Anti cancer property of pulses - Grains & Legumes Nutrition Council · The high-legume treatment...
Transcript of Anti cancer property of pulses - Grains & Legumes Nutrition Council · The high-legume treatment...
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Anti‐cancer property of pulsesDr Siem Siah
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Outline
• What’s cancer & demographic• Legumes vs pulses • Minor constituents in pulses & anti‐cancer property• Challenges & research gaps• Conclusion
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Cancer
• Normal cells in our body grow, divide and then undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis).
• Cancer cells do not undergo apoptosis, and instead continue to grow and divide.
• This leads to a mass of abnormal cells that grows out of control.
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Cancer in Australia
https://canceraustralia.gov.au/affected‐cancer/what‐cancer/cancer‐australia‐statistics
• In 2015, it is estimated that the risk of an individual being diagnosed with cancer by their 85th birthday will be 1 in 2 (1 in 2 males and 1 in 3 females). – Cancer Australia
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Projected most common cancers diagnosed in Australia in 2015
Cancer type % of all new cancers in 2015Prostate (among males) 25
Bowel 14Breast 12
Melanoma 10Lung 9Other 30
https://canceraustralia.gov.au/affected‐cancer/what‐cancer/cancer‐australia‐statistics
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Pulses = dry seeds
• According to United Nations’ Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), pulses are crops harvested for their dry seeds.
• Green beans that are harvested at vegetative state.• Oilseeds are high in lipid content.FAO statistical yearbook 2013 Word Food and Agriculture, 2013
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LEGUMESOil seeds Vegetable legumes Pulses (dry seeds)
Broad beans
Snake beans
Runner beansSoybeans/Edamame
Soybeans
Peanuts
Sesame seeds
Sunflower seeds
Chickpeas
Lentils
Faba/broad beans
Lupins
Bean sprouts
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Oilseeds vs pulses • Lipid content in pulses are much lower
OilseedsNutrition Soybeans Flaxseeds Peanuts Canola seeds
Sesame seeds
Sunflower seeds
Protein 37 20 26 22 18 20Lipid 20 34 46 43-50 58 48
PulsesNutrition Dry peas Common beans Chickpeas Lentils
Mung beans
Faba beans
Protein 22 21 19 21 28 29Lipid 2 3 7 2 2 1
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The journey of researching anti‐cancer property of pulses
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Many types of cancers
• >100 different types of cancer, and each is classified by the type of cell that is initially affected.•Anal cancer•Bladder cancer•Bone cancer•Breast cancer•Cervical cancer•Colon cancer•Colorectal cancer
•Endometrial cancer•Kidney cancer•Leukemia•Liver cancer•Lymphoma•Ovarian cancer•Pancreatic cancer
•Prostate cancer•Stomach cancer•Testicular cancer•Thyroid cancer•Vaginal cancer•Vulvar cancer•And many more
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Many types of pulses Different cultivar of faba beans (Vicia faba L.)Different types of pulses
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Pulses are prepared in multiple ways worldwideJAPAN INDIA America Mediterranean
countriesChina & SEA
Dorayaki
Daifuku Mochi
Chana spicy chick peas
Lentil curry
Mung bean curry
Black eye pea dish
Gallo Pinto
Feijoada
Fasolatha
Ribollita
Fabada
Mung bean soup
Black eyed pea soup
Fried faba beans
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Multiple description for pulses
• Legumes/beans/direct name eg. lentils, brown beans, peas etc• Bundled up with other legumes eg. soy beans, peanuts • Included string beans & bean sprouts • Only legume as a food subgroup not specifying which type of legume
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Take a closer look on chemical composition of pulses – focusing on faba beans
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Chemical composition
% (Dry Matter)
Minor constituents:• Polyphenolic (flavonoids) (0.5‐2%)• Protease inhibitor (0.1%)• L‐3,4‐dihydrophenylalanine (L‐DOPA) (2%)
• Vicine (0.6%) & convicine (0.4%)• Lectin (27mg/mL)• Phytates (2.17%)• Oligosaccahrides (~4%)• Saponins (*1.8‐3.17%)• Α‐galactosidase (3.5‐3.8%)*from soya beans
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Minor constituents in pulses show antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antimutagenic & antiproliferative properties against cancers in cell‐culture and animal studiesMinor constituents Chemical characteristicProtease inhibitor Protein
Phytic acid Myo‐inositol hexaphosphoric acid
Oligosaccharide Linkage of sugar molecules, fiber like material that can retain water, cannot be digested in small intestine but fermentable in large intestine
Polyphenolic (flavonoids) Uniquitous in plants, at least a ring structure attached with one or more hydroxyl groups
Lectin A type of protein that binds specifically to certain sugars and so cause agglutination of particular cell types.
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Anti‐cancer property: at what level?Human study• Epidemiology vs. Feeding trial
• Sample size• Case control• Cohort• Cross sectional• Meta‐analysis • Systematic review
Animal study• Sample size• Treatments• Animal species
• Biomarkers
Cell culture study• Cell culture type
• Treatments • mechanisms• Biomarkers
Chemical analysis• Screening plant materials
• Antioxidant• Compound identification
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• Panel chair: Sir Michael Marmot• 7 years of work (2001‐2007)• 22 panellists + 3 policy panellists• 5 narrative review authors• 19 methodology taskforce members• 13 mechanism working group members• 82 peer reviewers and other contributors• 6 executive report team members• And many more others
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Not specified
Legumes (beans, lentils,and split peas)
Not specified
Legumes: beans, lentils, lima beans, peas, string beans, soybeans, tofu.
Not specified
14 cohorts included in the systematic review
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Vegetable group: Beans
Legumes included dried beans, string beans, and peas.
Legumes: String beans and broad beans
Not specified
Legumes: Beans, lentils, lima beans, peas, soybeans, tofu
Not specified
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The high-legume treatment contained ~250 glegumes/d (1 1/2 cups) that were members of the Phaseolus vulgarisspecies, including navy, pinto, kidney, and black beans.
64 males with known insulinsensitivity and a history of colorectal adenoma status.
Compared with the participants’ usual diets, both diets favourably improved fasting biomarkers of inflammation.
Both high GI (healthy American) and high legume (low GI) diets help reduce the risk of colorectal cancer.
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Conclusion
• Pulses need to be clearly defined and grouped separately from oilseeds and vegetables for clinical and epidemiological studies.
• Minor‐constituents of pulses offer anti‐cancer potential.• Need more human feeding trials of pulses & its minor‐constituents to further support their anti‐cancer properties.
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Recommendation
• 1. This is best made up from a range of various amounts of non‐starchy vegetables and fruits of different colours including red, green, yellow, white, purple, and orange, including tomato‐based products and allium vegetables such as garlic
• 2. Relatively unprocessed cereals (grains) and/or pulses (legumes) to contribute to an average of at least 25g non‐starch polysaccharide daily • 3. These foods are low in energy density and so promote healthy weight• 4. For example, populations in Africa, Latin America, and the Asia‐Pacific region
Eat more grains, veg, fruit and beans such as beans
Public health goals Personal recommendations
• Population average consumption of non‐starchy1vegetables and of fruits to be at least 600 g (21 oz) daily2
• Relatively unprocessed cereals (grains) and/or pulses (legumes), and other foods that are a natural source of dietary fibre, to contribute to a population average of at least 25g non‐starch polysaccharide daily
• Eat at least five portions/servings (at least 400 g or 14 oz) of a variety2 of non‐starchy vegetables and of fruits every day
• Eat relatively unprocessed cereals (grains) and/or pulses (legumes) with every meal3
• Limit refined starchy foods• People who consume starchy roots or tubers4 as
staples also to ensure intake of sufficient non‐starchy vegetables, fruits, and pulses (legumes)
http://www.wcrf.org/int/research‐we‐fund/continuous‐update‐project‐cup/second‐expert‐report
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The Australian Dietary Guidelines say:• Eat a wide variety of ... vegetables including legumes … 5/6 serves each day
• Eat a wide variety of … lean meat, poultry, fish, eggs, nuts and seeds and legumes/beans … 2/3 serves each day
The core message from Grains & Legumes Nutrition CouncilTM (GLNC):• Australians are advised to enjoy legumes at least 2‐3 times each week
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Thank you
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Minor constituents
Chemical characteristic Reported health related effects
Vicine and convicine
Pyrimidine glycosides, their aglyconederivatives, divicine and isouramil, are responsible for favism occurrence, a hemolyticanemia in human
Favism (susceptible to patients who is genetically defect in glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase)
L‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐DOPA)
a nonprotein amino acid precursor of dopamine in healthy neurons
Treat Parkinson disease patients; lowering blood pressure
Protease inhibitor Protein Anti‐HIV reverse transcriptase activities; anticancer; antifungal; antimitogenic; inhibit digestion of nutriets
Phytic acid Myo‐inositol hexaphosphoric acid Inhibit colon carcinogenesis (unknown plant origin); react with protein therefore affecting protein availability; chelate metals (eg. iron and zinc)
Saponin Amphiphathic in nature, with one hydrophopictriterpenoid or steroidal aglycone and one or more oligosaccharide moieties
Anticarcinogenesis (from Wisteria branchybotrys); antimicrobial and anti‐inflammatory (from tea‐leaf); haemolytic activity and toxicity; lower plasma cholesterol (from soya bean, soapwort and Quillaia)
Oligosaccharide Linkage of sugar molecules, fiber like material that can retain water, cannot be digested in small intestine but fermentable in large intestine
Act as prebiotic; cause flatulence
Polyphenolic(flavonoids)
Uniquitous in plants, at least a ring structure attached with one or more hydroxyl groups
Anticancer; antioxidant; inhibit digestive enzymatic activities
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14 cohorts included in the systematic review
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Not specified