Anthropology, Anthropology, Archeology, and HistoryArcheology, and History

Kaley KlinglerKaley Klingler

11stst Submission Submission William Ellery Channing - liberal religious thought The Brook Farm experiment grew William Ellery Channing - liberal religious thought The Brook Farm experiment grew

out of the transcendental movement It lasted from 1840 until 1847 - members out of the transcendental movement It lasted from 1840 until 1847 - members were George William Curtis, Charles Anderson Dana, John Sullivan Dwight, were George William Curtis, Charles Anderson Dana, John Sullivan Dwight, Margaret Fuller, and George RipleyMargaret Fuller, and George Ripleynew view of history was developed outgrowth of the transcendental philosophy new view of history was developed outgrowth of the transcendental philosophy inaugurated by the German Immanuel KantHistory no longer regarded as a gathering inaugurated by the German Immanuel KantHistory no longer regarded as a gathering of isolated arbitrary facts, but as the study of the progress of mankind National of isolated arbitrary facts, but as the study of the progress of mankind National history not be properly considered apart from its relation to the general movement history not be properly considered apart from its relation to the general movement Its contribution was best understood when properly presented in its true connection. Its contribution was best understood when properly presented in its true connection. The first group of historians is headed by George Bancroft (1800-1891). The The first group of historians is headed by George Bancroft (1800-1891). The progress of his famous work was interrupted by periods of service to the country progress of his famous work was interrupted by periods of service to the country term as collector of the port of Boston called by President Polk to his cabinet, as term as collector of the port of Boston called by President Polk to his cabinet, as secretary of the navy, in 1845 - founded the Naval Academy at Annapolis. issued secretary of the navy, in 1845 - founded the Naval Academy at Annapolis. issued orders which helped to secure possession of California in fear of the Mexican orders which helped to secure possession of California in fear of the Mexican American War. 1846 he was sent as minister to England Returned and American War. 1846 he was sent as minister to England Returned and devoted his time to the history During the Civil War he was a firm friend of the devoted his time to the history During the Civil War he was a firm friend of the Union; and after its close, he was sent by President Johnson as minister to Germany, Union; and after its close, he was sent by President Johnson as minister to Germany, where he remained until 1874. His great history was the result of conscientious where he remained until 1874. His great history was the result of conscientious research, careful consideration of authorities, and enthusiasm for the subject research, careful consideration of authorities, and enthusiasm for the subject Probably the best part of his work is the last, written after the Civil War and the Probably the best part of his work is the last, written after the Civil War and the discussion of questions of reconstruction had shed new light on the fundamental discussion of questions of reconstruction had shed new light on the fundamental principles of the Union and the Constitution - Perhaps improperly called the "History principles of the Union and the Constitution - Perhaps improperly called the "History of the United States," the work tells only the story of the foundation of the nation, but of the United States," the work tells only the story of the foundation of the nation, but it does point out the sources of its greatness, and sets forth the virtues of democratic it does point out the sources of its greatness, and sets forth the virtues of democratic government in a vehement, oratorical way, which rather provokes than disarms government in a vehement, oratorical way, which rather provokes than disarms criticism. criticism.

William Hickling Prescott (1796-1859) became the famous of our historical writers - selection of William Hickling Prescott (1796-1859) became the famous of our historical writers - selection of romantic themes in which the American people felt an interest, as belonging to the New World romantic themes in which the American people felt an interest, as belonging to the New World first installment of Prescott's life-work appeared in 1837, having cost him more than ten first installment of Prescott's life-work appeared in 1837, having cost him more than ten years' assiduous labor - "History of Ferdinand and Isabella," printed at his own expense; years' assiduous labor - "History of Ferdinand and Isabella," printed at his own expense; romantic nature of the subject gave it a popularity which it has retained to the present day romantic nature of the subject gave it a popularity which it has retained to the present day translated into several European languages, and caused the author to be ranked as the translated into several European languages, and caused the author to be ranked as the foremost of American historians 1843 appeared the "Conquest of Mexico," which had an foremost of American historians 1843 appeared the "Conquest of Mexico," which had an unparalleled reception, both from the general public and from the highest authorities. It won unparalleled reception, both from the general public and from the highest authorities. It won special praise from Wilhelm von Humboldt, who had visited that country. Four years later special praise from Wilhelm von Humboldt, who had visited that country. Four years later the "Conquest of Peru" was published. the "Conquest of Peru" was published.

John Lothrop Motley was late in concentrating his labor on the historical work which was to give John Lothrop Motley was late in concentrating his labor on the historical work which was to give him fame, the "Rise of the Dutch Republic." He also wrote the "History of the United him fame, the "Rise of the Dutch Republic." He also wrote the "History of the United Netherlands," and was minister to Austria and England. Netherlands," and was minister to Austria and England.

Francis Parkman - descended from the earliest settlers of Massachusetts, he was born in Francis Parkman - descended from the earliest settlers of Massachusetts, he was born in Boston in 1823, and was educated at Harvard College. He studied law, but he had already Boston in 1823, and was educated at Harvard College. He studied law, but he had already determined to devote his life to an adequate presentation of the great conflict between the determined to devote his life to an adequate presentation of the great conflict between the French and English for the possession of North America Examined the manners and French and English for the possession of North America Examined the manners and customs of Indians as yet unaffected by contact with the whites 1846, he explored the customs of Indians as yet unaffected by contact with the whites 1846, he explored the wilderness towards the Rocky Mountains, and lived for several weeks among the Dakota wilderness towards the Rocky Mountains, and lived for several weeks among the Dakota Indians in that region – he became an invalid for life The immediate results of his Indians in that region – he became an invalid for life The immediate results of his observations and experiences were given in his picturesque series of historical writings like observations and experiences were given in his picturesque series of historical writings like "Montcalm and Wolfe”"Montcalm and Wolfe”The growing commercial and political importance of New York, its increase of wealth, and the The growing commercial and political importance of New York, its increase of wealth, and the enterprise of its publishers, both of books and periodicals, tended to make it a literary centre enterprise of its publishers, both of books and periodicals, tended to make it a literary centre before the close of the first half-century. George William Curtis is better known by his before the close of the first half-century. George William Curtis is better known by his "Easy Chair" essays in Harper's Weekly than by his books, graceful though they are. "Easy Chair" essays in Harper's Weekly than by his books, graceful though they are. Bayard Taylor wrote much, travelled widely, and translated Faust in the original metres. He was Bayard Taylor wrote much, travelled widely, and translated Faust in the original metres. He was appointed minister to Germany in 1878, and died there soon after. Source:appointed minister to Germany in 1878, and died there soon after. Source:

Famous American historians of the 19th centuryFamous American historians of the 19th century, , http://www.publicbookshelf.com/public_html/The_Great_Republic_By_the_Master_Historians_Vol_IV/famousame_fe.html, retrieved on 11-07-10, retrieved on 11-07-10

People and VocabularyPeople and Vocabulary Vocabulary:Vocabulary: The Brook Farm experiment: grew out of the transcendental movement and lasted The Brook Farm experiment: grew out of the transcendental movement and lasted

from 1840 until 1847 - members were George William Curtis, Charles Anderson from 1840 until 1847 - members were George William Curtis, Charles Anderson Dana, John Sullivan Dwight, Margaret Fuller, and George RipleyDana, John Sullivan Dwight, Margaret Fuller, and George Ripleynew view of history was developednew view of history was developed

Transcendental philosophy: any philosophy based upon the doctrine that the Transcendental philosophy: any philosophy based upon the doctrine that the principles of reality are to be discovered by the study of the processes of thought, or a principles of reality are to be discovered by the study of the processes of thought, or a philosophy emphasizing the intuitive and spiritual above the empiricalphilosophy emphasizing the intuitive and spiritual above the empirical

Kant: an 18th-century German Kant: an 18th-century German philosopher from the from the Prussian city of city of Königsberg. Kant . Kant was the last influential philosopher of modern Europe in the classic sequence of the was the last influential philosopher of modern Europe in the classic sequence of the theory of knowledge during the during the Enlightenment

Naval Academy at Annapolis: The Naval Academy was founded in 1845 by the Naval Academy at Annapolis: The Naval Academy was founded in 1845 by the Secretary of the Navy, George Bancroft, in what is now historic Annapolis, MDSecretary of the Navy, George Bancroft, in what is now historic Annapolis, MD

Metres: poetic measure; arrangement of words in regularly measured, patterned, or Metres: poetic measure; arrangement of words in regularly measured, patterned, or rhythmic lines or versesrhythmic lines or verses

People:People: George Bancroft: Wrote George Bancroft: Wrote History of the United StatesHistory of the United States and established the Naval and established the Naval

AcademyAcademy Francis Parkman: Studied the culture of the Dakota IndiansFrancis Parkman: Studied the culture of the Dakota Indians

Multiple ChoiceMultiple Choice 1. When did the Brook Farm experiment occur?1. When did the Brook Farm experiment occur? a. 1840-1847a. 1840-1847 b. 1900b. 1900 c. 1350c. 1350 d. 1800-1912d. 1800-1912 2. History no longer regarded as a gathering of isolated arbitrary facts, 2. History no longer regarded as a gathering of isolated arbitrary facts,

but as the study of…but as the study of… a. lifea. life b. religionb. religion c. the progress of mankindc. the progress of mankind d. Americad. America 3. The first group of historians was led by…3. The first group of historians was led by… a. Betsy Rossa. Betsy Ross b. George Bancroftb. George Bancroft c. William Hickling Prescottc. William Hickling Prescottd. Wilhelm von Humboldtd. Wilhelm von Humboldt 4. Francis Parkman explored the wilderness in…4. Francis Parkman explored the wilderness in… a. 1846a. 1846 b. 1912b. 1912 c. 1800c. 1800 d. 1789d. 1789 5. The History of Ferdinand and Isabella took Prescott how long to write?5. The History of Ferdinand and Isabella took Prescott how long to write? a. 10 yearsa. 10 years b. 1 yearb. 1 year c. 3 daysc. 3 days d. 6 monthsd. 6 months

Multiple ChoiceMultiple Choice 6. What city was the literary center of the United States during the first half 6. What city was the literary center of the United States during the first half

of the 19th century?of the 19th century? a. Atlantaa. Atlanta b. Washington D.C.b. Washington D.C. c. New Yorkc. New York d. Salemd. Salem 7. Who translated Faust in its original meters?7. Who translated Faust in its original meters? a. Bayard Taylora. Bayard Taylor b. George Bancroftb. George Bancroft c. George Ripleyc. George Ripley d. Margaret Fullerd. Margaret Fuller 8. Which book was translated into several European languages?8. Which book was translated into several European languages? a. The History of Ferdinand and Isabellaa. The History of Ferdinand and Isabella b. The History of the b. The History of the

United StatesUnited States c. Easy Chairc. Easy Chair d. conquest of Mexicod. conquest of Mexico 9. Who wrote Easy Chair?9. Who wrote Easy Chair? a. Bayard Taylora. Bayard Taylor b. George Ripleyb. George Ripley c. Margaret Fullerc. Margaret Fuller d. George William Curtisd. George William Curtis 10. Who founded the Naval Academy?10. Who founded the Naval Academy? a. George Ripleya. George Ripley b. George William Curtisb. George William Curtis c. George Bushc. George Bush d. George Bancroftd. George Bancroft

AnswersAnswers 1.A1.A 2. C2. C 3. B3. B 4. A4. A 5. A5. A 6. C6. C 7. A7. A 8. A8. A 9. B9. B 10.D10.D

22ndnd Submission Submission Margaret Fuller (May 23, 1810-July 19, 1850Margaret Fuller (May 23, 1810-July 19, 1850 Author, editor, and teacher, Fuller contributed significantly to the American Renaissance in literature and to mid-Author, editor, and teacher, Fuller contributed significantly to the American Renaissance in literature and to mid-

nineteenth century reform movementsnineteenth century reform movements Her major work, Her major work, Woman in the Nineteenth CenturyWoman in the Nineteenth Century, published in 1845, profoundly affected the women's rights , published in 1845, profoundly affected the women's rights

movement which had its formal beginning at Seneca Falls, New York, three years later. movement which had its formal beginning at Seneca Falls, New York, three years later. Margaret seemed a sponge for many disciplines, including Latin, begun at age six, English grammar, Margaret seemed a sponge for many disciplines, including Latin, begun at age six, English grammar,

mathematics, history, music and modern languages. Margaret herself thought the price paid for this early and mathematics, history, music and modern languages. Margaret herself thought the price paid for this early and intensive drilling, sometimes late into the night, was sleeplessness and nightmares as a child and a lifetime of intensive drilling, sometimes late into the night, was sleeplessness and nightmares as a child and a lifetime of poor eyesight and migraine headaches. poor eyesight and migraine headaches.

In 1833 Timothy Fuller moved his family to a farm in Groton, Massachusetts, where Margaret resented her In 1833 Timothy Fuller moved his family to a farm in Groton, Massachusetts, where Margaret resented her isolation but set to work on serious writing. She translated a drama of Goethe and published essays in Boston isolation but set to work on serious writing. She translated a drama of Goethe and published essays in Boston papers and in James Freeman Clarke's journal, the papers and in James Freeman Clarke's journal, the Western MessengerWestern Messenger. Her father's sudden death of cholera in . Her father's sudden death of cholera in the fall of 1835 threw the family into financial crisis. Fuller had to give up the prospect of a European tour with the the fall of 1835 threw the family into financial crisis. Fuller had to give up the prospect of a European tour with the Farrars and Harriet Martineau. She struggled to take her father's place, protect her mother's interests and see to Farrars and Harriet Martineau. She struggled to take her father's place, protect her mother's interests and see to the education and welfare of the younger children. From that time forward, financial difficulties plagued her life. the education and welfare of the younger children. From that time forward, financial difficulties plagued her life.

In compensation for the lost trip to Europe, Eliza Farrar and Harriet Martineau urged Emerson to befriend Fuller, In compensation for the lost trip to Europe, Eliza Farrar and Harriet Martineau urged Emerson to befriend Fuller, and and Elizabeth Peabody suggested he invite her to Concord. Though she had counted on the experience abroad suggested he invite her to Concord. Though she had counted on the experience abroad to prepare her for a literary career, the introduction into the Transcendentalist circle served the purpose. to prepare her for a literary career, the introduction into the Transcendentalist circle served the purpose.

In Elizabeth Peabody's West Street bookshop, she held several series of conversations that attracted women of In Elizabeth Peabody's West Street bookshop, she held several series of conversations that attracted women of the city and surrounding area who were intellectuals and social activists. The circle included Unitarians Lidian the city and surrounding area who were intellectuals and social activists. The circle included Unitarians Lidian Emerson, Emerson, Sarah Bradford Ripley, Abigail Allyn Francis, Lydia Maria Child, , Abigail Allyn Francis, Lydia Maria Child, Elizabeth Hoar, Eliza Farrar, Mary , Eliza Farrar, Mary Channing, Elizabeth, Mary and Sophia Peabody, Sophia Dana Ripley and Lydia (Mrs. Theodore) Parker. Though Channing, Elizabeth, Mary and Sophia Peabody, Sophia Dana Ripley and Lydia (Mrs. Theodore) Parker. Though women might be taught the same subjects as men, they had little opportunity to use their learning. Fuller provided women might be taught the same subjects as men, they had little opportunity to use their learning. Fuller provided a setting where they could discuss what they knew, free to explore ideas and speak their own thoughts on such a setting where they could discuss what they knew, free to explore ideas and speak their own thoughts on such topics as classical mythology, education, ethics, the fine arts, and woman. Men were included in one evening topics as classical mythology, education, ethics, the fine arts, and woman. Men were included in one evening series hosted by series hosted by George and Sophia Ripley, but it was less successful than the women-only sessions. Income and Sophia Ripley, but it was less successful than the women-only sessions. Income from the conversations supported Fuller for five years during which she published her acclaimed translation of from the conversations supported Fuller for five years during which she published her acclaimed translation of Eckermann's Eckermann's Conversations with GoetheConversations with Goethe and several shorter pieces and several shorter pieces

At Emerson's invitation Fuller had begun attending meetings of the Transcendentalist circle in At Emerson's invitation Fuller had begun attending meetings of the Transcendentalist circle in 1838, and the following year she agreed to serve as editor of the new Transcendentalist journal, 1838, and the following year she agreed to serve as editor of the new Transcendentalist journal, the the DialDial. .

When Emerson took over as editor of the When Emerson took over as editor of the DialDial, Fuller contributed her groundbreaking essay, "The , Fuller contributed her groundbreaking essay, "The Great Lawsuit: Man vs. Men and Woman vs. Women," for the July, 1843 issue. She then went Great Lawsuit: Man vs. Men and Woman vs. Women," for the July, 1843 issue. She then went with Sarah Freeman Clarke on a tour of the Great Lakes territory, the subject of with Sarah Freeman Clarke on a tour of the Great Lakes territory, the subject of Summer on the Summer on the Lakes in 1843Lakes in 1843, published the following year. , published the following year.

Horace Greeley, publisher of the Horace Greeley, publisher of the New York TribuneNew York Tribune, noted Fuller's new book and her work with , noted Fuller's new book and her work with the the DialDial and invited her to write for his paper. Before taking that post, she enlarged "The Great and invited her to write for his paper. Before taking that post, she enlarged "The Great Lawsuit" to be published in 1845 as Lawsuit" to be published in 1845 as Woman in the Nineteenth CenturyWoman in the Nineteenth Century. On finishing it, she . On finishing it, she described to William Henry Channing "a delightful glow as if I had put a good deal of my true life described to William Henry Channing "a delightful glow as if I had put a good deal of my true life in it, as if, suppose I went away now, the measure of my foot-print would be left on the earth." in it, as if, suppose I went away now, the measure of my foot-print would be left on the earth."

On the eve of the 1848 uprisings in Italy, Austria and France, Fuller plunged into the turmoil. No On the eve of the 1848 uprisings in Italy, Austria and France, Fuller plunged into the turmoil. No longer the "outsider" she had seemed in New England, she felt at home in Italy, free to express longer the "outsider" she had seemed in New England, she felt at home in Italy, free to express her fullest sense of self. When war broke out, she saw a role for herself "either as actor or her fullest sense of self. When war broke out, she saw a role for herself "either as actor or historian." To her the revolution meant freedom and human rights for the laboring class and for historian." To her the revolution meant freedom and human rights for the laboring class and for women. She rededicated herself to Rome, "City of the Soul," and sent vivid eye-witness reports women. She rededicated herself to Rome, "City of the Soul," and sent vivid eye-witness reports to the to the TribuneTribune..

May, 1850, the Ossolis sailed for New York on the merchant freighter, Elizabeth. Not long after May, 1850, the Ossolis sailed for New York on the merchant freighter, Elizabeth. Not long after leaving port, the captain died of smallpox. Baby Angelo caught the disease but recovered during leaving port, the captain died of smallpox. Baby Angelo caught the disease but recovered during the voyage. The inexperienced mate who took command after the captain's death miscalculated the voyage. The inexperienced mate who took command after the captain's death miscalculated his position and was unaware of an approaching hurricane. During the night before the ship's his position and was unaware of an approaching hurricane. During the night before the ship's expected landfall, it struck a sandbar within sight of Fire Island and began to break up. Some expected landfall, it struck a sandbar within sight of Fire Island and began to break up. Some crew members managed to reach shore, but the wind and high surf made it impossible to launch crew members managed to reach shore, but the wind and high surf made it impossible to launch a lifeboat. The Ossoli family perished on July 19, 1850.a lifeboat. The Ossoli family perished on July 19, 1850.

Emerson sent Henry Thoreau to search the wreckage, but no trace was found of their bodies or Emerson sent Henry Thoreau to search the wreckage, but no trace was found of their bodies or personal effects, including Fuller's manuscript history of the revolution. The Fuller family erected personal effects, including Fuller's manuscript history of the revolution. The Fuller family erected a monument to Margaret in their plot at Mount Auburn cemetery in Cambridge.a monument to Margaret in their plot at Mount Auburn cemetery in Cambridge.

Resources: Resources: Goodwin, Joan; “Margaret Fuller” Goodwin, Joan; “Margaret Fuller” http://www25.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/margaretfuller.html

People and VocabularyPeople and Vocabulary People: People: Margaret Fuller – female historian during the late 1800’s Margaret Fuller – female historian during the late 1800’s Henry Thoreau – a naturalist poet who was part of the Henry Thoreau – a naturalist poet who was part of the

transcendentalist movementtranscendentalist movement Vocabulary:Vocabulary: American Renaissance – period between 1876-1917 American Renaissance – period between 1876-1917

where Americans felt a renewed self-confidence in where Americans felt a renewed self-confidence in Greek democracy for the governmentGreek democracy for the government

““Western Messenger” – James Freeman Clark’s journal Western Messenger” – James Freeman Clark’s journal that Margaret Fuller wrote tothat Margaret Fuller wrote to

Unitarians – nontrinitarian Christian philosophyUnitarians – nontrinitarian Christian philosophy ““Dial” – Transcendentalist journalDial” – Transcendentalist journal

Multiple ChoiceMultiple Choice The women’s rights movement started inThe women’s rights movement started in a. Seneca Falls, New Yorka. Seneca Falls, New York b. Atlanta, Georgiab. Atlanta, Georgia c. Baltimore, Marylandc. Baltimore, Maryland The “Western Messenger” was published byThe “Western Messenger” was published by a. Margaret Fullera. Margaret Fuller b. James Freeman Clarkb. James Freeman Clark c. Henry Thoreauc. Henry Thoreau ““Woman in the Nineteenth Century” was published in Woman in the Nineteenth Century” was published in a. 1870a. 1870 b. 1900b. 1900 c. 1845c. 1845 The ship that Margaret Fuller disappeared on was calledThe ship that Margaret Fuller disappeared on was called a. the Elizabetha. the Elizabeth b. U.S.S. Tritonb. U.S.S. Triton c. Titanicc. Titanic Fuller became the editor of what transcendentalist journal?Fuller became the editor of what transcendentalist journal? a. “Western Messenger”a. “Western Messenger” b. “Dial”b. “Dial” c. “Time”c. “Time”

Multiple ChoiceMultiple Choice Fuller held several women’s onlyFuller held several women’s only a. conversationsa. conversations b. partiesb. parties c. electionsc. elections Elizabeth Peabody told ____ to befriend FullerElizabeth Peabody told ____ to befriend Fuller a. Thoreaua. Thoreau b. Emersonb. Emerson c. James Freeman Clarkc. James Freeman Clark What family perished with Fuller?What family perished with Fuller? a. Emersona. Emerson b. Ossalisb. Ossalis c. Clarkc. Clark ““Summer on the Lakes in 1843” was published inSummer on the Lakes in 1843” was published in a. 1843a. 1843 b. 1844b. 1844 c. 1845c. 1845 What year did Fuller begin attending the Transcendentalist circle meetings?What year did Fuller begin attending the Transcendentalist circle meetings? a. 1900a. 1900 b. 1865b. 1865 c. 1838c. 1838

AnswersAnswers aa bb cc aa bb aa bb bb bb cc

33rdrd Sumission Sumission BANCROFT, George, historian, born in Worcester, Massachusetts, 3 October 1800BANCROFT, George, historian, born in Worcester, Massachusetts, 3 October 1800 son of the Rev. Aaron Bancroft. son of the Rev. Aaron Bancroft. graduated at Harvard in 1817, and went to Germany. graduated at Harvard in 1817, and went to Germany. At Gottingen, he studied German literature under Benecke; French and Italian literature under Artaud and Bunsen At Gottingen, he studied German literature under Benecke; French and Italian literature under Artaud and Bunsen

; Arabic. Hebrew, and Scripture interpretation under Eichhorn ; history under Planck and Heeren; natural history ; Arabic. Hebrew, and Scripture interpretation under Eichhorn ; history under Planck and Heeren; natural history under Blumenbaeh; and the antiquities and literature of Greece and Rome under Dissen, with whom he took a under Blumenbaeh; and the antiquities and literature of Greece and Rome under Dissen, with whom he took a course of Greek philosophy course of Greek philosophy

In 1820 Bancroft was given the degree of Ph. died by the University of GottingenIn 1820 Bancroft was given the degree of Ph. died by the University of Gottingen selected history as his special branch, having as one of his reasons the desire to see if the selected history as his special branch, having as one of his reasons the desire to see if the

observation of Massachusetts’s men in action would not be lead by the inductive method to the establishment of observation of Massachusetts’s men in action would not be lead by the inductive method to the establishment of the laws of morality as a science. the laws of morality as a science.

Removing to Berlin, he became intimate with Schleiermacher, William yon Humboldt, Savigny, Lappenberg, and Removing to Berlin, he became intimate with Schleiermacher, William yon Humboldt, Savigny, Lappenberg, and Varnhagen yon Ense, and at Jena he made the acquaintance of Goethe. He studied at Heidelberg with the Varnhagen yon Ense, and at Jena he made the acquaintance of Goethe. He studied at Heidelberg with the historian Schlosser.historian Schlosser.

In 1822 he returned to the United States and accepted for one year the office of tutor of Greek in Harvard.In 1822 he returned to the United States and accepted for one year the office of tutor of Greek in Harvard. His first publication was a volume of poems (Cambridge, 1823). In the same year, in conjunction with Dr. Joseph His first publication was a volume of poems (Cambridge, 1823). In the same year, in conjunction with Dr. Joseph

G. Cogswell, he opened the Round Hill School at Northampton, Massachusetts. In 1824 published a translation of G. Cogswell, he opened the Round Hill School at Northampton, Massachusetts. In 1824 published a translation of Heeren's "Politics of Ancient Greece" (Boston), and in 1826 an oration, in which he advocated universal suffrage Heeren's "Politics of Ancient Greece" (Boston), and in 1826 an oration, in which he advocated universal suffrage and the foundation of the state on the power of the whole people. and the foundation of the state on the power of the whole people.

In 1830, without his knowledge, he was elected to the legislature, but refused to take his seat, and the next year In 1830, without his knowledge, he was elected to the legislature, but refused to take his seat, and the next year he declined a nomination, though certain to have been elected, for the state senate.he declined a nomination, though certain to have been elected, for the state senate.

In 1834 he published the first volume of his "History of the United States" (Boston). In 1835 he drafted an address In 1834 he published the first volume of his "History of the United States" (Boston). In 1835 he drafted an address to the people of Massachusetts at the request of the young men's democratic convention, and in the same year to the people of Massachusetts at the request of the young men's democratic convention, and in the same year he removed to Springfield, Massachusetts, where he resided for three years, and completed the second volume he removed to Springfield, Massachusetts, where he resided for three years, and completed the second volume of his history. In 1838 he was appointed by President Van Buren collector of the port of Boston. In 1844 he was of his history. In 1838 he was appointed by President Van Buren collector of the port of Boston. In 1844 he was nominated by the Democratic Party for governor of Massachusetts, and received a very large vote, though not nominated by the Democratic Party for governor of Massachusetts, and received a very large vote, though not sufficient for election. After the accession of President Polk, Mr. Bancroft became secretary of the navy, and sufficient for election. After the accession of President Polk, Mr. Bancroft became secretary of the navy, and signalized his administration by the establishment of the naval academy at Annapolis, and other reforms and signalized his administration by the establishment of the naval academy at Annapolis, and other reforms and improvements. This institution was devised and completely set at work by Mr. Bancroft alone, who received for improvements. This institution was devised and completely set at work by Mr. Bancroft alone, who received for the purpose all the appropriations for which he asked. The third volume had appeared in 1840, and volumes 4 to the purpose all the appropriations for which he asked. The third volume had appeared in 1840, and volumes 4 to 10 at intervals from 1852 to 1874. In 1876 the work was revised and issued in a centenary edition (6 vols., 12mo, 10 at intervals from 1852 to 1874. In 1876 the work was revised and issued in a centenary edition (6 vols., 12mo, Boston). Volumes 11 and 12 were published first under the title "History of the Formation of the Constitution of the Boston). Volumes 11 and 12 were published first under the title "History of the Formation of the Constitution of the United States" (New York, 1882). The last revised edition of the whole work appeared in six volumes (New York, United States" (New York, 1882). The last revised edition of the whole work appeared in six volumes (New York, 1884-'85). 1884-'85).

WILLIAM HICKLING PRESCOTTWILLIAM HICKLING PRESCOTT (1796-1859), American historian, was born in (1796-1859), American historian, was born in Salem, Massachusetts, on the 4th of May 1796. , on the 4th of May 1796.

On 4th May 1820 he was married to Miss Susan Amory. Prior to his marriage he had made a few On 4th May 1820 he was married to Miss Susan Amory. Prior to his marriage he had made a few experiments in composition, but he now finally decided to devote his life to literature. A review of experiments in composition, but he now finally decided to devote his life to literature. A review of Byron's Byron's Letters on Letters on Pope in 1821 constituted his first contribution to the in 1821 constituted his first contribution to the North American Review,North American Review, to which he continued for many years to send the results of his slighter researches. He next to which he continued for many years to send the results of his slighter researches. He next turned to turned to French literature, and to the , and to the early English drama and ballad literature. Of the direction drama and ballad literature. Of the direction and quality of his thought at this time he has left indications in his papers on and quality of his thought at this time he has left indications in his papers on Essay-WritingEssay-Writing (1822) and on (1822) and on French and English TragedyFrench and English Tragedy (1823). (1823).

It was not till the 19th of January 1826 that he recorded in the private memoranda begun by him It was not till the 19th of January 1826 that he recorded in the private memoranda begun by him in 1820 his decision "to embrace the gift of the Spanish subject." The choice was certainly a bold in 1820 his decision "to embrace the gift of the Spanish subject." The choice was certainly a bold one. He could only use the eye which remained to him for brief and intermittent periods, and as one. He could only use the eye which remained to him for brief and intermittent periods, and as travelling affected his sight prejudicially he could not anticipate any personal research amongst travelling affected his sight prejudicially he could not anticipate any personal research amongst unpublished records and historic scenes. unpublished records and historic scenes.

History of the reign of History of the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella - his and Isabella - his first great work. first great work. He still continued his yearly experimental contributions to the He still continued his yearly experimental contributions to the North American Review,North American Review,

elaborating them with a view as much to ultimate historical proficiency as to immediate literary elaborating them with a view as much to ultimate historical proficiency as to immediate literary effect, the essays on effect, the essays on Scottish SongScottish Song (1826), (1826), Novel-WritingNovel-Writing (1827), (1827), MoliereMoliere (1828), and Irving's (1828), and Irving's Granada (1829)) belonging to this preparatory period. On the 6th of October 1829 he began the (1829)) belonging to this preparatory period. On the 6th of October 1829 he began the actual work of composition, which was continued without more serious interruptions than those actual work of composition, which was continued without more serious interruptions than those occasioned by the essays on occasioned by the essays on Asylums for the BlindAsylums for the Blind (1830), (1830), Poetry and Romance of the ItaliansPoetry and Romance of the Italians (1831), and (1831), and English Literature of the 19th CenturyEnglish Literature of the 19th Century (1832), until the 25th of June 1836. Another (1832), until the 25th of June 1836. Another year, during which his essay on year, during which his essay on CervantesCervantes appeared, was spent in the final revision of the appeared, was spent in the final revision of the HistoryHistory for the press. Prescott suddenly found himself elevated to the first rank of contemporary for the press. Prescott suddenly found himself elevated to the first rank of contemporary historians. historians.

History of the Conquest of Mexico.History of the Conquest of Mexico. The work was completed in August 1843, the five years' The work was completed in August 1843, the five years' labour having been broken by the composition of reviews of Lockhart's labour having been broken by the composition of reviews of Lockhart's Life of Scott (1838),Life of Scott (1838), Kenyon's Kenyon's PoemsPoems (1839), (1839), ChateaubriandChateaubriand (1839), Bancroft's (1839), Bancroft's United States United States (1841), Mariotti's (1841), Mariotti's ItalyItaly (1842), and Madame Calderon's (1842), and Madame Calderon's Life in MexicoLife in Mexico (1843), and by the preparation of an abridgment (1843), and by the preparation of an abridgment of his of his Ferdinand and IsabellaFerdinand and Isabella in anticipation of its threatened abridgment by another hand. On the in anticipation of its threatened abridgment by another hand. On the 6th of December 1843 the 6th of December 1843 the Conquest of MexicoConquest of Mexico was published with a success proportionate to a was published with a success proportionate to a wide reputation won by his previous workwide reputation won by his previous work

Resources:Resources: http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/William_Hickling_Prescotthttp://www.1911encyclopedia.org/William_Hickling_Prescott Edited Appletons Encyclopedia,“George Bancroft,” Edited Appletons Encyclopedia,“George Bancroft,”

http://www.famousamericans.net/georgebancroft/http://www.famousamericans.net/georgebancroft/

People and VocabularyPeople and Vocabulary People:People: George Bancroft – American historian who wrote “History of the George Bancroft – American historian who wrote “History of the

United States”United States” William Hickling Prescott – American historian who wrote “History of William Hickling Prescott – American historian who wrote “History of

the Conquest of Mexico”the Conquest of Mexico” Vocabulary:Vocabulary: Ballad Literature – literary genre of traditional, narrative poetryBallad Literature – literary genre of traditional, narrative poetry North American Review – Oldest literary magazine in the U.S. North American Review – Oldest literary magazine in the U.S.

Founded in Boston in 1815Founded in Boston in 1815 Abridgement – most commonly used in shortening or condensing a Abridgement – most commonly used in shortening or condensing a

literary workliterary work Antiquities – usually used in the plural to define objects from Antiquities – usually used in the plural to define objects from

Antiquity and things from the Mediterranean Antiquity and things from the Mediterranean History of the United States – covers the discovery of the continent History of the United States – covers the discovery of the continent

to the Revolutionary war. Written by George Bancroftto the Revolutionary war. Written by George Bancroft

Multiple ChoiceMultiple Choice 1. Who wrote to the North American Review?1. Who wrote to the North American Review? a. George Bancrofta. George Bancroft b. Dr. Joseph G. Cogswellb. Dr. Joseph G. Cogswell c. William Hickling Prescottc. William Hickling Prescott 2. Antiquities involves objects from2. Antiquities involves objects from a. Europea. Europe b. the Mediterraneanb. the Mediterranean c. the United Statesc. the United States 3. The last revised addition of “History of the United States” had how many 3. The last revised addition of “History of the United States” had how many

volumes?volumes? a. 6a. 6 b. 12b. 12 c. 1c. 1 4. Who declined a nomination for the Senate? 4. Who declined a nomination for the Senate? a. William Hickling Prescotta. William Hickling Prescott b. George Bancroftb. George Bancroft c. President Van Burenc. President Van Buren 5. Where did Bancroft get his ph. degree?5. Where did Bancroft get his ph. degree? a. University of Gottingena. University of Gottingen b. Harvard Universityb. Harvard University c. Yalec. Yale

Multiple ChoiceMultiple Choice 6. Who translated Heeren’s “Politics of Ancient Greece”?6. Who translated Heeren’s “Politics of Ancient Greece”? a. George Bancrofta. George Bancroft b. Varnhagenb. Varnhagen c. Byronc. Byron 7. Prescott started in which subject?7. Prescott started in which subject? a. Literaturea. Literature b. Historyb. History c. Politicsc. Politics 8. What year was the 3rd volume of “History of the United States” written?8. What year was the 3rd volume of “History of the United States” written? a. 1825a. 1825 b. 1830b. 1830 c. 1840c. 1840 9. Prescott’s first great work was9. Prescott’s first great work was a. “History of the United States”a. “History of the United States” b. “Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire”b. “Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire” c. “History of the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella”c. “History of the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella” 10. The last two volumes of “History of the United States” were published 10. The last two volumes of “History of the United States” were published

under the nameunder the name a. “History of the Formation of the Constitution of the United States” a. “History of the Formation of the Constitution of the United States” b. b.

volumes 11 and 12volumes 11 and 12 c. “History of the Conquest of Mexico” c. “History of the Conquest of Mexico”

AnswersAnswers 1. c1. c 2. b2. b 3.a3.a 4.b4.b 5.a5.a 6.a6.a 7.a7.a 8.c8.c 9.c9.c 10.a10.a