ANTHROPOLOGY- ALL INDIA TEST SERIES · 5. Genesis as myth and other essays (Jonathan Cape, 1969) 6....

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Test No: 1 Date: 05.01.2019

Max. Marks: 250 Max. Time 3 Hours

ANTHROPOLOGY- ALL INDIA TEST SERIES PAPER-1, CHAPTERS- 6, 7, 8 & PAPER-2, CHAPTERS- 4

KEY SECTION- A

1 (a) Distinguish between Technique, Method and Methodology

❖ Used to explore, for information and knowledge, in a scientific way so as to derive

and study the same data and information for anthropological study...

❖ Technique: Instruments used in conducting anthropological research

▪ Ex:Recording information, observations

▪ Used to process data and derive information from that

❖ Methods: A method is a way of conducting and implementing research. method is a

systematic plan for conducting research. A method could make use of more than one

technique to achieve a given end. In general usage, a method is a broader term than a

technique, which is very specific.

❖ Participant Observation method ( DO include few example of scholars and societies

studied by them: to enhance FACT quotients of answer)

❖ Methodology: is the science and philosophy behind all research,

o it is comprehensive way to solve any research problem in scientific manner.

❖ Field work as such may be counted as a methodology.

1 (b) Genealogy as a technique of data collection in Anthropology

➢ Genealogy method is used as tool for data collection for research methods in

anthropology.

➢ Genealogy is the study of one’s ancestors - parents, grandparents great grandparents

and so on.

➢ The genealogical method was originally developed by W.H.R. Rivers during the

Torres Straits expedition of 1898-99.

➢ The primary aim of genealogical method is the analysis of social organisation, i.e. the

interpersonal relations and living arrangements between members of a society.

➢ The method required extensive interviewing of individuals in order to record their

descent, succession and inheritance

➢ Used by Boas in Inuits, by Rivers among the Todas.

➢ Genealogical method is very much helpful in studying kinship, and thereby in

understanding the social structure or network of relationship among individuals.

➢ Criticism

➢ (try giving the chart of symbols used in genealogies)

1 (c ) Victor turner’s Symbolic school

❖ Symbolic anthropology can be divided into two major approaches. One is associated

with Clifford Geertz and the University of Chicago and the other with Victor W.

Turner at Cornell


❖ Victor Witter Turner (1920-1983) was the major figure in the other branch of

symbolic anthropology.

❖ study of the Ndembu in Africa,

❖ Turner was not interested in symbols as vehicles of "culture" as Geertz was but

instead investigated symbols as "operators in the social process"

❖ Major work:

• Turner, Victor W. 1967. The Forest of Symbols: Aspects of Ndembu Ritual.

Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.

• Turner, Victor W. 1980. Social Dramas and Stories about Them. Critical

Inquiry 7:141-168.

• Turner, Edith. 1985. Prologue: From the Ndembu to Broadway. In On the

Edge of the Bush: Anthropology as Experience. Edith Turner, ed. Tucson:

University of Arizona Press

❖ Social Drama is a concept devised by Victor Turner to study the dialectic of social

transformation and continuity. A social drama is "a spontaneous unit of social process

and a fact of everyone's experience in every human society"

1 d. Neo evolutionism of Sahlins and Service

• Neo Evolutionism: Neoevolutionism as a social theory attempts to explain the

evolution of societies by drawing on Charles Darwin's theory of evolution while

discarding some dogmas of the previous theories of social evolutionism.

Neoevolutionism is concerned with long-term, directional, evolutionary social change

and with the regular patterns of development that may be seen in unrelated, widely-

separated cultures. (wiki)

➢ SAHLIN&Service : In their Evolution and Culture (1960), have touched on the areas

of cultural evolution and neoevolutionism. He divided the evolution of societies into

"general" and "specific".

➢ General evolution is the tendency of cultural and social systems to increase in

complexity, organization and adaptiveness to environment

➢ Moala, Sahlins's first major monograph, exemplifies this approach.

➢ “Sahlins and Service consider that both biological and cultural evolution move in two

directions at the same time. They consider that evolution causes both diversity and

progression of characteristic adaptions.

➢ Sahlins and Service's theory of specific evolution is purely Darwinian in nature,

focusing on adaption as a necessary and immediate result of the occurrence of

evolutionary change .

➢ From the theoretical foundations of Sahlins and Service, cultural evolutionary theory

played an integral part in the genesis of the New Archaeology

➢ Another researcher that applied this brand of cultural evolutionary theory was Robert

L. Carneiro. Carneiro considered that land was an environmental limiting factor, and

that control of circumscribed land represented a struggle for existence and

evolutionary success.


➢ The cultural adaptive response was the development of large autonomous political

units (states), whose formation gave some selective advantage to one culture over

another.

1(e): Primary sources of information

➢ Primary sources refer to information collected firsthand from such sources as

historical documents, literary texts, artistic works, experiments, surveys, and

interviews. Primary sources are original, uninterpreted information. Scholars analyze

primary sources in order to answer research questions.

Primary Sources in Anthropology Include:

• First-hand evidence

• Contemporary accounts of events

• Material culture (i.e. objects and artefacts)

• Below are some examples of anthropology specific primary sources, and how they

could be used:

Examples of Primary Sources

• Digital Collections

• Newspapers (can be primary or secondary source)

• Letters and correspondence

• Diaries and personal narratives

• Interviews

• Government documents

• Laws & Legislation

Visual Resources

• Still Images/photos

• Video/Films taken at the time of the event

• Sound-recordings – such as oral histories, political speeches

Numerical & Geospatial Data

• Maps

• Non-spatial data sets

➢ LIMITATIONS of Primary Source

2. a. Write an essay on the evolution of fieldwork in anthropology 25 marks

➢ The use of fieldwork is considered to be fundamental part of anthropological research

➢ Fieldwork is among the most distinctive practices anthropologists bring to the study of

human life in society. Through fieldwork, the social anthropologist seeks a detailed and

intimate understanding of the context of social action and relations.

➢ Explain trends

1. Secondary to primary to tertiary to content analysis method

2. Non participant to participant

3. Trace the evolution from classical evolution to post modernism, giving examples

of each of the schools…..

http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/


➢ Participant observation enables the social anthropologist to undertake detailed, lengthy

and often complex observations of social life in fine detail

Following structure may also be adopted: Cite evolution of anthropology and link the field

work evolution with it:

1. Classical Evolutionism

a. Morgan: visited Iroquois Indian

b. Morgan Used Genealogical method to study Kinship

c. WHR Rivers: Toda of Nilgiri

2. Franz Boas

a. FW at Baffin Island & British Columbia

b. Research on Eskimos (North Canada) and Kwakiutl Indians

3. Functionalism: Malinowski: Malinowski’s attitude to fieldwork was that it should

rest heavily on analytical and scientific methods, alongside being transparent.

a. tradition of ‘participant observation: Cite examples….

b. He is stalwart in field work traditions, Highlight his contributions

4. Structural Functionalism: Radcliff Brown: Andaman Islanders

5. Culture Personality: Mead, Cora Du Bois

6. Modernism

Cite Few examples from Indian Context too

2 b. Compare Culture area school and Culture circle school. 25

✓ A culture area may be defined as a geographical/cultural region whose population

and groups share important common identifiable cultural traits, such as language,

tools and material culture, kinship, social organization, and cultural history

✓ Arctic, Subarctic, Pacific Northwest, Northeast, Southeast, Great Plains, Southwest,

Plateau, Great Basin, and California

This concept has been vociferously criticized over the last century. The notion of the culture

area has been viewed as being ethnocentric because it ignores adaptation or biology and

appears to rely on diffusion as an explanation for similar cultural traits (especially inventions)

in a single geographic area. local and regional differences are virtually ignored, and the

concept of independent invention was often discarded. anthropologists cannot agree on the

number of culture areas and how groups should be classified within those divisions.

3. a. Structuralism of Edmond Leach. 15

✓ British anthropologist; student of Malinowski and Firth;

✓ Leach spanned the gap between British structural-functionalism (exemplified by

Radcliffe-Brown and Malinowski), and French structuralism (exemplified by Levi-

Strauss).

✓ fieldwork in Burma and Sri Lanka.

✓ a monograph - Political Systems of Highland Burma (1954)


✓ Leach's monograph from Sri Lanka (PulEliya, a Village in Ceylon: A Study of Land

Tenure and Kinship, 1961) is a classical ethnographic study of economic organization

in peasant society.

✓ Leach was (along with Rodney Needham) among the first British anthropologists to

be drawn toward structuralism during the 1960's,

✓ There are particularly two themes that dominate in structuralist thinking:

(1) the emphasis on meaning and symbolism, particularly the subconscious aspects of

meaning, and

(2) the emphasis on exchange.

✓ Literature work

1. Political systems of highland Burma: a study of Kachin social structure (Harvard

University Press, 1954)

2. Rethinking anthropology (Robert Cunningham and Sons Ltd., 1961)

3. PulEliya: a village in Ceylon (Cambridge University Press, 1961)

4. A runaway world? (London: BBC, 1968)

5. Genesis as myth and other essays (Jonathan Cape, 1969)

6. Claude Lévi-Strauss (Viking Press, 1970)

7. Culture and communication: the logic by which symbols are connected (Cambridge

University Press, 1976)

8. Social anthropology (Oxford University Press, 1982)

9. The essential Edmund Leach (Yale University Press, 2001, 2 vols.)

3b. Contributions of T N Madan to Indian Anthropology. 15

✓ TrilokiNathMadan: currently Professor Emeritus of Sociology at the Institute of

Economic Growth, Delhi University, and Distinguished Senior Fellow (Adjunct),

Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, Delhi.

✓ His most noted work :

1. Family and Kinship among the Pandits of Rural Kashmir which presented an

account of the social life of Kashmiri Pandits.

2. His more recent publications include, "Modern Myths, Locked Minds:

Secularism and Fundamentalism in India" (1997, 2009),

3. "Images of the World: Essays on Religion, Secularism, and Culture" (2005),

and

4. "Sociological Traditions: Methods and Perspectives in the Sociology of India"

(2011).

5. Culture and Development (1983);

6. Non-renunciation: Themes and Interpretations of Hindu Culture (1987);

7. Pathways: Approaches to the Study of Society in India (1994);

8. The Hindu Householder (2010);

9. Sociological Traditions: Methods and Perspectives in the Sociology of India

(2011).


✓ He worked on a project on modern professions and on kinship, renunciation and

family. He has worked on family, kinship and occupation among Kashmiri Muslims

in the Kashmir valley.

✓ He has worked also on the religious ideology of the Muslims and Hindus of Kashmir,

caste, family and development in India and on the magnitude and structure of the

professions in India, among other things.

✓ He is a Fellow of the Royal Anthropological Institute, a Life Member of the Indian

Sociological Society and the Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society, and a Member

of the Association of Social Anthropology of the Commonwealth.

✓ He has been an editor of Contributions to Indian Sociology.

3c. Social context of use of language. 20

Intro - Central area of study in Socio- lInguistics ; How various social aspects determines

language use

Social contexts provided by different social variables

1. Ideolects

2. Social class

3. Age

4. Gender

5. Ethnic background

6. Multilingualism and diaglossia

7. Lingua franca

8. Pidgin and creole

Explain each of them with examples

4. a. Evolution of Village studies in India. 20

✓ Popularised by DNM – Introduction to Scio Anthropology

✓ DNM defined VS as ‘interplay between the land owning community and those

communities depending on land for their economy c and ritual aspects

✓ LP Vidyarthi’s 3 phases: Details to be added;

1. Formulataive – 1774-1919

2. Constructive 1920-1948 (pre Independence and Post-Independence)

3. ANalystical-1950-

✓ AFTER 1970 Village Study has seen a decreasing trend because

a. Govt focus shifts to large scale industries

b. Agriculture contribution has decreased in GDP

c. Small scale industries importance is decreasing

Conclude with Significance of Village studies:

(i) Village studies help in planning rural reconstruction.


(ii) Village studies provide useful information to other disciplines.

(iii) Village studies provide useful knowledge about Indian social reality.

4b. Frazer’s theory of evolutionism. 20

Build the answer using following points:

➢ Classical philosopher and anthropologist Sir James George Frazer; Often considered

one of the founders of contemporary anthropology, and a major influence on

twentieth-century social anthropology, Frazer was among the first to study ‘religion’

as a social activity that could be compared and contrasted.

➢ The Golden Bough, a study of comparative religion by Sir James Frazer.

➢ Frazer accepted the idea, proposed in 1871 by E. B. Tylor, that the process of

evolution was just as active in our mental and spiritual lives as in the material

products of our industries and institutions.

➢ Frazer, who was interested exclusively in the development of the mind, saw this

evolution as passing through three distinct, sequential stages, which he characterized

by the world-view that they allegedly embodied - the first, magic – religion-science,

➢ Frazer's classification notably diverged from earlier anthropological descriptions of

cultural evolution, because he claimed magic was both initially separate from religion

and invariably preceded religion. Frazer believed that magic and science were similar

because both shared an emphasis on experimentation and practicality

Criticism

➢ Misleading use of scientific terminology

➢ "Christianization" of non-Christian cultures

4c. Concept of Culture core. 10

➢ The concept of the culture area was first applied by ethnologist Clark Wissler in order

to provide a theoretical framework for the information being generated by group of

scholars ( Franz Boas students).

➢ A culture area was defined as a geographical/cultural region whose population and

groups share important common identifiable cultural traits, such as language, tools

and material culture, kinship, social organization, and cultural history. Therefore,

groups sharing similar traits in a geographical region would be classed in a single

culture area.

➢ By defining the idea of a “culture core,” or the group in the culture area that

produces the most complex traits and then shares those with other nearby groups, this

concept provided a powerful explanatory tool

➢ Away from the central core, the characteristics weaken and disappear. Thus, many

formal culture regions display a core-periphery.

➢ Criticism

o local and regional differences are virtually ignored, and the concept of

independent invention was often discarded

o anthropologists cannot agree on the number of culture areas and culture cores


SECTION- B

5a. Modal personality

➢ This is defined as the personality typical of a culturally bounded population, as

indicated by the central tendency of a defined frequency distribution. Thus, this is a

statistical concept and seeks to overcome the biases of earlier, allegedly

impressionistic, studies on personality types such as the one by Ruth Benedict.

➢ Modal personality was defined in The People of Alor

➢ The Alor study focused on issues and methods involving both anthropology and

psychology. It was designed specifically to explore cross-culturally the potential for

the existence of a basic human personality structure embedded in specific

sociocultural settings and social-institutional structures.

➢ The methodological device, applied by DuBois to the Alor population, included the

application of both quantitative projective and nonprojective testing procedures in a

fieldwork situation.

Criticism: Concept is too complex to be carried out in field situations; It is not always easy to

carry out all the necessary tests, observations, etc. and at the same time have adequate sample

for statistical treatment of the same.

➢ It is also not certain that any set of tests developed for modal personality studies are

appropriate for all cultures

5b. Linguistic Anthropology

➢ Linguistic anthropology studies speech and language as socio cultural phenomena

across space and time. It also deals with the basic area of study by linguistics such as

evolution, struc-ture, variation of language but it does these things with a focus on

socio cultural context in this sense linguistics is seen as study of language

independent of culture.

➢ content includes- Theories of origin of language

Social context of language use

Verbal and non Verbal communication

➢ Language is part of what makes us human. Linguistic anthropologists study language,

and how language is used in order to understand culture.

➢ comparative study of the ways in which language shapes social life

➢ Add Boas' views on need to study language

5c. Varna – Caste

Varna: Varna may be described as an abstract classification of people of a mythical origin.

The religious explanation of the Varna system is derived from the Purushashukta and the Rig-

Vedic hymn which describes the creation of priests (Brahmins) warriors (Kshatriyas) traders

(Vaisyas) and menials (Sudras) from the mouth, arms, thighs and feet of the Creator

respectively.


1. Literally ‘Varna’ means colour and originates from the world ‘Vri’ meaning the choice of

one’s occupation. Hence Varna is concerned with one’s colour or occupation.

2. Varna’s are only four in number i.e. Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Sudra.

Caste:

1. Caste or ‘Jati’ originates from the root word ‘Jana’ which implies taking birth. Thus, caste

is concerned with birth.

2. Castes are very large in number. Castes also have many subdivisions known as sub-castes.

In the words of Andre Beteille, “When one uses the term “caste” in English, one is actually

translating two distinct terms in the classical as well as the modern languages of India. The

first term is varna and the second is jati.

[Also Refer MNS Article for enriching the answer]

5d. Functional analysis of Karma Philosophy

➢ refers to the spiritual principle of cause and effect where intent and actions of an

individual (cause) influence the future of that individual (effect). The philosophy of

karma is closely associated with the idea of rebirth

➢ it motivates people to work harder, striving for a higher station in their next lives

➢ Different doctrines of karma


o Manu’s- Satvika, Rajasik, Tamasik

o Yagnavalkya-

o Sukraneeti- fate and karma

o PatanjaliYogasutra-

o Jainism-

o Buddhism

o Vedanta-

o Karma yogi-

Functional aspect: Concept of Karma is related to Rebirth

➢ Bhagvadgeeta - Karma refers to activities and its consequences. All activities related

to sansar chakra. Mention types of karma.

➢ Rebirth – transmigration of soul ; based on the belief that soul is immortal

➢ Closely linked to Karma.

➢ Nishkama karma/Karma in accordance with dharma Moksha

➢ performance of bad karma ( violation of dharma) Rebirth

CRITICISM

➢ the idea that dire circumstances, such as poverty, oppression, discrimination, etc., may

be explained by karma of last birth.

➢ The same Idea was used to justify Caste based division and discrimination…

5e. Pan Egyptian School

➢ The pan-Egyptian school was founded by Grafton Elliot Smith. The group of

evolutionists consisting of G.E. Smith, W.J. Perry, and their followers, is called pan-

Egyptian or the Heliolithic School

➢ believed ancient Egypt was the source of all human culture. According to this school

of thought culture cannot have its origin in every parts of the world. According to

them, it is only the ancient Egypt where there are favorable conditions for the origin

of the culture.

➢ Perry followed Smith. He presented his findings in his book, The Children of the Sun.

He established on the strength of his data that culture traits diffused from Egypt to

the Mediterranean-Basin, Africa and India.

Criticism:

Criticism of diffusionism thought may be presented here too

Neglect of inventiveness of man,

6. a. Explain structural functional theory of R C Brown. How is it different from

Malinowski’s Functionalism? 30

✓ Functionalists seek to describe the different parts of a society and their relationship by

means of an organic analogy. Functionalist analyses examine the social significance

of phenomena, that is, the function they serve a particular society in maintaining the

whole (Jarvie 1973). Functionalism, as a school of thought in anthropology, emerged

in the early twentieth century. Bronislaw Malinowski and A.R. Radcliffe-Brown had

the greatest influence on the development of functionalism from their posts in Great

Britain and elsewhere


✓ Two versions of functionalism developed between 1910 and 1930: Malinowski’s

biocultural (or psychological) functionalism; and structural-functionalism, the

approach advanced by Radcliffe-Brown.

✓ Malinowski suggested that individuals have physiological needs (reproduction, food,

shelter)

✓ Radcliffe-Brown focused on social structure rather than biological needs

✓ Radcliffe-Brown argued that explanations of social phenomena had to be constructed

within the social level. Thus, individuals were replaceable, transient occupants of

social roles.

✓ Unlike Malinowski’s emphasis on individuals, Radcliffe-Brown considered

individuals irrelevant

Facts may be presented in tabular format for comparison

✓ Frame answer using following facts and views in the answer:

1. RCB: A true anthropologist

2. Field Work

a. Andaman Island 1906-08

b. Polynesia Australia

3. Concept of Social Structure in his book ‘Structure and function of Primitive

Societies 1952

4. Structural functionalism, is "a framework for building theory that sees society as a

complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability

✓ Malinowski's functionalism claimed that social practices could be directly explained

by their ability to satisfy basic biological needs, Radcliffe-Brown rejected this as

baseless. Instead, influenced by the process philosophy of Alfred North Whitehead, he

claimed that the fundamental units of anthropology were processes of human life and

interaction.

❖ Author of books:

1. The Family Among the Australian Aborigines (1913)

2. The Natives of Mailu (1915)

3. The Trobriand Islands (1915)

4. Argonauts of the Western Pacific (1922)

5. The Scientific Theory of Culture (1922)

6. Myth in Primitive Psychology (1926)

7. Crime and Custom in Savage Society (1926)

b. Comment on the contributions of British Anthropologist administrators to

Indian Anthropology. 20

❖ Anthropology in India was introduced by anthropologists from England who came to

India and collected data on Indian populations and prepared monographs on them. It

was during the second half of the nineteenth century when a number of monographs

on tribal and other communities were written by the British administrators and

anthropologists


❖ Anthropologists like W. H. R. Rivers, J. H. Hutton, A. R. Radcliffe-Brown and C. G.

Seligman who came to India influenced people like Paul Olaf Bodding, Hoffman,

Emelen, etc. to work on Indian communities

❖ detailed accounts of specific tribes by Briggs, Shakespeare, Gurdel, Mills, Parry and

Grigson.

❖ Apart from ethnographic reports, listings of customs, and administrative reports, there

were also land revenue settlement reports that gave a more realistic functional idea of

Indian rural society, like the works of Dalton, Buchanan and Lord Baden-Powell.

❖ H. H. Risley first published his account of the tribes and castes of Bengal in 1891.

Later, he was famous as head of census operations in India. This period resulted in

The People of India.

❖ After Grierson’s linguistic survey of India, many associations brought out small

monographs on the tribes of their region, their social and cultural mores and customs,

as well as their language.

7. a. Write an essay on the contributions of Fran Boas to Anthropology. 30

❖ Franz Boas, considered the “father of American anthropology” and the architect of its

contemporary structure, helped revolutionize the consciousness and conscience of

humanity by fighting against 19th-century colonial Anglo-American ethnocentrism

and racism and championing 20th-century cultural relativism, tolerance, and

multicultural awareness.

❖ Boas was one of the most prominent opponents of the then-popular ideologies of

scientific racism, the idea that race is a biological concept and that human behavior is

best understood through the typology of biological characteristics.

❖ His first fieldwork experience was among the Inuit peoples in Baffin Island, Canada,

from 1883 to 1884. From 1885 to 1886, Boas conducted fieldwork under the auspices

of several museums on the North Pacific Coast of North America

❖ Boas promoted a cultural anthropology characterized by following

1. Empiricism

2. A notion of culture as fluid and dynamic

3. Ethnographic fieldwork

4. Cultural relativism

❖ By employing an historical model of reality operationalized by empiricism, Boas

developed a scientific anthropology (Boasian anthropology) that rejected theories of

sociocultural evolution.

❖ Historical Particularism is an approach to understand the nature of culture and

change in particular culture and people.

❖ He tried to understand cultural traits in terms of two historical processes, diffusion

and modification

❖ Boas created the four field subdivision of anthropology which became prominent in

American anthropology in the 20th century. Four subfields of Archaeology,

Linguistics, Physical Anthropology and Cultural anthropology.

❖ Physical Anthropology: By studying 18,000 American children of European

immigrants,

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_relativism


❖ Linguistics:He published many descriptive studies of Native American languages,

and wrote on theoretical difficulties in classifying languages, and laid out a research

program for studying the relations between language and culture

❖ Folklore: Franz Boas was an immensely influential figure throughout the

development of folklore as a discipline. He became the editor of the Journal of

American Folklore in 1908

❖ Main Publications

1. The Mind of Primitive Man. 1911 .

2. Primitive Art. 1927.

3. Race, Language and Culture. 1940.

❖ Criticism:

1. Too much emphasis on data collection

2. Although a humanist sympathiser, but he did not fully develop the critical potential of

Historical particularism

❖ Conclude with positive note on his contributions

7b.Universal evolution. 10

❖ This theory claims that societies develop according to one universal order of cultural

evolution, albeit at different rates, which explained why there were different types of

society existing in the world. E. B. Tylor, Lewis Henry Morgan, and Herbert Spencer.

❖ Social evolutionists identified universal evolutionary stages to classify different

societies as in a state of savagery, barbarism, or civilization

❖ Morgan further subdivided savagery and barbarism into sub-categories: low, middle,

and high.

❖ The stages were based primarily on technological characteristics, but included other

things such as political organization, marriage, family, and religion.

❖ There are two main assumptions embedded in social evolutionism: psychic unity and

the superiority of Western cultures.

❖ Psychic unity is a concept that suggests human minds share similar characteristics all

over the world

7c. Verbal communication. 10

❖ A part communication, the other being Non verbal communication.

❖ Def- Two way process of communication involving both production and reception of

sounds.

❖ Explanation-

1. Phonology- study of sounds- divided into phonetics, phonemics

Explain types of phonetics- articular phonetics and auditory phonetics

2. Morphology- investigation into the form of any language- studies morphemes-

Explain different types of morphemes- free and bound morphemes

3. Syntax- study of structure and ordering of components within a sentence

4. Semantics- study of meaning of words, phrases and sentences

Add a comment on the functions and merits of verbal communication compared to non verbal

communication.


8. a. Explain the contemporary relevance of Anthropological research to

understand social change among tribes in India. 25

❖ Social foundation of India has mainly three components – tribal settlements, villages

and towns. It is difficult to draw sharp distinction amongst them because they share

some common characteristics.

❖ Tribes have generally been defined in India in sense of what they are not. They did

not practice a religion with a written text, did not have clear class divisions, did not

have a state or political form of the normal kind and most importantly they did not

have caste.

❖ With the process of globalization along with the fast spread of information technology

and mass media in the 21st century tribal people have started increasingly

participating in a wider, more generalized culture and in plural social community.

❖ There has emerged a tradition among Indian sociologists to evaluate social change in

India from structural components of caste, family and village. Some of these

components include Sanskritization and westernization; Little and great traditions, etc

❖ Education: Education has proved to be an instrument of social change

❖ Mention formation of Jharkhand and other such movements by tribal communities

to keep their identities intact, Cite examples for the same

❖ Answer may be framed using following Contemporary Anthropological research

areas/domains

1. Socio: Marriage practises, family, Kinship, Legal system, Status of women

2. Economic: Occupation ( nomadic, settled agriculture, horticulture, pastoralist);

role of TRIFED and other NGOs etc

3. Political & religion: Leadership changes, Religion +political head, Shaman-

medicine man; detribalisation, Pseudo tribalism

4. Culture contact ( Jarawas, Sentinels etc)

5. Ethno-medicine

6. Genetics

7. Development anthropology: RR policies

8. Region specific: NE India, Western India, A&N Island, Northern Himalayan

9. Governmental Plans & policies: design & implementation of policies;

❖ Use above sub heads for the answer; cite case studies and examples for substantiating

the answer.

b. Kardiner and Linton’s theories of culture personality. 25

➢ The Culture and Personality movement was at the core of anthropology in the first half of

the 20th century. It examined the interaction between psychological and cultural forces at

work on the human experience.

➢ Ralph Linton (1893-1953), Abram Kardiner (1891-1981) regarded culture and personality

as interdependent and complementary to each other. They tried to correlate the type of

cultural patterns with the type of individual personalities obtained in that society. They

firmly believed that as a consequence of continuous contact with a particular type of

cultural pattern, similar types of personalities emerge.


➢ Linton was a co-founder of the basic personality structure theory with Kardiner.

❖ Linton stated that there is a difference between the way of life of people and what we

study and write about.Cultureand culture construct.

❖ he suggested some more concepts vis., basic personality, status personality, social

inventor etc.

❖ Abram Kardiner (1891-1981) : His contribution concerned the interplay of individual

personality development and situated cultures. He developed a psycho-cultural model for

the relationship between child-rearing, housing and decent types in the different cultures.

❖ His interpretations were presented principally in The Individual and His Society (1939)

and Psychological Frontiers of Society (1945)

❖ He compared two communities the Tanala, who were horticulturists with the Betsileo,

who were intensive cultivators of wet paddy.

❖ CRITICISMS: view due as a ‘vague abstraction’. It was criticized as being unscientific

and hard to disprove, and little evidence was given for the connection between child-

rearing practices and adulthood personality traits. Some other criticism are as follows:

• assumed culture as given and determining personality but neither of them

demonstrated how it happened

• They completely disregarded historical analysis.

• did not explain why a society chooses one culture option out of many available.

… ALL THE BEST….

ANTHROPOLOGY- ALL INDIA TEST SERIES · 5. Genesis as myth and other essays (Jonathan Cape, 1969) 6....

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Transcript of ANTHROPOLOGY- ALL INDIA TEST SERIES · 5. Genesis as myth and other essays (Jonathan Cape, 1969) 6....