Taylor Chen

I. Eating Christmas in the Kalahari / Scope of the Field

Richard Borshay Lee

B. The tactic for enforcing humility / !Kung

3. AWe refuse one who boasts, for someday his pride will make him kill somebody.@

4. There are no totally generous acts

e. All acts have an element of calculation

f. Thorough skepticism of good intentions

II. Ethnically Correct Dolls: Toying with the Race Industry / Scope of the Field

Elizabeth Chin

III. Argonauts of the Western Pacific / The Culture Concept and Fieldwork

Bronislaw Malinowski

C. South coast of New Guinea / Trobiand Islands / Omarakana

South coast of New Guinea / Trobiand Islands / Omarakanatc \l1 "South coast of New Guinea / Trobiand Islands / OmarakanaLISTNUM 2 \l 1Extensive and highly complex trading system, the KulaD. AHang of Tribal Life@

Hang of Tribal Lifetc \l1 "Hang of Tribal LifeLISTNUM 2 \l 1Cannot communicate well with natives

5. White full of bias and pre-judged opinions

E. Methods used in collecting ethnographic material

Methods used in collecting ethnographic materialtc \l1 "Methods used in collecting ethnographic materialLISTNUM 2 \l 1Principles of method

g. Real scientific aims / know values and criteria of ethnography

h. Good conditions of work / live right among natives

xviii. this is most elementary

i. Apply special methods of collecting, manipulating, and fixing his evidence

F. Proper conditions for ethnographic work

Proper conditions for ethnographic worktc \l1 "Proper conditions for ethnographic work6. Cutting oneself off from the company of other white men

7. Eventually seek out native=s company for relief from solitude

8. Eventually presented more or less like a native

9. Cease to be a disturbing element in the tribal life

10. Acquire Athe feeling@ for native good and bad manners

G. Inspired by knowledge / by its principles and aims

Inspired by knowledge / by its principles and aimstc \l1 "Inspired by knowledge / by its principles and aims11. Good training apart from Apreconceived ideas@

j. Preconceived ideas are pernicious

Foreshadowed problems are main endowment

12. First ideal

k. Give clear and firm outline of social constitution

l. Disentangle laws and regularities

m. Cover full extent of phenomena in each aspect

n. Whole area in all its aspects has to be gone over in research

H. Formulation

Formulationtc \l1 "FormulationLISTNUM 2 \l 1Draw up rules and regularities of tribal life

o. Anatomy of culture / Constitution of society

13. Expediency

p. Collecting concrete data of evidence

q. Drawing general inferences

14. Method of statistic documentation by concrete evidencer. Enormous deficiencies / must cross-fertilize work & observation

s. Mental chart must be transformed into real one / tabularized form

I. Inponderabilia of actual life / Type of behaviorInponderabilia of actual life / Type of behaviortc \l1 "Inponderabilia of actual life / Type of behavior15. Observation in their full actuality / Flesh and Blood

16. Penetrating the mental attitude expressed in them

17. Use of Ethnographic Diary / detailed observations

J. Corpus inscriptionum / documents of native mentality

Corpus inscriptionum / documents of native mentalitytc \l1 "Corpus inscriptionum / documents of native mentality18. Commentary contained in the native=s mind

19. Motives, feelings, ideas; ethnic peculiarity / Spirit

20. Practical means

t. Find out typical ways of thinking

u. Formulate results in convincing manner

v. Quote Verbatim statements / statements / narratives / typical utterances / items of folk-lore

IV. Number our Days

Barbara Myerhoff

V. The Number Three in American Culture / Language and Culture I

Alan Dundes

K. AThree-determinism@ of contemporary thought

21. Number Three is predominant numerical category in American culture

w. Three is an absolute limit

x. Additional ones defined in terms of one of the three basic terms

y. One source of trichotomies located in reference to some initial point

z. Splitting a polarity

aa. Merging of two terms

ab. Repetition Compulsion /itself being divided in three partsac. Three-in-one

22. Areas of Three determinism / Number Three is a folk category

Folklore

ad. Superstition

ae. Traditional Games

af. Team games / sports

ag. Naming conventions

ah. Folk Speech / Verbal Rituals

ai. Food / Sandwiches cut into 3 = formal

aj. Clothing / folding = formalizing effect

ak. Technological culture / education / social organization / military / music / religion

L. Language and culture

23. If pattern is found in social organization, likely to find pattern in time and language24. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

al. Cultural relativity of time concepts / Time trichotomy

am. Relationship bteween grammatical categories and concepts of time

25. American English contains both binary and trinary features

26. What members of culture think about their language influences other aspects of culture, as much as the actual linguistic patterning.

27. Perceptions derived from language not from structure, but what has been taught about it / which is analyzed into trinary

an. There are still trinary structural features

28. Individuals perceive in threes

M. How native category affects formation of analytical categories

29. Scientists analytical categories are ethnocentric extensions of native categories

30. All analytical schemes have some standing in American culture

31. Anthropologists are culture-bound in their theoretical formulations / i.e. tripartitionN. Wharf = cultural conditioning of thought patterns

32. Origins of tripartition is unknown, speculative / Wharf would say language

33. Trichotomy is not nature of nature, but part of nature of culture

VI. Codifications of Reality / Language and Culture, I

Dorothy Lee

O. Perceptions are codified in concepts embodied in language

34. Intervening Alenses@

35. Defines experience / blind to reality outside of Acultural lenses@

P. Nonlineal apprehension of Trobiand Islands

36. Codifies experienced reality through use of language / behavior characteristics

37. Grasps reality only as presented in this code

38. Absolute reality / communication is possible

39. Requires analysis of linguistic formulation

Q. Diversity of Codification

Each culture phrases reality differently, differently punctuated

ao. Ontong Javanese / Wintu Indians

R. Nonlineality in Trobiand Language

40. Formulation of experienced reality

ap. Word refers to self-contained concept

aq. Word is ingredient / Gardener & Goodness

ar. Series of beings, but no becoming / no temporal connection

41. Trobianders do not act on assumption of lineality

as. Organization / Coherence is result of patterned activity

at. Making of a sweaterau. Acts containing value assumes lineality, are despised

av. Nonlineal pattern is valued reality / lineal behavior exists

S. Line vs. Pattern

42. Not only connects, but moves

43. Chronological sequence / cause and effect

44. Climaxes / plan future climatically

T. Failure has no symbolic meaning / not personally destructive

VII. Cynical Reason of Late Socialism / Language and Culture, II

Alexei Yurchak

U. Ideological representation of social reality is false, immutable, omnipresent.

45. Strategies of simulated support

46. Political ridicule neutralizes experience of oppressive power

V. Parallel culture, not counter culture

47. Carved out within official one

48. Lost its role of providing a Abelievable@ representation of reality

49. Turned into Hegemony of representation

W. Hegemony of Representation / space of the misrecognized50. Apparent no other public representation of reality could occur

51. All institutions, discourses, practices centered as one unique discourse

52. Participation was perceived as inevitable / cease being noticed at all

53. Panorama of everyday life = visual part

X. Dissident, Activist, and Normal Subject

54. Dissident / insane to challenge the immutable

55. Activist / really believed the official representation of social reality

56. Pretense Misrecognition / pretense one did not see falsity of official claims though they did

Y. Cynical Reason57. Zizekaw. False consciousness / they do not know it, but they are doing it

ax. Cynical consciousness / they know very well they are doing, but still are doing it

ay. Cynical reason governs pretense misrecognition

az. Recognition of falsity through anekdoty / ubiquitous political jokes

Z. Sloterdijk / Humor that has ceased to struggle

58. Inability to struggle against one=s own simulated support

59. Empowerment and resistance to ideology

ba. Subvert and achieve distance from dogmatic truths

bb. Subverts even the most basic norms which it imposes

Omnipresent social ritual / communicative practice

60. Not misrecognition / false consciousness, but pretense misrecognition / enlightened false consciousness

AA. Joke Work of Anekdoty

61. Humor produced not only by inner structure of narrative, but also by a view of two incongruous spheres coexisting together.62. First level = inner incongruous / antithesis

63. Second level = social incongruous / social commentary

64. Rigid and formulaic structure

bc. Repeating a whole narrative

bd. Minimal spontaneous improvisation

be. Everyone is involved in same activity / joke

bf. reinforced hegemony of representation

65. Jokes element written into system itself / not a way of resisting it

bg. Release repression anxieties / Have normal life

bh. Thus sustaining pretense misrecognition

bi. Trend to maximize symbolic free time / involvement in parallel sphere

VIII. Signifying and Marking / Language and Culture, II

Claudia Mitchell-Kernan

AB. In bilingual community, code of messages are highly salient

66. Analysis of components emphasized by elaboration on speech forms

67. Pattern of selection among alternatives

bj. Not just sociolinguistic systems / but cultural focus (salience-emphasis) on components

68. Artistic component significant / major concern in Black English

bk. Way in which something is said / style is criterion

bl. Speech acts given labels / stylistic aspects / artistic characteristics to other components / how used / concern with style value of artistic merit influences

bm. Direct effect upon choice of the linguistic code in certain conversational situations / explains use of black dialect forms

AC. Signifying / encoding messages in natural conversations

69. Game activity / verbal dueling / end in itself

70. Element of indirectionbn. Alternative message form

bo. Selected for artistic merit

bp. Embedded in variety of discourses

71. Not focal to linguistic interaction / not define entire speech event

72. Rags / Poverty = implicit / stems from conventional associations

73. Folk notion / depends on context / must understand total universe of discourse

74. Context

bq. Facial expression / tone of voice / situational / background knowledge / assumptions and expectations

75. Obscured by surface content or function

br. Meaning intended to convey

Person message is directed

bs. Goal orientation / intent of speaker

76. Signifying

bt. Purposely formulated at the encoding stage

bu. Requires recognition and attribution of implicit content or function

bv. Option of avoiding real confrontation / provoke confrontations

77. Message often carries negative import for the addressee / i.e. establishment of dominance

bw. However, clearly thought of as an art

AD. Signifying as a Form of Verbal Art

78. Artistic Characteristics

bx. Indirect intent / Metaphorical reference Indirection

by. Recognition that signifying is occuringbz. Employ reinterpretation of utteranceca. Cleverness in directing attention to this shared knowledge

cb. Signifying that tops a previous one, is especially appreciatedcc. Intricacy of allusion to shared knowledge that makes success79. Code selection and content define style being used

80. Requires strict adherence to sociolinguistic rules / requires knowledge governing this usage

AE. Marking / mode of characterization / mocking

81. In reproducing, affects voice and mannerisms of speakers

cd. Individuation of characters through use of direct quotation

ce. Meaning is revealed through phonological / grammatical peculiarities / paralinguistic mimicry82. Characterization relevant for further processing of meaning of speaker=s words

cf. Replay a scene / Parody or caricature

cg. Features selected are associated with membership in some classch. Relies on folk notions of covariance of linguistic / nonlinguistic categories

83. Context one where hearers are sufficiently like himself

84. Conveys many subtleties / source of information about attitudes toward language

85. Exhibits finely tuned linguistic awareness / verbal virtuosity

AF. Relationship between message form / content and function

86. Paralinguistic features

ci. Posture / speech rate / tone / facial expression, etc.

cj. Signals a change in meaning

ck. Audience must be sensitive to cues

87. Pure syntactic / lexical elaboration requires ability to carefully manipulate other components to create new meanings

IX. The Pueblos of New Mexico / Culture and Personality II

Apache=s contact with White changed them a lot, but a lot stayed the same

Domestic activity in the individual camps or gowaa (nuclear families)

AWhite@ culture imposed on them, but they resisted language/culture assimilation

Joking Information

1.Joking done by Adult men

2.Objects of Joking were men

3.Objects not necessarily kin

4.Frequently done at Adrinking parties@

Jokes both funny and dangerous

Subject of joke is depicted as something he or she is not

3 kinds of Jokes

1.Joker likens the butt to class of material objects

2.Joker metaphorically places the butt in a social category to which they do not rightfully belong (usually to a third party who=s not there)

3.Joker places himself in a social category he does not belong to, and tries to make the butt a role that they do not belong to

Scene of unjoking activity: Primary text

Constructed mock scene of primary : secondary scene

Butt needs to be persuaded to play along

Joking provides moral cover for immoral social acts

Joking about Whites is most dangerous

Use caricature and hyperbole

Contrast Principle1. Imitate members of a status role category, paired usually with Apache

2.Foreground the status-role category chosen in with stock phrases and lexical items (aspirin).

3. Select presentation elements of white culture that contrast with equivalent elements in Apache

Distortion PrincipleVerbal:

1.Increase volume

2. Increase tempo

3.Exaggerated pitch elevations

4.Repetition of whole phrases

5.Modification of voice quality

Non verbal:

1.Exaggerated abruptness / jerkiness

2.Repetition of movements

3. Lengthen duration of visual/body contact

Whitey portrayed as gross incompetents in the conduct of social relations

1. Whitey was Afriend@ label to liberally C lost meaning

2. Too personal in question-asking Ahow are you?@

3.Call attention to the obvious ALook who=s here!@

4.Say names too much (names are personal)

5.Too physical ; weak self-restraint & disregard for others

6.Whitey asks too many questions

7.Too much attention to personal appearance

8.Too tense and quick in speech

Comparison and censure used to understand secondary texts

Whiteman is an abstraction, a complex of ideas and values

B Whiteman is a social category and a cultural symbol

B Term used to define what an Indian is not

Why does Whitey study this? To develop a sharp and more sensitive awareness of the impressions they make

Languages of multilingual communities exhibit functional differentiation ; nothing that chances / switching in languages have a reason, and have uses [ English / Apache ]

Shifts convey implicit messages about how to construe what is said

Codeswitching a linguistic device for framing verbal messages

an indirect form of social commentary

Use ofStock phrases

Lexical items

recurrent sentence types

modifications in pitch

volume, tempo, voice quality, facial expressions

Relationship of Girl to dog congruous with relationiship of school teacher to her

Foregrounding : when language is used in an unusual (marked) setting, associations become metaphorically highlighted, or foregrounded, socially related meaning

Whiteman is abstract and malleable. Changed to fit situation. Symbolic construction / inventions

2 perspectives of joking:

How angloamericans are imitated; what does it mean to the joker?

What do these imitations disclose about their views?

Messages about 2 relationships

1. The present relationship between himself and the object of his joke

2.An absent one on which the present relationship is modeled

Understanding of social meaning rests upon prior understanding of their cultural counterparts

Purpose

To demonstrate utility of viewing Apache Joking as vehicles for microsociological analysis and a complex Aproblem@ in their lives that is a concern.

Jokes used to make sense of whitey, so we study how they go about it and what kind of sense they make

Most dangerous joking: Joker pretends to be a role Aabove@ the butt

Joke is delicate and can go on too long, tearing a relationship

Apaches hate arroganceWhiteman relationship jokes illustrate what Apache Jokes are not

White Jokes affirm Apache conceptions of what is right by dramatizing the wrong

Whitey based off ethnic sterotypes? No, dynamic. Inventive and creative.

Jokers change culture = active agents

Imitations are statements about what can happen to dignity and self respect when 2 cultures collide

Scope and Field

Tylor Definition

Culture (learned, shared)

Stereotyping

Basso

Mead

Ethnically Correct Dolls

Culture (transmitted, unselfconscious, symbolic, value system, changes)

Lee making cultural assumptions (unselfconscious) / Poverty is self conscious therefore not natural

Hegemony of Representation / Hegemony in Chin (symbolic)

Cultural Concept and FieldworkLinnaeus / Lewis Morgan = Evolutionary Anthropology = Armchair Anthropology

Malinowski would critique = be in environment / live right among the natives

Evolutionary thinking / relationship to Survival Anthropology / Tylor

Different stages of culture (Color Categories) / The idea of progress

5 Basic Principles of Field Work

6 Diverse concepts to understand field work

Franz Boas : One father / Historically oriented Anthropology / Salvage Anthropology / Focus on material items / language

To recover what Native Americans were like before white men, then after whitemen

Dealing with dying culture = diachronic

synchronic = freezing frame in present moment

Language and Culture

Cognition

Sociolinguistics

Claude Levi-Strauss / Minimal Pair / binary opposites / mapping out structure of culture as convenient / describes the machinery of society

Reality is rooted in our language

What is the significance of Color Categories, Euphemisms, and Metaphor?

Language of SocietyCode-switching / Basso B present in a lot of cultures B form of joke relationship

5 Types of Language (in relation to society)

5. Teknonymy / bilateral kinship system

Determine structure of society, much like binary oppositions

Main idea: effects the way we think, and thus the culture that we live in

Yurchak: Binary opposition, what else?

Signifying and marking, what=s relationship?

Culture and Personality

Culture not biology

Cultural determinism

Mead / Benedict / Malinowski

shapes role differentiation and control over expressions of personalities / e.g. swaddling

Culture chooses personality / personalities at large B attributed to entire culture

What was the deal with October 2nd lecture?

Compare/Contrast the anekdot, the Apache joking imitations, and marking as linguistic forms in terms of their functions and manifestationsFunctions1. Anekdot

Official Sphere

Humour as resistance

Misrecognition

Post-colony

Making fun behind their backs

Simulated support / Not taking it at face value

Parallel Sphere

Humour that has ceased to struggle / directed at subjects rather than rulers / admit to inability to struggle against ideology and simulated supportPretense recognition

Late Socialism

Did not make fun behind their backs

Simulated support / Not taking it at face value

Indifference / Apathy

Releases anxiety of pretense misrecognition / since everyone participates anekdoty / the system remains the same2. Apache joking imitations

Reinforces their identity in a fully recognized way

Shows Whitemens values to be inappropriate

Puts the relationship to the test

3. Marking

Conveys an impressionShows how speaker truly feels about the subject

Reveals the attitudes and values using language

Manifestation1. Anekdoty

In the parallel sphereSocial Commentary

Rigid & Formulaic joking

Minimal spontaneous improvisation

Everyone participated in and enjoyed2. Apache

Specific relationships

Imitation

Men

Drinking

Creative and inventive

3. Marking

Stereotypical language of the personHeavy emphasis on phonological and grammatical peculiarities / diction