НАУЧНИ ТРУДОВЕ НА УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ПО ХРАНИТЕЛНИ

ТЕХНОЛОГИИ - ПЛОВДИВ 2016 г.

ТОМ 63, КНИЖКА 1

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TECHNOLOGIES 2016

VOLUME 63 ISSUE 1

193

Antimicrobial Effect of SiO2/Hydroxypropyl Cellulose Hybrid Materials

Doped With Zinc Ions

Violeta Simeonova1, Tsvetelina Angelova1*, Izabel Sablyova1, Nadezhda Rangelova2, Nelly Georgieva1

1 Department of Biotechnology ,University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 St. Kliment Ohridski Blvd, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria 2 Department of Fundamentals of Chemical Technology, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 St. Kliment Ohridski Blvd, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria

*Corresponding author: Tsvetelina Georgieva Angelova, PhD; Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 St. Kliment Ohridski Blvd, Sofia, Bulgaria, tel: ++35928163314, E-mail: tsvetelina_angelova@abv.bg

Running title: Antimicrobial Activity of Hybrids Doped With Zinc Ions

Abstract The antimicrobial potential of hybrid materials based on silica, cellulose derivate and zinc ions was investigated in the present study. The experiments were focused on the formation of inhibition zones of Aspergillus niger strain 371 and Penicillium chrysogenum strain 2303 around the materials. The hybrids were synthesized by sol-gel method from tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and different sources of zinc ions - ZnSO4.7H2O or Zn(NO3)2.6H2O. The quantity of organic substance was 5 wt. % and the zinc concentration varied from 0.5 to 5 wt. %. It was examined that the size of inhibition zones is dependent on the amount of zinc ions. Practical applications Possible practical application materials can be found in regenerative medicine as antibacterial dressings and bandages for wound healing, surgical masks, coatings of various implants and biomaterials in order to prevent the biofilm formation in the body. An interesting field of application is the agriculture, where they could be incorporated into a variety of filters and water equipment for the purpose of waste water purification. Key words: Hydroxypropyl cellulose, Silica, Zinc ions, Hybrid materials, Fungi strains

НАУЧНИ ТРУДОВЕ НА УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ПО ХРАНИТЕЛНИ

ТЕХНОЛОГИИ - ПЛОВДИВ 2016 г.

ТОМ 63, КНИЖКА 1

SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF UNIVERSITY OF FOOD

TECHNOLOGIES 2016

VOLUME 63 ISSUE 1

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Introduction Nowadays antibacterial agents based on metal ions and nanoparticles are wide used for many applications in medicine as well as in food package industry. ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO Nps) have selective toxicity to microorganisms and exhibit minimal effect on human cells making them suitable materials for biomedical applications (Sirelkhatim et al., 2015; Ma et al., 2015). The antimicrobial activity of zinc ions and nanoparticles involved induction of reactive oxygen species and damages of cell structures such as cell membranes (Navale et al., 2015; Salem et al., 2014). ZnO Nps inhibit the growth of Botrytis cinerea by interfering

cell function and causing deformation in fungal hyphae. The development of conidiophores and conidia of Penicillium expansum was fully prevented from the nanoparticles (He et al., 2011). Zinc ions and nanoparticles can be prepared and incorporated into hybrid materials and coatings by different techniques such as vapour deposition and sol-gel technique (Jaiswal et al., 2012). This method offers the opportunity to incorporate metal ions into an organically modified inorganic matrix. As a result a coating with high purity and homogeneity was produced (Marini et al., 2007).

Materials and Methods Materials SiO2/hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) hybrid materials doped with zinc were prepared by sol-gel method using the same procedure describe previously (Rangelova et al., 2014; Angelova et al., 2012). The zinc concentration in hybrid materials varied from 0 to 5 wt. %. As zinc ions sources ZnSO4.7H2O or Zn(NO3)2.6H2O were used. Aspergillus niger strain 371 and Penicillium chrysogenum strain 2303 were obtained from the culture collection of Bulgarian National Bank of Industrial Microorganisms and Cell Cultures and were maintained respectively on nutrient media Soja-Malt, containing Malt extract 30 g, Soja pepton 3 g, Agar 15 g, d. H2O 1 dm3 and HM medium, containing Malt extract 10 g, Yeast extract 4 g, Glucose 4 g, Agar 15 g, d. H2O 1 dm3. The both strains were cultivated at 30 0C. Antimicrobial assay The antimicrobial behavior of obtained hybrid materials was examined against A. niger 371 and P. chrysogenum 2303 by agar diffusion test. The method consists of measuring the inhibition zones formed around the samples of materials. The agar plates were inoculated with A. niger 371 and P. chrysogenum 2303 by wiping a swab containing the culture across the surface of the agar. The samples in amount of 100 mg were placed onto the marked wells in plates, as is shown on Figure 1.

The inoculated Petri dishes were stored at 30 °C. The size of the inhibition zones was monitored and measured with ruler after 24 h, and 120 h of strain incubation.

Results and Discussion In the present work we have investigated the antimicrobial effect of two types HPC/SiO2 hybrid materials with different ZnSO4.7H2O and (ZnNO3)2.6H2O concentration. Using the agar well diffusion method the hybrids showed a different impact on the fungal growth of A. niger strain 371 and P. chrysogenum strain 2303. On Figure 2 are shown the formation of clear zones around the hybrids with different concentration ZnSO4.7H2O and (ZnNO3)2.6H2O against A. niger 371 after 48 h incubation. It was established that the lowest Zn concentration from ZnSO4.7H2O leads to formation of 6.25 mm inhibitory zone while the highest concentration inhibited the fungi growth by measuring of 18.75 mm clear zone. The test results of formed inhibition zones caused from hybrids with different (ZnNO3)2.6H2O concentration demonstrated similar tendency. The smallest zone of 6.75 mm was detected by 0.5 % (ZnNO3)2.6H2O, and the biggest (20 mm) - by 5 % (ZnNO3)2.6H2O.

As a second point of experiments, it was also studied the susceptibility of A. niger 371 after 120 h incubation (Figure 3). The longer fungi cultivation leads to formation of dark conidiophores. The size of primary measured zones is decreased but although they could be measured by the higher zinc concentrations. As we noticed in our previous study (Angelova et al., 2014) it could be concluded these materials exhibit growth-restraining impact on fungi and are unable to suppress them completely at zinc concentrations present in both materials up to 5 wt. %.

The antimicrobial properties of synthesized hybrid materials were also tested against P. chrysogenum strain 2303. The results showed formation of inhibition zones only around materials containing

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2.5 % and 5 % ZnSO4.7H2O and 2.5 % and 5 % (ZnNO3)2.6H2O (Figure 4). By hybrids with 2.5 % and 5 % ZnSO4.7H2O were measured zones with size respectively 9.5 mm and 10 mm. Similar effect has the second material containing (ZnNO3)2.6H2O on the fungal growth. The material containing zinc concentration 2.5 % formed an inhibitory zone of 5.25 mm while the highest zinc concentration leads to 8.25 mm clear zones after 48 h incubation. The control sample and the lowest zinc concentrations cannot inhibit the growth of tested fungi strain.

Further incubation of petri dishes until 120th hour (Figure 5.) showed the color change by conidia from hell green to dark green by control samples and by samples with low zinc concentrations, typical for sporulation process. Highest zinc concentrations by both materials lead to inhibition of sporulation process and the color of conidia remain hell. The long period of cultivation has an influence on the size of zones. It’s very noticeable by the samples containing 2.5 % ZnSO4.7H2O and (ZnNO3)2.6H2O, where is difficult to see any inhibition zones. Only the highest zinc concentrations almost keep the previously formed inhibition zones.

These experiments proved that the antimicrobial activity is dependent on the zinc concentration, the source of zinc ions and the time of strain cultivation.

Conclusions In this work it has been demonstrated that hybrid materials showed antimicrobial properties against A. niger strain 371 and P. chrysogenum strain 2303. The results reveal that the longer strains cultivation leads to decrease of size of zones but although it was monitored clear free of growth zones after 120 h incubation. The zinc ions from Zn(NO3)2.6H2O demonstrate higher antimicrobial effect against both fungi strains in comparison to zinc ions from ZnSO4.7H2O. The primary research of these types hybrid materials show a promising potential as antifungal coatings in biomedicine, food industry and waste water treatment but further analysis are needed to confirm the non-cytotoxic properties to eukaryotic cells.

Acknowledgements The present study was supported by Project No 11584 of University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Sofia, Science Fund “Research Investigations”.

References

Angelova, Ts., N. Rangelova, R. Yuryev, N. Georgieva, R. Müller (2012). Antibacterial activity of SiO2/hydroxypropyl cellulose hybrid materials containing silver nano particles, Materials Science and Engineering C, 32:1241–1246.

Angelova, Ts., N. Georgieva, H. Dineva, N. Rangelova and R. Müller, (2014). Antifungal activity of silver doped hybrids based on silica and cellulose derivates against Aspergillus niger. J. of Chem. Techn. And Met., 49:121-127.

He, L., Y. Liu, A. Mustapha, M. Lin (2011). Antifungal activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles against Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum. Microbiological Research, 166:207-215.

Jaiswal, S., P. McHale, B. Duffy (2012). Preparation and rapid analysis of antibacterial silver, copper and zinc doped sol-gel surfaces. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 94:170-176.

Ma, H., Ph. Williams, S. Diamond (2013). Ecotoxicity of manufactured ZnO nanoparticles – A review. Environmental Pollution, 172:76-85. Marini, M., M. Bondi, R. Iseppi, M. Toselli, F. Pilati (2007). Preparation and antibacterial activity of hybrid materials containing quaternary ammonium salts via sol-gel process. Eur. Polym. J., 43:3621-3628. Navale, G., M. Thripuranthaka, L. Dattatray, S. Sandip (2015). Antimicrobial activity of ZnO nanoparticles against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. JSM Nanotechnol Nanomed., 3: 1033.

Salem W., D. Leitner, F. Zingl, G. Schratter, R. Prassl, W. Goessler, J. Reidl, S. Schild (2014). Antibacterial activity of silver and zinc nanoparticles against Vibrio cholerae and enterotoxic Escherichia coli, Int. Jour. of Med. Microb., 305:85-95.

Sirelkhatim, A., S. Mahmud, A. Seeni (2015). Review on zinc oxide nanoparticles-antibacterial activity and toxicity mechanism, Nano-Micro Lett., 7:219-242.

Rangelova, N., L. Aleksandrov, Ts. Angelova, N. Georgieva, R. Müller (2014). Preparation and characterization of SiO2/CMC/Ag hybrids with antibacterial properties. Carbohydrate polymers, 101:1166–1175.

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Figure 1. Steps for determination the antimicrobial activity of hybrid materials against fungi strains

by agar diffusion test

Figure 2. Inhibition zones of HPC/SiO2 hybrid materials with different concentration ZnSO4.7H2O

(left panel) and (ZnNO3)2.6H2O (right panel) against A. niger 371 after 48 h incubation

НАУЧНИ ТРУДОВЕ НА УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ПО ХРАНИТЕЛНИ

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Figure 3. Inhibition zones of HPC/SiO2 hybrid materials with different concentration ZnSO4.7H2O

(left panel) and (ZnNO3)2.6H2O (right panel) against A. niger 371 after 120 h incubation

Figure 4. Inhibition zones of HPC/SiO2 hybrid materials with different concentration ZnSO4.7H2O (left panel) and (ZnNO3)2.6H2O (right panel) against P. chrysogenum 2303 after 48 h incubation

НАУЧНИ ТРУДОВЕ НА УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ПО ХРАНИТЕЛНИ

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Figure 5. Inhibition zones of HPC/SiO2 hybrid materials with different concentration ZnSO4.7H2O

(left panel) and (ZnNO3)2.6H2O (right panel) against P. chrysogenum 2303 after 120 h incubation