ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF TRIPHALA A COMBINATION OF TERMINALIA CHEBULA, TERMINALIA BELLERICA AND...

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ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF TRIPHALA A COMBINATION OFTERMINALIA CHEBULA, TERMINALIA BELLERICA AND

EMBLICA OFFICINALIS

RAJBIR SINGH1, BIKRAM SINGH2, NEERAK KUMARB2 andSAROJ ARORA1,3

1Department of Botanical and Environmental SciencesGuru Nanak Dev University

Amritsar-143 005, Punjab, India

2Division of Natural Plant ProductsInstitute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology

Palampur, H. P. -176 061, India

Accepted for Publication January 13, 2009

ABSTRACT

The antioxidant, deoxyribose (site specific and nonsite specific) degra-dation, reducing power, chelating power and lipid peroxidation activities ofTriphala powder extracted sequentially with methanol, acetone and chloro-form were studied. The methanol and acetone extracts exhibited good antioxi-dant potential than the chloroform extract. The inhibitory potential wascorrelated with the total phenolic content in the respective extracts. It wasobserved that fractions were rich in polyphenolic content, thereby showedcomparatively more effect than crude extract having less phenolic content.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

As most of the cancer causing agents generates free radicals and causeDNA damage, the antioxidant and anti free radical scavenging activities ofTriphala will help in its use as anticancer agent. Moreover, this study will havea great practical application in view of scientific validations of the use ofTriphala as a protective agent for cancer.

INTRODUCTION

Oxidative damage of biological molecules in human body is involved indegenerative or pathological processes such as aging, cardiovascular disease

3 Corresponding author. TEL: 09417285485; FAX: 0183 2258819, 2258820; EMAIL: [email protected]

DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2009.00326.x

Journal of Food Biochemistry 34 (2010) 222–232.© 2010, The Author(s)Journal compilation © 2010, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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(CVD) and cancer. These oxidative damages could be retarded by endogenousdefense systems such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and the glutathioneperoxidase system, but these systems are not completely efficient (Bergendiet al. 1999). In the past decade, lots of epidemiological studies have confirmedthat intake of exogenous antioxidants is effective in preventing or suppressingsuch diseases (Block and Peterson 1992). Synthetic antioxidants may beinappropriate for chronic human consumption due to their possible toxiceffects on human health and environment (Ito et al. 1986; Stich 1991). Theantioxidants of natural origin has attracted considerable attention that canquench harmful free radicals (Lu and Foo 2000; Schwarz et al. 2001; Aligian-nis et al. 2003; Vagi et al. 2005).

“Triphala” is a combination of three dried fruits powder of Terminaliachebula, Terminalia bellerica and Emblica officinalis in equal proportions andare popularly known in India as Harar, Bahera and Amla, respectively. Itsvarious traditional uses has been well described as laxative in chronic consti-pation, colon cleansing, digestion problems, poor food assimilation, CVD,high blood pressure disease, serum cholesterol reduction, poor liver function,large intestine inflammation and ulcerative colitis (Kaur et al. 2002, 2005). Ithas also shown antimutagenic/cytotoxic/apoptotic activities, so the presentstudy was planned to check the in vitro antioxidant potential of its methanol,acetone and chloroform extracts by using different 1′-1′ diphenylpicryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical, deoxyribose (site specific and nonsite specific),reducing power, chelating power ability and lipid peroxidation in vitro assays.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

DPPH, 2-Thiobarbituric acid were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co.(St. Louis, MO) and deoxyribose from Lancaster Synthesis Inc. USA (Lan-caster, PA). All other chemicals like potassium ferricyanide, trichloroaceticacid, ferric chloride, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), hydrogen per-oxide, l-ascorbic acid, sodium hydroxide, butylated hydroxyanisole, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, sodium carbonate and other solvents were procured fromCentral Drug House (P) Ltd. and were of analytical grade.

The fine powder of Triphala was procured from Dabur India Ltd. (Gha-ziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India). Its 500 g was extracted with methanol, acetoneand chloroform serially at room temperature. The solvent from extracts wereremoved under reduced pressure and stored in desiccators for different studiesat 4C. Total phenolic content of the various extracts was determined by themethod of Folin-Ciocalteu reaction (Kujala et al. 2000), using gallic acid asstandard and as mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g of extracts. The in vitroantioxidant activity (AOA) of the different extracts was addressed by

223ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF TRIPHALA

employing DPPH scavenging assay measured in terms of hydrogen donatingor radical scavenging ability using the stable nitrogen centered radical DPPHfollowing the method of Blois (1958). The hydroxyl radical scavenging andchelating power activity was determined by nonsite-specific and site-specificdeoxyribose degradation assay by the method of Halliwell et al. (1987) andArouma et al. (1987). The reducing power of extracts was determined asdescribed by Oyaizu (1986). The chelating effect on ferrous ions was deter-mined according to the method of Dinis et al. (1994) and lipid peroxidationaccording to Halliwell and Guttridge (1989).

Statistical Analysis

Results (Mean � SE) are the mean values of three replicates of the samesample.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of different extractsof Triphala are presented in Tables 1–7.

The methanol extract showed more DPPH radical scavenging potentialthan acetone and chloroform extracts. The IC50 value of the extract, i.e., theconcentration at which it scavenges 50% of the DPPH radical was found to be11.27 and 24.06 mg/mL for methanol and acetone extracts, respectively(Table 7). DPPH is a stable free radical having a maximum absorption at

TABLE 1.DPPH RADICAL SCAVENGING POTENTIAL OF EXTRACTS

OF TRIPHALA IN DPPH SCAVENGING ASSAY

Conc. (mg/mL) Extracts

Methanol Acetone Chloroform

5 29.14 � 2.33 14.56 � 1.27 4.62 � 0.8910 46.18 � 1.95 29.63 � 1.76 9.51 � 1.2815 63.81 � 3.15 34.86 � 1.42 13.85 � 1.7620 78.22 � 1.86 43.16 � 0.96 21.58 � 2.0625 81.26 � 1.96 51.26 � 0.26 25.61 � 2.7830 85.96 � 1.24 56.27 � 1.86 29.14 � 2.3435 89.14 � 1.10 62.11 � 1.45 33.26 � 1.2440 88.12 � 0.96 65.74 � 1.86 38.41 � 1.9645 92.63 � 0.75 72.15 � 2.05 43.09 � 2.5650 95.45 � 3.18 79.11 � 2.19 48.63 � 0.87

DPPH, 1′-1′ diphenylpicryl-hydrazyl.

224 R. SINGH ET AL.

517 nm (Yokozawa et al. 1998; Wang et al. 1999; Kumar et al. 2002; Naiket al. 2004). In the presence of extracts, capable of donating an H atom or anelectron, its free radical nature is lost; hence, a decrease in absorption at517 nm is observed. As it is very convenient to follow DPPH reactions, it hasoften been used to estimate the antiradical activity of the natural products.

The hydroxyl radical scavenging potential of various extracts by nonsite-specific and site-specific deoxyribose degradation assay is shown in Tables 2and 3. It was observed that the effect was more in site-specific assay than in

TABLE 2.HYDROXYL RADICAL SCAVENGING POTENTIAL OF

EXTRACTS OF TRIPHALA IN SITE-SPECIFICDEOXYRIBOSE DEGRADATION ASSAY

Conc. (mg/ml) Extracts


5 15.77 � 3.26 18.86 � 0.56 2.36 � 1.1910 31.56 � 2.68 31.15 � 1.06 5.29 � 2.5615 47.61 � 2.41 42.59 � 1.48 9.11 � 1.0520 58.29 � 2.53 49.58 � 1.39 13.59 � 3.1525 65.19 � 1.86 57.23 � 2.47 19.76 � 1.2630 72.15 � 1.42 66.59 � 3.86 25.18 � 1.7535 76.38 � 1.38 76.29 � 1.27 28.17 � 1.3940 81.29 � 0.85 84.09 � 1.69 31.29 � 2.1445 86.24 � 1.46 92.53 � 1.08 36.95 � 1.3850 91.09 � 1.87 98.56 � 2.76 37.53 � 0.86

TABLE 3.HYDROXYL RADICAL SCAVENGING POTENTIAL OF

EXTRACTS OF TRIPHALA IN NONSITE-SPECIFICDEOXYRIBOSE DEGRADATION ASSAY



5 7.52 � 1.28 15.26 � 0.87 3.28 � 1.3610 16.57 � 1.36 23.59 � 1.26 7.81 � 1.4515 29.67 � 1.49 41.16 � 1.42 10.28 � 1.7620 41.25 � 1.75 52.23 � 1.39 13.69 � 2.5925 52.46 � 1.83 62.29 � 1.28 16.28 � 2.3830 59.63 � 2.59 69.14 � 1.63 19.61 � 2.0135 67.14 � 2.15 74.84 � 2.59 22.76 � 1.3940 72.56 � 2.06 80.15 � 3.15 25.86 � 3.1845 77.51 � 3.11 84.27 � 3.96 28.05 � 3.6550 83.59 � 1.44 87.16 � 3.18 29.14 � 0.95


nonsite-specific with all the extracts. The methanol extract showed 91.09 and83.59% activity in site-specific and nonsite-specific activity, respectively, at50 mg/mL. In case of acetone extract, the percentage of inhibition was, 98.56%in site specific whereas 87.16% in nonsite-specific assay at the same concen-tration. The chloroform extract exhibited very less hydroxyl radical potentialof 37.53 and 29.14% in site specific and nonsite-specific deoxyribose degra-dation, respectively.

The antioxidant ability to scavenge hydroxyl radical is an important freeradical scavenging activity due to its ability to react with a wide range of

TABLE 4.REDUCING POTENTIAL OF EXTRACTS OF TRIPHALA IN

REDUCING POWER ASSAY



10 0.238 � 0.95 0.215 � 3.15 0.075 � 0.2920 0.359 � 2.63 0.378 � 3.69 0.124 � 1.5330 0.395 � 1.57 0.412 � 2.56 0.185 � 1.6840 0.527 � 1.36 0.579 � 2.86 0.209 � 1.4650 0.782 � 1.28 0.824 � 2.45 0.263 � 1.9860 0.915 � 1.49 1.098 � 1.26 0.298 � 1.2870 1.006 � 2.05 1.368 � 1.28 0.354 � 1.3780 1.163 � 2.36 1.429 � 1.38 0.416 � 2.5490 1.289 � 2.75 1.609 � 1.95 0.578 � 2.24

100 1.547 � 2.61 1.746 � 1.74 0.692 � 2.68

TABLE 5.CHELATING POTENTIAL OF EXTRACTS OF TRIPHALA IN

CHELATING POWER ASSAY



10 9.68 � 2.36 11.26 � 0.79 8.52 � 1.2620 15.26 � 2.15 23.28 � 1.28 13.29 � 1.3830 21.58 � 1.28 42.16 � 1.34 19.61 � 3.8140 29.56 � 1.47 55.21 � 4.25 23.28 � 3.7850 38.16 � 1.36 63.29 � 1.26 31.56 � .35760 52.68 � 1.28 70.15 � 4.39 39.45 � 2.4570 63.91 � 1.38 76.29 � 3.56 46.86 � 2.6880 71.29 � 1.24 81.29 � 3.84 51.62 � 1.2890 78.56 � 0.95 89.14 � 3.29 59.63 � 2.35

100 82.18 � 0.97 95.52 � 2.46 65.27 � 2.76

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molecules found in living cells, such as sugars, amino acids, lipids andnucleotides. Although hydroxyl radical formation can occur in several waysbut the most important mechanism in vivo is the Fenton reaction where atransition metal is involved as a pro-oxidant in the catalyzed decomposition ofsuperoxide and hydrogen peroxide (Stohs and Bagchi 1995). These radicalsare intermediary products of cellular respiration, phagocytic outburst and

TABLE 6.LIPID PEROXIDATION INHIBITORY POTENTIAL OF

EXTRACTS OF TRIPHALA IN LIPID PEROXIDATION ASSAY



5 21.58 � 0.23 21.19 � 0.89 7.83 � 0.2910 38.52 � 0.59 32.73 � 2.56 11.29 � 0.3915 47.59 � 1.56 41.26 � 1.39 16.58 � 2.8920 57.15 � 1.36 48.29 � 1.58 19.71 � 3.1525 61.28 � 1.48 56.38 � 4.09 26.58 � 3.6930 68.75 � 2.36 63.11 � 1.26 31.56 � 3.8635 72.15 � 2.48 68.24 � 1.58 37.52 � 2.8540 77.65 � 3.59 71.58 � 1.39 39.41 � 2.6945 86.19 � 3.25 77.95 � 1.78 42.62 � 3.1550 92.56 � 1.26 80.67 � 1.49 43.68 � 1.26

TABLE 7.TOTAL PHENOL CONTENT (TPC) IN mg/mg AS GALLIC ACID EQUIVALENT (GAE) AND

IC50 VALUES OF EXTRACTS OF TRIPHALA

S. No. Extracts and TPC (GAE) Assay IC50 values

1 Methanol (738 mg/mg) DPPH assay 11.27Site-specific assay 16.09Nonsite-specific assay 23.86Chelating power assay 58.13Lipid peroxidation assay 16.95

2 Acetone (584 mg/mg) DPPH assay 24.06Site-specific assay 20.57Nonsite-specific assay 18.63Chelating power assay 36.89Lipid peroxidation assay 22.15

3 Chloroform (328 mg/mg) DPPH assay ND*Site-specific assay ND*Nonsite-specific assay ND*Chelating power assay 78.56Lipid peroxidation assay ND*

DPPH, 1′-1′diphenylpicryl-hydrazyl; ND*, not detected.


purine metabolism. Hydroxyl radicals can be generated in situ by decompo-sition of hydrogen peroxide by high redox potential EDTA–Fe2+ complex(nonsite specific) and, in the presence of 2-deoxy-D-ribose substrate, it formsthiobarbituric acid reactive substances which is spectrophotometrically mea-sured (Aruoma 1994).

Due to the high reactivity of hydroxyl radicals, it was recognized thatmeasurement based on scavenging hydroxyl radical, does not relate to anti-oxidant protection of an antioxidant molecule in vivo (Halliwell et al. 1995).This is because the radical is more likely to be scavenged by direct reactionwith other surrounding molecules before it can attack its target molecule.Damage to a target molecule, such as lipid and cholesterol in low-densitylipoprotein and cell membranes, by hydroxyl radical is more likely to arisefrom generation of the radical in close proximity to or on the molecule surfaceitself and subsequent immediate reaction with it. The 2-deoxy-D-ribose assay,when performed in the absence of EDTA, forms hydroxyl radical on thesurface of the ribose substrate in the presence of H2O2 and ascorbic acid(Arouma et al. 1987). This is due to decomposition of peroxide, catalyzed bythe higher redox potential Few2+-ribose complex after reduction of boundFe3+ by ascorbic acid to initiate the reaction. This “site-specific” methodoffers a more relevant measurement of an AOA towards hydroxyl radical(Aruoma 1994).

Table 4 shows the dose-dependent reductive capabilities of variousextracts of Triphala. For the measurements of the reductive ability, Fe3+–Fe2+

transformation in the presence of various extracts of Triphala was investigated(Oyaizu 1986). The AOA of putative antioxidants have been attributed tovarious mechanisms, among which are prevention of chain initiation, bindingof transition metal ion catalysts, decomposition of peroxides, prevention ofcontinued hydrogen abstraction, reductive capacity and radical scavenging(Diplock 1997; Gulcin et al. 2002). The reductive potential of extracts ofTriphala, increased with increasing concentration up to 100 mg/mL concentra-tion and beyond that concentration absorbance became almost stable. It wasalso observed that methanol and acetone extracts demonstrated very signifi-cant reducing potential while the chloroform extract exhibited relatively lesspotential. The reducing potential of methanol, acetone and chloroform extractwas observed to be 1.547, 1.746 and 0.692, respectively, at 100 mg/mLconcentration.

Ferrozine can quantitatively form complexes with Fe2+. In the presenceof chelating agents, the complex formation is disrupted with the result that thered color of the complex is decreased. The methanol, acetone and chloroformextracts interfered with the formation of ferrous and ferrozine complex, sug-gesting that they have chelating activity and capture ferrous ion. The absor-bance of Fe2+–ferrozine complex was linearly decreased dose dependently

228 R. SINGH ET AL.

(from 10 to 100 mg/mL). The percentage of metal chelating capacity of100 mg/mL concentration of acetone, methanol and chloroform was found as95.52, 82.18 and 61.29%, respectively (Table 5). The data reveal that all theextracts demonstrated a marked capacity for iron binding, suggesting thattheir action as peroxidation protector may be related to iron binding capacity.Metal chelating capacity was found to be significant as it reduced the con-centration of the catalyzing transition metal in lipid peroxidation (Duh et al.1999). It was reported that chelating agents, which form r-bonds with a metal,are effective as secondary antioxidants because they reduce the redox poten-tial thereby stabilizing the oxidized form of the metal ion (Gulcin et al. 2004).

In the present study, we measured the potential of various extracts ofTriphala to inhibit lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenate, induced by theFeCl2–H2O2 system (Table 6). The hydroxyl radicals generated via Fentonreaction were observed to get scavenged significantly by co-incubation of ratliver homogenate with varying concentrations of extracts. Many workers haveemployed this system to assess the biological activity of various natural plantderived biomolecules (Halliwell et al. 1987; Pin-Der-Duh 1998). In this assay,it is observed that the methanol extract exhibited more lipoxygenase inhibition(92.56%) as compared with the acetone extract (80.67%) and chloroformextract (43.68%) at 50 mg/mL concentration.

Polyphenols are very important plant constituents because of their scav-enging ability due to their hydroxyl groups (Hatano et al. 1989). The metha-nol, acetone and chloroform extracts (Table 7) are rich in total phenols andestimated to have the 738, 584 and 328 mg/mg GAE, respectively. There wasa good linear correlation between the phenolic content and the antioxidantpotential in all extracts of Triphala. These results indicated that the radicalscavenging capacity of each extract might be mostly due to phenolic hydroxylgroup. The antiradical activity of phenolic compounds depend on theirmolecular structure, i.e., on the availability of phenolic hydrogens and on thepossibility for stabilization of the resulting phenoxyl radicals formed byhydrogen donation (Pyo et al. 2004). It is reported that phenolic compoundsare associated with AOA and play an important role in stabilizing lipid per-oxidation (Yen et al. 1993). According to recent reports, a highly positiverelationship between total phenols and AOA was found in several other plants(Velioglu et al. 1998; Vinson et al. 1998).

CONCLUSIONS

The AOA of Triphala extracts may be attributed to their strong hydrogendonating and metal chelating ability, reducing potential, effective hydroxylradicals and free radicals scavengers and high levels of phenols that might beresponsible for its efficacy as pharmaceuticals.


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The first author acknowledges CSIR India, for providing Senior ResearchFellowship Extended (ACK. no. 212241/2K7/1).

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