or U (UNCOUNTABLE): ∗ I simply can’t live without chocolate! ∗ Taking part in this contest proved to be a wonderful experience. ∗ The information you gave me is wrong. ∗ The luggage is to heavy for me to lift. ∗ He’s supposed to take the rubbish out. ∗ Will you put more wood on the fire? 54. Explain the difference between:

ash ashes brother brothers / brethren custom customs effect effects glass glasses pain pains part parts penny pennies / pence respect respects spirit spirits

55. Match the nouns with the appropriate quantifier: a breath of banknotes a clump of bacon a crumb of bees a cube of bread a dollop / jar of cattle / elephants / deer a drop of celery a flock of cheese a hunk of dust a pinch of jam a rasher of lemon a roll of pearls a squeeze of salt a (few) sticks of sheep a string of sugar a swarm of toilet paper a wad of air

56. Fill in with the appropriate nouns: amateurs, bananas, books, cards, cement, cereal, chocolates, cigarettes, coal, dogs, firewood, grapes, laundry, laundry, matches, matches, nerves, potatoes, rogues, sticks, wood

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57. Complete the following table:

cards chocolate cigarettes cloth flats information lies snow soap truth wolves wool

a ball of

a bar of

a block of

X

a brand of

a grain of

a pack of

a piece of

a strand of

58. Make up sentences with the following: • a crumb of a crust of a loaf of a morsel of a piece of a slice of BREAD • a ball of a cut of a joint of a loaf of a roast of a slice of a stone of MEAT • a grain of – COMFORT - CORN - HUMOUR - LOGIC - PEPPER - RICE - SAND - TRUTH

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59. Match:

an armful of coffee a bucketful of flowers / hay two cupfuls of flowers / people / occasions a glassful of people / furniture a handful of soup a plateful of sand / water / bricks a roomful of milk a spoonful of sugar / salt 60. Translate into English: ∗ un fir de – bumbac - iarbă - lână - nisip - păr - praf ∗ o gură de – aer curat / proaspăt - cremă ∗ un pui de - leu - somn 61. Transform following the model: the banks of the river the river-banks the coast of the sea .................... a disease of the heart .................... the level of the water .................... the peak of the mountain ................... a singer of opera .................... the staff of the company .................... a teacher of English .................... a writer of prose ....................

62. Translate into English: a) prin urechile acului; notari publici; buni de nimic; fier; fiare de călcat; dantelă; şireturi de la pantofi; cauciuc; galoşi; aplauze; gânsac; răţoi; vrăjitor; vrăjitoare; trântor; comis-voiajori; a arunca zarurile; oaze; odrasle; păsări de curte; două perechi de pantaloni; o stivă de lemne; un banc de peşti; o bandă de hoţi; un lanţ de munţi; un şir de trepte; un ciorchine de struguri; o flotă de vase; o echipă de muncitori; un mănunchi de nuiele; trecători; adulţii; în anii ’60; poemele lui Eminescu şi ale lui Stănescu; ogarul lui John şi al lui Peter; plăcerile verii; patru perechi de boi; 60 de capete de vite; surdo-muţii; trei viţei; trei spiriduşi; o mulţime de păstrăvi; un hoţ de buzunare.

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b) 1. Afacerile sunt afaceri. 2. În zilele noastre fructele proaspete şi netratate sunt adevărate trufandale. 3. Anul acesta a fost mult vânat. 4. Părul tău are nevoie de un tuns. Şi mai sunt şi firele albe... 5. Banii n-aduc fericirea. 6. Fructele nu sunt coapte încă. 7. Trifoiul este simbolul Irlandei. 8. Câte cafele ai comandat? 9. Nu-ţi dau un sfat, ci chiar două. 10. În zilele noastre, copiii au prea multe teme acasă. 11. Un arbust sete o plantă lemnoasă de dimensiuni mai mici decât un arbore. 12. Am două veşti pentru tine: una bună şi una rea. 13. Pojarul poate fi o boală primejdioasă, dar oreionul e chiar mai rău. 14. O busolă nu e la fel de bună ca un compas, dar e mai bună decât nimic. 15. Câte specii de brad cresc prin părţile astea? 16. M-a întrebat unde sunt bagajele mele. 17. Pentru asta am nevoie de un cleşte, un foarfece, un ciocan şi nişte cuie. 18. Înainte bărbaţii făceau trei ani armata. Trei ani e o grămadă de timp. 19. Am nevoie de nişte informaţii în legătură cu acest ocol silvic. 20. În această cameră este un singur articol de mobilă din lemn de stejar. 21. Mărfurile ar putea foarte bine să fie transportate cu trenul. 22. În afară de un pâlc de copaci, la periferia oraşului nu era pic de vegetaţie. 23. Bărbatul voia despăgubiri. 24. Ia-o pe-a lui Mary. 25. Acestea sunt rezultatele examenului de ieri. 26. După o odihnă de zece minute, urma a doua sesiune. 27. Casa prietenei surorii lui Nick este foarte spaţioasă. 28. Voi renaşte din cenuşă ca pasărea Phoenix. 29. Eşti amabil să ne aduci o scrumieră? 30. Cum ai putut să confunzi un frasin cu un tei? Era întuneric beznă. 31. Cei buni mor repede. 32. Locuitorii oraşului sunt foarte îngrijoraţi de sistarea energiei electrice. 33. Puiul de elephant cântăreşte peste 100 kg la naştere. 34. Economia României e încă la pământ. 35. În trei ani de zile voi fi terminat facultatea. 36. Lângă frasin e scrum sau cenuşă? 37. Câte specii de foioase cunoşti?

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Lecţia 6. METAPHOR: HUMAN = PLANT

(după A. Goatly, p. 43)

Kinds of humans = kinds of plants 63. Read the following text and pay attention to the underlined words. Fill in the dotted lines to make up a story.

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My “roots” run deep in the region. .................................................................................................................................................................................. Violet (my father’s sister, a real gooseberry) succeeded in planting the seeds of doubt in my mother’s mind about my father’s hidden agenda. .................................................................................................................................................................................. Of course, when marrying my mother, my father actually had to marry her entire family which consisted of: 1. one piece grumpy old father-in-law (a real lemon who used to drive my father nuts) 2. one piece queer brother-in-law (as I found out later on, he was the “pansy” of the family) 3. one piece sister–in-law (dedicated wallflower) .................................................................................................................................................................................. You should meet my sister Fleur sometimes: she’s a real peach. ................................................................................................................................................................................... As for me, I’m not planting cucumbers but trying (couch) potatoes.

Family Tree

Read the following entries. Student A explains to Student B what a CABBAGE is; also a WALLFLOWER, a LEMON and a GOOSEBERRY. Student B mimes for Student A a COUCH POTATO and a PANSY. CABBAGE a large round vegetable with thick green or purple leaves: „varză” someone who cannot think, move or speak as a result of a brain injury (also VEGETABLE): [ „legumă” ] someone who is stupid / careless / indifferent COUCH POTATO someone who spends a lot of time sitting and watching TV GOOSEBERRY a small round green fruit that grows in a bush and has a sour taste: „agrişă” someone who hinders two people who are having a romantic relationship and who want to be alone together LEMON a fruit with hard yellow skin and sour juice: „lămâie” something useless: „eşec” / „lucru nefolositor” a silly / obnoxious person: „nesuferit” something that does not function properly (ex. a car: „hârb”) PANSY a small garden plant with brightly coloured flowers: „panseluţă” an offensive word for a man who seems weak and too much like a woman: „tânăr efeminat” PEACH a round juicy fruit that has a soft yellow or red skin and a large, hard seed in the centre: „piersică” someone that you think is very good in a way or another: „frumuseţe”, „odor”, „bomboană” WALLFLOWER a sweet-smelling garden plant with yellow and red flowers: „mixandră”, „plantă agăţătoare”

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someone at a party, dance etc. who is not asked to dance or take part in the activities WEED a wild plant growing where it is not wanted that prevents crops or garden flowers from growing properly: „buruiană” someone who is weak or lean WILLOWY like a willow (salcie): „cu sălcii, umbrit de sălcii” tall, thin, graceful: „zvelt”, „mlădios”, „subţire ca o trestie”

Parts of humans = parts of plants the flower of smth. They were killed in the flower of their youth.

root = rădăcină (plants / hair / tooth)

tendril a thin leafless curling stem by which a climbing plant fastens itself to a

Support: „cârcel”, „lujer” a thin curling piece of hair: „cârlionţ”, „zuluf” tuft = a bunch of hair / grass / feathers held closely together at their base

Qualities of humans = qualities of plants

BARREN a tree or plant that is barren produces no fruit or seeds a barren woman is unable to have babies also: barren soil / land BUSHY plants with a lot of branches and leaves are bushy .... hair DEAD WOOD branches of a tree that are no longer alive people within an organisation / group who are no longer useful or needed GNARLED a gnarled tree or branch is rough and twisted with hard lumps gnarled fingers / hands are twisted, rough, difficult to move (especially because they are old) GREEN young plant, not ripe: „crud, tânăr, necopt, verde” young, immature, inexperienced person greens: (noun) vegetables with large green leaves Eat your greens! to have green fingers (BE) / to have a green thumb (AE) = to be good at making plants grow; to be a good gardener LUXURIANT vegetation

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hair RIPE ripe fruit or crops are fully grown and ready to eat: „copt” mature: „în vârstă”, „copt la minte”, „cu scaun la cap”

also MELLOW: copt, potolit, cuminţit, moale, tandru, simpatic, binevoitor (mellowness = pârg) SEASONED timber; also: seasoned food a seasoned performer / campaigner / traveller / observer is an

experienced one

Realising human potential = flowering / flourishing bloom blossom efflorescence to flourish budding = înmugurire a budding artist / actor / writer = un artist / actor / scriitor la început de carieră a budding romance = a romance beginning to develop

Acting on humans = acting on plants

to fell More than 100 trees were felled this week. The goalkeeper was felled by the ball thrown from the other side of the field.

a) to plant There’s an entire hillside planted with fir-trees down here. The Police planted undercover detectives everywhere.

b) to transplant Perhaps transplanting the sapling would save it. Transplanting bone marrow might save his life.

to trim (grass / trees / hedge / hair) The lawn / hegde needs trimming. He has his hair trimmed every month or so.

to uproot Uprooting can be a very damaging operation for a young tree. The idea of uprooting himself and moving to another country was quite upsetting.

HUMANS AND PLANTS

to be the apple of somebody’s eye = „a fi lumina ochilor cuiva”

to beat about / around the bush = „a bate apa în piuă”

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to be at the top of the tree = „a fi în vârful piramidei / ierarhiei sociale”

deep-rooted beliefs = „convingeri bine înrădăcinate”

family tree = arbore genealogic

to go to the root of the matter = „a merge până în miezul problemei”

to nettle somebody = „a urzica pe cineva” (propriu + figurat)

to nip in the bud = „a înăbuşi în faşă”

nursery = „pepinieră” (also: creşă, maternitate, camera copiilor)

plant = „plantă / fabrică, uzină” [propriu]

= a person secretly put somewhere to find information = an idea is also like a plant

a fruitful / fertile idea A new idea grew in her mind. Where does thid idea stem from? He planted the idea in their minds. And the idea germinated.

the primrose path / way = „calea plăcerilor / a desfătării”

root and branch = „din rădăcină” a root and branch reform of the system

rooted to the spot = „mort de frică”

to sow the seeds of doubt = „a semăna îndoială”

to be a thorn in one’s side / flesh = „a fi un ghimpe în imima cuiva”

a thorny problem = „o problemă spinoasă”

to be up a tree = „a fi în pom”

to win / gain laurels = „a fi încununat cu lauri”

a plum job = „sinecură; slujbă dorită de mulţi”

to be full of beans = „a fi foarte energic sau nerăbdător”

not to have a bean = „ a nu avea deloc bani; a fi falit”

to be as like as two peas / like two peas in a pod = „a semăna foarte bine”

A new crop of students entered the classroom.

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Match the two columns: look alike deadwood be broke beat about / around the bush tireless like two peas in a pod dry branches plum job waffle full of beans feathered nest not have a bean 64. 3 at the Price of 1 Think of one word which can be used to complete the following three sentences:

Last night, the ............... of the hospital filled with new-born babies. Her grandchildren usually play in the ................. A ............... is a place where plants and trees are grown and sold.

Lecţia 7. CONIFEROUS VERSUS DECIDUOUS 65. a) Study the following table. b) Find other comparisons of your own. c) Transform the particular characteristics (chs) into generalities (ex. coniferous vs. deciduous). d) Give other examples of coniferous and deciduous trees. HORNBEAM (Carpinus Betulus) PINE (Pinus Sylvestris) Leaf chs Fruit

chs Bark chs

Other chs

Leaf chs

Fruit chs

Bark chs

Others chs

broad flat

simple

not lobed

fine

doubly

toothed base

symmetrical oval

narrows

toward tip 3 x or 2 x

as long as wide

winged elongated

nutlet at base of 3-lobed wing-like sac

blue-gray smooth

TRUNK (deeply rippled, like sinewy muscles) WOOD

(hard, tough, used in making tool handles and small wooden articles, decays rapidly when in contact with soil) BUDS

(imbricate, with many scales, angled) FLOWERS

(monoecious, borne in catkins)

needle-like needles in

clusters of 2 less than 3 inches long blue-

green

cone or cone-like cone

greater than one inch long – less than 4 inches long cone dry

and hard thick

scales scales

without spines

scaly bright

orange-red

becomes darker and very rough on the lower trunk of older trees

very tolerant of soil conditions, moisture and extremes of weather HEIGHT

(40m) AGE (150

- 300 years) WOOD

(used for outdoors, fencing, joinery, buliding, flooring, box and packing case)

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66. PINE, SPRUCE OR FIR? Which is which?

Long needles in groups of 2, 3 (hard species) or 5 (soft species). At a certain age, the tree ceases to increase in height.

Long, often cone-shaped crowns. Straight trunks. Thin, scaly bark. Slender, often drooping lower branches. Shallow root system. Short, stiff, sharp-pointed needle-like leaves.

Tall, straight trunks. Thin, scaly bark. Slender, regularly whorled branches. Needle-like leaves flattened in cross-section and spirally arranged on the twigs. After the leaves are shed, the smooth twigs are marked with tiny, circular, leaf scars.

a) Make a list of terms related to sylviculture (written above in italics) and arrange them according to your own criteria. b) Arrange the adjectives written in bold in synonymic and antonymic couples. 67.

Latin English Romanian shepherd’s purse Carpinus Betulus hemlock ferigă

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larch n. [C/U] a tree that looks like a pine tree but drops its leaves in winter lath n. [C] a long flat narrow piece of wood used in buliding to support plaster lily n. [C] one of several tzpes of plant with large bell-shaped flowers of various colours, especially white limb 4 n. [C] a large branch of a tree lime n. [C] a tree with pleasant smelling yellow flowers, which produces small juicy green fruits (white lime) linden n. [C] LIME log n. [C] a thick piece of wood from a tree logcabin n. [C] a small house made of logs logger n. [C] someone whose job is to cut down trees (logger = lumberjack) lumber n. [U] pieces of wood used for building (lumber = timber) lychee, litchi n. [C] a small round fruit with a rough pink-brown shell outside and sweet white flesh inside

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Lecţia 8. GRAMMAR SECTION (CONCEPTS EXPRESSED BY MODAL AND RELATED VERBS) Verbe modale: CAN & COULD, WILL & WOULD, MAY & MIGHT, SHALL & SHOULD, MUST.

Verbele modale sunt urmate de infinitivul scurt (se folosesc fără particula TO).

CAN: I bet he can fell that huge oak all by himself. COULD: He couldn’t have committed the murder as he was in Connecticut at the

time.

Verbele modale au o singură formă, ceea ce înseamnă că nu sunt niciodată urmate de terminaţii precum: -S (care se adaugă la persoana a treia singular la prezentul simplu), -ED (care se adaugă verbelor regulate la timpul trecut – past tense simple), sau –ING (desinenţă de participiu prezent).

MAY: Take your raincoat; it may rain. MIGHT: Grandpa might come by the night train.

Negativul şi interogativul se formează, în cazul modalelor, prin inversiune (la fel ca în

cazul verbului BE)

WILL: Will you close the door, please? WOULD: I would not do that, if I were you.

The engine wouldn’t start. Won’t you stay a little longer? (neg+interog.)

Verbele modale exprimă atitudinea sau sentimentele vorbitorului vizavi de o anumită

situaţie, arătând: necesitatea, probabilitatea, posibilitatea, interdicţia, concesia, hotărârea, insistenţa, refuzul, sfatul, indiferenţa etc.

SHALL: Thou shall not kill. Thou shall not steal. SHOULD: Rainforests should be preserved at all costs.

Unul şi acelaşi verb modal poate fi folosit cu sensuri diferite care se deduc numai din

context:

MUST: You must not look a gift horse in the mouth. She must have got home by now. Aria tematică a verbelor modale fiind atât de largă, vom reconstrui traseul invers – nu pornind de la verb către posibilele sale întrebuinţări şi semnificaţii, ci de la un concept anume (ex. probabilitate, necesitate, ofertă etc.) către rădăcinile sale modale.

Comparaţi: He can’t do that.

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He can’t have done that.

You shouldn’t do that. You shouldn’t have done that.

He may do that. He may have done that.

Modal Present: Modal + Vb. (infinitive) Modal Perfect: Modal + HAVE + 3rd form

. ABILITY (abilitate, capacitate)

CAN / CANNOT (CAN’T) He can speak English fluently. (mental ability) He can swim very well. (physical ability) I can’t see anything because of this thick fog. (ability depending

on circumstances)

a) la timpul prezent

COULD / COULD NOT (COULDN’T) (în vorbirea indirectă sau în condiţionale de tipul II)

He says he can fell the oak all by himself. He said he could fell the oak all by himself. I would build myself a chalet if I could. COULD / COULD NOT (COULDN’T) (atunci când se face

referire la o abilitate generală, permanentă, în trecut) My uncle could speak Russian very fluently when in the flower

of youth. I could swim very well when I was a teen-ager. WAS / WERE ABLE TO MANAGED TO (atunci când se face referire la o anumită

acţiune sau situaţie din trecut) I managed to understand everything he tried to tell me, in spite

of the bad line. No matter how hard I tried, I wasn’t able to uncork the bottle of

champagne all by myself. COULD / COULD NOT (COULDN’T) + verbs of the senses

(chiar atunci când se face referire la o anumită acţiune din trecut) I could smell something burning. I could hear someone was playing the piano downstairs.

b) la timpul trecut

COULD + HAVE + 3rd form (în condiţionale de tipul III) We could have got there in time if we hadn’t missed the train.

Celelalte forme ale lui CAN (de exemplu viitorul sau prezentul perfect) pot fi suplinite

de formele corespunzătoare ale lui BE ABLE TO: I haven’t been able to get in touch with him. I won’t be able to read the entire course by tomorrow. He said he had been able to fix the engine.

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68. Fill in the blanks with CAN / CAN’T, using the following prompts: drive a car; to do the split; climb up a tree; knit; cook; swim.

My brother can................................, but I can’t................................. Grandma can................................, but I can’t................................. He’s such a strong young lad; he can..................................., but I

can’t.................................... I can ............................................ I bet you can’t. Judging by the way that omelette looks, it’s obvious she can’t....................... Only I have a licence, so I’m the only one who can....................................

69. Choose CAN, CAN’T, COULD, COULDN’T or BE ABLE TO:

As far as I ......... remember, he came back later than usual. Watch this; I ......... do a wheelie. I’m afraid I ......... help you at the moment. Having recovered from his injury, he ......... to drive again. If the snow carries on like that, no one ......... to get to the Town’s Hall in time. I ......... hear his footsteps downstairs but dared not move. He told me he ......... see anything through the keyhole.

POSSIBILITY (posibilitatea)

CAN (neg+interr.) It can’t be true. Can it be true? CAN / COULD What can / could she mean by that? Could the news be true? MAY Take your umbrella; it may rain. The guests may arrive by the morning train.

a) present / future time

MIGHT (un grad de probabilitate mai redus decât cel sugerat de MAY; nesiguranţă)

The guests might arrive by the morning train. COULD / COULDN’T + HAVE + 3rd form I could’ve booked an earlier flight, had I realized the haste. CANNOT + HAVE + 3rd form He cannot have said such a terrible thing to his own mother.

b) past time

MAY / MIGHT + HAVE + 3rd form She may / might have been ill.

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70. Rephrase: I don’t believe they extorted your aunt.

They can’t ............... . Is it possible that he escape from prison?

Can ............... ? He is too nice a guy to have said such a thing.

He can’t ............... . They say grandma will arrive tomorrow morning, but they’re not very sure.

Grandma might ............... . I wonder if they brought the blue suit.

Could ............... ?

PROBABILITY, LIKELIHOOD (probabilitatea)

100% sure / probable = certainty; something evident WILL / WON’T That will be the postman! 90-100% sure / probable = logical deduction; almost

certain MUST / CAN’T He must be retired by now. He must be studying for his exams. Her car is in front. She can’t be in a meeting. 70-80% sure / probable = expectation SHOULD / OUGHT TO

SHOULDN’T / OUGHTN’T TO BE LIKELY TO / BE UNLIKELY TO

The doctor says you should be fine by tomorrow.

a) present / future time

0-70% sure / probable = uncertainty MAY / MIGHT The weather might change by tonight. It’s lunch break / time. He may not be in his office. WILL / WON’T + HAVE + 3rd form You’ll have heard the bad news. (presupunerea vorbitorului) SHOULD / OUGHT TO + HAVE + 3rd form He should have arrived by now.

b) past time

MUST / MAY / MIGHT / CAN / COULD + 3rd form He must / may / might have arrived by now. He can’t / couldn’t have heard the news.

71. Provide some contexts that could be answered by:

There must be some mistake.

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72. Match each sentence (1-6) with its meaning (a-f).

He must have graduated by now. a)100% sure (probability of him having graduated)

He will have graduated by now. b) 90-100% sure He should have graduated by now. c) 70-80% sure He can’t have graduated yet. d) 40-60% sure He might have graduated by now. e) 0% sure

PERMISSION vs. PROHIBITION (permisiune vs. interdicţie) PERMISSION PROHIBITION

CAN; COULD; MAY; MIGHT (scala politeţii în această ordine)

May I borrow your umbrella? Yes, you may.

MUST NOT You mustn’t talk about politics if they

invite you to dinner. You must not walk on the grass.

You must be kidding.

They must have got married.

They must’ve missed the train.

She must be very worried.

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MAY NOT One may not travel abroad more than

five times a year.

CANNOT You cannot play football in my

courtyard. SHOULD NOT / OUGHT NOT TO One should not tell lies. If you want to lose some weight, you

ought not to eat between meals. SHALL NOT You shall not get out of the house

without my permission.

Might I use your phone? Yes, if you must.

Can I speak to you for a moment? In private, if possible.

He asked if he might open the window.

AM / IS / ARE NOT TO You are not to make physical effort.

Alte modalităţi de a cere permisiunea: prin întrebări indirecte: Is it all right if I change the sheets? I wonder if I could get my money back.

prin condiţionale: Do you mind if I smoke?

Actually, I’d rather you didn’t. Would you mind if I close the door?

Not at all. prin BE ALLOWED TO, BE

PERMITTED TO: No dogs are allowed to enter this

exhibition. Will you be permitted to enter the exam,

given the circumstances?

Alte modalităţi de a exprima prohibiţia:

DO NOT: Don’t go anywhere! NO+ing: No smoking! No parking! NOT TO BE ALLOWED /

PERMITTED TO: You are not allowed / permitted to leave

the country.

73. One may: • smoke (in smoking areas) • • • • One must not: • smoke in the street • • • •

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1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy 2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. 3. No animal shall wear clothes. 4. No animal shall sleep in a bed. 5. No animal shall drink alcohol. 6. No animal shall kill another animal. 7. All animals are equal. (The 7 Commandments – Animal farm, George Orwell)

NECESSITY (OBLIGATION) vs. NO NECESSITY

MUST I must work on weekends, too. Must I wash the dishes? HAVE TO / HAVE GOT TO I had to check on the kids. I had to prune those apple-trees in the backyard. I will have to change the ticket. The project has got to be done by tomorrow. NEED Need you always drive so fast? Do you always need to drive so fast? You needn’t wash the dishes this time. I needn’t buy apples / I don’t need to buy apples; I can

see there is a bowl full of fruit. I needn’t have brought apples / I didn’t need to have

bought apples; if only I had seen that bowl full of fruit! SHOULD / OUGHT TO You ought to be more careful when you drive. You should help him; after all, he’s your friend! Alte modalităţi de exprimare a necesităţii:

AM / ARE / IS TO We are to meet at six in front of the University.

SHALL (persoana a doua sau a treia: ordine sau documente legale)

All shall perish. Th defendant shall pay damages to Mr. White.

74. Rephrase:

It’s not necessary to lock the door just now. You needn’t ............... .

Don’t cut the sprouts unless they are damaged by frost. You needn’t ............... .

You don’t have to return the book till next week. You needn’t ............... .

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It was not necessary for me to hurry. I needn’t ............... .

I took more money than I really needed when I went shopping at the Mall. I needn’t ............... .

OFFERS AND INVITATIONS

Shall I fetch you a glass of wine? I’ll bring you a cup of sparkling water instead. Would you like me to wait for you at the airport? Won’t you stay a little longer?

Let me help you. 75. Match the following: making a request Would you like to come with me for a glass of sparkling

water? giving an order Do you mind if I help myself to some fresh water? offering help Get me some water! offering smth. Could you get me some water? making an invitation Shall I get you a glass of water? asking for permission Would you like me to help you uncork a bottle of

sparkling water?

ADVICE AND SUGGESTIONS

SHOULD: I think you should prove to him you’re a real friend.

SHALL: Shall we have a break now? Alte modalităţi:

Let’s go to cinema this afternoon! What / how about going to the cinema this afternoon? Couldn’t we go to the cinema instead? Why don’t we go to the cinema instead? Why not leave earlier and go to the cinema? You’d better go see a doctor at once.

76. Complete the following sentences with SHOULD / OUGHT TO + infinitive or SHOULD / OUGHT TO + HAVE + 3rd form, using one of these verbs: DOUBLE-CHECK, LISTEN, PRUNE, REFRIGERATE, SWEEP.

According to the label, this peanut butter ......... after opening. You ......... to my advice and you would now be completely over it. These apple-trees ......... by now. Somebody ......... the floor before the guests’ arrival.

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A good spy ......... the information before he makes it public. 77.

Imagine conversation over the phone to:

make an appointment leave a message buy an aeroplane ticket book a hotel room order a catalogue .........

Use the following prompts:

I’ll put you through. The phone

is ringing.

dial the (international code) number

lift / pick up the receiver

look the no. up in the directory

answer the phone / come to the phone

long distance call / local call

The phone has gone dead.

Hold the line, please!

The line / no. is busy / engaged.

The phone is out of order.

Do you have a private line telephone?

I’ll ring / call back.

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extension telephone

telephone exchange

phone / call box (BE) / booth (AE)

Shall I give / convey him a message?

Mary speaking.

I probably got the wrong no.

The line is free / clear.

Who is (that) speaking?

You are wanted on the phone.

on / off the phone cell / cellular phone /AE)

mobile phone (BE)

Hello? Anybody there?

Maintenance Department call services

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He’s on another line.

Who’s speaking, please? / May I tell him who’s calling?

to dial the no. ##############

%%%%%%%%% This is she. %%%%%%%%%%% I’m calling on behalf of....

the line was disconnected

by / over the phone

hang up the receiver

Enquiries

drop / press / put the coin in the slot

He won’t be back until tomorrow, I’m afraid. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& You can reach him on his mobile. Could you tell him Susan Bryant

rang? &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& I’ll make sure he gets the message. / Yes, certainly, I’ll pass on your messa

What time can I call her back? Can I take a message? ge.

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78. When you should make a phone call (mobile) Tick permitted or recommended or forbidden and then use an appropriate modal to describe the situation. location / situation permitted not recommended forbidden modal street market hotelroom office X One may use his

mobile when in an office.

park mountains beach restaurant bar reception business reunion X One should avoid

speaking during a business reunion.

at home, with guests audience visit car plane theatre / concert / cinema

conference lecture hall during courses church job interview

WILLINGNESS AND DETERMINATION (voinţă şi hotărâre)

WILL I will do as I like. I’ll have the roast chicken and a salad. I will never speak to him again. WOULD He would practise for hours on end

only to get that prize. Would you care to dance with me?

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79. Write a list of things your friend / colleague / partner / spouse does and you hate. Ex. He / she will leave the door open / unlocked when he / she goes out. She will speak on the phone for hours on end.

HABIT (obicei(uri))

WILL (obicei încă actual) He will gaze at the stars for hours. She will take about her children for hours on end. WOULD (tendinţă sau obicei din trecut) He would wake up early, feed the poultry and then walk all the way to his office. Grandpa would take him in his lap and start telling stories with ducklings and

storklings. USED TO (nu se foloseşte cu indicatori temporali foarte precişi; se deduce cu

aproximaţie perioada – din context) He used to work in a nursery. My colleagues used to smoke 20 cigarettes a day. (obişnuiau să fumeze; fumau)

Comparaţi: In 1980 / in the 1990s / between 1975-1997, I worked in forestry. When I was young, I used to work in a ranger-district.

80. Fill in with WILL, WOULD or USED TO:

The region known as Bammas ......... be called Protteo. As a child, I ......... wander through the woods for hours. When the weather was good, we ......... go on a trip in the mountains just about every

other weekend. Our great-grandfather ......... work in the fields. He ......... play games on the computer for hours.

COURAGE, IMPUDENCE (curaj, îndrăzneală)

DARE How dare you lie to me about such an important matter! I daren’t (don’t dare) disturb the Professor during the lecture. You are tired, I daresay. (probabil; se pare; îndrăznesc să spun)

81. Translate into English:

Nu îndrăznesc să-i spun adevărul pentru că mă tem de reacţia ei. Cum îndrăzneşti să-mi ascunzi un lucru aşa de important? Te provoc să-mi spui adevărul gol-goluţ.

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Lecţia 9. OTHER CONCEPTS EXPRESSED BY MODAL VERBS

WILL / WOULD Men will be men. Accidents will happen. He will have his own way. Now, that’s something she would say.

1. INSISTENCY, REFUSAL

WON’T / WOULDN’T I won’t accept that. This door simply wouldn’t open. The wound wouldn’t heal. Hard as I tried, he wouldn’t listen to what I had to say. The neighbour’s dog won’t stop barking.

2. PAST CRITICISM SHOULD / SHOULDN’T / OUGHT TO+HAVE+3rd form You shouldn’t have spent all the money he gave you on trifles. You ought to have mentioned that to him. MIGHT (present) You might pay attention to what I’m trying to say here.

3. REPROACH

MIGHT + HAVE + 3rd form (past) You might have helped me to mend the car. WILL (1st person) I’ll pay you back as soon as I can. I’ll sue you if you ever do that again.

4. PROMISES & THREATS

SHALL (2nd & 3rd person) You shall be informed in due time. They shall be severely punished for what they did. MAY / MIGHT It may be May, but it’s terribly cold in this part of the country. Try as I may / might, I could not open the can.

5. CONCESSION

WILL / WOULD Try / say what you will, you won’t make it.

6.SURPRISE, JOY, INDIGNATION, DISAPPOINTMENT

SHOULD How should I know? (indignation) I wonder why he should be so angry with me. (surprise) MAY / MIGHT as well We might as well start working now.

7. INDIFFERENCE

MAY / MIGHT as well + HAVE + 3rd form He might as well have quit smoking. WOULD RATHER / SOONER ’I’d rather be a forest than a street.’ I would rather have left the country.

8. PREFERENCE

HAD BETTER / BEST You’d better come quickly. You’d better have resigned.

9. PURPOSE so that + WILL / WOULD / CAN / COULD / MAY / MIGHT / SHALL / SHOULD

I’m lighting the fire so that the room will be warm. 10. HOPE hope / trust + MAY / MIGHT / WILL / WOULD

I hope you may / will soon recover from your illness. He trusted I might / would soon recover.

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82. BUT I DIDN’T (Frank Flynn) When I got out of bed this morning I might have tripped and fallen down The stairs, breaking my neck as I did so But I didn’t. Going to school The bus might have crashed In the morning rain But it didn’t. There might have bee an earthquake Causing the school to collapse But there wasn’t. Make your own with SHOULD. 83. Replace BE SUPPOSED TO with other modal verbs you consider suitable:

The oak is supposed to blossom in May. Nettles are supposed to cure a great many ailments. Foxglove is supposed to contain a cardiovascular drug. Drinking hot milk before you go to bed is supposed to help you sleep well. A black cat walking in front of you is supposed to bring you bad luck. Walking under a ladder is supposed to be unlucky. 13 is supposed to be a major source of bad luck. Touching wood is supposed to protect you from evil spirits.

84. Translate the following sentences: 1. When the trees on the alley are all cut down, something of great value will have been lost. 2. A cup of coffee will do. 3. Could I have your attention, please? 4. All the citizens of Romania must comply with the laws as derived from the ratified Constitution. 5. You can’t be serious! 6. Must you always quarrel with each other? 7. Can you blame her? 8. May you live long! 9. You must visit us soon. It would be so nice to see you again! 10. I can’t help laughing when I hear him singing. 11. It can’t be easy living your life in a wheel-chair. 85. SHOULD or MUST?

You ......... be mad if you imagine I’m going to lend you any more money. If you smell gas, you ......... call the emergency number.

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I ......... visit my parents more often. I ......... read the entire report in order to make an accurate analysis.

86. MUST or HAVE TO? Dozing Off Next to Sleeping Beauty

I always sleep through the alarm clock. My mum ......... wake me up every morning. What do I ......... do in order to combat oversleeping? You walk up and down the hall almost every night; you ......... be a sleep-walker or

something! She ......... take sleeping pills from time to time; it’s the doctor’s orders! I can’t come right now; I ......... put the baby to sleep. You ......... do something about her nervous breakdown; she does nothing but cry herself

to sleep. I keep talking in my sleep. I ......... under a lot of stress. Treating sleeping disorders ......... be difficult.

87. Underline the correct modal:

There’s someone at the door. It might / could / must be the postman. Take a look at the skies! I think it can / might / must rain. That can / may / might not be Robert. He’s away at a conference. You must / should / have to call the doctor as soon as another fit of cough appears.

88. Speculate on what might have happened to you by the end of next year. Use: may / might / could possibly + have + 3rd form 89. Match 1-13 with their uses of CAN (a-m): 1. She can speak several foreign languages. a) chance 2. I can change my car anytime. b) competence 3. The President doesn’t seem like a man who can manipulate the media.

c) doubt

4. My boss can be very boring, but he can behave with the ladies.

d) freedom of will

5. We can beard the lion in his den. e) mental ability 6. It can be a bacterial infection. f) permission 7. I can remember almost every detail of our encounter. g) possibility 8. All our dreams can come true. h) power 9. You can blow the candles on your birthday cake now. i) presupposition 10. The doctor can see you now. j) skill 11. Can it be true? k)strong

recommendation

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12. Do not worry. You can always make it up to them. l) suggestion 13. You can forget about me. m) talents 90. Use WON’T / WOULDN’T for the following things which refuse to work properly:

knife cut nuts crack window open door close computer print tape-recorder play

91. Make up senences with modal verbs expressing: @ ability (past time): to climb a mountain @ advice (past time): to change the school @ necessity (past time): to dig a hole @ permision (future time): to ride a poney @ probability (present time): to get broken / worn out @ prohibition (present time): to use smbd.’s toothbrush @ reproach (past time): to warn smbd. about smth. 92. Rephrase: 1. It’s possible that I’ll see you tomorrow, but I’m not sure. I ............... 2. I suppose you are the new forest ranger. How do you do? You ............... 3. They didn’t do it. It is simply impossible. They ............... 4. Perhaps she suffers from amnesia. She ............... 5. I advise you to reconsider your hasty decision. You ................ 6. It would have been better for you not to resign. You ............... 7. I doubt he bought the entire building. He ............... 8. There is a slight chance that the snow will stop soon. The snow ............... 9. Paying cash isn’t necessary in this supermarket. One ............... 10. I don’t think she really forgot about it. She ............... 11. It was not necessary for you to say that. You ............... 12. If you ask me, it’s highly probable he did it on purpose. He ...............

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13. I’m quite sure they forgot to buy bread. They ............... 14. There is a chance for you to find her in the attic, but I rather doubt it. You ............... 15. It is forbidden to use cribs during the exam. Cribs .............. 16. My parents worried too much about me when I was a young girl. My parents ............... 17. I’m sure it wasn’t John you saw in the park. You ............... 18. I’d prefer you to leave earlier. I’d rather ............... 19. It’s time she told him the truth. She’d ............... 20. May I borrow your umbrella? Am I allowed ............... 21. He prefers playing football to watching TV. He’d ............... 22. I prefer going on a trip in the mountains instead. I’d ............... 23. His leaving earlier would please me more. I’d ............... 24. Maybe he has had an accident. He may well ............... 25. Why didn’t you make this decision earlier? You ............... 93. Translate into English: 1 Să scriu lucrarea pe curat? 2 N-aş fi în stare să mint într-o asemenea situaţie. 3 Nu vom putea veni săptămâna viitoare. 4 Poţi să iei cartea mea. 5 Au spus că nu puteţi intra în această clădire. 6 Să nu furi! 7 Trebuie să plec. 8 Nu era nevoie să ne aşteptaţi. 9 Ce spuneţi dumneavoastră nu poate fi adevărat. 10 S-ar putea ca ei să fi plecat. 11 Această piersică nu se decojeşte. 12 Cu siguranţă că doarme. 13 Voi face cum am eu chef. 14 Vrei să înciu uşa, te rog? 15 De unde să ştiu eu? 16 Oricât de mult aş încerca, nu reuşesc să îi înţeleg decizia. 17 N-o să accept să-mi vorbeşti aşa. 18 Mai degrabă aş muri decât să cedez.

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19 Va trebui să te laşi de fumat dacă vrei să apuci vârsta bunicului tău. 20 Chiar trebuie să ne întâlnim la 5 dimineaţa? Lecţia 10. ACTIONS AND REACTIONS ACTION REACTION deed operation business motion work activity lawsuit achievement act

response backlash

answer reply feedback behaviour opposition

TO ACT - ACTION TO REACT – REACTION

Pip acted as if he was better than the rest.

caught in the act to act as a catalyst an act of violence / generosity The government must take action to stop

poaching affairs. The sooner you put your ideas into

action, the better. All military actions are supposed to be

top secret. There are all the necessary conditions

for him to take legal action against you. New York is where the action is! Actions speak louder than words! ACTION!

There were mixed reactions to the mayor’s resignation.

People reacted to the speech in different ways.

The calcium reacts with sulphur in the atmosphere.

The child reacts badly to antibiotics. My first reaction was to deny everything. Smith is a skilled driver with quick

reactions. A chain reaction is a nuclear reaction or

a chemical reaction which causes more reactions of the same kind.

She had a severe allergic reaction to the drug.

the forces of reaction ACTION:

TO DO / MAKE = TO PUT (A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF) EFFORT INTO DOING SMTH. METAPHOR:

PUTTING A LOT OF EFFORT INTO DOING SMTH.

IS LIKE

USING A PART OF BODY

Our duty as citizens is to put our shoulders to rebuild this country. The question is: is he willing to get involved? Will he ever get his hands dirty?

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Maura is the only one of us who would have the backbone to stand up to the boss. You’ll have to keep your nose to the grindstone if you want to pass this exam.

Remember: DO ≠ MAKE!

Use DO with: □ work / homework / housework □ cooking / gardening / ironing / shopping / washing □ a course / an exam / a test Use MAKE with: □ decisions / effort □ (a fresh new) start □ the bed □ a speech / a suggestion / a remark / plans / profit □ an apology / a difference / a list / a goal / the score

Do is used to describe an action without saying exactly what the action is:

I'm going to do something that you won't believe! Before I do press button 3, I think it’s worth pointing out

that in so doing, I’m opening up a new era of technology. (Notice the difference between do and in so doing!!!)

Do is used to talk about work and jobs: My sister usually does the housework during the week, and

I do most of the chores on the weekend, laundry too. Have you done your homework? Make is used to speak about building, constructing,

producing, creating etc. Andy made a tree house for his children. We make our own yoghurt.

DO or MAKE? 1. He’s getting better at Maths. He even started ............... his homework. 2. They are ............... a research on why the weather is changing. 3. I’m afraid he’s not very good at ............... decisions. 4. I hear your company ............... a lot of business in Turkey. 5. If he wants to pass the exam this time he should ............... an effort. 6. Sarah’s .............. her nails and hair now; she’ll call you back later. 7. Who ............... the laundry at your place? What’s the difference between:

to do time & to make time

to do one’s best & to make the best (of ...)

to do it & to make it

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Remember the following BODY verbs: FROWN, KNEEL, NOD, NUDGE, SCRATCH, SIGH, SNEEZE, WAVE, WEEP, YAWN. What parts of the body are involved in these gestures?

METAPHOR: REACTION COLOUR

Now that you found out the result, you’ve got a bit of colour in your cheeks. He stared at her, the colour draining from his face. The more he complimented her, the more colour flooded her cheeks. He just found out his grandpa cut him off the allowance and as a result he’s a little bit off

colour. 94. a) Choose actions from A / reactions from B and work on the model:

Painting the house red is a wonderful idea. Panicking is out of the question; ty to keep it cool.

b) Choose actions from A and / or likely reactions from B. Use modals. Work on the model:

What use is a man who cannot even change a plug? I mustn’t speak on the phone more than ½ hour a day. I’m so happy I could cry! As a lad, I could swim like a fish. Don’t tell her anything yet, she might panic. He will chuckle and giggle until he drives you up the wall. He couldn’t have burst into tears. I simply won’t believe it! He used to roar with laughter at any of my jokes. How dare you yawn in the middle of my speech

A. ACTIONS B. REACTIONS

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take a photo speak on the phone swim drive a car paint typewrite play chess cook knit saw poach pick flowers / cherries / mushrooms make war split the wood ride a horse / bike change a plug print a Word document make a cup of coffee climb a mountain put up a tent mend a puncture fell an oak to do the split

break off and cry sigh sob weep cry jump with joy hit the roof applause mumble laugh out loud frown blush yawn duck smile grin howl shriek scream burst into tears go mad shrug nod

shudder panic chuckle giggle burst out laughing roar with laughter

Ask your partner: Can you: - swim - knit - drive a car - typewrite - mend a puncture - change a plug? Have you ever: - felled an oak - put up a tent - played chess? When was the last time you: - jumped with joy - blushed - cried - panicked? How would you react if: - you were accused of something you did not do? - you were arrested for speeding right before Christmas? - one of your colleagues won the lottery? - you saw a pickpocket stealing from and/or attacking an elderly woman in the street?

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95. Fill in with one of the LAUGH words: 1 Morgan sat reading a magazine, ............... to himself. 2 He sat there ............... as if he had been the only one in possession of a dark secret. 3 The twins kept ............... broadly at me, as if we were old friends. 96. Translate:

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1 Să râzi nu este numai firesc, cum spunea Rabelais, e şi un semn de sănătate. 2 Oricine râde în hohote, zgomotos, împungându-şi vecinul în coaste, face o impresie proastă. 3 Ca orice manifestare comportamentală, râsul îşi găseşte expresia ideală în moderaţie. 4 Orice om este mai simpatic când surâde. 5 Nu confunda surâsul cu un rînjet! (din Codul bunelor maniere)

97. Cry words 1 She ............... with pride when her daughter was born. 2 If this kid keeps ............... this way, the neighbours might call the police. 3 What’s the matter with your eyes? You look as if you’ve been crying. 98. RIDDLING (după www.onestopenglish.com) your computer, lunch, excuses, a phone call, your colleagues, ideas,

You can make it / take it / receive it / return it. What might it be ?

You can crash it / shut it down / play on it /

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reboot it. What might it be? You can skip it /

grap it / go for it / pick up the bill for it. What might it be?

You can develop them / share them / come up with them / brainstorm them. What might they be?

You can support them / attack them / back them up / chat with them. What are they?

You can make them / look for them / invent them / refuse to accept them. What are they? 99. ACTIONS I II III meaning a construi broke catch drove fought gave lay lay a fura struck 100. REACTIONS a) Read the following examples: 1 When they heard I planned to have the country, my parents got the shock of their lives. 2 Her presence literally takes my breath away. 3 When they saw him, my aunts fainted and my uncle Bill kept blinking, as if he had seen a ghost. 4 No matter how mad you get, you must never call your wife names. 5 Do you call that blushing? He was as red as beetroot, I tell you that much. b) Fill in with a suitable idiom the following responses: How did you find out that they broke up? No such luck! Can I borrow your umbrella? You’re pulling my leg! I’ve just been fired! You should be so lucky!

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I’m sure Steaua will qualify for the next European Cup!

A little bird told me.

Did you get the job you wanted? No way! Over my dead body! I dreamt Angelina Jolie invited me to a party.

Yes, and pigs might fly! They haven’t got a chance! Have you seen who’s in their group?

101. Place the following reaction idioms under the right heading: be at sea, be like a cat on hot bricks, be rooted to the spot, be on top of he world, be hopping mad, be in seventh heaven, be at sixes and sevens, have a long face Feeling HAPPY

☺ Feeling SAD

Feeling FRIGHTENED / SHOCKED

Feeling ANGRY

Feeling NERVOUS / WORRIED / ANXIOUS

Feeling CONFUSED / UNCERTAIN

102. Choose one of the verbs: REACT, RESPOND, GREET, MEET WITH, OVERREACT

How did your parents ............... when they heard you eloped? The patient ............... well to the treatment. The proposals were ............... with skepticism. Any further attacks will be .............. even more violence. She needn’t worry so much. But what can you do about it? It’s in her nature to

overreact. 103. Time to Talk:

What sports do you play, if any? What embarrasses you most often? Do you read newspapers? Which part do you read first? (leader, horoscope, home news,

overseas news, sport, TV, obituaries, gossip) What childhood activity do you miss doing? What activity do you like / hate most at work / school? What are 3 things you can’t stand other people doing? What have you always dreamt of doing? When did you first fly (in) a plane / drink alcohol / swim? When did you last: tell a lie / stay up all night / wear a suit / send an email / cook a meal

/ eat icecream / travel by boat / dance to a slow song? Do you know the meaning of to go down the tree?

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104. vote at elections iron your shirts take public transport bungee-jumping surf the internet trim the trees

Always 100% Almost always

Very often Often Sometimes Rarely / seldom

Very rarely Almost never Never 0% 105. Complete with activities:

I’m good at ......... I’m keen on ......... Sometimes I get fed up with ......... I sometimes regret not .........

a) BB started ......... b) She’s quite proud of ......... c) Cal loves ......... d) He can’t help ......... e) My deskmate enjoys ......... g) Jay is good at ......... h) Thomas is addicted to ......... i) He doesn’t mind ......... j) Clara won’t stop ......... 106. Think of things / habits you are not going to give up. Model: I definitely won’t give up smoking. I’m not going to give up ......... I couldn’t live without ......... I’d die if I gave up ......... I wouldn’t give up ......... for anything (in the world). 107.What’s it for?

sieve ......... pin to fasten

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corkscrew ......... camera ......... brush ......... whistle ......... ruler to measure brick .........

108. Why bother? Think of 3 good reasons to do these:

drink coffee learn English plant trees go to the gym play the lottery have children

Lecţia 11. DEFORESTATION 109. Wordbuilding D_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ N

The large-scale (...............) process that was started in the late 70s, (...............) in the rain forest zones, is having (...............) consequences on the earth’s balance: (...............) destruction of trees (...............) leads to soil erosion, and further to (...............) (as is the case in sub-Saharan Africa). Such (...............) forests as the Amazon are often called the planet’s lungs because they are huge oxygen (...............); they also contain (...............) vegetal and animal species. Thus (...............) claim that they should be preserved for those two major reasons. However, it has not been proven yet whether deforestation has a real impact on global warming or not.

FOREST NOTE DISASTER MASS AVOID DESERT PRIME RESERVE NUMBER ENVIRONMENT

Give synonyms to: DISASTROUS TO AVOID MAJOR CLAIM

Give antonyms to: DEFORESTATION PRESERVE

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EROSION WARMING

TO PRUNE OR NOT TO PRUNE? TO PRUNE = to cut off some of the branches of a tree or bush to make it grow better WHY PRUNE?

to improve survival chances at planting time to control size and shape to remove dead, diseased, weak or broken branches to maintain natural beauty to control flowering, fruiting or coloured twig effect in certain plants

WHAT TOOLS DO YOU USE FOR PRUNING?

hand shears are probably the most important tool for pruning; they are used to cut out branches up to ¾ inches in diametre

scissors are sometimes needed pruning saws a hedge shears

WHEN DO YOU PRUNE?

the best time for pruning most plants is in the early spring while the plants are still dormant HOW TO PRUNE?

2 techniques are used for pruning shrubs: heading (branches are cut back to healthy buds) thinning (a shoot or branch is completely removed; no prominent stub remains) - some plants require more of one method than another, but good pruning is usually a combination of both procedures. 110.

Latin English Romanian horse-chestnut wormwood dogwood birdcherry

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mahogany n. [C/U] a type of hard reddish brown wood used for making furniture, or the tree that produces that wood maple n. [C] a tree which grows mainly in northern countries such as Canada (curly maple, plain maple, silver maple) MDF medium density fibreboard MOE modulus of elasticity moisture n. [U] small amounts of water that are present in the air, in a substance, or on a surface mortice, mortise n. [C] a hole cut in a piece of wood so that the shaped end of another piece will fit there firmly moss n. [C/U] a very small green plant that grows in a thick soft furry mass on wet soil, trees, or rocks mushroom n. [C] one of several kinds of fungus with stems and round tops, some of which can be eaten mushroom v. to grow and develop quickly

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Lecţia 12. GRAMMAR FOCUS – IT & THERE Read and organise the following examples according to the pattern they contain:

There’s fog. There were dark clouds overhead. There was a heavy rain. There’s wind. There was something strange about the way he smiled. There is a woman downstairs to see you. Is there anybody home? There must be something wrong with their phone. There’s no denying the fact that she’s very clever. There is a very good reason for my decision. There are two apples on the table. There isn’t anything at all I could do to help, is there? There being no evidence against her, the woman was released. There’s no hope of getting the money to pay the rent. There’s no need to read the entire book. There’s no point in spending so much money on a computer. There is no reason to be pessimistic. There is no chance of recovery, I’m afraid. There’s no doubt about her saying the truth. There comes a time when you have to let go.

It’s raining. It snows a lot in this part of the country, doesn’t it? It drizzles. It dewed haevily last night. It was a very rimy morning, and very damp. It’s a breeze to travel to Italy. It’s half past three. It’s past midnight. It’s my birthday. It’s years since I last saw him. It took the men a whole year to renovate the museum. It was nice of you to come. It shocked me to hear you swearing. It doesn’t seem much good staying here. It’s no wonder he had a heart attack after such news. It’s no use crying over spilt milk. It’s no secret that they want to leave the country. It takes 2 hours to Iaşi (by train). It’s no longer necessary to scrub the floor. It occurred to me that he might be wrong. It’s not worth it.

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It’s a long way to the station. It is 10 miles to the village. It is an honour for me to introduce Professor Smith. It is clear he will never recover. It tastes really good, this custard. It helps to have a good macintosh in London. It didn’t surprise me when Paul left the country. It’s an absolute cinch that he will win reelections. It was agreed that he should be fired. It as a godsend to hear your words. It would be better to go home now. It takes a lot of effort to learn a foreign language. It was nice to talk to you. It’s his arrogance that I find irritating. It’s her name that I can’t remember. It’s a natural thing to shake hands with someone you’ve just met. It’s always possible to get colder, so take a sweater with you. It’s very possible that they should arrive tonight. It is impossible that he didn’t know the truth when he was talking to me. It is important to him that they should acknowledge his success. It is customary that a man should greet first when he meets a woman. It is absolutely necessary that you should get information in time. It is vital that he should reach her in time. It is unthinkable that our soldiers should fire upon their own people. It is imperative that the child should arrive at the scene of the crime.

We always like it when you stay with us.

Let it be! I thought it a waste of time to read and organise this exercise. Just leave it with me. She owed it to her parents to win the prize. I take it you’re saying the truth. I see it as an insult to get no answer from you. I hate it when my parents quarrel over nothing.

THERE + BE / SEEM / APPEAR / HAPPEN / TEND / EXIST / REMAIN / FOLLOW / OCCUR / ARISE / COME.

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IT’S (HIGH) TIME poate fi urmat de: infinitiv: It’s time to go to bed. FOR + infinitiv: It’s time for the childen to go to bed. past tense: It’s time the children went to bed. subjonctiv (SHOULD): It’s time they should go to bed.

111. Rephrase with THERE or IT: a) Nothing was on his desktop but a computer. b) A big orange sign was on the door. c) Something must be wrong with his barometre. d) A storm is coming, I think. e) England is a foggy country, isn’t it? f) The local cinema has a very good film on at the moment. g) I left because I suddenly felt sick. h) They say the Bermuda Triangle is a dangerous area. i) To drive a car without a licence is illegal. j) That she didn’t die in the car crash is a miracle. k) They hope the project will be carried out by the end of September. l) Climbing a mountain takes a lot of stamina. m) This book consists of four chapters. n) Living in the city is more expensive than living in the country. 112. Translate into English: 1 Plouă. 2 A început să plouă. 3 Plouă de când ai plecat la servici. 4 Nu mai plouă. 5 Ploua când a venit bunicul. 6 Conform prognozei meteo, mâine pe vremea asta va ploua. 7 Dacă va mai ploua mult vom avea inundaţii. 8 Plouă cu găleata. 9 Te uită cum ninge Decembre... 10 E ceaţă. 11 E timpul să plec. 12 E timpul să pleci.

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Lecţia 13. WEATHER – METAPHOR Motto: If you can’t be a sun, don’t be a cloud!

Weather – between HOT and COLD

HEAT unsettled COLD

scorching hot boiling hot dry warm

the cool of the evening getting chilly a freezing cold

day in December

GOOD BAD to blow hot and cold BAD enthusiasm anger lack of excitement excitement to burn with indignation burning interest a fiery temper She poured cold water the hottest show hot-tempered on all my suggestions. a heated argument / debate burning with anger

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Weather Conditions

113. Write a very short composition using the following: O It never rains but it pours. O The match / game was rained off. O Let’s take a raincheck on that! 114. RAIN _ _ _ _ _ Each of the following definitions refer to a word which begins with RAIN.

RAIN _ _ _ a large curve of different colours that can appear in the sky when there is both sun and rain

RAIN _ _ _ _ a coat that you wear in order to protect yourself from rain RAIN _ _ _ _ a single drop of rain RAIN _ _ _ _ the amount of rain that falls on an area in a particular period

of time RAIN _ _ _ _ _ _ a tropical forest with tall trees that are very close together,

growing in an area where it rains a lot RAIN _ _ _ _ _ someone who uses magic powers in order to make rain fall /

someone who makes a lot of money RAIN _ _ _ _ _ able to keep the rain out RAIN _ _ _ _ _ a sudden heavy fall of rain RAIN _ _ _ _ _ water that has fallen as rain

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115. RAINFORESTS Put the following sentences in order: 1 When rainforests are cleared and burned, millions of tons of carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere, affecting climactic conditions and threatening us all with severe flooding, drought and crop failure. 2 The rainforests contain at least half of the Earth’s species. 3 One in four purchases from the chemist is derived from the rainforests. 4 Man has lived in the rainforest for about 10,000 years. 5 The canopy is made up of tall trees. 6 Every time you drive a car, read a book, take a pill or use a deodorant, you are probably using something from one of the world’s rainforests. 7 The Chappa tribe, for example, have a system of farming which mirrors the structure of the rainforest and which is extremely successful. 8 Below them are coffee bushes. 9 They have a 3-layered system of using land which works in the same way as the rainforest: at canopy, sub-canopy and ground level. 10 They have, in fact, created a ’food forest’. 11 Below grow 15 types of banana trees used for food, drink and animal feed, and other fruit trees. 12 The ground is used for growing vegetables. 13 The rainforest is a rich source of plants and natural substances used in pharmacy. 14 40% of American drugs come from rainforest plants. 15 Over 200 plants are being researched there as possible cancer treatments or cures. 16 Quinine, an antimalarial drug, comes from the bark, or outer skin, of a tree. 17 Land has been cleared for road-building. 18 The snakeroot plant is used to treat hypertension and high blood pressure. 19 Over the past 40 years, about half the world’s rainforest has been destroyed. 20 Rainforests also protect us from the ’greenhouse effect’, by absorbing carbon dioxide. 21 Trees have been cut down for the wood itself and for wood pulp, which is used in paper-making. 22 The greenhouse effect could change weather patterns and the atmosphere could warm up to such an extent that eventually the polar ice-caps would melt, flooding huge areas.

”The rain began with gusty showers, pauses and downpours; and then gradually it settled to a single tempo, small drops and a steady beat, rain that was gray to see through, rain that cut midday light to evening. And at first the dry earth sucked the moisture down and blackened. For two days the earth drank the rain, until the earth was full. Then puddles formed, and in the low places little places lakes formed in the fields.’’ (John Steinbeck - The Grapes of Wrath)

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And the rain poured on down. Not in one incessant sheet

– it varied, nearly stopped and then with a different rhythm began again. I remember the hours of staring at it. How many different ways it can rain! One felt on that afternoon that it tried every variation of its wet repertoire. With the violence of the first cloud, it had broken into deluge. A bloom of wetness had then moistened the inside of the

boathouse. The trees no longer rustled to the lively drops; no tree

could breath in such dense moisture. But at 6 o’clock the clouds grew bright. The rain dithered away to nothing. The sun came through. Windows everywhere must have been open.’

(William Sansom – The Body)

Fill in with the missing letter and find compound nouns.

SNOW- b_ll / b_ard / boun_ / f_ll / fla_e / m_n / mo_ile / stor_ / _hite

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Fill in the dotted lines: ...............................................seasons in the sun...................................................................... ..........................................................that his sun is set............................................................ .......................................................................sunray............................................................... .......................................................................sunbeam............................................................ ................................................... you are the sunshine of my life.......................................... .......................................................................sunbath.....................................................................................................................................sunburn(t).................................................................................................................................sunbaked..................................................................................................................under the sun.................................................................... .............................................to rise with the sun......................................................................

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What’s the weather like today?

It’s a fine day today. It turned bitterly cold. Weather permitting, we’ll go on a trip today.

What’s up? You look a bit under the weather. The log had been weathered to a lovely shape. When you have plenty of money, fair-weather friends knock at your door. Grandma smiled at them tenderly, with her weather-beaten face...

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WEATHER ≠ CLIMATE □ weather = current atmospheric / meteorological conditions □ climate = the usual weather conditions in a particular country / area

What’s the weather like in Suceava? These flowers only grow in a cold climate. the climate of Romania

116. Complete: NOUN ADJECTIVE VERBAL EXPRESSION rain It’s rainy. It’s raining. snow sun It’s sunny. The sun is shining. cloud The clouds are hanging. wind The wind is blowing. mist

fog = denser than mist haze = light mist

WEATHER REPORT Student A tells Student B and viceversa. Student A

A Hollywood director was filming an important film in the desert when an old Native American man went up to him and said: “Tomorrow rain.” The next day it rained. A few days later, the director was talking with the cameraman about the next day’s filming. The Native American went up to him and said: “Tomorrow storm.” He was right again, and he saved the director thousands of dollars. The director was very impressed and gave the old man a job. The old man continued to predict the weather correctly, but then he didn’t come for three weeks. The director was planning to film an important scene and he needed good weather. So he went to look for the Native American. When he found the old man, he said: “Listen, I have to film an important scene tomorrow. What will the weather be like?” The old man shook his head and said: “Radio broken.”

Use the following key words: shoot, Indian, forecast, radio.

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Student B: make up a story using the following prompts and tell your partner.

autumn – Indians ask new Chief – predict weather – forthcoming winter – Chief doesn’t have a clue – just in case - Chief sends Indians valley gather firewood – meanwhile Chief calls The National Weather Service – answer: cold winter - Chief sends Indians valley gather firewood - a week later – Chief calls the Institute again - answer: cold weather - Chief sends Indians valley gather firewood - Chief calls the Institute – asks: “How can you be so sure?” – answer: saw Indians valley gather firewood.

Donkey Barometer* = ?

Describe the effects of a sudden warm front and cold front respectively on the forests in

northern Bukowina. ’Rain before seven, fine before eleven’; ’Red sky at morning, shepherd’s warning / Red

sky at night / shepherd’s delight’ etc. These are a couple of weather-related lyrics; give some examples in Romanian. Discuss ’Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon’.

weather report / forecast = prognoza meteo The weather forecast predicted blizzard for upper Moldavia. What is the weather girl saying?

Radio / TV: The weather tonight will be fine in most places east, but this fine weather will gradually deteriorate during the course of the night; by 6 a. m. Clouds will have reached most places, with rain spreading from the west during the course of the morning. The outlook for the rest of the day: quite warm. Minimum temperatures should be about average in most parts of the country, though people in upper Moldavia can expect a rather cold north-easterly wind from the Continental area of high pressure about 15-20 miles per hour. Frost is also likely, except in Bukowina. Newspaper: The weather is unsettled to fair. Showers with bright intervals. Local morning mist. Occasional rain in most parts, and a risk of thunder. Minimum temperatures slightly below zero.

* a small china donkey with a tail of string, which one was supposed to put out on one’s windowsill; on it were written various directions: ex. if tail is dry – fine; if tail is wet – rain; if tail falls out – earthquake (după Gălăţeanu-Fârnoagă şi Sachelarie-Lecca, p. 291)

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Translate the following weather forecast paying attention to the phrasal verbs: The day will start off wet in most areas but it should clear up in the afternoon. In the early evening it will brighten up, especially in the east. The wind should die down in the course of the afternoon.

Make your own weather diary for a week. This Week’s Weather ex. Monday - November 3rd – It’s pouring with rain! Tuesday – November 4th – It’s a bit chilly! Wednesday – November 5th – It’s freezing cold! Snow on the ground etc. To Trust or not to Trust the Weatherman? It will definitely be cold throughout the country tomorrow. 100% sure Snow is also likely in the northern part of the country. On Friday there will probably be rain in most of the south-east. There is a chance of storms and strong winds across the whole of the south. More rain is possible at the weekend.

Fahrenheit Celsius F = 9/5 C + 32 sau F = (C X 1.8) + 32

Celsius Fahrenheit C = 5/9 (F-32) sau C = (F-32) : 1.8 117. What weather conditions are necessary for deciduous / fruit trees to: put forth buds be in bloom burst into leaf turn yellow?

118. Match:

torrential a) cold scorching b) flooding thick c) heat widespread d) rain galeforce e) snow freezing f) winds

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119. What’s the weather like if: a) you’re shivering b) your teeth are chattering c) you’re soaking wet d) you’re sweating e) you’ve got frostbite f) you’ve got suntanned g) you’ve got sunburnt h) you can’t breath properly

Write the right word from the wet series of synonyms: 1. You should clean the counter with a ......... cloth. 2. Living in that ......... old house can’t be healthy. 3. When they came in from the storm, they were ......... to the skin. 120. Time to Talk

Discuss the following idioms: to be as right as rain to have cold feet to have one’s head in the skies to look on the bright side of things to weather the stores What’s a weatherboard? What about a weathervane? Kinds of extreme weather you have experienced. The way weather affects people’s mood / health? The kind of weather you like best. What happens when each of the following natural disasters occurs:

AVALANCHE, CYCLONE, DROUGHT, EARTHQUAKE, FLOOD, FOREST FIRE, HURRICANE, TIDAL WAVE, TSUNAMI, VOLCANIC ERUPTION.

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121. Translate into Romanian:

Conifers’ slender profile minimises snow damage, while their small evergreen leaves withstand drying winds.

Tiles were blown off roofs by high winds. In the morning it was windy and cloudy, but now it’s sunny. The English weather is the subject of innumerable jokes and provides an inexhaustible

topic of conversation. If the weather breaks, it suddenly changes and becomes cold and wet. Power lines were brought down by falling trees. Jack Frost is an imaginary person who brings the frost and represents winter. Even the trees seemed wet through. the winds / seasons of change smog snowdrift / snowbank stuffy atmosphere to keep a weather eye on in all weathers dog-days drought nippy to fend off the environmental cranks the winds of change the dawn of civilisation And then the boss thundered in to the room! My memory is a little foggy. You are the sunshine of my life. She was practically showered with gifts. This homework is a breeze. Her face had been weathered by a long and troubled life.

FUNCTIONS

What an awful day, isn’t it? Looks a bit like rain, doesn’t it? It’s been a rather cold / mild winter, hasn’t it? I expect it’ll clear up later in the afternoon / it’ll brighten up soon.

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Lecţia 14. STOPPING BY WOODS ON A SNOWY EVENING (Robert Frost) Whose woods these are I think I know His house is in the village though He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow. My little horse must think it’s queer To stop without a farmhouse near Between the woods and frozen lake The darkest evening of the year. He gives his harness bells a shake To ask if there is some mistake. The only other sound’s the sweep Of easy wind and downy flake. The woods are lovely, dark, and deep, But I have promises to keep And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep. UNSTOPPABLE! ’He will not see me stopping here...’ ’To stop without a farmhouse near...’

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122. Translate into English: Stop by if you like! He stopped short on seeing me. I must have this tooth stopped by all means.

123. THESE WOODS... Explain the difference between:

WOOD(S) A PIECE OF WOOD DEAD WOOD FIREWOOD HARDWOOD SOFTWOOD WOODLANDS

WOODS / THICKET / COPSE / FOREST / STAND / UNDERGROWTH 124. Match: wooded smell wooden plant woodsy spoon woody surface

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Wood: ╬ block ╬ craft ╬ cutter ╬ pecker ╬ pile ╬ pulp ╬ (s)man ╬ wind ╬ work ╬ worm 125. Illustrate the following: TOUCH WOOD (BE) / KNOCK ON WOOD (AE) NOT BE OUT OF THE WOODS YET NOT SEE THE WOOD FOR THE TREES IN THE NECK OF THE WOODS

ITSY-BITSY ’My little horse must think it’s queer...’

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SMALL (size) – general, objective term LITTLE (positive / negative emotional element) – your opinion of something small 126. LITTLE or SMALL?

Would you do me a ......... favour? She smiled a ......... smile. A tiny ......... boy stepped forward and took the floor. How can I live on such a ......... income? His father is a ......... shopkeeper. ......... change ......... fortune ......... woman

QUEER ’’My little horse must think it’s queer...” Queer – (old-fashioned) strange - (taboo) gay / homosexual Synonyms: BIZARRE, FUNNY, ODD, OUTLANDISH, STRANGE, SURPRISING, UNUSUAL.

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TAKING IT EASY ’’The only other sound’s the sweep Of easy wind and downy flake...’’ EASY LIGHT

The exam was a cinch / easy. All things are difficult before they are easy. It’s the easiest problem of all.

light box / package light food light music / comedy light conduct

EASY or LIGHT? 2. She had blue eyes and ......... brown hair. 3. She used to wear ........., comfortable shoes. 4. If you get this job, you’ll be living on the ......... street. 5. She was as ......... as a feather. 6. Just take the ......... way out and let it be. 7. I can live the baby with you with an ......... mind. 8. Now you’re an ......... target for their attacks. LIGHT or HEAVY or LIGHT / HEAVY?

light heavy light / heavy X aircraft breathing casualties cold day drinker eater entertainment fighting X going heart industry lunch X meal rain reading scent schedule silence sleeper smoker snack 127. Latin English Romanian arin silver birch populus alba taxus baccata 128. Write a very short story that has the following beginning: ’It was a rimy morning, and very damp. I had seen the damp lying on the outside of my little window, as if some goblin had been crying there all night, and using the window for a pocket handkerchief.’ (Chares Dickens, Great Expectations) ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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phloem n. the living tissue (in vascular plants) that carries organic nutrients, particularly sucrose, to all parts of the plant where needed. In trees, the phloem is underneath and difficult to distinguish from bark. pine n. [C] a tall tree with long hard sharp leaves that do not fall off in winter pineapple n. [C] a large yellow-brown tropical fruit or its sweet juicy yellow flesh pinecone n. [C] the hard dry rounded seed case which grows on apine tree pineneedle n. [C] a leaf of the PINE tree, which is thin and sharp like a needle pinenut n. [C] a small seed that grows on some pine trees and is eaten as food poplar n. [C] a very tall straight thin tree that grows very fast (black poplar, Canadian poplar) pulp n. [U] a very soft substance that is almost

APPENDIX # 1

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Irregular Verbs

be was/were been bear bore born beat beat beaten become became become begin began begun bet bet bet/betted bite bit bitten/bit bleed bled bled blow blew blown break broke broken breed bred bred bring brought brought build built built burn burnt/burned burnt/burned buy bought bought catch caught caught choose chose chosen come came come cost cost cost cut cut cut dig dug dug do did done draw drew drawn dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed drink drank drunk drive drove driven eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found fly flew flown forget forgot forgotten forgive forgave forgiven freeze froze frozen get got got give gave given go went gone grow grew grown hang hung hung have had had hear heard heard hide hid hidden hit hit hit hold held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept kneel knelt knelt know knew known lay laid laid lead led led lean leant/leaned leant/leaned

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learn learnt/learned learnt/learned leave left left lend lent lent let let let lie lay lain light lit/lighted lit/lighted lose lost lost make made made mean meant meant meet met met pay paid paid put put put read read read ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen run ran run say said said see saw seen seek sought sought sell sold sold send sent sent set set set shake shook shaken shoot shot shot show showed shown shut shut shut sing sang sung sit sat sat sleep slept slept smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled speak spoke spoken spend spent spent spread spread spread stand stood stood steal stole stolen swear swore sworn swim swam swum take took taken teach taught taught tear tore tore tell told told think thought thought throw threw thrown understand understood understood wake woke woken wear wore worn weep wept wept win won won

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APPENDIX # 2 A DAY’S WAIT (Ernest Hemingway) He came into the room to shut the windows while we were still in bed and I saw he looked ill. He was shivering, his face was white, and he walked slowly as though it ached to move. “What’s the matter, Schatz?” “I’ve got a headache.” “You better go back to bed.” “No. I’m all right.” “You go to bed. I’ll see you when I’m dressed.” But when I came downstairs he was dressed, sitting by the fire, looking a very sick and miserable boy of nine years. When I put my hand on his forehead I knew he had a fever. “You go up to bed,“ I said, “you’re sick.” “I’m all right,” he said. When the doctor came he took the boy’s temperature. “What is it?” I asked him. “One hundred and two.” Downstairs, the doctor left three different medicines in different colored capsules with instructions for giving them. One was to bring down the fever, another a purgative, the third to overcome and acid coondition. The germs of influenza can only exist in an acid condition, he explained. He seemed to know all about influenza and said there was nothing to worry about if the fever did not go above one hundred and four degrees. This was a light epidemic of flu and there was no danger if you avoided pneumonia. Back in the room I wrote the boy’s temperature down and made a note of the time to give the various capsules. “Do you want me to read to you?” “All right. If you want to,” said the boy. His face was very white and there were dark areas under his eyes. He lay still in the bed and seemed very detached from what was going on. I read aloud from Howard Pyle’s Book of Pirates, but I could see he was not following what I was reading. “How do you feel, Schatz?” I asked him. “Just the same , so far,” he said. I sat at the foot of the bed and read to myself while I waited for it to be time to give another capsule. It would have been natural for him to go sleep, but when I looked up he was looking at the foot of the bed, looking very strangely. “Why don’t you try to sleep? I’ll wake you up for the medicine.” “I’d rather stay awake.” After a while he said to me: “You don’t have to stay in here with me, Papa, if it bothers you.” “It doesn’t bother me.” “No, I mean you don’t have to stay if it’s going to bother you.”

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I thought perhaps he was a little lightheaded and after giving him the prescribed capsules at eleven o’clock I went out for a while. It was a bright, cold day, the ground covered with a sleet that had frozen so that it seemed as if all the bare trees, the bushes, the cut brush and all the grass and the bare ground had been varnished with ice. I took the young Irish setter for awalkup the road and along a frozen creek, but it was difficult to stand or walk on the glassy surface and the red dog slipped and slithered and I fell twice, hard, once dropping my gun and having it slide away over the ice. (...) At the house they said the boy had refused to let anyone come into the room. “You can’t come in,” he said. “You mustn’t get what I have.” I went up to him and found him in exactly the position I had left him, white-faced, but with the tops of his cheeks flushed by the fever, staring still, as he has stared, at the foot of the bed. I took his temperature. “What is it?” “Something like a hundred,” I said. It was one hundred and two and four tenths. “It was a hundred and two,” he said. “Who said so?” “The doctor.” “Your temperature is all right,” I said. “It’s nothing to worry about.” “I don’t worry,” he said, “but I can’t keep from thinking.” “Don’t think,” I said. “Just take it easy.” “I’m taking it easy,” he said and looked straight ahead. He was evidently holding tight onto himself about something. “Take this with water.” “Do you think it will do any good?” “Of course it will.” I sat down and opened the Pirate book and commenced to read, but I could see he was not following, so I stopped. “About what time do you think I’m going to die?” he asked. “What?” “About how long will it be before I die?” “You aren’t going to die. What’s the matter with you?” “Oh, yes, I am. I heard him say one hundred and two.” “People don’t die with a fever of one hundred and two. That’s a silly way to talk.” “I know they do. At school in France the boy told me you can’t live with forty-four degrees. I’ve got a hundred and two.” He had been waiting to die all day, ever since nine o’clock in the morning. “You poor Schatz,” I said. “Poor old Schatz. It’s like miles and kilometers. You aren’t going to die. That’s a different thermometer. On that thermometer thirty-seven is normal. On this kind it’s ninety-eight.” “Are you sure?” “Absolutely,” I said. “It’s like miles and kilometers. You know, like how many kilometers we make when we do seventy miles in the car?” “Oh,” he said. But his gaze at the foot of the bed relaxed slowly. The hold over himself relaxed too, finally, and the next day it was very slack and he cried very easily at little things that were of no importance.

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APPENDIX # 3 VERBAL TENSES†

Present Tense Simple Present Tense Continuous Present Tense Simple Inf.+S pers. a III-a sg.

Present Tense Continuous TO BE (present) + vb.ing

1. activităţi dintr-un prezent general, care include momentul vorbirii Ex. He works in a car factory.

1. acţiuni dintr-un prezent care include momentele vorbirii Ex. She’s studying to get her driving licence.

2. activităţi obişnuite, repetate Ex. I travel by train when I go to Bucharest.

2. acţiuni temporare; comportament nespecific Ex. This time, I’m travelling by plane.

3. adevăruri general valabile Ex. Water freezes at 0 °C.

3. acţiuni în schimbare în momentul vorbirii. Ex.These children of yours are growing fast.

4. explicaţii, demonstraţii, indicaţii Ex. I add water and stir.

4. activităţi care au loc în momentul vorbirii Ex. It’s raining.

5. exclamaţii introduse prin HERE, THERE Ex. There it is!

5. activităţi specifice repetate, care provoacă Ex. You are always interrupting me.

6. în subordonate, în locul viitorului Ex.: If/when he comes, I’ll give you a call.

6. acţiuni viitoare cu caracter personal Ex. They’re going to the cinema tonight.

† după Ways with Words (D. Linguraru, 2004, p. 59-73)

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136

Past Tense Simple Past Tense Continuous

1. acţiune finalizată în trecut (momentul acţiunii putând fi menţionat sau nu) Ex. Christopher Columbus discovered America by accident, in1492. He finally killed the kidnapped.

1. acţiune în desfăşurare la un moment dat în trecut Ex. When I arrived, she was cleaning the closet..

2. o acţiune repetată, obişnuită în trecut (sau lipsa acesteia) Ex. She always wore black. I met him every day on my way to the office.

2. cu referire la planuri care nu s-au materializat sau nu se vor materializa Ex. I was coming to see you but unfortunately something came up.

3. acţiuni desfăşurate pe o anumită perioadă de timp în trecut Ex. He worked as a forest ranger for twenty years.

3. ca echivalent la trecut al timpului prezent continuu Ex. He said he was working as a clerk. (temporar) She was busy packing because she was taking off that night. (acţiune viitoare) He was always teasing me. (acţiune repetată care provoacă iritare)

4. o acţiune în trecut (succesiune de acţiuni narate) Ex. He picked up his hat, said good by and left.

4.pentru descrieri în trecut Ex. The flowers were blooming, the birds were singing and the breeze was blowing softly.

Present Perfect Tense Simple Present Perfect Tense Continuous 1. acţiuni trecute, încheiate, dar care au o legătură strânsă cu prezentul (acţiunea din trecut are consecinţe în prezent) Ex. He has cleaned his car. I have made a mistake. 2. acţiuni recente, fără însă a se menţiona exact momentul efectuării lor (adverbe: ALWAYS, RECENTLY, NEVER, LATELY, JUST, SO FAR, EVER, YET) Ex. I have always preferred peaches to oranges. We have never been to England. He has just come home. 3. activităţi începute undeva în trecut dar care continuă până în prezent sau într-o perioadă de timp în care este inclus şi momentul comunicării Ex. I have been married for 2 years. I’ve known him for 10 years. I haven’t spoken to her since 1998.

® Elementele temporale cel mai des utilizate cu Present Perfect Tense Continuous sunt FOR şi SINCE. Ex. I’ve been waiting for you over an hour! I’ve been waiting for you since one o’clock! NOTĂ: - FOR arată perioada; - SINCE arată momentul incipient al activităţii.

Past Perfect Simple & Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Simple (mai mult ca

perfectul) exprimă o acţiune care a avut loc în trecut, înaintea altui moment sau a altei acţiuni din trecut. Ex. She showed me the bat she had bought. Past Perfect Simple este folosit cu adverbele JUST, ALREADY, HARDLY, SCARCELY, WHEN, BEFORE, pentru a sugera anterioritatea, şi cu FOR pentru a exprima o perioadă de timp ce precede un moment din trecut. Ex. By the time we got there they had already left. She had had a poor image for about 20 years before a fortunate turn made her emerge from obscurity.

Past Perfect Continuous exprimă o acţiune în desfăşurare sau în curs de desfăşurare în trecut şi terminată înaintea altei acţiuni trecute şi terminate. Ca şi Past Perfect Simple, se foloseşte cu conjuncţiile FOR sau SINCE. Ex.: They had been working on that project for a year when the company went bankrupt.

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Future Form Meaning Example 1. Future Simple SHALL / WILL +

inf - acţiuni viitoare

- prognoze. They say it will

snow. 2. Future Continuous

SHALL / WILL +

BE + vb.ING

- acţiuni desfăşurate într-un moment din

viitor

I’ll be studying for my final exam this time next month.

3. Future in the Past

SHOULD / WOULD

+ inf.

- viitorul propoziţiilor

subordonate a cărei principală conţine un verb la timp trecut.

They said it would

rain.

4. Future Perfect Simple

SHALL / WILL + HAVE + BEEN +

3rd. form

- acţiune viitoare anterioară altui

moment specificat din viitor.

By the end of the semester we shall

have studied all the English tenses.

4. Future Perfect Simple

SHALL / WILL + HAVE + BEEN +

3rd. form

- acţiune viitoare anterioară altui

moment specificat din viitor.

By the end of the semester we shall

have studied all the English tenses.

5. Future Perfect Continuous

SHALL / WILL

+ HAVE BEEN + vb. ING

- acţiune viitoare în plină desfăşurare anterioară unui moment / unei

acţiuni din viitor.

Until lunch time we shall have been working for this

project for 3 hours.

6. GOING TO Future

BE + GOING TO + inf.

- intenţie - acţiune viitoare,

iminentă

I’m going to buy myself a new car. Be careful! It’s going to fall!

7. BE TO Future BE (present) + TO +

inf.

- planuri (oficiale),

ordine

The Prime Minister is to visit

our town soon. 8. ABOUT TO Future

BE (present) + ABOUT + TO + inf.

- acţiune iminentă, în viitorul apropiat.

He is about to leave the country.

9. Present Simple - planuri oficiale - propoziţii

temporale sau condiţionale.

The meeting starts at 10 tomorrow

morning.

10. Present Continuous

- acţiuni viitoare planificate de

vorbitor.

I’m visiting my grandparents this

weekend.

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APPENDIX # 4 PREZENTUL SIMPLU La persoana a treia singular, verbul la prezentul simplu se termină în –S. În cazul verbelor care se termină în O, SS, CH, SH, SS, X se adaugă –ES. Ex. He goes/misses/watches/wishes/relaxes. PREZENTUL CONTINUU (sau adăugarea terminaţiei –ING în general) Se elimină E final atunci când se adaugă terminaţia –ING unui verb (dar se păstrează dublu E). Ex. decide – deciding, write – writing DAR see – seeing, agree – agreeing Când verbul se termină în grupul –IE, prin adăugarea lui -ING acesta devine -YING. Ex. die – dying, lie – lying DAR hurry – hurrying Uneori consoana finală se dublează. Acest lucru se întâmplă atunci cînd verbul se termină în “consoană-vocală-consoană”. Ex. plan – planning, stop – stopping DAR meet – meeting, work – working TRECUTUL SIMPLU (sau adăugarea treminaţiei –ED în general) Când un verb se termină în CONSOANĂ + Y, Y-ul se transformă în IE. Ex. try – tried, deny – denied, hurry – hurried, copy – copied Uneori se dublează consoana finală. Aceasta se întâmplă când verbul se termină în “consoană-vocală-consoană”. Ex. plan – planned, regret – regretted, stop – stopped PLURALUL SUBSTANTIVELOR Pentru forma de plural a substantivelor se adaugă de obicei –S. După grupurile finale –CH, -SH, -SS, -X se adaugă –ES. Ex. match – matches, wish – wishes, glass – glasses, box – boxes Majoritatea substantivelor care se termină în –O formează pluralul cu ajutorul lui –S, unele însă au –ES. Ex. kilos, photos, pianos, studios DAR heroes, potatoes, tomatoes Când un substantiv se termină în CONSOANĂ + Y, Y-ul se transformă în –IES. Ex. party – parties, story – stories DAR day –days, journey – journeys ADVERBE Majoritatea adverbelor se formează prin adăugarea terminaţiei -LY unui adjectiv. Uneori se omite E final. Ex. safe – safely, strange – strangely DAR true – truly, whole – wholly Când un adjectiv se termină în CONSOANĂ + Y, Y-ul se transformă în –I + LY. Ex. easy – easily, angry – angrily Când un adjectiv se termină în CONSOANĂ + LE, E se transformă în Y. Ex. probable – probably, sensible – sensibly Când un adjectiv se termină în –IC, se adaugă –ALLY, cu o singură excepţie. Ex. automatic – automatically, romantic – romantically DAR public – publicly Sufixul –FUL are un singur L. Când se adaugă –LY pentru formarea adverbelor, vom avea dublu L. Ex. successful – successfully

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IE SAU EI? Regula este următoarea: I înainte de E, cu excepţia cazului în care după C urmează sunetul /i:/. Ex. field, believe, science DAR receive LITERE CARE NU SE PRONUNŢĂ În următoarele cuvinte, literele subliniate nu se pronunţă: BT – doubt LF – calf, half MB – plumber, thumb GN – sign, foreign KN – know, knife PS – psychology, psychiatrist SC – science, descend WH – who WR – wrong, write SUBSTANTIVE ŞI VERBE CU C ŞI S Ex. advice, practice (substantive); advise, practise (verbe)

BIBLIOGRAPHY Adrian-Vallance, D’Arcy, Really Useful English Idioms, Pearson Education Limited, Edinburgh, 2004 Budai, László, Gramatica engleză. Teorie şi exerciţii, Teora, Bucureşti, 2002 Carroll, Lewis, Alice in Wonderland, în ’The Complete Illustrated Lewis Carroll’, Wordsworth Education Ltd., 1998 Chiriacescu, Adriana, The Noun and Determiners, Teora, Bucureşti, 2003

Clare, Antonia; Wilson, J. J., Total English (pre-intermediate, workbook), Pearson Education Limited, Edinburgh, 2005

Emmerson, Paul, Business Grammar Builder, Macmillan, 2002 Fromonot, Jacqueline; Leguy, Isabelle; Fontane, Gilbert, Învăţaţi engleza contemporană, Teora, Bucureşti, 2005

Gălăţeanu-Fârnoagă, Georgiana; Sachelarie-Lecca, Doina, Limba engleză în conversaţie, Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, Bucureşti, 1982

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