antibiotic-sensitivity-testing-1225252356931501-9.ppt

7/17/2019 antibiotic-sensitivity-testing-1225252356931501-9.ppt

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ntibiotic

ntibiotic

Sensitivity Testingensitivity Testing

r.T.V.Rao M

r.T.V.Rao M



Modern era in Antibiotics beginsModern era in Antibiotics begins

with Fleming.with Fleming.



History of Antibiotic DiscoveryHistory of Antibiotic Discovery



Uses of Antibiotic SensitivityUses of Antibiotic Sensitivity

TestingTesting Antibiotic sensitivity test:Antibiotic sensitivity test: A laboratoryA laboratory

test which determines how effectivetest which determines how effective

antibiotic therapy is against a bacterialantibiotic therapy is against a bacterial

infections.infections. Antibiotic sensitivity testing will control theAntibiotic sensitivity testing will control the

use ofuse of AntibioticsAntibiotics in clinical practicein clinical practice

Testing will assist the clinicians in the choiceTesting will assist the clinicians in the choice

of drugs for the treatment of infections.of drugs for the treatment of infections.

Dr.T.V.Rao MDDr.T.V.Rao MD



Components of AntibioticComponents of Antibiotic

Sensitivity TestingSensitivity Testing 1.The identification of relevant pathogens in1.The identification of relevant pathogens in

exudates and body fluids collected fromexudates and body fluids collected frompatientspatients

. !ensitivity tests done to determine the. !ensitivity tests done to determine thedegree of sensitivity or resistance of pathogensdegree of sensitivity or resistance of pathogensisolated from patient to an appropriate range ofisolated from patient to an appropriate range ofantimicrobial drugsantimicrobial drugs

". Assay of the concentration of an". Assay of the concentration of an

administered drug in the blood or body fluid ofadministered drug in the blood or body fluid ofpatient re#uired to control the schedule ofpatient re#uired to control the schedule ofdosage.dosage.




Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing sAntibiotic Sensitivity Testing s

!ssential of selection of!ssential of selection of

AntibioticsAntibiotics



solation and dentification ofsolation and dentification of

"acteria precedes the selection of"acteria precedes the selection of

Antibiotic Testing MethodsAntibiotic Testing Methods



Uses of Antibiotic SensitivityUses of Antibiotic Sensitivity

TestingTesting $elps to guide the %hysician in choosing$elps to guide the %hysician in choosing

AntibioticsAntibiotics

The accumulated results on different pathogensThe accumulated results on different pathogens

their sensitivity will guide the physician intheir sensitivity will guide the physician inchoosing empirical treatment in serious patientschoosing empirical treatment in serious patients

before the individual&s laboratory results arebefore the individual&s laboratory results are

analy'ed in the Microbiology laboratory.analy'ed in the Microbiology laboratory.

Reveals the changing trends in the local isolates.Reveals the changing trends in the local isolates.

$elps the local pattern of antibiotic prescribing.$elps the local pattern of antibiotic prescribing. Dr.T.V.Rao MDDr.T.V.Rao MD



#hy $eed contin%es for testing#hy $eed contin%es for testing

for Antibiotic Sensitivityfor Antibiotic Sensitivity

(acteria have the(acteria have the

ability to developability to develop

resistance followingresistance following

repeated or subclinicalrepeated or subclinical)insufficient* doses+ so)insufficient* doses+ so

more advancedmore advanced

antibiotics andantibiotics and

synthetic antimicrobialssynthetic antimicrobials

are continually re#uiredare continually re#uired

to overcome them.to overcome them.




Testing for Antibiotic sensitivityTesting for Antibiotic sensitivity

The method includes several stepsThe method includes several steps

including obtaining a bacterialincluding obtaining a bacterial

sample, identifying the type ofsample, identifying the type of

bacteria in the bacterial sample,bacteria in the bacterial sample,

selecting a set of antibiotics based onselecting a set of antibiotics based on

the identity of the bacteria in thethe identity of the bacteria in the

bacterial sample, obtaining a controlbacterial sample, obtaining a controlsample from the bacterial sample,sample from the bacterial sample,




Testing AntibioticTesting Antibiotic

SusceptibilitySusceptibility Antibiotic sensitivity test:Antibiotic sensitivity test: AA

laboratory test which determines howlaboratory test which determines how

effective antibiotic therapy is against aeffective antibiotic therapy is against a

bacterial infections.bacterial infections. Antibiotic sensitivity test:Antibiotic sensitivity test: the in vitrothe in vitro

testing of bacterial cultures withtesting of bacterial cultures with

antibiotics to determine susceptibility ofantibiotics to determine susceptibility ofbacteria to antibiotic therapy. (auerbacteria to antibiotic therapy. (auer--

Kirby test.Kirby test. Dr.T.V.Rao MDDr.T.V.Rao MD



How results to be Reported

ow results to be Reported

after Sensitivity Testing

fter Sensitivity Testing

-ne should follow guidelines in reporting the results-ne should follow guidelines in reporting the resultsand mae matters simple with clear words asand mae matters simple with clear words as

Organism A isolated and sensitive ( or resistant )Organism A isolated and sensitive ( or resistant )to Antibiotic Bto Antibiotic B

!uch a report is relevant to present clinical condition /!uch a report is relevant to present clinical condition /that the minimum inhibitorythat the minimum inhibitoryconcentration( MIC ) of the antibiotic for it hasconcentration( MIC ) of the antibiotic for it hasbeen measured in some way and that, if thebeen measured in some way and that, if the

organism is reported as sensitive the MIC is lessorganism is reported as sensitive the MIC is lessthan a half or quarter of the concentration ofthan a half or quarter of the concentration ofantibiotics likely to be found in the infectedantibiotics likely to be found in the infectedtissues of a patient given the usual schedule oftissues of a patient given the usual schedule ofdoses i.e. that the infection is treatable doses i.e. that the infection is treatable



#hat is &esistance in Antibiotic#hat is &esistance in Antibiotic

Sensitivity TestingSensitivity Testing

Resistance implies that the infection is notResistance implies that the infection is not

treatable with the tested Antibiotictreatable with the tested Antibiotic

because its M0 exceeds achievable safebecause its M0 exceeds achievable safetissue or urine levels.tissue or urine levels.

0ntermediate sensitivity means they show0ntermediate sensitivity means they show

aa

unimodal distribution, but they canunimodal distribution, but they can

often be reclassified as sensitive oroften be reclassified as sensitive or

resistant if retested.resistant if retested. Dr.T.V.Rao MDDr.T.V.Rao MD



'irby("a%er methods'irby("a%er methods

A commonly %sed method in basicA commonly %sed method in basic

laboratorieslaboratories Kirby-Bauer antibiotic testingKirby-Bauer antibiotic testing ))KB testingKB testing oror disk diffusiondisk diffusion

antibiotic sensitivity testingantibiotic sensitivity testing* is a* is a

test which usestest which uses antibioticantibiotic22

impregnated wafers to test whetherimpregnated wafers to test whether

particularparticular bacteriabacteria are susceptible toare susceptible to

specific antibioticsspecific antibiotics


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria






How to perform 'irby( "a%erHow to perform 'irby( "a%er

testingtesting The basics are easy3 The bacterium isThe basics are easy3 The bacterium is

swabbed on the agar and the antibioticswabbed on the agar and the antibiotic

discs are placed on top. The antibioticdiscs are placed on top. The antibiotic

diffuses from the disc into the agar indiffuses from the disc into the agar indecreasing amounts the further it is awaydecreasing amounts the further it is away

from the disc. 0f the organism is illed orfrom the disc. 0f the organism is illed or

inhibited by the concentration of theinhibited by the concentration of the

antibiotic+ there will beantibiotic+ there will be O gro!thO gro!th in thein theimmediate area around the disc3 This isimmediate area around the disc3 This is

called thecalled the "one of inhibition"one of inhibition .. Dr.T.V.Rao MDDr.T.V.Rao MD

http://www.rlc.dcccd.edu/mathsci/reynolds/micro/lab_manual/glossary.html





Steps in Antibiotic sensitivitySteps in Antibiotic sensitivity

testingtesting



Strea)ing the noc%l%mStrea)ing the noc%l%m

4irby2(auer )also4irby2(auer )also(auer24irby* dis(auer24irby* disdiffusion antibioticdiffusion antibioticsusceptibility testingsusceptibility testingapplies a definedapplies a definedinoculum )compared toinoculum )compared toMc5arland 6.7 -D standMc5arland 6.7 -D standardard streaed as a lawn ontostreaed as a lawn ontoa large Mueller2$intona large Mueller2$inton

agar or (lood agar plateagar or (lood agar plate)in " directions to)in " directions toensure confluence*.ensure confluence*.


http://gold.aecom.yu.edu/id/micro/mcfarland.htm








Ma)ing proper inoc%l%mMa)ing proper inoc%l%m

!wab a Mueller2$inton!wab a Mueller2$inton

plate with each of theplate with each of the

bacteria. Dip a sterilebacteria. Dip a sterile

swab into the brothswab into the broth

and express anyand express anyexcess moisture byexcess moisture by

pressing the swabpressing the swab

against the side of theagainst the side of the

tube.tube.




Bacteria are inoculated asBacteria are inoculated aslawn culturelawn culture

Method ofMethod of

inoculation2 8oodinoculation2 8ood

results areresults are

obtained by placingobtained by placinga standard loopfula standard loopful

of inoculumof inoculum

suspension on thesuspension on the

plate and thenplate and thenspreading it with aspreading it with a

dry sterile swab.dry sterile swab.



Dis) Diff%sion MethodDis) Diff%sion Method

After completely swabbing the plate+After completely swabbing the plate+

turn it 96 degrees and repeat theturn it 96 degrees and repeat the

swabbing process. )0t is not necessaryswabbing process. )0t is not necessary

to re2moisten the swab.* Run the swabto re2moisten the swab.* Run the swabaround the circumference of the platearound the circumference of the plate

before discarding it in the discard bag.before discarding it in the discard bag.




*lacing the Antibiotic dis)s*lacing the Antibiotic dis)s

#hen, using a#hen, using a

dis$enser such as thedis$enser such as the

one $ictured,one $ictured,

antibiotic-im$regnatedantibiotic-im$regnated

disks are $laced ontodisks are $laced ontothe agar surface. Asthe agar surface. As

the bacteria on thethe bacteria on the

la!n gro!, they arela!n gro!, they are

inhibited to varyinginhibited to varying

degrees by thedegrees by theantibiotic diffusingantibiotic diffusing

from the diskfrom the disk %r.#.&.'ao %%r.#.&.'ao %



+one si,es differ on sensitivity+one si,es differ on sensitivity

patternpattern 0t has been0t has been

determined thatdetermined that

'ones of inhibition of'ones of inhibition of

a certain diametera certain diameter

)varies for antibiotic)varies for antibiotic

and to a lesserand to a lesser

extent+ bacterialextent+ bacterial

species* correlatespecies* correlate

with sensitivity orwith sensitivity or

resistance to theresistance to the

antibiotic testedantibiotic tested



-oo) at the Charts for-oo) at the Charts for

establishing the ,ones ofestablishing the ,ones of

SensitivitySensitivity The 'one si'es are looed up on aThe 'one si'es are looed up on a

standardi'ed chart to give a result ofstandardi'ed chart to give a result of

sensitivie+ resistant+ or intermediate.sensitivie+ resistant+ or intermediate.

Many charts have a correspondingMany charts have a correspondingcolumn that also gives thecolumn that also gives the * *

)minimal inhibitory concentration* for)minimal inhibitory concentration* for

that drug.that drug.






nterpretationnterpretation

%lace the metric ruler across the 'one of%lace the metric ruler across the 'one ofinhibition+ at the widest diameter+ and measureinhibition+ at the widest diameter+ and measurefrom one edge of the 'one to the other edge.from one edge of the 'one to the other edge.$-:D0;8 T$< %:AT< =% T- T$< :08$T M08$T$-:D0;8 T$< %:AT< =% T- T$< :08$T M08$T

$<:%.$<:%. The disc diameter will actually be part of thatThe disc diameter will actually be part of that

number. 0f there is ;- 'one at all+ report it asnumber. 0f there is ;- 'one at all+ report it as6222even though the disc itself is around > mm.6222even though the disc itself is around > mm.

?one diameter is reported in millimetres+ looed?one diameter is reported in millimetres+ looedup on theup on the chart, chart, and result reported as !and result reported as !)sensitive*+ R )resistant*+ or 0 )intermediate*.)sensitive*+ R )resistant*+ or 0 )intermediate*.

http://www.rlc.dcccd.edu/mathsci/reynolds/micro/lab_manual/KBchart.htm





The area of nhibition isThe area of nhibition is

meas%red with a Scalemeas%red with a Scale

Record theRecord the

results forresults for

everyone oneveryone onyour table inyour table in

the tablethe table

below.below.



The disk diffusion methods areThe disk diffusion methods are

commonly used for routine testing commonly used for routine testing



Read the plates inRead the plates intraanmitted lighttraanmitted light



The zone of inhibitionThe zone of inhibition

guides the right choice ofguides the right choice of

AntibioticAntibiotic



How results to be Reported

ow results to be Reported

after Sensitivity Testing

fter Sensitivity Testing

-ne should follow guidelines in reporting the results-ne should follow guidelines in reporting the resultsand mae matters simple with clear words asand mae matters simple with clear words as

Organism A isolated and sensitive ( or resistant )Organism A isolated and sensitive ( or resistant )to Antibiotic Bto Antibiotic B

!uch a report is relevant to present clinical condition /!uch a report is relevant to present clinical condition /that the minimum inhibitorythat the minimum inhibitoryconcentration( MIC ) of the antibiotic for it hasconcentration( MIC ) of the antibiotic for it hasbeen measured in some way and that, if thebeen measured in some way and that, if the

organism is reported as sensitive the MIC is lessorganism is reported as sensitive the MIC is lessthan a half or quarter of the concentration ofthan a half or quarter of the concentration ofantibiotics likely to be found in the infectedantibiotics likely to be found in the infectedtissues of a patient given the usual schedule oftissues of a patient given the usual schedule ofdoses i.e. that the infection is treatable doses i.e. that the infection is treatable



Sto)es MethodSto)es Method

0n original !toes&0n original !toes&method the inoculum ofmethod the inoculum ofthe control strain isthe control strain isevenly spread over theevenly spread over the

upper and lower thirdsupper and lower thirdsof a plate and that ofof a plate and that ofthe test strain over thethe test strain over thecentralcentralthird,uninoculated gapsthird,uninoculated gaps @ " mm wide are left @ " mm wide are leftto test from the controlto test from the controlareas.areas.




Control strainsControl strains

in Sto)es Methodin Sto)es Method The Microbiology laboratories shouldThe Microbiology laboratories should

always practice to test the #uality controlalways practice to test the #uality control

of their wor with the use of standardof their wor with the use of standard

strains in !toes method with followingstrains in !toes method with followingstandard strains and results arestandard strains and results are

comparedcompared

11 Escherichia coli NCTC 10418Escherichia coli NCTC 10418

2 Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 1022 Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 102

! "ta#hylococcus aureus NCTC $%1! "ta#hylococcus aureus NCTC $%1



Sto)es Method for AntibioticSto)es Method for Antibiotic

Sensitivity testingSensitivity testing 0n the0n the +tokes controlled+tokes controlled

sensitivity testsensitivity test+ a control+ a controlorganism is inoculated onorganism is inoculated onpart of a plate and the testpart of a plate and the testorganism is plated on theorganism is plated on theremainder. Diss are placedremainder. Diss are placedat the interface and theat the interface and the'ones of inhibition are'ones of inhibition arecompared. The use of acompared. The use of asensitive control shows thatsensitive control shows thatthe antibiotic is active+ sothe antibiotic is active+ sothat if the test organismthat if the test organismgrows up to the dis it maygrows up to the dis it maysafely be assumed that thesafely be assumed that thetest organism is resistant totest organism is resistant tothat drug.that drug.




The strips with m%ltipleThe strips with m%ltiple

Antibiotics can be tested in oneAntibiotics can be tested in one

gogo



/ther methods of Antibiotic/ther methods of Antibiotic

s%sceptibility testings%sceptibility testing -ther methods to test antimicrobial-ther methods to test antimicrobial

susceptibility include the !toessusceptibility include the !toes

method+method+ <2test<2test )also based on)also based on

antibiotic diffusion*. Agar and (rothantibiotic diffusion*. Agar and (rothdilution methods fordilution methods for

Minimum 0nhibitory oncentrationMinimum 0nhibitory oncentration

determination.determination.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-test


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_inhibitory_concentration






Testing Minim%m nhibitoryTesting Minim%m nhibitory

ConcentrationConcentration 0n alternative measure of susceptibility is to0n alternative measure of susceptibility is to

determine thedetermine the inimum nhibitoryinimum nhibitory

*oncentration (*)*oncentration (*) and theand the inimuminimum

Bactericidal *oncentration (B*)Bactericidal *oncentration (B*)

of aof a

drug. A series of broths are mixed withdrug. A series of broths are mixed with

serially diluted antibiotic solutions and aserially diluted antibiotic solutions and a

standard inoculum is applied. Afterstandard inoculum is applied. After

incubation+ the M0 is the first broth in whichincubation+ the M0 is the first broth in whichgrowth of the organism has beengrowth of the organism has been




What is Minimum InhibitoryWhat is Minimum Inhibitory

concentrationconcentration inimum inhibitory concentrationinimum inhibitory concentration ))***+ in*+ in microbiologymicrobiology+ is the lowest+ is the lowestconcentrationconcentration of anof an antimicrobialantimicrobial that willthat will

inhibit the visibleinhibit the visible growthgrowth of a microof a microorganism after overnight incubation.organism after overnight incubation.Minimum inhibitory concentrations areMinimum inhibitory concentrations areimportant in diagnostic laboratories toimportant in diagnostic laboratories to

confirm resistance of micro organisms toconfirm resistance of micro organisms toan antimicrobial agent and also toan antimicrobial agent and also tomonitor the activity of new antimicrobialmonitor the activity of new antimicrobialagents.agents.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiology


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_growth











The Antibiotics are dil%ted to vario%sThe Antibiotics are dil%ted to vario%s

dil%tion to test the minim%mdil%tion to test the minim%m

inhibitory concentrationinhibitory concentration



MIC test results graphed MIC test results graphed



What is E Test What is E Test

<test is an antimicrobial gradient techni#ue<test is an antimicrobial gradient techni#ue

in which 17 reference M0 dilutions of anin which 17 reference M0 dilutions of an

antibiotic have been repacaged withantibiotic have been repacaged with

innovative dry chemistry technology onto ainnovative dry chemistry technology onto aplastic strip. The predefined gradientplastic strip. The predefined gradient

provides precise and accurate assessment ofprovides precise and accurate assessment of

antimicrobial activity against both fastidiousantimicrobial activity against both fastidious

and non2fastidious microorganisms.and non2fastidious microorganisms.




The strips are impregnatedThe strips are impregnatedwith various concentrationwith various concentration

of Antibioticsof Antibiotics



= testing on various

= testing on various

isolatessolates



M%ltiple dr%g resistantM%ltiple dr%g resistant

organismsorganisms

Multiple drug resistant organisms areMultiple drug resistant organisms areresistant to treatment with several+ oftenresistant to treatment with several+ oftenunrelated+ antimicrobial agents asunrelated+ antimicrobial agents asdescribed above indescribed above in "higella"higella. !ome of the. !ome of themost important types of multiple drugmost important types of multiple drugresistant organisms that have beenresistant organisms that have been

encountered.encountered.




MR!A 2 methicillinBoxacillin2resistantMR!A 2 methicillinBoxacillin2resistant

"ta#hylococcus aureus"ta#hylococcus aureus

VR< 2 vancomycin2resistant enterococciVR< 2 vancomycin2resistant enterococci

<!(:s 2 extended2spectrum beta2<!(:s 2 extended2spectrum beta2lactamases )which are resistant tolactamases )which are resistant to

cephalosporins and monobactams*cephalosporins and monobactams*

%R!% 2 penicillin2resistant%R!% 2 penicillin2resistant "tre#tococcus #neumoniae"tre#tococcus #neumoniae


!0amples of "acteria of Clinical!0amples of "acteria of Clinical

mportancemportance



Methicillin resistance inMethicillin resistance in

Staphylococc% a%re%sStaphylococc% a%re%s



Detection of M&SA made simpleDetection of M&SA made simple

with Dis) Diff%sion Methodswith Dis) Diff%sion Methods The MR!A among the !taphylococcusThe MR!A among the !taphylococcus

aureus needs detection in specialaureus needs detection in special

condtions either by carrying out thecondtions either by carrying out the

test on medium containing 7 C ;acltest on medium containing 7 C ;aclwith Methicillin dis with 7 or 16with Methicillin dis with 7 or 16

microgramsmicrograms

Recently the detection was madeRecently the detection was madesimple with testing on -xacillin orsimple with testing on -xacillin or

efotixin dissefotixin diss



$ewer Methods in M&SA$ewer Methods in M&SA

detectiondetection Recently developed chromogenicRecently developed chromogenic

media combine primary growth andmedia combine primary growth and

selectivity with differentiation fromselectivity with differentiation from

coagulase negative staphylococci.coagulase negative staphylococci.These media show improvedThese media show improved

specificity when compared withspecificity when compared with

traditional media. !ensitivity is alsotraditional media. !ensitivity is alsoimproved but re#uires Ehrsimproved but re#uires Ehrs

incubation to achieve FE7C.incubation to achieve FE7C.



ChromChromagar agar for detection of M&SAfor detection of M&SA

BB *'OagarBB *'Oagar MR!AMR!Ais a selective and differentialis a selective and differentialmedium for the #ualitativemedium for the #ualitativedirect detection of nasaldirect detection of nasalcoloni'ation by Methicillincoloni'ation by Methicillinresistantresistant "ta#hylococcus"ta#hylococcusaureusaureus )MR!A* to aid in the)MR!A* to aid in theprevention and control ofprevention and control ofMR!A infections in healthcareMR!A infections in healthcaresettings. The test issettings. The test isperformed on anterior naresperformed on anterior naresswab specimens from patientsswab specimens from patientsand healthcare worers toand healthcare worers toscreen for MR!A coloni'ation.screen for MR!A coloni'ation.

BB *'OagarBB *'Oagar MR!A isMR!A isnot intended to diagnosenot intended to diagnoseMR!A infection nor to guide orMR!A infection nor to guide ormonitor treatment formonitor treatment forinfectionsinfections



Detection of ESBL strains inDetection of ESBL strains in

EnterobacteriaceaeEnterobacteriaceae



Methods to detect !S"-Methods to detect !S"-

prod%cersprod%cers VariousVarious

combination ofcombination of

Antibiotic dissAntibiotic diss

are used forare used for

the detection ofthe detection of

<!(: producers<!(: producers

in 8ramin 8ram

negative bacillinegative bacilli..



Antibiotic dis)s helps inAntibiotic dis)s helps in

detection of !S"- prod%cersdetection of !S"- prod%cers Various AntibioticVarious Antibiotic

diss ept atdiss ept at

specified placespecified place

helps in detectionhelps in detectionof <!(: producersof <!(: producers



-imitation of Dis) Diff%sion-imitation of Dis) Diff%sion

MethodsMethods Dis diffusion methodsDis diffusion methods

are not suitable forare not suitable for

slow grwoing bacterialslow grwoing bacterial

pathogenspathogens

The great limitationThe great limitationbeing for testing onbeing for testing on

ycobacteriumycobacterium

tuberculosistuberculosis whichwhich

needs varied+needs varied+technically demandingtechnically demanding

methodsmethods



Antibiotic AssaysAntibiotic Assays

The amount of antibiotic in the (lood or otherThe amount of antibiotic in the (lood or otherbody fluids of patients measured for followingbody fluids of patients measured for followingreasonsreasons

1 To ensure ade#uate theraputic concentrations1 To ensure ade#uate theraputic concentrationsare reached @ in serious infections with parentalare reached @ in serious infections with parental

administrationadministration To avoid toxic concentration To avoid toxic concentration

" To study pharmacoinetics of Antibiotic" To study pharmacoinetics of Antibiotic

To identify the clinical response with identified To identify the clinical response with identifiedconcentrationconcentration

At $resent Automated methods are $o$ularlyAt $resent Automated methods are $o$ularlyused as the testing $rotocols are technicallyused as the testing $rotocols are technicallydemandingdemanding




Antibiotic Sensitivity testing canAntibiotic Sensitivity testing can

be done with a%tomationbe done with a%tomation



There is a growing need forThere is a growing need for

Automation in Antibiotic sensitivity Automation in Antibiotic sensitivity

testingtesting



-imitation of Antibiotic-imitation of Antibiotic

Sensitivity %sageSensitivity %sage

(oth Microbiologists and linician(oth Microbiologists and linician

should however bear in mind thatshould however bear in mind that

the response therapy in vivo may notthe response therapy in vivo may not

always reflect the results of testingalways reflect the results of testing

the sensitivity of patientGs pathogenthe sensitivity of patientGs pathogen

in vitro.in vitro.

i h d f ibi iV i M th d f A tibi ti



Various Methods of AntibioticVarious Methods of Antibiotic

sensitivity testing are used forsensitivity testing are used for

quality control studiesquality control studies



Created for awareness to MedicalCreated for awareness to Medical

and Paramedical staff in theand Paramedical staff in the

Developing worldDeveloping world&r.T.'.(ao )& *s +asic learning&r.T.'.(ao )& *s +asic learning

seriesseries

<mail<mail

doctortvraoHgmail.comdoctortvraoHgmail.com

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