Antihypertensives

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All about antihypertensives. Easy mechanism of action with important drugs of every classification.

Transcript of Antihypertensives

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Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are usedto treat hypertension (high blood pressure).

Antihypertensive therapy seeks to prevent the complications of high blood pressure, such as stroke and myocardial infarction.

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Classes Diuretics

 Adrenergic receptor antagonists Benzodiazepines

Calcium channel blockers Renin Inhibitors ACE inhibitors

 Angiotensin II receptor antagonists Aldosterone receptor antagonists

 Vasodilators α2 agonists

 Endothelin receptor blockers

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• Hydrochlorothiazide, a popular thiazide diuretic

• Loop diuretics:– Furosemide

• Thiazide diuretics:• Thiazide-like diuretics:• Potassium-sparing diuretics:– spironolactone

Diuretics

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ActionAct on kidney

Relax blood vessel walls

Remove more sodium and water from water

Lower blood pressure

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• Thiazide diuretics are recommended as the first line of treatment for high blood pressure. They are usually recommended as one of at least two medicines to control high blood pressure.

• Loop diuretics are prescribed for people who also have heart failure, kidney problems, or swelling in their legs (edema)

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• Furosemide, like other loop diuretics, acts by inhibiting NKCC2, the luminal Na-K-2Cl symporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle.

• By inhibiting the transporter, the loop diuretics reduce the reabsorption of NaCl and also diminish the lumen-positive potential that derives from K+ recycling

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• Spironolactone is used primarily to treat heart failure, edematous conditions such as nephrotic syndrome or ascites in patients with liver disease, essential hypertension, hypokalemia.

• spironolactone is only a weak diuretic because it primarily targets the distal nephron (collecting tubule), where only small amounts of sodium are reabsorbed, but it can be combined with other diuretics to increase efficacy. 

• The antihypertensive effect of spironolactone may exceed that of complex combined regimens of other antihypertensives since it targets the primary cause of the elevated blood pressure.

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Adrenergic receptor antagonists

• Beta blockers– atenolol–Metoprolol

• Alpha blockers

• Mixed Alpha + Beta blockers:– labetalol

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Beta Blocker

s

Inhibits the effect of nor

epinephrine and epinephrine

And lessens the feedback mechanism

G protein receptor kinase inhibits

receptor activity

Increase in cyclic Adenosine

monophosphate

Improves contractions

Decrease heart rate, Calcium

entry into failing myocytes

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Labetalol combines both selective, competitive, alpha-1-adrenergic blocking and nonselective, competitive, beta-adrenergic blocking activity in a single substance.

Stimulation of beta receptors 

within myocardium

Stimulation of  alpha receptors within vascular smooth muscles

Decrease in systemic arterial blood pressure and systemic 

vascular resistance

Without a reduction in heart rate, cardiac output or stroke 

volume.

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Benzodiazepines

•  They work as an agonist of the GABA-a receptors in the brain, thus slowing down neurotransmission and dilating blood vessels.

•  benzodiazepines inhibit the re-uptake of a nucleoside chemical called Adenosine, which serves as an inhibitory chemical mentioned above. It also serves as a coronary vasodilator, allowing the cardiac muscle to relax and dilating cardiac arteries.

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Calcium channel blockers

• block the entry of calcium into muscle cells in artery walls.

Peripheral arterial dilatation

Stimulation of renin and formation of angiotensin

Decrease systemic vascular resistance

Decrease in blood pressure

AmlodipineNifedipineDiltiazem

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Diltiazem• Diltiazem is a potent vasodilator, increasing blood flow and variably decreasing the heart rate via strong depression of A-V node conduction.

• Because of its negative inotropic effect, diltiazem causes a modest decrease in heart muscle contractility and reduces myocardium oxygen consumption.

• Its negative chronotropic effect results in a modest lowering of heart rate, due to slowing of the sinoatrial node. It results in reduced myocardium oxygen consumption.

• Because of its negative dromotropic effect, conduction through the AV (atrioventricular) node is slowed, which increases the time needed for each beat. This results in reduced myocardium oxygen consumption

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Renin InhibitorsRenin inhibitors bind to 

the active site of renin and inhibit the binding of renin to 

angiotensinogen. renin inhibitors prevent the formation of Ang I and 

Ang II A reduction in Ang II levels or blockade of angiotensin receptors

suppress the feedback loop 

increased plasma renin concentrations (PRC) and plasma renin activity(PRA)

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ACE Inhibitors

Blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II

Lower arteriolar resistance

Increase venous capacity

Normally Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and hence 

hypertension.

Decrease cardiac output

Increase excretion of sodium in the urine

Stimulates adrenal gland to release aldosterone which causes sodium retention and hence increase in blood 

pressure.

Stimulates post. Pituitary to release vasopressin which also increases water 

retention

With ACE inhibitors, the production of angiotensin II is decreased, leading to decreased blood pressure.

CaptoprilEnalaprilRamipril

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Angiotensin II receptor antagonists

These substances are AT1-receptor antagonists; that is, they block the activation of angiotensin II AT1 receptors.  vasodilatation.

reduces secretion of vasopressin.

reduces production and secretion of aldosterone.

The combined effect reduces blood pressure.

olmesartantelmisartan

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Vasodilators• Vasodilators act directly on the smooth muscle of arteries to relax their walls so blood can move more easily through them; only used in hypertensive emergencies. 

Vasodilatation works to decrease TPR and blood pressure through

relaxation of smooth muscle cells in the tunica media layer of large arteries and smaller

arterioles.

TPR: total peripheral resistance

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α2 agonists

Stimulate alpha receptors in the brain

Open peripheral arteries

For treating hypertension, these drugs are usually administered in combination with a diuretic.

Adverse effects of this class of drugs include sedation, drying of the nasal mucosa and rebound hypertension.

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Endothelin receptor blockers

By blocking this interaction, bosentan decreases pulmonary vascular resistance.

Under normal conditions, endothelin-1 binding of ET-A or ET-B receptors causes constriction of the pulmonary blood vessels.

Bosentan is a competitive antagonist of endothelin-1 at the endothelin-A (ET-A) and endothelin-B (ET-B) receptors.

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Side Effects of Diuretics

Potassium-sparing diuretics retain the potassium that other diuretics cause the body to excrete. Common side effects of these diuretics include nausea, headache and stomach upset.

The most common side effect of loop diuretics, such as Lasix, is hypokalemia, or low potassium.

Other side effects include dry 

mouth, weakness, diarrhea and headache. 

difficulty urinating, gout, and hives are severe side effects and should be addressed immediately. 

Thiazide diuretics can cause orthostatic hypotension. 

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Side Effects of ACE Inhibitors

Common side effects of ACE inhibitors are diarrhea, headache and joint pain.Fever and chills, trouble breathing or jaundice requires immediate attention.

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May include fatigue, dizziness and weakness. 

Side Effects of Beta Blockers

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Regular check-Up

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