Extraction, Chemical Composition, and Antifungal Activity of ...
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY
88
2020 ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY SCREENING IN NATURAL PRODUCTS Dr.M.Muruganandam
-
Upload
m.muruganadam -
Category
Science
-
view
45 -
download
0
Transcript of ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY
2020
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY SCREENING IN
NATURAL PRODUCTS
Dr.M.Muruganandam
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY SCREENING IN
NATURAL PRODUCTS
First Edition:2020
Author
Dr.M.Muruganandam
Email: [email protected]
Publisher
Einsteein Bio-Engineering Research Foundation,
www.vaccinebiotech.blogspot.com
Preface
Fungi have an important role in decomposing
of various organic matters and producing
diseases in Plants, animals and human beings.
Some Fungi are producing various
economically viable products. But In this
book, different natural products effect on
fungal growth was studied by using yeast.
Yeast is a unicellular fungi .It is also an
economically important member of fungi.
Here it is used for preliminary screening of
antifungal activity. I hope it is useful to
students and researchers.
M.Muruganandam.
Contents
1. Common Spices
2. Vegetable oils
3. Flowers
4. Marine Shrimps
5. Flour Sources
6. Insects
7. Latex
8. Marine Invertebrate
9. Marine Fish
10. Thermal Shocks
11. Ultrasonic Vibration
12. Screening of Antifungal
activity why?
1. Common spices
In our traditional food items, all the
spices have very well anti microbial activity. in
this study, ten spicy materials were selected for
analysis of antifungal activity .The maximum
activity was observed in onion especially small
onion and second maximum activity observed in
big onian.The pepper, cumin, Anise and clove
have more or less equal activity. But the lesser
antifungal activity was observed in mustard. So
the small onion compounds are recommended to
prepare antifungal medicine.
Phytotherapy is best way to treat
many diseases in developing countries. The
herbal medicines are universally available and
give promising cure, in the meantime very
lesser side effects. Herbal medicinal plants are
also easy to cultivate in our garden. The herbal
medicine has many unexposed valuable
bioactive compounds. Thus they will cure many
infectious diseases. Our studies proves that anti
fungal compounds universally present in many
parts of plant and animals sources, such as
Flowers,3 Vegetable oils 2 Marine shrimp
4,Marine fishes 1 etc. In this study, ten
traditionally used common spicy materials are
selected for studies of antifungal activity.
Ten different spices were collected then
aqueous extract was prepared, First 0.5gm of
spice sample mixed with 1ml of distilled water
then extract was prepared. These extracts were
individually mixed with five ml of 3% peptone
water and 0.5 ml of 24 hours yeast broth. After
48 hours incubation, biomass production was
analysed, based on the biomass production, the
antifungal activity was analysed.
All the spices have antifungal activity. In this
study, maximum antifungal activity was
observed in onion especially small onion and
second maximum activity observed in big onion,
Ginger and Big onion has more or less equal
level of antifungal activity..The least activity
observed in Mustard and cardamum.In this
work; all the spices materials have good
antifungal activity. The maximum activity
present in small onion. So it is good for our
health and also all the spices are suitable for
antifungal drug development.
Most of the higher plants and their products have
very good herbal medicine. Our traditional food
items have more spicy materials; all are mostly
antimicrobial activity, these spicy materials
helps to avoid pathogenic microbes’
contamination in our digestive system.
Table.1.Spices aqueous extracts effects on
Biomass production of yeast.
S.No Name of the Spices Biomass production of Yeast(mg)
1. Mustard 200
2. Pepper 125
3. Cumin 125
4. Anise 120
5. Cardamom 170
6. Clove 115
7. Small Onion 85
8. Big Onion 100
9. Garlic 155
10 Ginger 105
11. Control Treatment 225
Our traditional food items are not only food, it is
also act as medicine, it will prevent many
infectious diseases. Even our edible marine
Fishes 1 and Marine shrimp 4 has good antifungal
activity. In the present study, small onion has
good antifungal activity compared to other spicy
materials. But White onion is used in Chinese
traditional medicines for their anti microbial
activity5 .The pepper, cumin, Anise and clove
has very good antifungal activity. If prepare
antifungal drug based on these materials, it is
very effective and it has no side effects.
Reference
1. Muruganandam.M (2019) Marine fishes protein influence on
Biomass production of yeast-Proceedings of the International
conference on Recent trends in Biodiversity conservation and
Utilization held on 22-Aug-2019.ISBN-978-81-907579-6-6.
2. Muruganandam.M and Tamizhazhagan.V (2019) Different
vegetable oil sources effect on Biomass production of
yeast.Mintage.j.Pharma and Med.Sci.vol.8, Issue.3,july sep.pp:35-
36.
3. Muruganandam.M and Tamizhazhagan.V (2019) Antifungal
screening in various flowers extracts .Mintage.j.Pharma and
Med.Sci.vol.8, Issue.3, July sep.pp:33-34
4. Muruganandam.M, K.Palniselvam, G.Nagananthini and
G.Saranya (2018) Antifungal activity screening in marine shrimp-
Proceedings of the National Seminar on Marine fisheries and
Aquaculture held on Sep-20-2018-pp 50-52.
5.Egorov.N.S.(1985)AntibioticsAScientificapproachbookPub.Mir.P
ublishers,Moscow,Russia.
2. VEGETABLE OILS
Oil is an important fat source of all
organism .In this work, various vegetable oils
such as coconut oil, gingili oil, neem oil, Castrol
oil and sunflower oil were used to test their
influence on biomass production of yeast. First
various oils are individually mixed with freshly
prepared yeast broth medium, and then yeast
were inoculated and incubated at 37oC.After 48
hours biomass production was studied in all the
treatment .The maximum biomass production
was observed in gingili oil, least production is
observed in control treatment. Because distilled
water was used as control and another least
production was observed in Castrol oil, because
it may due to its viscosity.
The yeast saccharomyces crevicea
is useful to food industry in man and animals
feed.3 It contains nucleic acid B 1.3 3glucans and
RNA.1 They enhance the phagocytic activity and
serum lysozyme levels in fish, It is effectively
enhance the functions of Immune system in
Atlantic Solomon 2 .If prepare low cost culture
medium to yeast, it is easily reduce the
production cost In this study various vegetable
oils effect on Biomass production was studied.
The vegetable oils are good source of lipid. The
cost is very reasonable and universally available.
The transport, maintains are very easy. In this
study various vegetable oils effect on Biomass
production of yeast was studied.
The vegetable oils such as coconut oil
gingili oil, Neem oil, Castrol oil, sunflower oil
were used In this experiment one control
treatment was always maintained first take 1ml
of oil individually then mixed with 8ml of 3%
sterilized peptone water, After 1ml of 24 hours
yeast culture mixed. These were put in
incubated at 370c up to 48`hours. After that
Biomass production was studied in all the
treatment .In all the treatment triplicate
condition was maintained. Yeast is fermenting
sugar to produce Co2 and ethanol. The ethanol
is a bio fuel nowadays it is used cars as fuel 3. In
this experiment highest biomass production of
yeast observed in giggly oil treatment compared
to all the treatment.
In this study, highest biomass production was
observed in Neem oil which and sunflower oil
has more or less equal biomass production, very
least biomass observed in control treatment
because instead of oil 1ml distilled water was
used so it produces very least biomass .All the
conventional oils are easily available in market.
If use low cost best materials for biomass
production of Yeast, it leads to move profit in
less expenses and another thing is vegetable oil
is easily maintained in room temperature. The
cold storage is not needed many small scale
industries for store vegetable oil. So it is
available in pure condition with reasonable cost.
It is used to biomass production of yeast
Industry in future and Castrol and Coconut oils
reduce the culture of yeast. So these are best to
develop antifungal drugs.
Reference
1.Sakai.M., Taniguchi, Manoto.K., Ogawa.H and Tabata.M., (2001)
Immunostimulants effects of Nucleotide isolated from yeast RNA
on Cardio L.J fish Dis 24, 433-438.
2.Engstad, R>E., Robertsen, B and Friveld.E (1992) yeast gliucan
induces increase in activity of lysozyme and complement mediates
hemolytic activity in atlantics Solomon blood Fish and shell fish
(immunology 2.287-297.
3.Ricio-Gamez –Pastor, Robertoperez – Trrado Elena Garre and
Emilia metalllana (2011) Recent advances in yeast biomass
production chap in book biomass Detection, production and usage
Edited by Dr., Darkomotovi Chap pp 201-222.
Fig.2.1 various vegetable oils effect on Biomass
production of Yeast.
0
50
100
150
200
Coconutoil
Gingillioil
Neemoil
Castroloil
Sunflower
oil
Control
3. FLOWERS
Flowers have various pigments which are
responsible for their bright colours. In the
present study ,various flowers such as Hibiscus,
Como mile, Mullai, Rose, and Marigold flowers
used to prepare aqueous extracts .In the yeast
culture medium, aqueous extracts were
individually added and yeast culture also
inoculated at 37oC.After 48 hours incubation,
biomass production of yeast were calculated.
The minimum growth was observed in Mullai
and Marigold flower extracts. So it is concluded
that these extracts are suitable for prepare new
antifungal preservatives.
Phytomedicines are major components of
traditional system of heating in developing
countries. Besides wide spread use of botanical
as medicinal products in developing countries
1The flowers have variety of pigments for attract
insects for pollination. In the most of the plants
the flower are consists of two parts, one is the
essential and another one is nonessential.2 The
main purpose of Flower is reproduction ,the
non-essential parts are not really necessary for
reproduction. However they play on important
role in by serving for protection and attraction of
insects and bird visitors1 then non-essential parts
are very colourful. They have variety of
components and pigments in this study were
prepared aqueous flowers extracts and test their
efficacy on fungi yeast growth.
Yeast is used in this experiment yeast come
under Ascomycetes groups of fungi. In this
study yeast growth rate was used as bio indicator
for antifungal property. Various flowers were
collected in market such as Hibiscus,
Chamomile, Mullai Rose and Marigold prepare
aqueous extract in this entire flower, filtered and
stored. Peptone water was prepared (3%) and
sterilized this was used for yeast culture. First
take 1ml extract then add 8ml sterilized peptone
water then add 1ml of aqueous extract and
mixed well. For all the flowers triplicate
treatments were prepared and incubated in
370c After 48 hours biomass production of all
the treatment were calculated One control
treatment was always maintained.
The plants are rich source of bioactive
compounds and secondary metabolites such as
tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids and Flavonoids
reported to have invitro antifungal properties. A
series of molecules with antifungal activity
against different strains of fungi have been
found in plants, which are of great importance
humans.3These plant products are becoming part
of the integrating health care system of
industrialized nation, known as complementary
and alternative system of medicines these
medicines saves poor people health in
developing countries. In this way antifungal
pigments was screaming in many flowers. In the
present study the lowest biomass production of
yeast was observed in marigold and Mullai,
flowers, the second lowest biomass production
was observed in Rose treatment. The marigold
and Mullai has have equal level of bio mass
production .So it is concluded that the marigold
and Mullai flowers aqueous extracts are good to
prepare Antifungal medicine.
Reference
1. Narayan swamiR.V. and Rao.K.N (1984) outline Botany pro.by
S.viswanathan Pvt. Ltd pp.989.
2. Asha saiuni (2015) screening of Antifungal activities of extracts
of ten plant species Ind.J. Env.Sci 19 pp. 51-52.
3Cowan M.M., (1999) plant products as antimicrobial agents’
clinical microbiology Review 12 564-582
Fig 3.1. Various flowers extract effect on yeast biomass
production.(mg).
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
4. Marine Shrimp
Marine resources have a lot of
unexposed compounds sources for drug
discovery. The marine prawn has nutritive valve
and also tasty food .It is mainly exported in
European countries due to its high economic
valve. In this study, marine prawn penaeus was
collected from the landing site of Mandapam
coastal area, then it was completely cleaned and
washed with distil water in laboratory the
exoskeleton and flesh were separated and
extracts were prepared by using various organic
solvents such as ethanol, acetone, n butyl
alcohol, chloroform and distilled water .These
extract was mixed in fresh yeast culture medium
and yeast were inoculated , after 48 hours of
incubation Yeast biomass production was
calculated. Ethanol and chloroform extract
produces higher biomass production of yeast.
The muscle and exoskeleton acetone extracts
produce lesser biomass production of yeast .So it
is concluded that Acetone extract is best
compared to other solvent extracts. Because it
has more antifungal activity.
Antimicrobial peptide screening is a
current important research area in drug
discovery. There are very limited reports in
Antimicrobial peptides in marine animal origin.
In fishes Egorov 1reported that there is a mixture
of antimicrobial protein present in fish tissue
Muruganandam.M 2 also reported antibacterial
peptides present in the internal organs of fish.
There is very lesser reports present in
antimicrobial peptides in shell fishes that is why
this attempt was made in shrimp. The prawns
help to earn a huge amount of foreign exchange.
They are in great demand in international
markets. They contain very little far but rich in
protein vitamin A and Vitamin D They contain
considerable quantities of glycogen and free
amino acids in their muscles. In this study
marine shrimp’s tissue and exoskeleton extracts
were prepared and studied the antifungal activity
was observed.
Marine shrimp penaeus indicus collected from
the landing site in Mandapam coastal area
Ramanathapuram district. The prawn was
cleaned and exoskeleton was removed. The
muscle tissue and exoskeleton extracts were
prepared by using various organic solvents such
as Benzene, n-Butyl alcohol. Ethanol Acetone,
chloroform and water The extracts (0.5) were
individually taken and mixed with 4ml of 3%
peptone water After that 0.5ml of yeast culture
was always maintained This mixture was mixed
and incubated at 370c After 48 biomass
production yeast were calculated In this study
yeast was used as bio indicator for Antifungal
property.
The Antimicrobial peptides in animal origin
were reported at very lesser level. Ecomolin is
one of anti-microbial substance identified from
fish. It mainly consists of mixture of proteins
Muruganandam 2was also reported antibacterial
peptides in the internal organs of fish. These are
present in higher amount in brain and muscle
tissues of fish. In this way the present work was
done, the acetone and n-Butyl alcohol extracts of
prawn muscle and exoskeleton produce
antifungal activity. In this work, the lowest
biomass production was observed in Acetone
treatment in both muscle tissue and exoskeleton
extracts. The second lowest biomass production
observed in n-Butyl alcohol treatment .So it is
concluded that the Acetone extract of marine
prawn of marine ha antifungal compounds. It
will useful for prepare antifungal drug in future.
Fig.4.1 Marine Shrimp Muscle and Exoskeleton
extract effect on Yeast Biomass
production.(mg).
Reference 1. Egorov.N.S (1935) Antibiotics a scientific approach
book pub. Mir publishes Moscow Russia.
2. Muruganandam.M (2017) Antibacterial peptides observed in
various internal organs of fish present in proceeding of seminar of
on microbes and mankind held on 30th Aug pp 61-61.
0200400600800
10001200140016001800
5. Edible Flour Sources
Edible flour contains more
carbohydrate and protein Sources. Carbohydrate
and protein are the essential component for yeast
culture. Here various conventional carbohydrate
sources such as Millet flour, Thenai flour,
Bengal gram flour, Maize flour, Rice flour,
Wheat flour and Green gram flour were tested.
In this work, yeast were cultured in peptone
water, The 24 hours of yeast culture with various
carbohydrate flour aqueous extract were
individually mixed and incubated at 37*C for 48
hours. At the end of the experiment yeast
biomass production were calculated in all the
treatment. The higher biomass production of
yeast was observed in Maize and Millet flour. It
is concluded that these carbohydrate sources are
suitable for yeast biomass production.
Carbohydrates are the precursor for
the synthesis of all organic compounds found in
plants and animals. Plants use carbohydrates of
the precursor for the synthesis of protein, lipids
and other organic compounds. Carbohydrate in
an important energy producer. In the yeast
industry the Economics of carbohydrate plays a
major role. If use low cost materials with high
yields make the industry very profit the yeast is
capable of fermenting sugar to producer co2 and
ethanol 1. In the ethanol industry, it needs low
cost medium for production of high yields. The
yeast biomass production depends on many
abiotic factors. Sometime specific abiotic stress
also influence positive growth rate of yeast 2. In
this study various conventional carbohydrate
influences on yeast biomass production was
studied.
In this study Different conventional
carbohydrate sources such as millet flour,
Thenai flour, Bengal gram flour, maize, rice
flour, wheat and green gram flour were used
First each flour was taken 1gm with 10ml water
and mix well then take 1ml of extract add 8ml
3% sterilized peptone water with one ml of 24
hours cultured yeast broth . They were mixed
well put in incubator at 37*c. After 48 hours
yeast biomass production was calculated in all
the treatment for each flour triplicate treatments
were maintained.
Lous Pasteur discovered that yeast were
microorganism capable of fermenting sugar to
produce co2 and ethanol1. In the yeast industry
yeast culture medium plays a important role in
the production and Economic, Carbohydrate is
an essential nutrient for all living cell. In this
study maize flour produce highest biomass
production of yeast compared to all the
treatment. The second highest biomass observed
in millet flour extract treatment. The least
biomass production was observed in green gram
and Bengal gram treatment. The control
treatment always has lesser biomass production.
There biomass production of rice
and millet flour treatment has equal range of
biomass production. In the same Time Bengal
gram treatment and wheat flour treatment has
more or less equal range of biomass production.
In this study maize flour is highly suitable for
maximum biomass production of yeast. It is
recommended to yeast culture. Next to maize
flour millet flour and rice flour are highly
suitable to produce more yeast. In the mean
time, Green gram flour, wheat and Bengal gram
are best materials for reduce fungal growth in
the medium. These findings are further
recommended to antifungal drug develop
researchers.
Reference
1. Rocio Gomez pastor, Roberto perez-Torrado Elena Garre and
Emilia matallana (2011) recent advances in yeast biomass
production chap in book Biomass detection, production and
usages Edited by Dr.Dark o motoric chap pp.: 201-222
2. Muruganandam.M (2016) Thermal shocks alter the growth
physical pattern of yeast saccharomyces cervisiae proceeding
inseminar on Global warming and climate changes held on 19th
Aug 2016
Fig.5.1, Various Flour sources influence in yeast Biomass
production.(mg).
050
100150200250300350400
6. Insect sources
Insects are the only flying
invertebrates in animal kingdom., Its body
temperature is not constant .In future due to
global warming, It will multiply enormously so
try to use at maximum level for beneficial
purposes .The insects contain more protein ,it
will multiply very fast. In this experiment
aqueous extracts of various insects’ effect on
biomass production of yeast were studied. Two
medium were used for yeast production, one is
sugar and another one is peptone medium with
various insects such as. Stick insect, grasshopper
termite and spider. Their aqueous extract was
mixed with these medium separately. After 48
hours incubation higher biomass production was
observed in grasshopper treatment in both
medium .The peptone water has higher biomass
production compared to sugar medium .The
second higher biomass production was observed
in spider treatment .So It is concluded that ,
these insects protein sources are good to enhance
biomass production of yeast.
Protein is a polymer of amino acids.
protein is the essential constituents of living
cells proteins make up 12% of the protoplasm.
Insects are flying invertebrates. It has the higher
population compared to many group of animals.
It contains higher level of proteins and essential
amino acids. It is used as supplementary protein
feed to fish culture and other animal husbandry
operation, even human beings insects as food in
many countries, In china, insects consumers are
reared for food purpose. For the biomass
production of yeast industry use various
nutrients The Insects are very low cost but rich
in essential amino acids and protein If use insect
protein sources the various insects were
collected and used as supplementary protein for
biomass production of yeast.
Insects are one of the major group of animals in
terrestrial habitat. In this study various insects
such as stick insects, Termite grass hopper and
spider extracts were used. All the insects are
individually collected and put in low
temperature for inactivation the, insects weight
was taken (0.5gm) and add 5ml of water with
help of mortar and pistil extract was prepared.
These are directly added with 8ml of sterilized
peptone water and one ml 24hrs yeast culture.
These are mixed well and incubated at 37*c
,1after 48 hours biomass production of yeast was
calculated. Instead of peptone water one percent
sugar solution was used and similar culture
maintained in sugar solution. At the end of the
experiment bio mass production was calculated
in all the treatment.
The yeast industry is high economic industry. As
in distillation increased the many facture of
fermented producer the demand of yeast growth
grows experimentally 2.Proteins are the building
blocks of cells and the functional protein control
function of cell. The insects has rich proteins
source. The highest biomass production
observed in grass hopper aqueous extracts
treatment in both medium. The second highest
biomass observed in spider extract. The lowest
biomass production was observed in stick insects
in both culture mediums. The termite extract
treatment has more or less equal level biomass
production in both medium. The peptone
medium has mire biomass production compared
to sugar medium. The control has lesser
biomass production except stick insect
treatment. Because it has very lesser biomass
production compared to control treatment.
Based on the result it is concluded that
grasshopper extract is best to improve the
biomass production of yeast. In the same time
.Stick insects aqua extract has some substance
which reduces the yeast growth. So the
substance may be anti-fungal peptides. It will
useful to anti-fungal drug preparation. That grass
hopper extract is best to improve the biomass
production of yeast. In the same time stick
insect aqueous extract has some substance which
reduces the yeast growth. So the substance may
be anti-fungal peptides. It will useful to
antifungal drug preparation.
Reference
1. M.Muruganandam (2016) thermal shocks after growth
physiological pattern of yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae. In
proceeding of seminar global warming and climate changes 19 .Aug
.2016 .PP; 54-57
2. Rocio Gomes –pastor, Roberto Perez- tornado, Elena garre and
Emilia mantilla (2011).recent advances in yeast biomass production
–chapter in book biomass detection, production and usages edition
by dark omotvit. Ctap PP; 201-222.
Fig:6..1 Insects extracts effect on Biomass production of
yeast.(mg).
0100200300400500600700800
Sugar medium
Peptone watermedium
7. Latex
Phyto-therapy is practised in most of
the developing countries. Because the traditional
medicine is cheap and highly effective. In this
study, four plants were selected for latex
collection and test their antifungal activity. The
higher range of activity observed in Banyan tree
latex and Papaya latex. The second lower
biomass production was observed in Erukan
plant latex. Based on this study, the Banyan and
Papaya latex are recommended to preparation of
antifungal drugs.
Herbal medicine is most important
in developing countries. This herbal medicine
traditionally saves many people life. The herbal
medicine has many unexplored bioactive
compounds which destroy many dangerous
pathogens. The antifungal activity screening
studies going on in many industrial laboratories.
Our previous studies of antifungal screening
activity in flowers 3 Vegetable Oils, 2Marine
Fishes 1,Marine shrimp 4,Insects 5. In this study,
latex was collected from four different plants
and antifungal activity was studied.
Latex is a product of higher plants. In
this study, latex from four plants such as Papaya,
Erukan plant, Banyan tree, and Sapodilla were
collected. Take 0.5 ml of latex milk and add 1ml
of yeast culture (48 hours) then make up to 10ml
by using 3%sterlized peptone water. This
mixture was incubated for 48 hours. One control
treatment was always maintained. After
incubation, all the cells were harvested by
centrifugation then biomass production were
calculated in all the treatment. Based on biomass
production antifungal activity was calculated.
The maximum antifungal activity
was observed in Banyan tree latex treatment
(220 mg).The second higher activity observed in
Papaya tree latex treatment (670mg ) .The
lowest activity was observed in Erukan plant
latex (1520mg).The control treatment has
2310mg of biomass production. The sapodilla
latex induces the fungal growth (3430mg).In this
study, the banyan and papaya latex have best
antifungal activity compared to other two plants.
So these two plants are recommended to prepare
antifungal drugs.
Natural products of higher plants may
give a new source of antimicrobial agents with
possible novel mechanism of action.6, 7, 8 Latex is
a important metabolic products of higher plants.
It improves the survival rate of plants.
Fig.7.1Different plant’s latex influence on
Biomass production of Yeast.(gm)
In this study, antifungal property was observed
in latex of four different plants .Phototherapy is
practiced in most of the developing countries in
our globe. The herbal medicine are cheap and
lesser side effects and also universally available.
The fungal skin infection is common in
developing countries. If prepare antifungal skin
cream, the screening of antifungal drug is
essential step. In this study, higher antifungal
activity observed in Banyan tree latex and
0
1
2
3
4
Sapodilla Banyan Papaya Erukanplants
ControlTreatment
papaya latex treatment. The Sapodilla latex and
control treatment has lesser activity.. The
Banyan and papaya latex is recommended to
prepare antifungal drugs.
Reference
1.Muruganandam.M(2019) Marine fish protein influenceon biomass
production of yeast-Proceeding of the International Conference on
Recent trends in Biodiversity conservation and utilization held on 22
aug 2019.ISBN-978-81-907579-6-6.
2.Muruganandam.M and Tamizhazhagan.V (2019)a Different
Vegetable oil sources effect on Biomass production of
yeast.Mintage.J.Phama and Med.Sci.Vol.8.Issue3,july-Sep pp:35-
36.
3. 2.Muruganandam.M and Tamizhazhagan.V (2019)b Antifungal
Sceening in various flowers extracts
Mintage.J..phama.Med.Sci.vol.8.Issue 3,july-Sep-pp:33-34.
4.Muruganandam.M.,K.palaniselvam.,G,Nagananthini.G and
G.saranya (2018)Antifungal activity screening in marine shrimp-
Proceedings of the national seminar on marine Fisheries and
Aquaculture held on Sep-20-2018-pp50-52.
5.muruganandam.M., Durgadevi and M.Sowmiya (2018) Insect
protein Sources effect on Biomass production of yeast- Proceedings
of the national seminar on marine Fisheries and Aquaculture held on
Sep-20-2018-pp 116-118.
6.Barbour.E.K,Al.Shari.M,Sagherian.U.K.,Habre.A.N.Talhowk.N
(2004).Screening of selected indigenous plant of Lebanon for
antimicrobial activity.J.Ethanopharmac.93:1-7.
7.Hamil.F.A,Apio.S,Mubiru.N.K,Bukenya-
irabo,R.,Mosango.MMogangi and Soejarta.D.D(2003) Traditional
Herbal drugs of Sourthen Uganda.II literature analysis and
Antimicrobial assay.J.Ehano.Pharma.:84 57-78.
8.Ramzi.A.A.,Mothane and Ulrike Lindquist.(2005) Antimicrobial
activity of Some medicinal plants of the Island Soqotra. J Etho.Phar
96-177-181.
8. Marine Invertebrates
Marine organisms have many
unexposed bioactive compounds. In this study,
five marine invertebrates were selected and with
the help of various organic solvents extracts
were prepared. After that, antifungal activity of
all the extracts was studied. The maximum
activity observed in Star fish and Sea horse
compared to other animals. These antifungal
compounds are recommended to drugs
preparation.
Bioactive compounds present in most of
the living organisms, which will enhance the
survival rate of the organisms. The terrestrial
origin of the bioactive compounds is exposed by
many researchers in past decades. The antifungal
compounds screening in marine resources is a
current research in many drug industry.
However there are limited reports present about
the Marine animals. Egorov 1 reported that there
is a mixture of antimicrobial protein present in
fish tissue. Muruganandam 2 also reported that
antimicrobial peptides present in the internal
organs of fish. Muruganandam et al., 3also
reported that Marine shrimp muscles and
exoskeleton extracts contain antifungal activity.
In this study, various marine animals are
collected and prepared cold extracts, then study
the antifungal activity.
Marine animals develop various bioactive
compounds for their survival. In this study,
various marine animals such as Star fish, Sea
fan, Sponge and Red coral were collected from
Mandapam sea shore area, Ramanathapuram
District., and these were shadow dried in
laboratory, After that, one gram tissue with 2ml
of various organic solvent such as water,
chloroform, acetone, n-butanol, benzene and
ethanol were completely mixed then collect cold
extracts were individually prepared. First take
4ml of three present peptone water with 0.5ml
test animal tissue extract and 0.5 ml of yeast
culture (24 hours) was thoroughly mixed and
incubated up to 48 hours in room temperature.
One control treatment was always maintained
.After that centrifuged and harvested the yeast
cells and biomass production was analysed
individually. Based on the observation the
antifungal effects were analysed.
Most of the marine invertebrates contain various
bioactive compounds. In this study, five
different animals were selected. In the Seafan,
maximum antifungal activity was observed in
chloroform extract treatment. Very lesser
activity observed in benzene extract treatment.
In the red coral, aqueous extract and benzene
extract treatment has higher activity. The n-
butanol and ethanol extract has more or less
equal activity. In the sponges, maximum activity
observed in acetone treatment, the benzene and
n-butanol extracts have second maximum
activity. They are also more or less equal
activity. In the sea horse, maximum antifungal
activity observed in n-butanol and benzene
extract treatments. In the Star fish, maximum
activity was observed in ethanol extract
treatment compare to all these five animals. The
control treatment has 125mg biomass production
of yeast. Star fish and Sea horse extracts has
properties of bioactive compounds. So it will
useful to prepare antifungal drug preparation.
Antimicrobial compound in marine animal
origin was reported at very lesser level in
literature. Antimicrobial substances identified
from fish called ecomolin. It is mainly consist of
mixture of proteins.1 .The Callyoden fish muscle
aqueous extract has very good antifungal
activity. But some marine fish like silver belly
induces cell growth 4 .Muruganandam 2 was
reported antimicrobial properties present in the
internal organs of fish especially higher range
activity observed in brain and muscle tissue of
fish. The muscle and exoskeleton of marine
shrimp contains bioactive compounds.3.In this
study maximum antifungal activity was
observed in star fish (ethanol extract) and Sea
horse(n-butanol extract ).Most of the lower
invertebrates has very good antimicrobial
compounds. These marine invertebrates mostly
live in bottom of the sea that region may contain
more fungus due to presence of many dead,
degradable organisms. So for their survival, they
may develop strong bioactive compounds of
antifungal activity.
Reference
1. Egorov.N.S.(1985) Antibiotics a Scientific approach book Pub. in
Mir publishers,Moscow,Russia.
2. Muruganandam.M (2017) Antibacterial peptides observed in
various internal organs of fish –proceedings of the state level
seminar on the microbes and man kind held on 30-Aug2017. Pp:61-
62.
3. Muruganandam.M, Palaniselvam.V, Nagananthini.G and
g.saranya (2018)+Anifugal activity screening in Marine shrimp-
Proceeding of the National seminar on marine fisheries and
Aquaculture-Sep-20-2018-pp50-52.
4.Muruganandam.M,Muthulaximi,S,Sharmilabanu,keerthiga.m,
Somiya.m,gokila.B and sathiya priya (2019) Marine Fish protein
profile influence on Biomass production of yeast Proceeding of the
international Conference on recent Treands in Biodiversity
Conservation and Utilization. Held on Aug-22-2010.pp:60-63.
1. Water extract 2.Chloroform extract 3.Acetone extract 4.N-
Butanol extract 5.benzen extract 6.Ethanol extract..
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6
Fig.9.1.Biomass production of yesast influenced by various marine animal extracts
Sea Fan(Gorgonia)
Red Coral(Corallium)
Sponge(Haliclona)
Sea horse (Hippocampus )
Star fish(Asterias)
9. MARINE FISH
Yeast has many economic important in
various industries. The biomass production of
yeast researches are going on in and around the
world. In this study five different marine dry
fishes were collected. All the fish were
completely washed with distilled water and fish
muscle aqueous extract were prepared
individually. These aqueous extract was mixed
with yeast culture medium and yeast was
incubated at 37”C at two days after that biomass
production was studied. Based on this study, the
least production was observed in control and
Callyodon fish extract treatment. it is concluded
that the protein and amino acid profile of
Leiognathus is best source to produce more
yeast biomass production
Yeast is a probiotic organism. So it is
used in fish feed industry. It produces two
enzymes which are helpful in digestion. It is
also immune stimulant. Several studies were
performed on the yeast saccharomyces
cerevisiae as immunostimulants and if add these
yeast to the common fish diet activates
phagocytic activity and phagocytic index 3, 4 In
our lab previous work, various compounds
effect on yeast biomass production was studies
such as various Edible flours sources 1.Oil
sources 2 Insect proteins 5 , etc Marine fish
muscle have highest protein with variety of
amino acid profile and various fish induces
various ranges of biomass production of yeast .
In the present study, different marine fishes
muscle proteins effect on biomass production of
yeast was studied.
First five marine dry fishes were collected
from local market. They were sardenella
(Common sardine) callyoden, Engraulida,
stollephours and Leiognathus (Sliver belly)
After clearly wash with distilled water then1 gm
of tissue were taken from each fish and 10 ml
distilled water was added to individually. All
these fishes are individually grand with mortar
and pestle, then take 1ml of aqueous extract
from each fish for yeast growth study and add
1ml of aqueous fish muscle extract with 8lml of
sterilized 3%^ peptone water and 1ml of yeast
48 hours culture . These test yeast cultures were
kept in 37”C incubation for 24 hours after that
based on the biomass production on yeast was
individually recorded.
The amino acid profile of fish muscle proteins
may vary in different species of fish Based on
the various compositions of amino acids and
peptides influence on yeast biomass production
will be very . In this study maximum production
observed in Leiognathus fish (Karal) (350mg)
and second maximum biomass production
observed in sardenella (Saudi) fish (220mg)
The Callyodon move or less level. Engraulida
(Nethili) and stollephours (Nagarai ) fish
aqueous extract has more or less same values
(150 and 110 mg) The callyoden fish muscle
aqueous extract has very lesser effect on induce
biomass production of yeast Based on this study
Leiognathus has good proteins which induce
maximum cells multiplication of yeast and the
same time Callyoden fish has a capacity to
reduce yeast growth. So it has a antifungal
property.
Fig: 9:1 Marine fish aqueous extract effect on biomass
production of yeast.(mg).
The production of yeast depends many factors.
The yeast uses in many industries It’s
application are well known. protein and based
on its economic value our lab trials help to
develop biomass production of yeast with low
cost but highly effective methods marine fish
muscle Amino acid profile are vary in different
fishes. If leads to produce taste and economic
values various protein and Amino acid profile
induces various level of biomass production of
050
100150200250300350400
yeast. In our previous studies proves that
various stress treatment 7, 8 and nutrients1, 2
enhance the biomass productions of yeast. In
this study commonly available marine fish
muscles effect on biomass production was
studies. The maximum influence observed in
fish Leiognathus muscle protein. Traditionally
people prepare soup from this fish and provided
to weaker women at the time delivery.ie)based
on the presence of rich nutrients. Based on the
observation of the study this fish is good to
produce higher biomass production of yeast.
Reference
1.Muruganandam .M ., K.Kaveri and Ramya (2018) various carbohydrate
source influence on yeast biomass production Proceeding of the National
seminar on Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture held on sep-20-2018 pp: 100-
102.
2. Muruganandam .M end V.Tamilzhagan (2019) Different vegetable Oil
sources effect on .Biomass production of
Yeast.Mintage.j.pharma&Med.Sci.Vol.8,Issue 3.,July-Sep.PP:35-36.
3. Ortuno.J, Cueta.A, Esteban.M.A and Mesague,J (2002) Oral
administration of yeast enhance the cellular immune response of gilthead
sea bream (Sarus aurata.L)Veterinary immunology and
immunopathology,85:41-50
4. Abdel-Toweb Motsen,Azzam. Abdel-Rahuman and Nahbla.E.M, Ismael
(2008) Evaluation of commercial live baker’s yeast Saccromyces cerevisiae
as a growth and immunity promoter for fry Nile tilapia Oreochromis
niloticus(L) challenged insitu with Aeromonas hydrophila,Aquaculture.pp
51.
5. Muruganandam.M, Durgadevi and M.Sowmiya (2018) Insect Protein
sources effect on Biomass Production of Yeast-Proceeding of the national
Seminar on Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture held on Sep-20-2018 pp 116-
118.
6. Muruganandam.M (2016 Thermal shocks after the growth physiological
pattern of yeast Saccromyces cerevisiae—Proceedings of seminar on Global
warming and climatic changes-19 th Aug 2016 pp55-58.
7. . Muruganandam.M and J.Jana (2016) Ultraviolet radiation alter the
virulence of pathogenic bacteria-Proceeding of Seminar on Global warming
and Climatic changes—19 th Aug 2016. Pp75-77.
8. . Muruganandam.M (2018) Ultrasonic vibration treatment effect on
Biomass production of yeast Int.Nat.J.Adv and Innov.Res.Vol.7,
Issue:11;pp1-2.
10. Ultrasonic Vibration
Ultrasonic vibration is one of the
physical stress factors. Heat stress treatment was
provided to yeast cells after that growth
performance was studied.4. The ultrasonic
vibration was given to yeast cells with different
timings such as 0,2,4,6,8,10 and 12 minutes.
After the treatment, Yeast were incubated to 72
hours at 37oC.At the end of the experiment
Optical density and biomass production of yeast
was calculated. The highest OD (0.72) and
biomass production also observed in 2 minutes
treatment (1.044gm).The two minutes treatment
produce highest growth rate compared to other
treatment. If the stress time increases, the
biomass production and OD value also
decreased. So stress always suppress growth
rate, However initially it induce growth then
slowly suppress growth rate of yeast cells.
In the last few decades the yeast
production industry has many advanced
approaches and study the physiology,
biochemistry and gene expression of yeast cells
during growth and processing. 1. The molecular
responses of laboratory S. cerevisiae strains to
different stress have been thoroughly studied. 2,
3.After the stress condition the growth
physiology of the organism is completely altered
based on the exposure and duration of stress,
sometimes stresses induce positive influence on
growth performance of yeast .4. In this study
ultra-sonic vibration stress was provided to yeast
cell and with different timings and growth
performance was analyzed.
In the present study 5ml of 24hrs yeast culture
was incubated to ultra-sonic vibration(2MHZ)
with different time such 0, 2, 4, 6, 8,10and 12
minutes 120 seconds then all the treatment were
individually introduced in 3% Sterilized peptone
water for biomass production. All these
treatments were incubated at 37*C upto72 hours.
At the end of the experiment optical density
(OD) and biomass production were calculated in
all the treatments.
The Eukaryotic cells have developed a special
molecular mechanism to serve stressful
situation, they transfer information to nucleus
and adapt to new conditions. 3. So in the stress
conditions cell try to manage the stress and
survive with the help of some other molecular
mechanism. In this study low frequency ultra
sonic vibration provides stress given to yeast
cell. Generally the stress alter the growth
physiology4.In this study stress slowly reduce
the growth rate. If increase the duration of
stress, the biomass production was slowly
decreased. The same trend also expressed in
O.D value. The 2 minutes treatment produces
high biomass production. After this treatment
the biomass production and O.D value was
slowly decreased. It proves that stress initially
induce growth rate after long time it suppress the
growth physiology of living cells. So it is
concluded that the low frequency ultrasonic
vibration stress is not advisable to yeast culture
system.
Reference
1.Racio Gomez pastor, Roberto Perez –Torrado Elena Garre and
Emoillia Magana (2011 ) Recent advances in yeast Biomass
production chapter in book Bio detection production and usages
Edited by Dr. Dark o Motoric (tapo PP 201-222)
2. Gash A.P.and werrner Wash borne .m (2002).Threegenomics of
yeast response to environmental stress and starvations Funct Integer
genomic vol.2 No4-5 pp 181-192)
3. Hofmann..S End meager N.H. (2003) yeast stress responses
Springer New york , USA .
4. Muruganandam.M .(2016) Thermal shocks alter the growth
physiological pattern of yeast Saccharomycescervisiae in
proceeding of seminar on Global warming and climate changes
16thAug 2016 pp. 54-57.
Table: 10.1Various duration of Ultrasonic vibration
treatment effects on Biomass production of yeast.
Treatment
duration(min)
O.D value Biomass
production(mg)
0 0.70 1033
2 0.72 1044
4 0.54 1015
6 0.52 948
8 0.52 945
10 0.57 990
12 0.53 949
11. Thermal shocks
The yeast Biomass production depends on
many abiotic factors. Temperature plays a key
role among them. In this work, two temperature
(-100 and -200 C) shocks were provided to yeast
at various time duration, and then it was allowed
to grow in 3% peptone water at room
temperature. After 24 and 48 hours, biomass
production of all the treatments was recorded. In
-100C shock treatment, maximum biomass
production was observed in 20 sec and 40 sec
treatments, in -200C shock treatment, maximum
biomass production was also observed in 20 and
40 sec treatments. Based on this experiment, it is
confirmed that temperature shocks act as key
enhancer for biomass production of yeast. The
first reference for human using yeast were found
in Caucasian and Mesopotamian regions and
dates back to approximately 7000 B.C.
However, it was not discovered until 1845 when
Louis Pasteur discovered that yeasts were micro
organisms capable of fermenting sugar to
produce Co2 and ethanol. Ancient practices were
based on the natural presence of this unicellular
eukaryote which spontaneously starts the
fermentation of sugars. As industrialization
increased the manufacture of fermented
products, the demand of yeast grows
exponentially. 1
In the last few decades the yeast
biomass production industry has contributed
many advanced approaches to traditional
technological tools with a view to study the
physiology, biochemistry and gene expression of
yeast cells during biomass growth and
processing.1 The molecular responses of
laboratory S.Cervisiae strains to different
stresses have been thoroughly studied.4,7..During
thermal stress, transcriptional factor, HSF1p
activities the transcription of genes such as
ST11, which code for those proteins that counter
act protein denaturation and aggregation.5
However there are a few attempts in thermal
stress on Biomass production of yeast was done.
Here the cold temperature -100C and -200C
shock treatment of different duration were given
to yeast cell and then biomass production was
observed in all the treatments. The yeast
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was introduced in
two different temperature such as -100C and -
200C and maintained at various time duration
(0,5,10,20,40,60,80,100 and 120 seconds), then
they were introduced in 3% sterilized peptone
water for normal growth and kept in room
temperature. After 24 and 48 hours interval
biomass production of all the treatments were
recorded.
The maximum Biomass production of
yeast in -100C temperature treatment is 20
seconds and 40 seconds. Among the two
treatments, 20 second treatment produces more
biomasses production and also the best because
the treatment takes lesser time to take more
production of yeast. In -200C treatment, highest
biomass production of yeast was observed in 20
and 40 seconds. The 20 second treatment is the
best compared to 40 second treatment because
the duration of treatment is less and biomass
production is more. Among the two temperature
shock treatments 20 second treatment is the best
because it is less expensive and gives more
biomass production of yeast. Eukaryotic cells
have developed a special molecular mechanism
to sense stressful situations, transfer information
to nucleus and adapt to new conditions 7,8,9 .The
protective molecules are rapidly synthesized in
stressful situations and transcriptional factors are
also activated, thus changing the transcriptional
profile of cells 10,11 There are a large group of
well known response genes and other genes with
unknown functions such as YpG1 and are
induced after exposure to one kind of stress and
are also involved in the protective mechanism
against other different stresses, a phenomenon
known as Cross – protection. 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 some
morganism is completely alerted based on the
exposure of duration of stress. Sometimes stress
may induce positive influence on growth
performance. Here the cold shock stress at
particular duration (20 second treatment)
induces maximum biomass production of yeast.
It is very much useful to yeast producing
industries. Based on this study, it is concluded
that, lower temperature shocks at short duration
reduce the growth rate.
References
1. Rocio Gomez – Pastor, Roberto perez – Torrado, Elena
Garre and Emilia Matallana (2011). Recent advances in
yeast Biomass production – chapter in book Biomass –
Detection, Production and usage Edited by Dr.Darko
Motovic. www.inechopen.com ctap.pp:201-222.
2. Garch A.P and Werner – washburne.M (2002). The
genomics of yeast responses to environmental stress and
starvation. Funct. Integr Genomics Vol.2 No.4-5,
pp.181-192.
3. Hohmann.S and Mager.N.H(2003) yeast stress responses
Springer, New York, U.S.A.
4. Gasch A.P and Werner-Washburne.M. (2002). The
genomics of yeast responses to environmental stress and
starvation. Funct. Integr genomics Vol.2, No.4-5,
pp.181-192.
5. Lindquist.S and Craig.E.A(1988). The heat shock
proteins Annu. Rev. Genet., Vol.22, pp.631-677
6. Sorger.P.K.(1991) Heat shock factor and the heat shock
response cell. Vol.65, No.3 pp.363-366
7. Hohmann.S and Mager.W.H.(1997). Yeast stress
responses. MBIU. R.G.Landes company, U.S.A.
8. Estruch.F (2000). Stress-controlled transcription factors,
stress-induced genes and stress tolerance in budding
yeast. FEMS, microbial. Rev. vol.24 No.4, pp.469-486.
9. Hohmann.S (2002). Osmotii stress signaling and
osmoadaption in yeasts. Microbial mol.Bid. Rev. Vol.66,
No.2, pp.300-372.
10. Koba yashi.N and MC Entee.K (1993). Identification of
cis and Trans components of a novel heat shock stress
regulatory pathway in saccharomyces cereviseemol.
Cell.Biol, Vol.13, No.1, pp.248-256.
11. Martinez – Pastor.M.T; Marchler.G; Schuller.C;
Marchler – Bauer.A.H and Estruch.F.(1996). The
Saccharomyces cerevisiae zinc finger proteins Msn2p
and Msn4p are required for transcriptional induction
through the stress response element (STRE) EM BO.J.,
VOL.15, No.9, pp.2227-2235.
12. Coote.P.J; Cole.M.B and Jones.M.V.(1991). Induction
of increased thermo tolerence in Saccharomyces
cerevisae may be trigerred by a mechanism involving
intracellular PH.J.Gen Microbial Vol.137, No.7pp 1701-
1708.
13. Bauer.F.F and Pretorious.I.S.(2000). Yeast stress
response and fermentation efficiency: how to survive the
making of wine. A review South African journal of
Endogy and Viticulture. Vol.21, pp.27-51.
14. Piper.P.W.(1995). The heat shock and ethanol stress
responses of yeast exhibit extensive similarity and
functional overlap. FEMS microbial. Let Vol.134, No.2-
3, pp.121-127.
15. Trollmo.C, Andre.L, Blombery.A and Adler.L(1988).
Physiological overlap between osmotderance and thermo
tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisae FEMS microbial.
Let Vol.56, No.3, pp.321-326.
16. Varela.J.C; Van.B.C; Planta, R.J. and
Mager.W.H.(1992). Osmostress – induced changes in
yeast gene expression, mol.microbial, Vol.6, No.15,
pp17.
Table: 11.1 Biomass production of cold shock
treated yeast.
Shock
treatme
nt
temper
ature
Ob
ser
vat
ion
ho
urs
Duration of cold shock treatment (seconds)
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 12
0
Biomass production of yeast mg/100ml 3% peptone water
-100C
24 3000 1200 2000 1030
0 8000 8100 8500 8800 8500
48 7000 2800 3500 1850
0
1650
0
1560
0 13500
1250
0
1100
0
-200C
24 6700 6500 1200
0
1060
0 8400
1050
0 10000 5500 4500
48 1070
0 9700
1550
0
1700
0
1560
0
1460
0 11700 6700 5800
12. Screening of Antifungal Activity. Why?
Antifungal Screening studies help to
identify new antifungal compounds for
drug preparation.
Fungi cause many diseases. It mainly
affects skin, so it is useful to develop new
antifungal skin cream.
These drugs may useful to cure long-term
fungal infections.
Domestic animals are also infected by
various fungal pathogens. We need new
natural drugs.
The fungal growths also destroy food
materials of domestic animals and human
beings.
In many places, cow milk contain more
fungal toxins which was recently reported
in public media ,this is due to poor
maintenance and storage of cattle feed.
For reduce fungal growth, we should find
out new antifungal substance from various
natural products.
In refrigerated cool condition, fungal
growth will easily appeared in our stored
food materials. For avoid these condition,
we will find out new safe antifungal
preservatives from natural sources.
Fungi also produce various plant diseases
so we need to discover new biofungiscides
from nature.
Screenings of antifungal drugs from
natural resources are important step to
solve above said problems. After
screening, we will discover and develop
new preservatives and drugs.
Bibliography
1. Muruganandam.M .(2016) Thermal shocks alter the growth
physiological pattern of yeast Saccharomycescervisiae in
proceeding of seminar on Global warming and climate
changes 16thAug 2016 pp. 54-57.
2. Muruganandam.M (2018) Ultrasonic vibration treatment
effect on Biomass production of yeast Int.Nat.J.Adv and
Innov.Res.Vol.7, Issue:11;pp1-2.
3. Muruganandam.M, Durgadevi and M.Sowmiya (2018)
Insect Protein sources effect on Biomass Production of
Yeast-Proceeding of the national Seminar on Marine
Fisheries and Aquaculture held on Sep-20-2018 pp 116-
118.
4. .Muruganandam .M ., K.Kaveri and Ramya (2018) various
carbohydrate source influence on yeast biomass production
Proceeding of the National seminar on Marine Fisheries
and Aquaculture held on sep-20-2018 pp: 100-102.
5. 2. Muruganandam .M end V.Tamilzhagan (2019) Dfferent
vegetable Oil sources effect on .Biomass production of
Yeast. Mintage.J..phama.Med.Sci.vol.8.Issue 3,july-Sep-
pp:33-34.
6. Muruganandam.M, palaniselvam.V, Nagananthini.G and
g.saranya (2018)+Anifugal activity screening in Marine
shrimp-Proceeding of the National seminar on marine
fisheries and Aquaculture-Sep-20-2018-pp50-52.
7. .Muruganandam.M,Muthulaximi,S,Sharmilabanu,keerthiga
.m, Somiya.m,gokila.B and sathiya priya (2019) Marine
Fish protein profile influence on Biomass production of
yeast-- Proceeding of the international Conference on
recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and
Utilization. Held on Aug-22-2010.pp:60-63.
8. .Muruganandam.M and Tamizhazhagan.V (2019)
Antifungal Screening in various flowers extracts
Mintage..phama.Med.Sci.vol.8.Issue 3,july-Sep-pp:33-34.
9. Muruganandam.M,A.Sabeetha banupriya and R.Jayaveni.
.(2020) Antifungal activity studies in common spices-
Proceedings of International Semiar on Emerging trends in
Chemistry Held on 24 th Jan 2020.
10. Muruganandam.M, K. .Janani,Sathya priya.k A.Sowmiya
and Udhayarani.(2020) Antifungal activity Screening in
Latex.-Proceedings of International Semiar on Emerging
trends in Chemistry Held on 24 th Jan 2020.
11. Muruganandam.M, N.Thiru kumari and Sharmila
banu.(2020)Screening of Antifungal activity in Marine
animals.-Proceedings of International Semiar on Emerging
trends in Chemistry Held on 24 th Jan 2020.
.
About the Author……..
Dr.M.Muruganandam was Published more than
hundred papers and ten books. He is a Researcher,
Editor, Editorial board member and Reviewer of
many National and international journals..He is
interested in Infectious diseases and Vaccine
Development research work.
Author’s NEWS
About the …..Programme:
2nd Global congress on Bacteriology and
Infectious Diseases-June 12-13, 2019, Bangkok,
Thailand.
Theme:
“Developing Novel Technologies and
Treatment to cure Infectious Diseases”.
Participants:
From
USA,Mexico,France,Canada,Australia,Armenia,I
ndonasia,Malaysia,Japan,Senegal,Nigeria.Iran,C
hina,Combodia,Bangaladesh, and India.
Keynote Address:
Prof.Desineni Subbaram Naidu,
University of Minnesota,
Duluth, USA.
Title of the Keynote Speech:
“Convergence and Integration of life Sciences
and Engineering in Infectious Diseases.”
Important Highlights of the Congress:
Scientists share their Knowledge about
Current status of various Infectious
diseases in different parts of World.
They deliver talks about hurdles in the
development of Drugs, vaccines and
their distribution to children in
Developing countries.
Discuss about Economics of drug
development in Developing countries.
Status of Some projects in developing
countries, etc.
They Invited me as a Invited Speaker in
Session-I
Myself
Dr.M.Muruganandam,
Einsteein Bio-Engineering Research
Foundation,
Ramanathapuram-623504, India.
My Session Chair:
Dr.Jose-Luis Diaz-Ortega,
National Institute of Public Health,
Mexico.
My Title of the Speech:
Analysis of Bacterial components to
Enhances Leucocytes population for
vaccine development.
Theme:
Based on Cell Mediated Immunity,
We will develop good, low cost,
efficient vaccine in developing
countries for Bacterial infectious
Diseases.
Myself Highlights -Simple vaccine
development Techniques for
developing countries.
My ideology will help to develop their
own indigenous vaccine for their
various locally presented infectious
diseases in their limited lab facilities
in Poor and under developed
countries.
After the End of the
Congress, I have return 14th to MY
Homeland.
Thank you.
Dr.M.Muruganandam.
Dr.Jose-Luis Diaz-Ortega (Mexico), with
Dr.M.Muruganandam.
Prof.Desineni Subbaram Naidu (USA) with
Dr.M.Muruganandam.
My presentation in 2nd Global congress on
Bacteriology and Infectious Diseases-June 12-
13, 2019, Bangkok, Thailand.
Prof.Istvan Toth (Australia) with
Dr.M.Muruganandam.
Prof.Cho Min Naing (Malaysia) with
Dr.M.Muruganandam.)
Ms.Umairah Natasya, Ms. Mohd
Omeershffudin (Malaysia) with
Dr. M.Muruganandam.
B
Bangladesh Scientists with
Dr. M.Muruganandam.
Indonesian Researchers with
Dr.M.Muruganandam
