Anthropology of religion.pdf

7/28/2019 Anthropology of religion.pdf

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Anthropology of religion 1

Anthropology of religion

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The anthropology of religion involves the study of religious institutions in relation to other social institutions, and

the comparison of religious beliefs and practices across cultures.[citation needed] Modern anthropology assumes that

there is complete continuity between magical thinking and religion,[1] and that every religion is a cultural productcreated by the human community that practices it.[2]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magical_thinkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ritual%23Religious_ritualshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_beliefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Moai_Easter_Island_InvMH-35-61-1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Anthropologists_by_nationalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Anthropology_organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_anthropology_journalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bibliography_of_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropological_theories_of_valuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Postcolonialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Development_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnicityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Race_%28human_classification%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kinship_and_descenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sociocultural_evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prehistoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systems_theory_in_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Post-structuralismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Structural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Practice_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_economy_in_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Performance_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Symbolic_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Structural_functionalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feminist_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultural_materialism_%28anthropology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cross-cultural_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alliance_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Actor-network_theory


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History

In the early 11th century, Ab Rayhn Brn (973-1048), wrote detailed comparative studies on the anthropology of

religions and cultures across the Middle East, Mediterranean and the Indian subcontinent.[3] He discussed the

peoples, customs, and religions of the Indian subcontinent.

Modern anthropology assumes that religion is in complete continuity with magical thinking, [1] that it is a cultural

product,[4] and that is a phenomenon of psychological projection. The complete continuity between magic andreligion has been a postulate of modern anthropology at least since early 1930s. [1][5] The perspective of modern

anthropology towards religion is theprojection idea, a methodological approach which assumes that every religion is

created by the human community that worships it, that "creative activity ascribed to God is projected from

man."[2][6][7] In 1841, Ludwig Feuerbach, was the first to employ this concept as the basis for a systematic critique

of religion.[8][9][10][11] A prominent precursor in the formulation of this projection principle was Giambattista

Vico,[8][12] and an early formulation of it is found in ancient Greek writer Xenophanes, which observed that "the

gods of Ethiopians were inevitably black with flat noses while those of the Thracians were blond with blue eyes." [8]

In 1912 mile Durkheim, building on Feuerbach, considered religion "a projection of the social values of society,"

"a means of making symbolic statements about society," "a symbolic language that makes statements about the

social order";[13][14] in short, "religion is society worshiping itself".[11][15]

In the 19th century, cultural anthropology was dominated by an interest in cultural evolution; most anthropologists

assumed that there was a simple distinction between primitive and modern religion and tried to provide accounts

of how the former evolved into the latter. In the 20th century most anthropologists rejected this approach. Today the

anthropology of religion reflects the influence of, or an engagement with, such theorists as Karl Marx, Sigmund

Freud, mile Durkheim, and Max Weber. They are especially concerned with how religious beliefs and practices

may reflect political or economic forces; or the social functions of religious beliefs and practices.

Definition of religion

One major problem in the anthropology of religion is the definition of religion itself. At one time anthropologists

believed that certain religious practices and beliefs were more or less universal to all cultures at some point in their

development, such as a belief in spirits or ghosts, the use of magic as a means of controlling the supernatural, the use

of divination as a means of discovering occult knowledge, and the performance of rituals such as prayer and sacrifice

as a means of influencing the outcome of various events through a supernatural agency, sometimes taking the form

of shamanism or ancestor worship. According to Geertz, religion is "(1) a system of symbols which acts to (2)

establish powerful, pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations in men by (3) formulating conceptions of a

general order of existence and (4) clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that (5) the moods and

motivations seem uniquely realistic" (Geertz 1966).[16] Today, anthropologists debate, and many reject, the

cross-cultural validity of these categories (often viewing them as examples of European primitivism).

Anthropologists have considered various criteria for defining religion such as a belief in the supernatural or the

reliance on ritual but few claim that these criteria are universally valid.

In Western culture, religion has become more or less synonymous with monotheism and the various moral codes that

monotheism prescribes. Moral codes have also evolved in conjunction with Hindu and Buddhist beliefs, independent

of monotheism. However, prescriptive moral codes or even normative ethical codes are not a necessary component

of religious beliefs or practices any more than they are a necessary component of science and the scientific method.

Anthony F.C. Wallace proposes four categories of religion, each subsequent category subsuming the previous. These

are, however, synthetic categories and do not necessarily encompass all religions.[17]

1. Individualistic: most basic; simplest. Example: vision quest.

2. Shamanistic: part-time religious practitioner, uses religion to heal, to divine, usually on the behalf of a client. TheTillamook have four categories of shaman. Examples of shamans: spiritualists, faith healers, palm readers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vision_questhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tillamook_%28tribe%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tillamook_%28tribe%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monotheismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethical_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony_F.C._Wallacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vision_questhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tillamook_%28tribe%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tillamook_%28tribe%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vision_questhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony_F.C._Wallacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethical_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monotheismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moral_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moral_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monotheismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primitivismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Geertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancestor_worshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shamanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sacrificehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prayerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ritualhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supernaturalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magic_%28religion%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghosthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Weberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Durkheimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Marxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultural_evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Symbolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Durkheimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xenophaneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giambattista_Vicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giambattista_Vicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Feuerbachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychological_projectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magic_and_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magic_and_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychological_projectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magical_thinkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_subcontinenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_subcontinenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Basinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ab%C5%AB_Rayh%C4%81n_B%C4%ABr%C5%ABn%C4%AB


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Religious authority acquired through one's own means.

3.3. Communal: elaborate set of beliefs and practices; group of people arranged in clans by lineage, age group, or

some religious societies; people take on roles based on knowledge, and ancestral worship.

4.4. Ecclesiastical: dominant in agricultural societies and states; are centrally organized and hierarchical in structure,

paralleling the organization of states. Typically deprecates competing individualistic and shamanistic cults.

Specific religious practices and beliefs

Ancestor worship Heresy Polytheism

Apotheosis Icon Prayer

Apotropaic magic Intercession Prophecy

Animism Immortality Rebirth

Astrology Kachina Religious ecstasy

Authority Magic and religion Ritual

Charm Mana Sacrifice

Contagious magic Manna Shamanism

Cult Masks Supernatural

Demon Miracle Sign

Divination Medicine Spell

Esoterica Monotheism Supplication

Exorcism Myth Sympathetic magic

Evil Mystery Talisman

Fertility Worship Necromancy Tarot reading

Fetish Neopaganism Theism

Food New Age Totemism

Genius Occultism Western mystery tradition

God Omen

Goddess Worship Pain

Ghost

Notes

[1] Cassirer, Ernst (1944)An Essay On Man (http://books. google.com/books?id=pe9fWSv-iLsC&pg=PA102), pt.II, ch.7Myth and Religion,

pp.122-3. Quotation:

[2] Guthrie (2000) pp.225-6 (http://books. google.es/books?id=wlNJQoZlGC4C&pg=PA225)

[3] J. T. Walbridge (1998). "Explaining Away the Greek Gods in Islam",Journal of the History of Ideas59 (3): 389-403

[4] Manickam, T. M. (1977)Dharma according to Manu and Moses (http://books. google.com/books?id=GC6fAAAAMAAJ) p.6 Quotation:

[5] Robert Ranulph Marett (1932)Faith, Hope and Charity in Primitive Religion (http://www.giffordlectures.org/Browse.

asp?PubID=TPFHCR&Volume=0& Issue=0&TOC=True), in Gifford Lectures. Lecture IIHope (http://www.giffordlectures.org/Browse.asp?PubID=TPFHCR&Volume=0& Issue=0&ArticleID=3). Quotation:

[6] Pandian, Jacob (1997) The sacred integration of the cultural self: An anthropological approach to the study of religion, p.507 in S. Glazier

(Ed.) The anthropology of religion

[7] Harvey, Van A. (1996)Projection: a metaphor in search of a theory? p.67 in D.Z. Philips (ed.) Can religion be explained away?

[8] Harvey, Van A. (1997)Feuerbach and the interpretation of religion (http://books. google.es/books?id=KdsKpZ6eJWMC&pg=PA4) p.4

[9] Feuerbach, Ludwig (1841) The Essence of Christianity

[10] Mackey, James Patrick (2000) The Critique of Theological Reason, Cambridge University Press. pp.41-2

[11] John K. Nelson (1990) A Field Statement on the Anthropology of Religion (http://inic.utexas.edu/asnic/subject/essayonreli.html)

[12] Cotrupi, Caterina NellaNorthrop Frye and the poetics of process (http://books. google.es/books?id=rh8gcNF9YXkC&pg=PA21) p.21

[13] mile Durkheim (1912) The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life

[14] Bowie, Fiona (1999) The Anthropology of Religion: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell. p.15, 143

[15][15] Durkheim, p.266 in the 1963 edition[16][16] C. Geertz, "Religion as a Cultural System," in Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Religion , ed. M. Banton (London: Tavistock,

1966): 1-46
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Elementary_Forms_of_the_Religious_Lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Durkheimhttp://books.google.es/books?id=rh8gcNF9YXkC&pg=PA21http://inic.utexas.edu/asnic/subject/essayonreli.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Essence_of_Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Feuerbachhttp://books.google.es/books?id=KdsKpZ6eJWMC&pg=PA4http://www.giffordlectures.org/Browse.asp?PubID=TPFHCR&Volume=0&Issue=0&ArticleID=3http://www.giffordlectures.org/Browse.asp?PubID=TPFHCR&Volume=0&Issue=0&ArticleID=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gifford_Lectureshttp://www.giffordlectures.org/Browse.asp?PubID=TPFHCR&Volume=0&Issue=0&TOC=Truehttp://www.giffordlectures.org/Browse.asp?PubID=TPFHCR&Volume=0&Issue=0&TOC=Truehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Ranulph_Maretthttp://books.google.com/books?id=GC6fAAAAMAAJhttp://books.google.es/books?id=wlNJQoZlGC4C&pg=PA225http://books.google.com/books?id=pe9fWSv-iLsC&pg=PA102http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Cassirerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghosthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Painhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mother_goddesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_mystery_traditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Occultismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geniushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Totemismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sacred_food_as_offeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neopaganismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fetishismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tarot_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Necromancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fertility_ritehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amulethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greco-Roman_mysterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sympathetic_magichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exorcismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supplicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monotheismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esoterichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spell_%28paranormal%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miraclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supernaturalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maskshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shamanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mannahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Contagious_magichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sacrificehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amulethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ritualhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magic_and_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_ecstasyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kachinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reincarnationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immortalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prophecyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intercessionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apotropaic_magichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prayerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apotheosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polytheismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heresyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancestor_worship


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[17] Anthony Wallace (http://www.mnsu. edu/emuseum/information/biography/uvwxyz/wallace_anthony.html)

References

Guthrie, Stewart Elliott (2000)Projection (http://books.google. es/books?id=wlNJQoZlGC4C&pg=PA225), in

Braun, Willi and McCutcheon, Russell T. (eds.) (2000) Guide to the Study of Religion (London & New York:

Cassell)

External links

Homepage of The Society for the Anthropology of Religion (http://www.aaanet.org/sections/sar/sar_newsite/

) within American Anthropological Association

Anthropology of Religion Page (http://www.as.ua.edu/ant/Faculty/murphy/419/419www.htm) M.D.

Murphy, University of Alabama

Andrew Lang, Anthropology and Religion (http://www.psychanalyse-paris.com/

831-Anthropology-and-Religion.html), The Making of Religion, (Chapter II), Longmans, Green, and C, London,

New York and Bombay, 1900, pp. 3964.
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Article Sources and ContributorsAnthropology of religion Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=558718131 Contributors: Alansohn, Andremoller, Anthropologist in training, AppleSauceZone, Ashley Y, B9hummingbird hovering, BMF81, Bastet13, Beland, Birdmessenger, Cacala17, Cnilep, Colemanyee, Daqron, Dbachmann, Dialectric, Diana LeCrois, Didactohedron, Dirgela, Doc9871, Dodo78,Editor2020, El C, Firefly322, Heron, Historian 1000, Humboldt, Huntster, Igiffin, Inayity, J04n, Jagged 85, Jfpierce, JimCubb, JonHarder, Joseph Solis in Australia, Laurence Boyce, Longobord,MaeseLeon, Magioladitis, Master shepherd, Mazzers, Metamagician3000, Michael Hardy, MikeVitale, Muu-karhu, Netesq, Netkinetic, Ofus, Paul foord, PelleSmith, Peter Kirby, Peter Shearan,PierreWiktorin, Pigman, Piotrus, R'n'B, Reidlophile, Rjwilmsi, Robfbms, Robindch, Romarin, S.dugan.iverson, Schrauwers, Slrubenstein, Smiloid, SummerWithMorons, Surv1v4l1st,Tanstaafl28, The Ungovernable Force, Valermos, WLU, Wapondaponda, Wassermann, We used to sit, Wetman, Woohookitty, 39 anonymous edits

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