Antigens. Antigen structure of the microorganisms. Immune cells and their markers.
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Transcript of Antigens. Antigen structure of the microorganisms. Immune cells and their markers.
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Antigens. Antigen structure of the microorganisms. Immune
cells and their markers
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Antigen Antigen may be any non-self foreign
substance to which lymphocytes respond Any antigen consists of:
1. Epitope
2. Non-specific remaining portion
Classification:
1. Complete antigens
2. Haptens (complex and simple)
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Properties of the antigens
Foreignness Antigenicity Specificity High molecular weight Solubility or colloidal properties
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Antigen specificity.
1. Heterogenic specificity
2. Species specificity.
3. Isospesificity.
4. Autospecificity
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Antigen structure of the bacterial cell
O-Ag K-Ag H-Ag Vi-Ag
Other bacterial antigens:
Protective antigens Bacterial exotoxins and enzymes
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Specificity of bacterial antigens Genus antigens Species antigens Group specific antigens. Type specific antigens.
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Structure of the immune system
Lymphoid system consist of the: Lymphoid cells (T and B cells) Lymphoid organs:
1. Central (primary) organs: thymus and bone marrow2. Peripheral (secondary) lymphoid organs are:
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T-cells may be subdivided into some subsets (or subpopulation) due to their functions:
1. T- helper (TH)
2. T- suppressor (TS)
3. T- regulator (TR)
4. T- cytotoxic (TC);
5. Delayed-type hypersensitivity T cells (TDTH);
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B-cells Activated B-cells can differentiate into
plasma or memory cells
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Cytokines1. Monokines
2. Lymphokines
3. Interleukins (IL)
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Types of immune response
Cellular immune response Humoral immune response Immunological memory Immunological tolerance Hypersensitivity reactions
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Immune response to an antigen may be of two broad types:
The humoral or antibody mediated immunity (AMI). It is mediated by antibodies produced by plasma cell The cellular or mediated immunity (CMI). It is mediated by sensitized T-cells
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Cellular cooperation in the immune response
1. Antigen processing cells (APC) (macrophages or dendritic cells)
2. TH cell (either Th1 or Th2)
3. Either B-cell in the humoral immune response or TC (TK) cell in the cellular immune response
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