ANTON DE KOM UNIVERSITY OF SURINAME - IGSR · the Anton de Kom University of Suriname. The...

ANTON DE KOM UNIVERSITY OF SURINAME

INSTITUTE FOR GRADUATE STUDIES & RESEARCH (IGSR)

Macrophytes and water quality in running water, stagnant open water and wetlands in northern Suriname

Paper submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of science in Biology Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Mol, J. Van der Lugt, F. MSc. SABITRIE DOERGA May 2013

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ANTON DE KOM UNIVERSITY OF SURINAME

INSTITUTE FOR GRADUATE STUDIES & RESEARCH (IGSR)

Macrophytes and water quality in running water, stagnant open water and wetlands in northern Suriname

Paper submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of science in Biology Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Mol, J. Van der Lugt, F. MSc. SABITRIE DOERGA May 2013

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Summary Aquatic plants are important components of the aquatic ecosystems. There are several life forms of aquatic plants which may live submerged, emerged or free floating. The main objective of this study is to analyze the correlation between aquatic macrophytes and environmental variables by conducting a research in 90 plots of two by two meter that were established in the following water body categories: running water, stagnant open water, wetlands and disturbed area. These water bodies are found in the Young Coastal Plain, Old Coastal Plain and the Savanna Belt. The obtained result was analyzed with PCA and CCA ordination, the constrained values were tested for significance. As a result 50 aquatic plant species were found in the 90 plots, with 3 new records for Suriname. The species distribution in the geographical zones showed 30 species in the Young Coastal Plain, 26 species in the Old Coastal Plain and 9 species in the Savanna belt. The 50 plants were categorized according to Hutchinson in 5 plant types. The highest diversity found is in the stagnant open water category in district Saramacca. According to the CCA the occurrence of aquatic plants is correlated to the water quality. All species found in the plots are native to Suriname. Land use has an impact on the size of the aquatic plants.

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Content Summary 2 Acknowledgements 4 1 Introduction 5 1.1 Objectives of the study 6 2 Material and Method 6 2.1 Literature study 6 2.2 Study area 6 2.3 Water quality 7 2.4 Plant community structure 8 2.5 Statistical analysis of association between

plant community structure and environmental variables 8 3 Results 10

3.1 Literature study 10 3.2 Description of the macrophyte communities 10 3.3 Species overlap and diversity in the four water bodies 36 3.4 Ordination analysis and ANOVA test 43

Conclusion and discussion 56 Recommendations 57 References 58

Appendix 1 60 Appendix 2 62 Appendix 3 63 Appendix 4 65 Appendix 5 66 Appendix 6 67 Appendix 7 68 Appendix 8 69 Appendix 9 70 Appendix 10 71

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Acknowledgements

I express my gratitude to Prof. Jan Mol and Frank van der Lugt MSc for the manner in which both supervised my Master thesis. Thank you for granting the time I required to make mistakes and learn from them, remaining patient and for respecting my other obligations. Thank-you, Dorothy Traag, head of the National Herbarium of Suriname, who supported me and gave me the opportunity to do my research at the National Herbarium. Dear colleagues of the herbarium thank you all for the support and patience during my study. Mrs . Irene Tholen and S. Martodihardjo of Suralco, thank you for the permission and the support. Pieter Teunissen, thank you for the company in the field and the conversations. Gwen Landburg, Indra Nandan and Clementino Djakiman thank you for the support given me during my research at the Lab. Last but not least I want to thank my family and my dear husband Rawien Jairam, for the patience and the support given to me.

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1.Introduction

Aquatic plants are important components of the aquatic ecosystems. There are several life forms of aquatic plant that can either live submerged, emerged or free floating. Although much is known about plants, classifying a plant as to be aquatic still stirs a lot of discussion and to date no definition is accepted by the majority of researchers. The difficulties arise mainly because aquatic habitats cannot be sharply distinguished from terrestrial ones (Scultorpe, 1985). Aquatic plants provide, either directly or indirectly, food, shelter and a variety of habitats for a large number of organisms, including wildfowl and economically important fish (Cook, 1974). Aquatic plants absorb dissolved minerals and enrich water with oxygen produced during photosynthesis. These properties are of benefit to man as they assist in the maintenance of clean water and they help in the recovery of polluted water (Cook, 1974). In The Freshwater Ecosystems of Suriname (1993), the only published work on aquatic plants from Suriname, Werkhoven and Peeters (1993) defined water plants as plants which can complete their generative cycle when all vegetative parts are submerged or carried by the water; or which live usually submerged but only turn to generative reproduction when the vegetative parts die off by desiccation or which float on the water surface in addition to which roots are submerged while other parts emerge from the water. In his study on soil salinity in Suriname, Pons (1964) placed on the salt profile classes, the natural vegetation, where for each plant the zone is displayed, where she appears naturally. Successively he distinguished five zones with plants. Mohadin (1980) searched for possible relationships between the physical and chemical properties of the water and the higher plants in which he only included the floating and submerged water plants because it was much more obvious that these two groups reflected the physical and chemical properties of the water. Teunissen (1980) did literature and field studies from 1974 to 1977 to describe and map the lowland ecosystems of Suriname. He described 144 ecosystems in which, he included aquatic plants. Teunissen (1993) described 3 types of vegetation occurring in the freshwater ecosystem of Suriname namely herbaceous swamps, swamp wood or low swamp forest and high swamp forest. These vegetation types have their own characteristic aquatic plants. Murphy et al. (2003) showed that the environmental and vegetation variables influence the variation in water and sediment physico-chemistry. According to Alahuhta (2011) macrophyte community structures are impacted by land use. Doerga (2010) found a correlation between the occurrence of aquatic plants and water quality in Nickerie. She showed that turbidity, conductivity, pH and dissolved oxygen are correlated with occurrence of macrophytes in irrigation canals of the rice polders. Doerga (2010) also recommended that similar studies should take place in other localities to verify and extent her results.

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Running water Stagnant open water Wetlands Disturbed Area

Sand pit Paramaribo (Gummels) Coronie Paramaribo

Sand pit Saramacca (Chotkan) Lower Coesewijne Saramacca

Sand pit Coronie Lelydorp Nickerie

Marowijne

Commewijne

Para

Para River

Coesewijne River

Kaboeri Creek

Suriname River

Corantijn River

Coppename River

Young Coastal Plain

Old Coastal Plain

Savanna Belt (Black -

water streams draining the

Savanna Belt

Interior (Lower reaches of

clear-water rivers draining

the Interior, Guiana Shield)

1.1 Objectives of the study

The main objective of this study is to analyze the correlation between macrophytes and environmental variables in the lowland freshwater ecosystems of Suriname. In addition the study addresses

1. Diversity of aquatic macrophytes in running water, stagnant open water and wetlands.

2. Differentiation between native and non-native aquatic macrophytes species. 3. Association between land use and macrophytes

2.Material and method

2.1 Literature study A study was conducted on herbarium material in the National Herbarium of Suriname at the Anton de Kom University of Suriname, the vegetation table of Teunissen (1980), the macrophyte list of Werkhoven and Peeters (1993) and the checklist of Jairam-Doerga (2011) to list the aquatic plants already known. 2.2 Study area

The study area is defined as the Coastal Plain and Savanna Belt, including the lower reaches of the main rivers downstream of the rapids, from the east to the west of Suriname. Thus the vegetation of rapids will be excluded. Ouboter (1993) categorized the freshwater of Suriname in running water, stagnant open water and wetlands.

Table 1: Sample locations

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At eighteen locations (see table 1) 5 plots were established in which plant and water quality data was sampled and measured. The coordinates of the sampling plots was taken with a GPS (Garmin 60csx). Plot number and gps coordinates are found in appendix 1.

Figure 1: Map of northern Suriname with the sampled plots given in smaller red dots. 2.3 Water quality The water quality parameters pH, turbidity, secchi disc transparency, Dissolved Oxygen, conductivity, ammonia, nitrate, chloride and phosphate were measured. The pH was measured with a waterproof pH testr30 of Oaklon Eutech instruments. Turbidity was measured with a portable turbidimeter model 2100p. Secchi disc transparency was measured with a Lamotte secchi disc code 0171. Dissolved oxygen was measured with a portable dissolved oxygen meter, SensION 6. Conductivity was measured with a waterproof ECTestr or with a multiparameter testr35 of Oaklon Eutesch instruments. Nitrate, ammonia, and phosphate were colorimetrically analyzed at the Centrum voor Milieu Onderzoek (CMO) at the Anton the Kom University of Suriname. Chloride was analyzed titrimetrically with silver nitrate. This was done by bringing water samples of the measured plot in a one liter PET bottle that was cooled on ice for measurements on the next day in the CMO lab. The measurements followed the Standard Methods for the Examination of water and wastewater (Clesceri et al, 1998). The pH, turbidity, secchi disc transparency, DO and conductivity were measured in the field.

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2.4 Plant community structure The plant sampling was done in plots of 2 m x 2 m, where the macrophytes were recorded and the abundance was estimated in percentage from 1 through 100. Plants were collected for identification and preserved by either drying in an electrical oven or immersion in 70 % alcohol for long-term storage in the National Herbarium of the Anton de Kom University of Suriname. The identification took place at the herbarium using the Flora of Suriname series, Flora of the Guianas series and Flora of the Venezuelan Guiana series.Some plant photographs were sent to specialists for identification. The aquatic plants were categorized according to Hutchinson (1975) in 5 types. Free floating, without roots or with roots pendant in the water. Type 1: At surface, upper part of plant is ordinarily dry (e.g. Pistia stratiotes) Type 2: Below surface, plant entirely submerged, floating at mid-depths ( e.g. Ceratophyllum sp.) Rooted in sediment Type 3: Part of vegetative structures emerging above water surface for most of the year ( e.g. Ipomoea aquatica). Type 4: Leaves at least some of them, floating but usually not emergent (e. g. Nymphaea sp.). Type 5: Plant except flower or inflorescence, submerged, perennially or during most of the growing season (e.g. Mayaca sp.). 2.5 Statistical analysis of association between plant community structure and environmental variables. To analyze the correlation between aquatic macrophytes and the water quality, the data of the water quality and the plant species was analyzed with Excel, and R. The following ordination was done: Principle Component analysis (PCA) and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). With the Simpson and Shannon diversity indices the diversity of macrophytes was analyzed. Principal component analysis (PCA) is most appropriate for use with abundance data. This method illustrates the relationship between samples in a two- or three- dimensional space by producing a plot of the results. This can be interpreted visually (Newton, 2007). The closer the sites are to each other in the PCA-plot, the more similar are the sites (sample plots). Ter Braak developed in 1986 the Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and is widely used by researchers in exploring the relations between community and environmental variables. CCA requires data on the environmental condition at each site

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(Newton, 2007). It is important that environmental and species data are collected at the same place and at the same time. According to Palmer one of the biggest advantages of CCA lies in the intuitive nature of its ordination diagram, or triplot. It is called a triplot because it simultaneously shows three pieces of information: samples as points, species as points, and environmental variables as arrows (or points) ( Palmer, http://ordination.okstate.edu/overview.htm). When using Correspondence analysis (CA, DCA, CCA, and DCCA) we get an overwiev of the weighted averages with respect to the environmental variables.Environmental variables associated with long arrows are quite valuable for nalysis, according to van Katwijk and ter Braak (2008) we can states that the longer the arrow the more certain w ecan be regarding the weighted averages. Thus the arrow points in the direction of the maximum change of the environmental variable in the diagram, the length is proportional to the rate of change in this way. Long arrow environmental variables are more strongly correlated with the ordination axes than those with short arrows, and are therefore more related to the pattern of variation in species composition in the ordination diagram is shown (van Katwijk and ter Braak, 2008). The sum of the eigenvalues of the constrained axes is the total ‘explained inertia’. The remaining axes are unconstrained, and can be regarded ‘residual’.The sum of eigenvalues of the constrained and the unconstrained axes adds up to the total inertia in the species data which in turn can be used as a measure of how well species composition is explained by the variables (van Katwijk and ter Braak, 2008). The constrained values are tested for significance. The test mimics standard analysis of variance function (\texttt{anova}), and the default test analyses all constraints simultaneously.

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3.Results 3.1 Literature study In the list of Teunissen (1980) 31 aquatic species were found in the coastal zone and Savanna belt. From the list of Werkhoven and Peeters (1993) 44 species were listed for the Coastal zone and Savanna belt. Sixteen species occurred on both lists (see appendix 2). According to the Checklist of the Plants of the Guiana Shield (Funk, et all 2007), two species in the list of Teunissen (1980) and Werkhoven and Peeters (1993) do not occur in the Flora area namely: Lemna minor and Utricularia inflata. 3.2 Description of the macrophytes communities Running water (Black-water streams draining the Savanna Belt) Para River (plots 11-15) The Para River is a tributary of the Suriname River. The vegetation found along this river was mainly swamp vegetation with Fabaceae sp., Euterpe oleracea, Mauritia flexuosa, Montrichardia arborescens and Inga sp. on the banks. Ten species were found in the plots of which Salvinia auriculata was dominant in the plots, followed by Paspalum repens. Marsilea polycarpa was also found in the plot, for the moment this species is only known from the Para River vicinity. The average pH of the water was 6.37. The conductivity was 38 µS and the average turbidity was 25 NTU. The secchi disc transparency was 48 cm.

The average chloride content was 6.32 mg/L, nitrate content was 0.019mg/L, ammonia content was 0.071 mg/L and phosphate content was 0.01 mg/L. The detailed data on plant coverage and water quality is found in appendix 4.

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Figure 2: Marsilea polycarpa, Salvinia auriculata, Eichhornia crassipes, Paspalum repens and Echinochloa polystachya in Para River plot 13.

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Upper Coesewijne River (plots 56-60) The Upper Coesewijne River is a tributary of the Coppename River. The vegetation along this river is mainly swamp vegetation with Fabaceae sp., Eschweilera sp. , Gustavia sp. and Eleocharis sp. on the banks. Nymphaea glandulifera is dominant in the plots, followed by Nymphaea rudgeana and Salvinia auriculata. The average pH of the water is 5.3. The conductivity is 30.7 µS and the average turbidity is 8.9 NTU. The secchi disc transparency was 50 cm.The average chloride content is 9.75 mg/L, nitrate content is 0.011 mg/L, ammonia content is 0.047 mg/L and phosphate content is 0.106 mg/L. The detailed data on plant coverage and water quality is found in appendix 4.

Figure 3: Upper Coesewijne River

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Figure 4: Nymphaea glandulifera in Upper Coesewijne River, plot 56.

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Kaboeri Creek (plot 46-50) The Kaboeri Creek is a black water creek and a tributary of the Corantyn River. The vegetation along this river was mainly swamp vegetation with Fabaceae sp., Eschweilera sp., Montrichardia arborescens and Eleocharis sp. on the banks. Nine species were found in the plots of which Elodea granatensis (syn: Apalanthe granatensis) was dominant in the plots, followed by Nymphaea rudgeana and Salvinia auriculata. The average pH of the water was 4.44. The conductivity was 30 µS and the average turbidity was 2.5 NTU. The secchi disc transparency was 97 cm.The average chloride content was 9.31 mg/L, nitrate content was 0.008 mg/L, ammonia content was 0.02 mg/L and phosphate content was 0.105 mg/L. The detailed data on plant coverage and water quality is found in appendix 4.

Figure 5: Fabaceae sp. and Montrichardia arborescens on the bank of Kaboeri Creek.

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Figure 6: Elodea granatensis (syn: Apalanthe granatensis) and Mayaca fluviatilis in Kaboeri Creek, plot 50.

Figure 7: Nymphaea rudgeana in Kaboeri Creek, plot 48.

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Running water (Lower reaches of clear-water Rivers draining the interior, Guiana Shield) Suriname River (plot 16-20) The Suriname River is a clear water river. In the plots that were established in the vicinity of Overbrigde four species were found. Mayaca longipes was dominant in the plots followed by Cabomba aquatica. In the this area, Overbridge, we also observed large fields of Cabomba aquatica more than 3 m long. In plot 19 a new species for Suriname was found namely Heteranthera zosterifolia (fig. 9) . A Cyperaceae was also found, which could not be identified yet. The average pH of the water was 6.6. The conductivity was 24.7 µS and the average turbidity was 8.6 NTU. The secchi disc transparency was 41 cm. The average chloride content was 4.46 mg/L, nitrate content was 0.011 mg/L, ammonia content was 0.042 mg/L and phosphate content was 0.003 mg/L. The detailed data on plant coverage and water quality is found in appendix 5.

Figure 8: Cabomba aquatica (left) and Mayaca longipes in the clear-water of the lower Suriname River, plot 19.

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Figure 9: Heteranthera zosterifolia in the lower reach of the Suriname River, plot 19.

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Corantijn River (plots:51-55). The Corantijn is a large river, with sand banks in the vicinity of the village Apoera. Near this vicinity the five plots were established. The vegetation found on the sandbanks was mainly Montrichardia arborescens, Eleocharis mutata and Helianthium tenellum. The Eleocharis geniculata were eaten by some animal, probably Capybara. Four species were found in the plots. In the plots Helianthium tenellum was dominant. Furthermore Crinum erubescens , Coutoubea racemosa and Echinodorus cf. paniculatus occurred in the plots. The Corantyn River has clear water with an average pH 6.9. The conductivity was 20 µS and the average turbidity was 8.55 NTU. The secchi disc transparency was greater than 15 cm. The average chloride content was 5.51 mg/L, nitrate content was 0.007 mg/L, ammonia content was 0.004 mg/L and phosphate content was 0.098 mg/L. The detailed data on plant coverage and water quality is found in appendix 5. -

Figure 10: A sandbank in the lower Corantijn River with Eleocharis geniculata and Helianthium tenellum (plot 51)

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Figure 11: Helianthium tenellum on a sandbank in the Corantijn River.

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Coppename River (plot 81-85) The vegetation along the bank of the lower Coppename consist of Bombax aquatica, Eperua sp., Montrichardia arborescens, Euterpe oleracea and Tabebuia insignis. The plots were dominated by Crinum erubescens. Cyperus comosus was present in one of the plots. The average pH of the water was 6.8. The conductivity was 118 µS and the average turbidity was 305 NTU. The secchi disc transparency was 41 cm. The average chloride content was 30.8 mg/L, nitrate content was 0.003 mg/L, ammonia content was 0.38 mg/L and phosphate content was 0.162 mg/L. The detailed data on plant coverage and water quality is found in appendix 5.

Figure 12: Pachira aquatica (syn: Bombax aquatic) along plot 81 on the Coppename River.

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Figure 13: Cyperus comosus and Crinum erubescens in the lower reach of the Coppename River, plot 82

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Stagnant open water Paramaribo (at Gummels, plot 21-25) This sandpit is a large old shell mining pit owned by the Gummels family. Around this sandpit cows are grazing and at one side garbage is deposited on the banks. The vegetations along the plots contained mostly of Syzygium cumini.In the plots Nymphaeae amazonum is dominant followed by Ceratophyllum muricatum. At the time of the fieldwork at this location the Nymphaeae amazonum and Lemna aquinoctialis (see figure: Lemna is mostly brown) found to be withering. The average pH of the water was 8. The conductivity was 1645 µS and the average turbidity was 23 NTU. The secchi disc transparency was 13 cm. The chloride content was above 1000 mg/L, nitrate content was 0.039 mg/L, ammonia content was 1.6 mg/L and phosphate content was 4.52 mg/L. The detailed data on plant coverage and water quality is found in appendix 6.

Figure 14: Sand pit at Gummels.

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Figure 15: Ceratophyllum muricatum and Lemna aquinoctialis in Sand pit Gummels, plot 21. Saramacca (36-40) The sandpit at Saramacca resembles like the sandpit of Coronie with smaller stagnant open water areas scattered along the Jossiekreek road. Montrichardia arborescens, Ludwigia sp., Cecropia sp. and Syzygium cumini occurred along the plots. A lot of garbage is dumped in the sandpits (see figure 16). The dominant species of the plots was Pistia stratiotes followed by Salvinia auriculata. The average pH of the water was 7.2. The conductivity was 2044 µS and the average turbidity was 7 NTU. The average chloride content was 802 mg/L, nitrate content was 0.05 mg/L, ammonia content was 0.275 mg/L and phosphate content was 0.505 mg/L. The detailed data on plant coverage and water quality is found in appendix 6.

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Figure 16: Eichhornia crassipes, Ludwigia inclinata and Montrichardia arborescens at plot 36, with a lot of garbage in the back.

Figure 17: Hydrocotyle umbellata, Spirodela intermedia, and Wolffiella lingulata in plot 37.

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Coronie (plot 31-35) The sandpit at Coronie is not as large as sandpit as van Gummels, but it contains smaller stagnant open water areas which are scattered through pole number 92 to pole number 110 of the left side of the east to west road. Montrichardia arborescens, Ludwigia sp.,Cecropia sp. and Hura crepitans occurred along the plots. The dominant species found in the plots was Nymphaea ampla followed by Salvinia auriculata. The average pH of the water was 7.6. The conductivity was 398 µS and the average turbidity was 7.3 NTU. The average chloride content was 62.16 mg/L, nitrate content was 0.011 mg/L, ammonia content was 0.017 mg/L and phosphate content was 0.109 mg/L. The detailed data on plant coverage and water quality is found in appendix 6.

Figure 18: Nymphaea ampla (front) and Nymphaea amazonum (back) at plot 34.

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Wetlands (Young Coastal Plain) Coronie (plot 61-65) The plots were established along the east west road to Coronie. The vegetation along the plots consists of Montrichardia arborescens, Blechnum sp. and Virola surinamensis. Eight species were found in the plots, of which Montrichardia arborescens was dominant followed by Salvinia auriculata and Nymphaea ampla. The average pH of the water was 5.9. The conductivity was 161 µS and the average turbidity was 8.4 NTU. The average chloride content was 42 mg/L, nitrate content was 0 mg/L, ammonia content was 0.075 mg/L and phosphate content was 0.514 mg/L. The detailed data on plant coverage and water quality is found in appendix 7.

Figure 19: Nymphaea ampla in plot 61.

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Lower Coesewijne wetlands (plot 41-45) The plots were established along the lower Coesewijne River in the District Saramacca. Seven species were found in the plots. Of which Salvinia auriculata was the most dominant followed by Nymphaea glandulifera. The Salvinia plants that were found in the plots were very small compared to Salvinia plants that were found elsewhere in different areas. The average pH of the water was 6. The conductivity was 132 µS and the average turbidity was 16 NTU. The average chloride content was 26.6 mg/L, nitrate content was 0.019 mg/L, ammonia content was 1.57 mg/L and phosphate content was 2.07 mg/L. The detailed data on plant coverage and water quality is found in appendix 7.

Figure 20: Salvinia auriculata in plot 41.

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Lelydorp (plot 76-80) The plots were established along the road to Santigron, Sumatraweg and Reeberg. Along the plots of Lelydorp the vegetation consist of Euterpe oleracea, Pterocarpus officinalis, Virola surinamensis, Triplaris weigeltiana and Montrichardia arborescens. In the plot Nymphaea rudgeana was dominant followed by Nymphaea amazonum. Nitella macrocarpa was found in plot 76. The average pH of the water was 6. The conductivity was 87 µS and the average turbidity was 55 NTU. The average chloride content was 16 mg/L, nitrate content was 0.003 mg/L, ammonia content was 0.404 mg/L and phosphate content was 0.135 mg/L. The detailed data on plant coverage and water quality is found in appendix 7.

Figure 21: swamp at Reeberg, plot 80.

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Figure 22: Nymphaea rudgeana at Reeberg, in plot 79.

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Wetlands (Old Coastal Plain) Marowijne (plot 1-5) The five plots in the district of Marowijne were established along the east to west roadside. The vegetation near the plots consists of Montrichardia arborescens, Mimosa sp. Cecropia sp., Euterpe oleracea, Heliconia sp. and Inga sp.. Eight species were found in the plots, with Salvinia auriculata as dominant species followed by Azolla caroliniana and Bacopa aquatica. The average pH of the water was 6. The conductivity was 49 µS and the average turbidity was 68 NTU. The average chloride content was 22.28 mg/L, nitrate content was 0.01mg/L, ammonia content was 0.46 mg/L and phosphate content was 0.213 mg/L. The detailed data on plant coverage and water quality is found in appendix 8.

Figure 23: Montrichardia arborescens along plot 2.

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Figure 24: Apalanthe granatensis, Limnobium laevigatum and Eichhornia crassipes in plot 3.

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Commewijne (plot 6-10) The plots in the wetlands of Commewijne were established along the roadside to the Caramacca mine site, concession of Suralco. The vegetation along the plots consist of Mauritia flexuosa, Euterpe oleracea, Inga sp., Montrichardia arborescens and Vismia sp.. Five species were found in the plots from which Cabomba aquatica was dominant followed by Utricularia gibba and Nymphaea rudgeana. The average pH of the water was 5.7. The conductivity was 47 µS and the average turbidity was 67 NTU. The average chloride content was 28.32 mg/L, nitrate content was 0.011mg/L, ammonia content was 0.094 mg/L and phosphate content was 0.01 mg/L. The detailed data on plant coverage and water quality is found in appendix 8.

Figure 25: Utricularia gibba in plot 7.

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Para (plot 71-75) The plots were established along the road to Republiek, M. Luther King weg (Coropina swamp) and Princie. The vegetation along the plots consists of Palicourea sp. Eleocharis sp., Montrichardia arborescens, Ludwigia sp. and Blechnum sp..Seven species were found in the plots of which Nymphaea rudgeana is dominant followed by Cabomba aquatica. In plot 72 at the Coropina swamp, Utricularia breviscapa (see figure 26) was found, this is a new species for Suriname. The average pH of the water was 5.8. The conductivity was 51 µS and the average turbidity was 33 NTU. The average chloride content was 6.61 mg/L, nitrate content was 0 mg/L, ammonia content was 0.027 mg/L and phosphate content was 0.055 mg/L. The detailed data on plant coverage and water quality is found in appendix 8.

Figure 26: Utricularia breviscapa in Coropina swamp, plot 72. (Photo: P. Teunissen)

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Disturbed area Paramaribo (plot 26-30) The plots were established along the Kleine waterstraat and Sluis Creek. The vegetation along the plots consists of the following species: Montrichardia arborescens and Inga species. At most plots there was no vegetation present. In the plots seven species were found, from which Eichhornia crassipes was dominant followed by Limnobium laevigatum. The Eichhornia plants that were found here were very large and dense, with no thickening at the leaf stalk. The average pH of the water was 7.2. The conductivity was 2307 µS and the average turbidity was 17 NTU. The average chloride content was above 1000 mg/L, nitrate content was 0.01 mg/L, ammonia content was above 2.75 mg/L and phosphate content was 3.12 mg/L. The detailed data on plant coverage and water quality is found in appendix 9.

Figure 27: Eichhornia crassipes in the Sluis Creek, at plot 28.

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Saramacca (66-70) The plots were established along the east to west road Calcutta, West Tijgerkreek and Damboentong. At these sites there was no high vegetation present along the plots apart from only a few species of Poaceae. Seven species were found in the plots of which Salvinia auriculata was dominant followed by Pistia stratiotes. The average pH of the water was 7. The conductivity was 930 µS and the average turbidity was 19 NTU. The average chloride content was 309 mg/L, nitrate content was 0.026 mg/L, ammonia content was 0.037 mg/L and phosphate content was 0.17 mg/L. The detailed data on plant coverage and water quality is found in appendix 9.

Figure 28: Salvinia auriculata and Pistia stratiotes in plot 67.

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Nickerie (86-90) The data of these plots were gathered in January 2010. The plots were situated in the Hazard canal. The vegetation along the plots was very low. Seven species were observed of which Paspalum repens was dominant followed by Echinochloa polystachya. The average pH of the water was 6.5. The conductivity was 108 µS and the average turbidity was 391 NTU. The average chloride content was 45.6 mg/L, nitrate content was 0.102 mg/L, ammonia content was 0.668 mg/L and phosphate content was 0 mg/L. The detailed data on plant coverage and water quality is found in appendix 9. 3.3 Species overlap and diversity in the four water bodies. In the 90 plots that were established during fieldwork, 50 species were found (see appendix 3). All species found in the plots are native to Suriname. One Cyperaceae could not be identified. Of the 50 species three are not listed in the recent Checklist of the plants of the Guiana Shield (Funk ea.2007) for Suriname namely: Helanthium tenellum, figure 11 (synonym: Echinodorus tenellus) (Corantijn River), Heteranthera zosterifolia, figure 9 (Suriname River) and Utricularia breviscapa, figure 26, (Coropina swamp). Websteria confervoides,figure 29 a (Wetland Para) was found close to a sampling site in district Para, this species is also new for Suriname. Six species were not listed in the Checklist of the freshwater macrophytes of Suriname (Jairam-Doerga, 2011). These species are: Alternanthera philoxeroides, Eleocharis filiculmis, Heteranthera zosterifolia, Oxycaryum cubense, Paspalum vaginatum and Sacciolepis striata. In the black water streams we find 16 species, while the lower reaches clear-water Rivers has 9 species. The category stagnant open water has 19 species. The wetlands of the Young Coastal Plain have 17 species and 16 species occurs in the wetlands of the Old Coastal Plain. The disturbed area has 14 species (see appendix 3).

Figure 29 a: Websteria confervoides (Photo; P.Teunissen)

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In figure 2 we can see that the Running water category has 26 species, while stagnant open water has 19 species and wetlands have 25 species whilst the disturbed area has 13 species. We can also derive from figure 2 how many species occur the 4 category of water bodies Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes and Salvinia auriculata are the three species that are present in all the four water body categories. According to Cook (1996) and Schulthorpe (1985), these species are cosmopolitans.

Figure 29: Species overlap in the four water body category. When we look at the species distribution found in the 90 plots on a larger scale, namely at the geographical zones, than we observe that species distribution is a bit different from the species distribution on water body categories. Geographical zones can be distinguished based on geology, geomorphology and the resulting soils into the Young Coastal Plain, Old Coastal Plain and the Savanna belt (Ouboter & Jairam, 2012). In the Young Coastal Plain 30 species are found, 26 species are found in the Old Coastal plain and 9 species are found in the Savanna belt.

39

Looking at the species distribution at a smaller scale in table 3, we notice that in the category of running water, black water has sixteen species and clear water has nine species with species from the black water distinctly different from clear water. In the wetland category in the Young Coastal Plain we have 17 species and in the Old Coastal plain 16 species. Eight similar species are found in both the Young Coastal – as the Old Coastal Plain.(see table3) Azolla caroliniana, Lemna aequinoctialis, Nymphaea amazonum, Nymphaea rudgeana, Pistia stratiotes, Polygonum hydropiperoides, Salvinia auriculata and Utricularia foliosa). Tabel 3: total number of species in the 4 water bodies. Water body Total species

Running water Black water 16

Clearwater 9

Stagnant Open Water

19

Wetlands Young Coastal Plain 17

Old Coastal Plain 16

Disturbed area 14

40

The species accumulation curve

Figure 30:Species accumulation curve for the ninety plots. The species accumulation curve above shows a gradual line leading to the conclusion that the more sites sampled, less new species are found at the end.

41

Figure 31: The result of principal components analysis to illustrate species composition between sites. From the figure above we can see that the wetlands of Marowijne district (plot1, 2, 3 and 4) are different than the wetlands of the young coastal plain in district Saramacca and district Coronie. Also the species composition in the Commewijne wetlands is slightly different. These plots are situated in the old coastal plain. Furthermore the plots of the Para River (plot 11, 12 and 13), Suriname River (plot 16, 17, 18 and 19) and Corantijn River (plot 54 and 55) are different in species composition.

42

Species diversity in the four water bodies. Table 4: Simpson and Shannon-Wiener diversity index for the sampled sites

Water body Sample sites

Simpson

(reciprocal)

Shannon

Wiener

Number

of species

Running water

Black water

(OCP) Para River 3.141 1.614 10

Kaburi Creek 4.056 1.630 9

Upper Coesewijne

River 1.964 0.855 3

Running water

Clear water (SB) Coppename River 1.089 0.176 2

Suriname River 2.970 1.175 4

Corantijn River 1.384 0.505 4

Stagnant open

water (YCP) Paramaribo 3.730 1.533 7

Coronie 5.201 1.794 8

Saramacca 6.046 1.951 9

Wetlands (YCP) Lower Coesewijne 4.128 1.567 7

Coronie 5.904 1.886 8

Lelydorp 5.519 1.923 9

Wetlands (OCP) Marowijne 3.964 1.615 8

Commewijne 3.929 1.430 5

Para 4.474 1.633 7

Disturbed Area

(YCP) Saramacca 3.615 1.464 7

Paramaribo 4.106 1.604 7

Nickerie 2.124 1.039 7

YCP= Young Coastal Plain; OCP= Old Coastal Plain; SB= Savanna Belt

Table 4 shows that in the highest Simpson and Shannon diversity index is in the category stagnant open water and from Saramacca. The stagnant open plot of Saramacca has 9 species, but it still has the highest diversity. This can be explained by the fact that the Simpson index is usually expressed as 1-D or 1/D and is heavily weighted toward the most abundant species in the sample, while being less sensitive to species richness (Magurran, 2004). Furthermore in the category running water, the Coppename River has the lowest Simpson and Shannon –Wiener diversity index. While Kaburi creek has the highest diversity indices of the Simpson and Shannon-Wiener. In the wetland category Coronie has the highest diversity index while Commewijne has less diverse aquatic vegetation. Saramacca has the highest diversity index in the category of stagnant open water. In the disturbed area Paramaribo has the highest diversity index.

43

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

Co

ran

tijn

Bo

ven

Co

ese

wij

ne

Co

pp

en

am

e

Ka

bu

ri

Su

rin

am

e

Pa

ra

Ma

row

ijn

e

Be

ne

de

n C

oe

sew

ijn

e

Co

ron

ie

Pa

ra

Lely

do

rp

Pa

ram

ari

bo

Co

ron

ie

Sa

ram

acc

a

Sa

ram

acc

a

Pa

ram

ari

bo

Nic

ke

rie

Running water Wetlands Stagnant open

water

Disturbed

C

o

v

e

r

a

g

e

p

e

r

c

e

n

t

a

g

e

Waterplant type in the sampled sites

Type1

Type2

Type 3

Type 4

Type 5

The aquatic plants were categorized in 5 types according to Hutchinson (1975).

Figure 32: Water plant type in the 4 category of water body. From figure 32 it is shown that type 1, 2, 3 and 4 is present in the 4 category. Type 5 plants are only present in the running water and wetland category. Type 3 plants are most abundant, forty eight (48) percent of the total plants followed by the type 1 plants with a percentage of fifteen (15) percent. Type 4 is representing thirteen (13) percent. Type 2 and type 5 are represented by twelve (12).

44

3.4 Ordination analysis and ANOVA test. Running water Black water In the black water category the following environmental variables were included in the CCA analysis: pH, conductivity, turbidity, ammonia, nitrate, phosphate and DO. The explainable variance is 59 %. Its ordination diagram is given in figure 33 . Interpretation: the variables pH and turbidity, DO and ammonia are strongly correlated. DO and ammonia are important in the appearance of Pistia stratiotes. Nitrate ( ANOVA: p < 0.03) is important in the occurrence of Eichhornia crassipes. Phosphate ( ANOVA: p<0.02) is important on the occurrence of Apalanthe granatensis (syn.Elodea granatensis).

Figure 33: Ordination diagram of black water river.

45

Clear water In the clear water category the following environmental variables were included in the CCA analysis: pH, conductivity, turbidity, ammonia, nitrate, phosphate and DO. The explainable variance is 61 %. Its ordination diagram is given in figure 34. Interpretation: the variables conductivity, turbidity, and ammonia are strongly correlated. Turbidity and ammonia (ANOVA: p < 0.04) are important in the occurrence of Crinum erubescens. The pH is important on the occurrence of Coutoubea ramose, Heliathium tenellum (syn.Echinodorus tenellus) Cyperaceae sp.1 and Echinodorus cf.paniculata.. DO ( ANOVA: p < 0.05) is important on the occurrence of Mayaca longipes and Heteranthera zosterifolia.

Figure 34: Ordination diagram of clear water river.

46

Black and clear water In the running water category the following environmental variables were included in the CCA analysis: pH, conductivity, turbidity, ammonia, nitrate and phosphate. The explainable variance is 27 %. Its ordination diagram is given in figure 35. Interpretation: the variables ammonia, turbidity and conductivity are strongly correlated. These variables are important in the appearance of Crinum erubescens, Cyperaceae sp 1, Echinodorus sp. and Helanthium tenellum. Nitrate (ANOVA: p < 0.01) is important on the occurrence of Salvinia auriculata, Pistia stratiotes and Eichhornia crassipes.

Figure 35: CCA ordination diagram of black and clear water.

47

Stagnant open water In the stagnant open water category the following environmental variables were included in the CCA analysis: pH, conductivity, turbidity, ammonia, nitrate, DO and phosphate. The explainable variance is 49 %. Its ordination diagram is given in figure 36. Interpretation: turbidity and phosphate are strongly correlated. Turbidity, phosphate and ammonia ( ANOVA: p < 0.02) has strong effect on the appearance of Ceratophyllum muricatum and Nymphaea ampla.

Figure 36: CCA ordination diagram of the stagnant open water category.

48

Wetland Young Coastal Plain In the wetland category the following environmental variables were included in the CCA analysis: pH, turbidity, ammonia, phosphate and DO. The explainable variance is 37 %. Its ordination diagram is given in figure 37. Interpretation: phosphate and pH are important on the occurrence of Salvinia auriculata and Polygonum acuminatum.. Turbidity is important on the occurrence of Lemna aquinoctialis and Azolla caroliniana. Dissolved oxygen is important on the presence of Nymphaea amazonum, Utricularia foliosa and Hydrocleys nymphoides.

Figure 37: CCA ordination diagram of the wetland in the Young Coastal Plain.

49

Old Coastal Plain In the Old Coastal Plain wetland category the following environmental variables were included in the CCA analysis: pH, turbidity, ammonia, phosphate and DO. The explainable variance is 43 %. Its ordination diagram is given in figure 38. Interpretation: Ammonia, phosphate, dissolved oxygen are the important variables. Dissolved oxygen and pH are important on the occurrence of Salvinia auriculata and Pistia stratiotes. Ammonia ( ANOVA: p< 0.02) is important on the presence of Azolla caroliniana and Nymphaea amazonum.

Figure 38: CCA ordination diagram of the wetlands in the Old Coastal Plain.

50

In the wetland of the Young Coastal Plain and the Old Coastal Plain the following environmental variables were included in the CCA analysis: pH, conductivity, turbidity, ammonia, nitrate, phosphate and secchi disc. The explainable variance is 22 %. Its ordination diagram is given in figure 39. Interpretation: phosphate, pH and nitrate are strongly correlated. These parameters are determining the appearance of Salvinia auriculata.

Figure 39: CCA ordination diagram of wetlands.

51

Disturbed area In the disturbed area the following environmental variables are included in the CCA analysis: pH, conductivity, turbidity, ammonia, nitrate, phosphate, secchi disc and DO. The explainable variance is 73 %. Its ordination diagram is given in figure 40. Interpretation: the variable conductivity is most important, this is on the axis. Phosphate ( ANOVA: p < 0.02), nitrate ( ANOVA: p < 0.01), ammonia ( ANOVA: p < 0.01) and turbidity are strongly correlated. This can be explained by the fact that the environment is disturbed and the nutrients are in high levels available. These variables determine the occurrence of Paspalum repens, Eichhornia crassipes, Wollfiella lingulata and Neptunia oleracea. The transparency of the water ( ANOVA: p < 0.02) is important on the occurence of Salvinia auriculata. Conductivity ( ANOVA: p < 0.01) and pH ( ANOVA: p < 0.01) are important on the occurrence of Hydrocotylle umbellata, Ceratophyllum muricatum and Limnobium laevigatum.

Figure 40: CCA ordination diagram of disturbed area category.

52

The aquatic plants were categorized in 5 types according to Hutchinson (1975). These types and the environmental variables were analyzed with CCA and the constrained values were tested for significance with the ANOVA test. Running water In the running water category the following environmental variables were included in the CCA analysis: pH, conductivity, turbidity, ammonia, nitrate, phosphate and secchi disc. The explainable variance is 31 %. Its ordination diagram is given in figure 41. Interpretation: the variables ammonia ( ANOVA: p < 0.02), phosphate, turbidity and conductivity are strongly correlated and are determining the type 3 plants.

Figure 41: CCA ordination diagram of running water category with plants types.

53

Stagnant open water In the stagnant open water the following environmental variables were included in the CCA analysis: pH, conductivity, turbidity, ammonia, nitrate and phosphate. The explainable variance is 31 %. Its ordination diagram is given in figure 42. Interpretation: the variables pH, turbidity and phosphate are strongly correlated and are determining the type 2 and type 4 plants.

Figure 42: CCA ordination diagram of stagnant open water with plant types.

54

Wetlands In the wetland, the following environmental variables were included in the CCA analysis: pH, conductivity, turbidity, ammonia, nitrate, phosphate and secchi disc. The explainable variance is 41 %. Its ordination diagram is given in figure 43. Interpretation: the variables pH, turbidity and phosphate are strongly correlated. Secchi disc ( ANOVA: p < 0.05) is determining the occurrence of type 2 and type 5 plants. These two types are submerged and need clear water to photosynthesize.

Figure 43: CCA ordination diagram of wetlands with plant types.

55

Disturbed area In the disturbed area, the following environmental variables were included in the CCA analysis: pH, conductivity, turbidity, ammonia, nitrate, phosphate and secchi disc. The explainable variance is 76 %. Its ordination diagram is given in figure 44. Interpretation: the variables pH and secchi disc are determining the occurrence of type 2 plants. The variables turbidity and nitrate ( ANOVA: p < 0.01) are determining the occurrence of type 3 plants. The variables ammonia and phosphate ( ANOVA: p < 0.05) strongly determine the occurrence of type 1 plants. Conductivity ( ANOVA: p < 0.04) is important on the occurrence of type 4 plants

Figure 44: CCA ordination diagram of disturbed area with plant types.

56

The following environmental variables were included in the CCA analysis of all plots and the plant types: pH, conductivity, turbidity, ammonia, nitrate, phosphate and secchi disc. The explainable variance is 20 %. Its ordination diagram is given in figure 45. Interpretation: phosphate, pH, ammonia and conductivity are strongly correlated and are determining for the appearance of type 1 plants. Secchi disc is determining the appearance of type 5. Type 5 are rooted in sediment and is submerge, that why the discernment of the water very important to let photosynthesis occur. The turbidity ( ANOVA: p < 0.01) is important on the occurrence of type 3 plants.

Figure 45: CCA ordination diagram of all plots with plant types.

57

Conclusion and discussion

From figure 31 we can see that the aquatic macrophyte vegetation of running water Suriname River, Coppename River, Corantijn River and Para River is different then the other plots. The species composition is distinct. Different species occurs in the four Rivers. The plots from Marowijne and Commewijne in the category of wetlands are also different than the rest of the plots of the wetlands. All species found in the plots are native to Suriname. In the category of running water the variables turbidity, conductivity, ammonia and phosphate determine the occurrence of the aquatic plants. On plant type’s level ammonia, phosphate, turbidity and conductivity determine the occurrence of type 3 plants. Phosphate, pH and nitrate play important role in the occurrence of aquatic plants. With regard to type level secchi disc transparency determines the occurrence of type 2 plants. In the category disturbed area, conductivity is an important variable determining the occurrence of aquatic plants. Type 2 plants are determined by pH and secchi disc variable. Type 3 plants are determined by turbidity and nitrate. And the variables phosphate and ammonia determine the occurrence of type 1 plants. In the category wetlands, pH, phosphate, ammonia and DO are important in the occurrence of the macrophytes. Type 2 and type 5 plants are determined by secchi disc transperancy. In the stagnant open water, phosphate, turbidity and conductivity determine the occurrence of aquatic plants. On plant types level the variables pH, turbidity and phosphate determines the occurrence of type 2 and 4 plants. From the CCA results it can be concluded that aquatic plants are correlation with the water quality. According to the Simpson and Shannon-Wiener diversity index (see table 3), Saramacca has the highest diversity of all the plots. In the category running water, Kaboeri Creek is most diverse. Coronie has the highest diversity index in the category of wetlands. In the category of disturbed area, Paramaribo has the highest diversity index. The association of land use with macrophytes was observed in Paramaribo where Eichhornia crassipes was extraordinarily large due to the availability of nutrients caused by land use.

58

According to Mohadin (1980) Nitella and Chara species only occurred in the young coastal zone in the shell pit of Gummels, while in this study Nitella microcarpa was found in wetlands at Lelydorp. This raises the question if species distribution is expanding through the years. What causes this expanding of distribution? The species distribution on geographical zone results in 30 species in the Young Coastal Plain, while the Old Coastal plain has 26 species and the Savanna belt has 9 species. This can be caused by the selection of the locations of the sampling sites. Forty five plots were established in the coastal zone, while 30 plots were established in the Old Coastal Plain and 15 plots were set out in the Savanna Belt. The plots were chosen according to accessibility of places and budget restrictions. The young coastal plain is easy accessible. Parts of the Old Coastal Plain and Savanna belt are a bit more difficult to access.

Recommendations Further study must be conducted in the category of running water especially in the clear water, only 15 plots were established in this study. In the vicinity of the Para district two new species have been found, more study needs to be done in this area. Further investigation needs to be done on species distribution, namely species with distribution in the Young Coastal Plain, occurs now in the Old Coastal Plain. During this study the most accessible area was studied, less accessible areas also needs to be studied

59

References Alahuhta, J. (2011). Patterns of aquatic macrophytes in the boreal region: implication for spatial scale issues and ecological; Faculty of science, department of geography; Finnish environment institute, river basin management unit, University of Oulu Clesceri, L., Greenberg, A. Eaton (Eds.) (1998). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (20th ed.), APHA, AWWA and WEF; Washington, DC Cook, C.D.K. (1996). Aquatic Plant Book. The Hague. SPB Academic Publishing/ Backhuys Publishers Cook C.D.K., Gut B.J., Rix E.M., Schneller, and Seitz M. (1974). Waterplants of the genera offreshwater macrophytes. The Hague. SPB Academic Publishing/ Backhuys Publishers Doerga, S (2010). Waterplanten en waterkwaliteit in drie typen irrigatie kanalen in Nickerie. Instituut van de Opleiding der leraren. Paramaribo. Jairam-Doerga, S. (2011). Checklist of the freshwater macrophytes of Suriname. Interactie 9. p. 43- 50. Anton de Kom University of Suriname Magurran, A.E. (2004). Measuring biological diversity. Blackwell publishing. Malden, USA. Mohadin, K. (1980). Hydrobiologische verkenning van Noord Suriname, Instituut voor de opleiding van leraren. Paramaribo. Murphy, K.J. , Dickinson, G. Thomazc, S.M. Bini, L.M. Dick, K. Greaves K., Kennedy, M.P., Livingstone, S. McFerran, H., Milne, J.M., Oldroyd, J. Wingfield, R.A. (2003). Aquatic plant communities and predictors of diversity in a sub-tropical river floodplain: the upper Rio Paraná, Brazil; Aquatic Botany 77, 257–276. Newton, A.C. (2007). Forest ecology and conservation. A handbook of Techniques. Oxford university press. Oxford, New York. Ouboter, P.E. (1993). The Freshwater Ecosystems of Suriname, Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht. The Netherlands. Palmer, M.W. Ordination Methods - an overview. http://ordination.okstate.edu/overview.htm Pons, L.J. (1964). Rapport bij een zeer globale bodemzoutkaart van de jonge kustvlakte van Suriname (Schaal 1: 500.000) met bijbehorende zeer globale geschiktheidstabel voor

60

gewassen in verband met het zout; Departement van Opbouw. Dienst Bodemkartering Suriname. Sculthorpe, C.D. (1985). The Biology of Aquatic Vascular Plants, Koeltz Scientific Books D -6240 Koningstein, West Germany. Teunissen, P.A. (1980). Overzicht van Surinaamse laagland ecosystemen met vegetatietabellen; Dienst’s Landbosbeheer (L.B.B.) and Stichting Natuurbehoud Suriname (STINASU); Paramaribo. Teunissen, P.A. (1993) Vegetation and vegetation succession of the freshwater wetlands in Ouboter, P.E. 1993 The Freshwater Ecosystems of Suriname. Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht. The Netherlands. van Katwijk M. M., ter Braak C.J.F. (2008) Handleiding voor het gebruik van multivariate analysetechnieken in de ecologie. Ecoscience, Universiteit Nijmegen (Versie 1.1). Werkhoven and Peeters (1993), Aquatic macrophytes in Ouboter, P.E. 1993 The Freshwater Ecosystems of Suriname. Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

61

Plot # Date and time GPS coördinates Plot # Date and time GPS coördinates

1 9/13/2012 10:04 N5 44.253 W54 40.736 45 11/25/2012 12:58 N5 46.884 W55 41.005

2 9/13/2012 10:10 N5 42.433 W54 39.829 46 11/28/2012 8:53 N5 16.295 W57 10.924

3 9/13/2012 10:16 N5 41.713 W54 38.612 47 11/28/2012 9:31 N5 16.290 W57 10.293

4 9/13/2012 10:17 N5 41.631 W54 38.498 48 11/28/2012 9:48 N5 16.313 W57 10.221

5 9/13/2012 12:29 N5 42.524 W54 40.017 49 11/28/2012 10:03 N5 16.273 W57 10.116

6 9/27/2012 10:35 N5 38.490 W54 56.015 50 11/28/2012 10:33 N5 16.450 W57 09.482

7 9/27/2012 11:32 N5 38.487 W54 51.466 51 11/28/2012 13:10 N5 12.364 W57 11.572

8 9/27/2012 12:00 N5 38.550 W54 51.265 52 11/28/2012 13:44 N5 10.685 W57 10.401

9 9/27/2012 12:21 N5 38.777 W54 50.388 54 11/28/2012 14:18 N5 09.168 W57 10.887

10 9/27/2012 13:03 N5 39.325 W54 49.339 55 11/28/2012 14:33 N5 09.145 W57 11.687

11 10/30/2012 11:09 N5 38.234 W55 07.612 56 12/5/2012 11:01 N5 28.467 W55 36.380

12 10/30/2012 10:19 N5 39.153 W55 07.516 57 12/5/2012 11:29 N5 28.145 W55 37.008

13 10/30/2012 10:43 N5 39.581 W55 07.331 58 12/5/2012 11:57 N5 27.355 W55 36.667

14 10/30/2012 11:18 N5 37.083 W55 07.303 59 12/5/2012 12:45 N5 25.599 W55 37.227

15 10/30/2012 11:30 N5 37.583 W55 07.303 60 12/5/2012 13:11 N5 24.685 W55 37.474

16 10/30/2012 12:44 N5 32.064 W55 02.625 61 12/10/2012 10:36 N5 48.974 W56 05.282

17 10/30/2012 13:06 N5 32.381 W55 02.409 63 12/10/2012 11:32 N5 49.594 W56 07.356

18 10/30/2012 13:34 N5 31.332 W55 02.809 64 12/10/2012 11:50 N5 49.784 W56 08.268

19 10/30/2012 13:45 N5 31.294 W55 02.804 65 12/10/2012 12:19 N5 50.219 W56 09.766

20 10/30/2012 14:05 N5 31.047 W55 02.322 66 12/10/2012 13:41 N5 50.793 W55 38.592

21 11/1/2012 9:36 N5 52.187 W55 11.160 67 12/10/2012 14:03 N5 50.739 W55 37.761

22 11/1/2012 10:01 N5 52.251 W55 11.055 68 12/10/2012 14:20 N5 50.109 W55 37.810

23 11/1/2012 10:27 N5 52.214 W55 10.935 69 12/10/2012 14:39 N5 49.052 W55 35.382

24 11/1/2012 11:15 N5 52.032 W55 10.901 70 12/10/2012 15:03 N5 48.627 W55 33.403

25 11/1/2012 11:34 N5 52.104 W55 11.074 71 12/12/2012 9:45 N5 29.897 W55 12.589

26 11/1/2012 12:23 N5 52.263 W55 08.418 72 12/12/2012 10:22 N5 31.080 W55 10.640

27 11/1/2012 12:38 N5 52.054 W55 08.061 73 12/12/2012 10:41 N5 31.330 W55 10.871

28 11/1/2012 13:15 N5 50.599 W55 08.651 74 12/12/2012 11:13 N5 31.578 W55 10.361

29 11/1/2012 13:36 N5 50.278 W55 08.128 75 12/12/2012 11:53 N5 34.879 W55 12.455

30 11/1/2012 14:02 N5 50.684 W55 08.792 76 12/12/2012 13:07 N5 41.069 W55 20.049

31 11/20/2012 10:36 N5 45.946 W55 57.923 77 12/12/2012 13:59 N5 40.751 W55 11.909

32 11/20/2012 11:19 N5 46.157 W55 58.619 78 12/12/2012 14:24 N5 41.047 W55 12.417

33 11/20/2012 12:13 N5 47.227 W56 01.521 79 12/17/2012 8:45 N5 39.638 W55 16.829

34 11/20/2012 12:38 N5 47.167 W56 01.671 80 12/17/2012 8:59 N5 39.178 W55 16.832

35 11/20/2012 13:09 N5 46.851 W56 01.008 81 12/16/2012 11:28 N5 28.849 W55 57.545

36 11/22/2012 9:47 N5 49.844 W55 29.273 82 12/16/2012 12:54 N5 19.733 W56 03.778

37 11/22/2012 10:27 N5 49.836 W55 29.295 83 12/16/2012 13:32 N5 17.018 W56 03.328

38 11/22/2012 11:06 N5 49.855 W55 29.339 84 12/16/2012 14:20 N5 24.029 W56 01.220

39 11/22/2012 12:02 N5 50.368 W55 30.554 85 12/16/2012 14:59 N5 26.942 W56 00.582

40 11/22/2012 12:30 N5 50.520 W55 31.148 86 1/18/2009 10:32 N5.92447 W56.96070

41 11/25/2012 10:20 N5 47.742 W55 44.525 87 1/18/2009 11:23 N5.91851 W56.96232

42 11/25/2012 11:35 N5 47.447 W55 43.035 88 1/18/2009 12:03 N5.90915 W56.96295

43 11/25/2012 11:45 N5 47.465 W55 42.996 89 1/18/2009 12:37 N5.89918 W56.96377

44 11/25/2012 12:36 N5 46.876 W55 41.063 90 1/18/2009 13:20 N5.88794 W56.96476

Appendix 1: Plot numbers, date of sampling and gps coordinates.

62

Name on the lists Validnames

T-List W&P -

List

BBS

Azolla caroliniana Azolla caroliniana Willd . x x x

Bacopa reflexa Benjaminia reflexa x

Cabomba aquatica Cabomba aquatica Aubl. x x x

Cabomba piauhyensis Cabomba furcata Schult. & Schult. f. x

Ceratophyllum echinatum Ceratophyllum echinatum x

Ceratopteris pteridoides Ceratopteris pteridoides (Hook.) Hieron x x x

Ceratopteris thalictroides Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn. x x x

Ceratopteris deltoidea

Ceratopteris deltoidea Benedict [=Ceratopteris pteridoides?] x

Eichhornea azurea Eichhornia azurea (Sw.) Kunth x x x

Eichhornia crassipes Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms x x x

Eichhornia diversifolia Eichhornia diversifolia ( Vahl) Urb. x x

Eichhornia heterosperma Eichhornia heterosperma Alexander x x

Eleodea granatensis Elodea granatensis Bonpl. x x x

Eriocaulon melanocephalumEriocaulon melanocephalum Kunth x x

Hydrocleys nymphoides

Hydrocleys nymphoides ( Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Buchenau x x

Lemna aequinoctialis Lemna aequinoctialis Welw. x x

Lemna minima x x

Lemna minor NIFA x x

Lemna spec. x

Lemna valdiviana Lemna valdiviana Phil. x x

Limnobium stolonifera

Limnobium laevigatum (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Heine x x x

Marsilea polycarpa Marsilea polycarpa Hook. & Grev. x x

Mayaca fluviatilis Mayaca fluviatilis Aubl. x x

Mayaca longipes Mayaca longipes Mart. ex Seub. x x

Nymphaea blanda Nymphaea glandulifera Rodschied x x x

Nymphaea indica x

Nymphaea amazonum Nymphaea amazonum Mart. & Zucc. x x x

Nymphaea odorata Nymphaea odorata Aiton x x

Nymphaea rudgeana Nymphaea rudgeana G. Mey. x x x

Nymphaea ampla Nymphaea ampla (Salisb.) DC. x x x

Nymphoides indica Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze x x x

Pistia stratioides Pistia stratiotes L. x x x

Pontederia rotundifolia Pontederia rotundifolia L. x x

Ruppia maritima Ruppia maritima L. x x x

Salvinia auriculata Salvinia auriculata Aubl. x x

Spirodela biperforata Spirodela intermedia W. Koch x x

Spirodela intermedia Spirodela intermedia W. Koch x x

Toninia fluviatilis x x

Utricularia hydrocarpa Utricularia hydrocarpa Vahl x x

Utricularia inflata NIFA x

Utricularia foliosa Utricularia foliosa L. x x

Appendix 2: T-list= Teunissen list; W&P-List= Werkhoven en Peeters list; BBS = speciemns in the Herbarium; NIFA = Not in the flora area, according to the Checklist of the Plants of the Guiana Shield (Funk, et all 2007)

63

Name on the lists Validnames

T-List W&P -

List

BBS

Utricularia gibba Utricularia gibba L. x x

Utricularia myriocista

Utricularia myriocista A. St.-Hil. & Girard x x

Utricularia obtusa Utricularia gibba L. x x

Utricularia pulcherrima NIFA x x

Utricularia spec. x

Wolffia brasiliense x

Wolfiella lingulata x x x

Wolfiella neotropica x x

Wolfiella oblonga x x

Wolfiella welwitschii x

Appendix 2: T-list= Teunissen list; W&P-List= Werkhoven en Peeters list; BBS = speciemns in the Herbarium; NIFA = Not in the flora area, according to the Checklist of the Plants of the Guiana Shield (Funk, et all 2007)

64

Species Stagnant open water

Disturbed Area

Type

Black water Clear water Young Coastal Plain

Old Coastal Plain

Alternanthera philoxeroides 2 3

Apalanthe granatensis 31 7 5

Azolla caroliniana 8 20 1

Bacopa aquatica 15 3

Cabomba aquatica 30 30 5

Ceratophyllum muricatum 15 5 2

Ceratopteris pteridoides 1 1

Coutoubea ramosa 1 3

Crinum erubescens 90 3

Cyperaceae sp. 1 28 4

Cyperus articularus 3 3

Cyperus comosus 4 3

Echinochloa polystachya 8 1 20 3

Echinodorus cf.paniculatus 1 3

Eichhornia crassipes 8 10 4 34 1

Eleocharis filiculmis 10 3

Eleocharis mutata 1 3

Heliantum tenellum 69 5

Heteranthera zosterifolia 1 4

Hydrocleys nymphoides 10 4

Hydrocotyle umbellata 13 5 4

Ipomoea aquatica 7 3

Lemna aequinoctialis 8 8 1 9 1

Limnobium laevigatum 8 30 4

Ludwigia inclinata 5 3

Marsilea polycarpa 4 4

Mayaca fluviatilis 1 5

Mayaca longipes 41 5

Montrichardia arborescens 15 3

Neptunia oleracea 14 3

Nitella microcarpa 10 2

Nymphaea amazonum 21 15 2 16 4

Nymphaea ampla 28 12 4

Nymphaea glandulifera 40 38 4

Nymphaea rudgeana 27 10 31 29 4

Nymphoides indica 1 4

WetlandsRunning water

Appendix 3: Plant species found in the 90 plots with maximum coverage data in the plot.

65

Species Stagnant open water

Disturbed Area

Type

Black water Clear water Young Coastal Plain

Old Coastal Plain

Paspalum repens 10 57 3

Paspalum vaginatum 3 3

Pistia stratiotes 6 29 7 1 17 1

Polygonum acuminatum 2 5 2 3

Polygonum hydropiperoides 10 4 3

Sacciolepis striata 12 3

Salvinia auriculata 49 21 33 39 40 1

Spirodela intermedia 9 1

Typha domingensis 12 3

Utricularia foliosa 1 3 20 15 2

Utricularia gibba 2 2 25 2

Utricularia breviscapa 15 2

Wolffiella lingulata 1 1 2

Total number of species 16 9 19 17 16 14

Running water Wetlands

Type 1: At surface, upper part of plant is ordinarily dry (Eichhornia crassipes)

Type 2: Below surface, plant entirely submerged, floating at mid-depths (Ceratophyllum sp.)

Type 3: Part of vegetative structures emerging above water surface for most of the year.( Ipoemoea aquatica)

Type 4: Leaves at least some of them, floating but usually not emergent.( Nymphaea sp.) Type 5: Plant except flower or inflorescence, submerged, perennially or during most of the growing season.(Mayaca sp.)

66

Appendix 4.

Location Kaburi Creek Para River Upper Coesewijne River

Date of sampling 28/11/2012 30/10/2012 5/12/2012

Date of LAB analyses 28/11/2012 31/10/2012 6/12/2012

Water colour black black black

Soil clay, black clay and sand sand, white

Landuse no no no

Current yes yes yes

Species

Alternanthera philoxeroides 2

Apalanthe granatensis 31

Echinochloa polystachya 8

Eichhornia crassipes 8

Eleocharis filiculmis 10

Marsilea polycarpa 4

Mayaca fluviatilis 1

Nymphaea glandulifera 40

Nymphaea rudgeana 27 10

Paspalum repens 10

Pistia stratiotes 6

Polygonum acuminatum 2

Sacciolepis striata 12 2

Salvinia auriculata 2 49 9

Utricularia foliosa 1

Utricularia gibba 2

Total number of species 7 9 3

Species diversity (Simpson) 4.056 3.141 1.964

Species diversity (Shannon) 1.63 1.614 0.855

Physiochemical parameter of (Average from n=5) X (n=15)

pH (average) 4.44 6.37 5.324 5.38

DO(mg/L) 3.66 14.04 3.212 6.97

Conduc (µS) 30 37.82 30.72 32.85

Turb ( NTU) 2.584 25.46 8.96 12.33

Temp (0 C) 26.3 30.9 30.08 29.09

Secchi disc (cm) 96.6 48 50 64.87

Depth (m) >2 m > 2 m >2 m >2 m

N03-N(mg/L) 0.008 0.019 0.011 0.01

NH3-N (mg/L) 0.02 0.071 0.047 0.05

PO4/- (mg/L) 0.105 0.01 0.106 0.07

CL(mg/L) 9.31 6.32 9.75 8.46

Running water (Black water rivers)

(Maximum coverage in plot in percentage)

67

Appendix 5

Location Corantijn River Coppename River Suriname River

Date of sampling 28/11/2012 16/12/2012 30/10/2012


Water colour clear clear clear

Soil sand clay clay

Landuse no no no

Current yes yes yes

Species

Cabomba aquatica 30

Coutobea racemosa 1

Crinum erubescens 12 90

Cyperaceae sp. 1 28

Cyperus comosus 4

Echinodorus cf. paniculatus 1

Echinodorus tenellus 69

Heteranthera zosterifolia 1

Mayaca longipes 41




Physiochemical parameter

of the water (Average from n=5) X (n=15)

pH (average) 6.994 6.794 6.62 6.80

DO(mg/L) 7.468 6.484 10.428 8.13

Conduc (µS) 20 118 24.7 54.23

Turb ( NTU) 8.552 305.58 8.622 107.58

Temp (0 C) 31.24 30.2 32.58 31.34

Secchi disc (cm) 15 41 40.8 32.27

Depth (m) >2 m >2 m >2 m >2 m

N03-N(mg/L) 0.007 0.003 0.011 0.01

NH3-N (mg/L) 0.004 0.38 0.042 0.14

PO4/- (mg/L) 0.098 0.162 0.003 0.09

CL(mg/L) 5.51 30.8 4.46 13.59

Running water (Clear water rivers)


68

Location Paramaribo Saramacca Coronie

Date of sampling 1/11/2012 22/11/2012 20/11/2012



Soil shell shell shell

Landuse yes yes yes

Current no no no

Species (Maximum coverage in plot in percentage)

Ceratophyllum demersum 15

Cyperus articulatus 3

Echinochloa polystachya 1


Hydrocotyle umbellata 2 7 13

Lemna aequinoctialis 8

Ludwigia inclinata 5

Nymphaea amazonum 21

Nymphaea ampla 28

Nymphaea rudgreana 10 10

Oxycaryum cubense 3

Paspalum vaginatum 3

Pistia stratiotes 29 16

Salvinia auriculata 15 21

Spirodela intermedia 9

Typha angustifolia 12


Utricularia gibba 2

Wolffiella lingulata 1






pH (average) 8.056 7.19 7.586 7.61

DO(mg/L) 2.872 1.146 4.144 2.72

Conduc (µS) 1645.8 2044 398 1362.60

Turb ( NTU) 23.06 6.916 7.34 12.44

Temp (0 C) 31.72 29.06 30.54 30.44

Secchi disc (cm) 12.6 n/a* 51.25 31.93

Depth (m) >2 m >2 m >2 m >2 m

N03-N(mg/L) 0.039 0.051 0.011 0.03

NH3-N (mg/L) 1.627 0.275 0.017 0.64

PO4/- (mg/L) 4.525 0.505 0.109 1.71

CL(mg/L) > 1000 802.26 62.16 432.21

*= not measured

Stagnant Open water

Appendix 6

69

Location Coronie Lelydorp Lower Coesewijne

Date of sampling 10/12/2012

12/12/2012;

17/12/2012 25/11/2012

Date of LAB analyses 11/12/2012

13/12/2012;

17/12/2012 26/11/2012

Water colour black black black

Soil shell mixed clay clay clay

Landuse yes yes no

Current no no no

Species

Azolla caroliniana 8

Ceratopteris pterioides 1

Hydrocley nymphoides 10


Montrichardia arborescens 15

Nitella macrocarpa 10

Nymphaea amazonum 9 15

Nymphaea ampla 12


Nymphaea glandulifera 38

Nymphoides indica 1

Oxycaryum cubense 2 6

Pistia stratiotes 3 4 7


Polygonum hydropiperoides 10

Salvinia auriculata 13 1 33







pH (average) 5.872 6.092 6.018 5.99

DO(mg/L) 1.764 2.838 0.698 1.77

Conduc (µS) 160.98 87.03 132 126.67

Turb ( NTU) 8.418 55.32 16.184 26.64

Temp (0 C) 28.88 28.42 28.04 28.45

Secchi disc (cm) 41 32.5 15.6 29.70

Depth (m) n/a* 1.6 n/a* 1.60

N03-N(mg/L) 0 0.003 0.019 0.01

NH3-N (mg/L) 0.075 0.404 1.576 0.69

PO4/- (mg/L) 0.514 0.135 2.067 0.91

CL(mg/L) 41.9 16.06 26.6 28.19

*= not measured

Wetlands Young Coastal Plain


Appendix 7

70

Location Marowijne Commewijne Para

Date of sampling 13/09/2012 27/09/2012 12/12/2012



Soil clay loam clay

Landuse no no no

Current no no no

Species

Azolla caroliniana 20

Bacopa aquatica 15

Cabomba aquatica 30 25


Eleocharis mutata 1

Apalanthe granatensis 7


Limnobium laevigatum 8

Nymphaea amazonum 2


Pistia stratiotes 1

Polygonum hydropiperoides 4



Utricularia gibba 25 8

Utricularia breviscapa 15




Physiochemical parameter of

the water (Average from n=5) X (n=15)

pH (average) 6.034 5.746 5.814 5.86

DO(mg/L) 3.202 2.278 2.418 2.63

Conduc (µS) 49.48 46.94 50.56 48.99

Turb ( NTU) 67.68 66.948 33.14 55.92

Temp (0 C) 30.26 31.32 28.2 29.93

Secchi disc (cm) 14.2 33.4 40 29.20

Depth (m) 0.5 0.41 1.02 0.64

N03-N(mg/L) 0.01 0.011 0 0.01

NH3-N (mg/L) 0.46 0.094 0.027 0.19

PO4/- (mg/L) 0.213 0.01 0.055 0.09

CL(mg/L) 22.28 28.32 6.61 19.07

Wetlands Old Coastal Plain


Appendix 8

71

Appendix 9

Location Paramaribo Saramacca Nickerie

Date of sampling 1/11/2012 10/12/2012 18/1/2009


Water colour black (riool) brown coffee with milk

Soil clay, black shell mixed clay clay, black

Landuse yes yes yes

Current no no yes

Species

Ceratophyllum demersum 5

Echinochloa polystachya 2 20

Eichhornia crassipes 34 4 22

Hydrocotyle umbellata 5

Ipomoea aquatica 1 7

Lemna aequinoctialis 9 2

Limnobium laevigatum 30

Neptunia oleracea 14

Nymphaea amazonum 16

Paspalum repens 57

Pistia stratiotes 14 17



Wolfiella lingulata 1




Physiochemical parameter of

the water (Average from n=5) X (n=15)

pH (average) 7.296 7.026 6.51 6.94

DO(mg/L) 0.868 3.076 1.532 1.83

Conduc (µS) 2307.2 930.4 108.6302 1115.41

Turb ( NTU) 17.826 19.12 391.6 142.85

Temp (0 C) 30.9 30.78 28.654 30.11

Secchi disc (cm) n/a* 41 6.7 23.85

Depth (m) n/a* 1.6 n/a* 1.60

N03-N(mg/L) 0.01 0.026 0.102 0.05

NH3-N (mg/L) 1.904 0.073 0.668 0.88

PO4/- (mg/L) 3.115 0.17 0 1.10

CL(mg/L) 582.5 309.06 45.6 312.39

*= not measured

Disturbed area


72

Appendix 10: CCA and ANOVA analysis. CCA and Anova analysis

All plots with waterquality parameters

anova(ord, by="term", perm=500)

Permutation test for cca under reduced model

Terms added sequentially (first to last)

Model: cca(formula = aquasp ~ NO + NH + PO + PH + CON + TUR, data = aquaenv)

Df Chisq F N.Perm Pr(>F)

NO 1 0.1935 1.0244 99 0.34

NH 1 0.1565 0.8283 99 0.63

PO 1 0.2173 1.1500 99 0.30

PH 1 0.2276 1.2047 99 0.12

CON 1 0.4003 2.1187 99 0.05 *

TUR 1 0.1156 0.6121 99 0.85

Residual 83 15.6806

Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Disturbed area

ord <- cca(aquasp ~ NO + NH + PO + PH + CON + TUR + DO + SECH , data=aquaenv)

Call: cca(formula = aquasp ~ NO + NH + PO + PH + CON + TUR + DO + SECH, data = aquaenv)

Inertia Proportion Rank

Total 6.7182 1.0000

Constrained 4.9271 0.7334 8

Unconstrained 1.7911 0.2666 6

Inertia is mean squared contingency coefficient

Eigenvalues for constrained axes:

CCA1 CCA2 CCA3 CCA4 CCA5 CCA6 CCA7 CCA8

0.9474 0.9200 0.8234 0.7640 0.5823 0.4743 0.3079 0.1077

Eigenvalues for unconstrained axes:

CA1 CA2 CA3 CA4 CA5 CA6

0.63076 0.55290 0.38008 0.14452 0.06889 0.01392

> anova(ord, by="term", perm=500)



Model: cca(formula = aquasp ~ NO + NH + PO + PH + CON + TUR + DO + SECH, data = aquaenv)


NO 1 0.8241 2.7607 99 0.01 **

NH 1 0.6461 2.1643 99 0.01 **

PO 1 0.5772 1.9336 99 0.02 *

PH 1 0.8177 2.7394 99 0.01 **

CON 1 0.6903 2.3124 99 0.01 **

TUR 1 0.4104 1.3750 99 0.11

DO 1 0.3943 1.3208 99 0.11

SECH 1 0.5670 1.8993 99 0.02 *

Residual 6 1.7911

Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Stagnant Open Water

Call: cca(formula = aquasp ~ NO + NH + PO + PH + DO + CON + TUR, data = aquaenv)


Total 7.0101 1.0000





CCA1 CCA2 CCA3 CCA4 CCA5 CCA6 CCA7

0.87950 0.81320 0.66986 0.56436 0.32240 0.11850 0.05229

73


CA1 CA2 CA3 CA4 CA5 CA6 CA7

0.8492 0.7975 0.6577 0.6174 0.3756 0.1532 0.1395

>anova(ord, by="term", perm=500)



Model: cca(formula = aquasp ~ NO + NH + PO + PH + DO + CON + TUR, data = aquaenv)


NO 1 0.7243 1.4122 99 0.19

NH 1 0.8492 1.6558 99 0.02 *

PO 1 0.5068 0.9882 99 0.55

PH 1 0.4893 0.9541 99 0.57

DO 1 0.3760 0.7331 99 0.90

CON 1 0.3684 0.7184 99 0.86

TUR 1 0.1062 0.2070 99 1.00

Residual 7 3.5900

Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Wetlands Y+O




Model: cca(formula = aquasp ~ NO + NH + PO + pH + CON + TUR + SEC + DO, data = aquaenv)


NO 1 0.2869 0.6637 99 0.83

NH 1 0.3065 0.7089 99 0.77

PO 1 0.2691 0.6225 99 0.75

pH 1 0.3057 0.7071 99 0.83

CON 1 0.4501 1.0411 99 0.34

TUR 1 0.1963 0.4540 99 0.85

SEC 1 0.3055 0.7067 99 0.72

DO 1 0.4556 1.0540 99 0.34

Residual 21 9.0785

Wetland old coastal plain


Total 6.9033 1.0000





CCA1 CCA2 CCA3 CCA4 CCA5

0.9780 0.8646 0.5671 0.4310 0.1837


CA1 CA2 CA3 CA4 CA5 CA6 CA7 CA8 CA9

0.993162 0.979225 0.690437 0.500830 0.376905 0.259352 0.065884 0.011770 0.001272




Model: cca(formula = aquasp ~ NH + PO + PH + TUR + DO, data = aquaenv)


NH 1 0.9319 2.1623 99 0.02 *

PO 1 0.6571 1.5247 99 0.14

PH 1 0.5180 1.2019 99 0.29

TUR 1 0.2323 0.5391 99 0.65

DO 1 0.6851 1.5897 99 0.08 .

Residual 9 3.8788

Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

74

Wetland Young coastal plain

Call: cca(formula = aquasp ~ NH + PO + PH + TUR + DO, data = aquaenv)


Total 8.368 1.000





CCA1 CCA2 CCA3 CCA4 CCA5

0.8899 0.8436 0.7923 0.3575 0.2296


CA1 CA2 CA3 CA4 CA5 CA6 CA7 CA8 CA9

0.99779 0.89900 0.85095 0.79587 0.65112 0.55006 0.33648 0.15479 0.01933

>anova(ord, by="term", perm=500)



Model: cca(formula = aquasp ~ NH + PO + PH + TUR + DO, data = aquaenv)


NH 1 0.6628 1.1350 99 0.36

PO 1 0.5933 1.0161 99 0.46

PH 1 0.3187 0.5458 99 0.97

TUR 1 0.8029 1.3750 99 0.26

DO 1 0.7352 1.2591 99 0.14

Residual 9 5.2554

Running water

Blackwater

cca(formula = aquasp ~ NH + PO + PH + TUR + CON + NO + DO, data = aquaenv)


Total 5.7843 1.0000






0.8919 0.7716 0.6266 0.4752 0.4125 0.1454 0.1151



0.813263 0.647258 0.368966 0.321281 0.165251 0.026034 0.003957




Model: cca(formula = aquasp ~ NH + PO + PH + TUR + CON + NO + DO, data = aquaenv)


NH 1 0.5103 1.5227 99 0.18

PO 1 0.7072 2.1102 99 0.03 *

PH 1 0.4011 1.1968 99 0.31

TUR 1 0.4741 1.4146 99 0.24

CON 1 0.3821 1.1401 99 0.36

NO 1 0.6634 1.9795 99 0.02 *

DO 1 0.3001 0.8954 99 0.54

Residual 7 2.3460

Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

75

Clearwater

Call: cca(formula = aquasp ~ NH + PO + PH + TUR + CON + NO + DO, data = aquaenv)


Total 3.5733 1.0000






9.421e-01 6.516e-01 4.956e-01 9.965e-02 3.060e-03 6.811e-04 3.254e-06



0.696653 0.379322 0.215629 0.045563 0.022540 0.015101 0.005791




Model: cca(formula = aquasp ~ NH + PO + PH + TUR + CON + NO + DO, data = aquaenv)


NH 1 0.4154 2.1062 99 0.04 *

PO 1 0.3674 1.8630 99 0.14

PH 1 0.2633 1.3351 99 0.33

TUR 1 0.2293 1.1627 99 0.40

CON 1 0.2064 1.0463 99 0.47

NO 1 0.1950 0.9887 99 0.49

DO 1 0.5159 2.6158 99 0.05 *

Residual 7 1.3806

Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Running water (black and clear water)

Call: cca(formula = aquasp ~ NO + NH + PO + PH + CON + TUR, data = aquaenv)


Total 10.2824 1.0000




1 species (variable) deleted due to missingness


CCA1 CCA2 CCA3 CCA4 CCA5 CCA6

0.901290 0.796677 0.574074 0.387069 0.072347 0.002748


CA1 CA2 CA3 CA4 CA5 CA6 CA7 CA8

0.9744 0.9541 0.9306 0.7816 0.7600 0.7029 0.6636 0.5128

(Showed only 8 of all 18 unconstrained eigenvalues)




Model: cca(formula = aquasp ~ NO + NH + PO + PH + CON + TUR, data = aquaenv)


NO 1 0.6825 2.0797 99 0.01 **

NH 1 0.4056 1.2358 99 0.28

PO 1 0.4802 1.4631 99 0.07 .

PH 1 0.7833 2.3868 99 0.01 **

CON 1 0.0955 0.2910 99 0.99

TUR 1 0.2871 0.8750 99 0.63

Residual 23 7.5482

---

Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Plant types

76

Allplots

Call: cca(formula = aquasp ~ NO + NH + PO + DO + PH + CON + TUR + SECH, data = aquaenv)


Total 2.9087 1.0000





CCA1 CCA2 CCA3 CCA4

0.28960 0.14465 0.11373 0.02338


CA1 CA2 CA3 CA4

0.6723 0.6421 0.5753 0.4477




Model: cca(formula = aquasp ~ NO + NH + PO + DO + PH + CON + TUR + SECH, data = aquaenv)


NO 1 0.0857 2.9684 99 0.06 .

NH 1 0.0607 2.1028 99 0.07 .

PO 1 0.0629 2.1789 99 0.08 .

DO 1 0.0763 2.6427 99 0.05 *

PH 1 0.0160 0.5531 99 0.66

CON 1 0.0441 1.5278 99 0.18

TUR 1 0.1763 6.1095 99 0.01 **

SECH 1 0.0495 1.7168 99 0.20

Residual 81 2.3373

---

Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Stagnant Open water

Call: cca(formula = aquasp ~ NO + NH + PO + PH + DO + CON + TUR, data = aquaenv)


Total 1.6379 1.0000




1 species (variable) deleted due to missingness


CCA1 CCA2 CCA3

0.35337 0.11158 0.05026


CA1 CA2 CA3

0.5460 0.3938 0.1829

> plot(ord)




Model: cca(formula = aquasp ~ NO + NH + PO + PH + DO + CON + TUR, data = aquaenv)


NO 1 0.0690 0.4301 99 0.69

NH 1 0.2001 1.2476 99 0.32

PO 1 0.0943 0.5878 99 0.70

PH 1 0.0418 0.2603 99 0.87

DO 1 0.0602 0.3756 99 0.85

CON 1 0.0403 0.2512 99 0.83

TUR 1 0.0096 0.0596 99 0.98

Residual 7 1.1227

77

Wetlands

cca(formula = aquasp ~ NO + NH + PO + pH + CON + TUR + DO + SEC, data = aquaenv)


Total 2.6535 1.0000





CCA1 CCA2 CCA3 CCA4

0.50622 0.31693 0.22586 0.02611


CA1 CA2 CA3 CA4

0.6886 0.3684 0.3118 0.2096




Model: cca(formula = aquasp ~ NO + NH + PO + pH + CON + TUR + DO + SEC, data = aquaenv)


NO 1 0.1750 2.3283 99 0.06 .

NH 1 0.1343 1.7874 99 0.15

PO 1 0.0877 1.1674 99 0.33

pH 1 0.0812 1.0805 99 0.33

CON 1 0.1740 2.3153 99 0.10 .

TUR 1 0.0930 1.2370 99 0.36

DO 1 0.1464 1.9479 99 0.08 .

SEC 1 0.1834 2.4403 99 0.05 *

Residual 21 1.5784

Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Disturbed area

Call: cca(formula = aquasp ~ NO + NH + PO + PH + CON + TUR + DO, data = aquaenv)


Total 2.3085 1.0000





CCA1 CCA2 CCA3

0.8681 0.6638 0.2121


CA1 CA2 CA3

0.36457 0.17701 0.02299




Model: cca(formula = aquasp ~ NO + NH + PO + PH + CON + TUR + DO, data = aquaenv)


NO 1 0.7696 9.5420 99 0.01 **

NH 1 0.2157 2.6740 99 0.08 .

PO 1 0.2994 3.7124 99 0.05 *

PH 1 0.0995 1.2340 99 0.34

CON 1 0.2278 2.8241 99 0.04 *

TUR 1 0.0963 1.1938 99 0.35

DO 1 0.0357 0.4432 99 0.75

Residual 7 0.5646

Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

78

Runningwater

Call: cca(formula = aquasp ~ NO + NH + PO + PH + DO + CON + TUR + SECH, data = aquaenv)


Total 2.4332 1.0000





CCA1 CCA2 CCA3 CCA4

0.3082 0.2440 0.1958 0.0144


CA1 CA2 CA3 CA4

0.66621 0.56361 0.42298 0.01814




Model: cca(formula = aquasp ~ NO + NH + PO + PH + DO + CON + TUR + SECH, data = aquaenv)


NO 1 0.1321 1.6605 99 0.19

NH 1 0.2299 2.8894 99 0.02 *

PO 1 0.0895 1.1247 99 0.34

PH 1 0.1361 1.7108 99 0.18

DO 1 0.0565 0.7097 99 0.52

CON 1 0.0166 0.2081 99 0.92

TUR 1 0.0423 0.5319 99 0.65

SECH 1 0.0593 0.7450 99 0.59

Residual 21 1.6709

---

Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

ANTON DE KOM UNIVERSITY OF SURINAME - IGSR · the Anton de Kom University of Suriname. The...

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Transcript of ANTON DE KOM UNIVERSITY OF SURINAME - IGSR · the Anton de Kom University of Suriname. The...