Antarctic krill as feed source - · PDF fileAntarctic krill as feed source ... 130 mg...

Aquafeed Horizon 9.-10. May. 2007 - © Fiskeriforskning

Antarctic krill as feed Antarctic krill as feed sourcesource

By senior scientist Sissel Albrektsen By senior scientist Sissel Albrektsen Norwegian Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture, BergenNorwegian Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Bergen


Antarctic krillEuphausia superba

• Biomass ~ 125 – 725 MT (FAO, 2005)– < 120 000 T explored 2003/2004 (CCAMLR 2005)– About 160 000 T explored 2004/2005

• Precautionary catch limit of 4 MT of krill (suggested by CCAMLR)– 400 000 T marine protein– 80 000 T marine lipids


Biochemical characterization and processing conditions for plankton

• ”Raw material treatment and processing conditions for plankton”• "New Marine Feed Resources” (FF, IMR, NIFES, NTNU)

– Rapid autolysis and degradation of krill raw material– Development of effective production and preservation conditions– Feed production and nutritional studies

• Industrial projectsAker Biomarine(Aker Seafoods AS)– Biochemical characterization– Undesirable compounds– Pigment utilization– Product quality

Storage of krill (Thysanoessa inermis) at 0 °C. After 6 days the structure of the krill has disintegrated


Major nutrient contents in A. krill meal

• High crude protein content– 55 – 68 % (Jan.04 – Aug.05., Langmyhr 2005)

• Variable crude lipid content– 8 - 26 %

• High ash/mineral content– 10 – 16 %

• High content of natural carotenoids– 100 – 130 mg astaxanthin kg-1 krill meal

• High fluoride content in the exoskeleton– 790 – 1700 mg F kg-1 (2005)


Essential amino acids in A. krill meal

0

1

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4

5

6

7

8

9

g EA

A / 1

00 g

pro

tein

Arg His Isoleu Leu Lys Met +Cys Phe +Tyr Thre Trp Val

EAA Antarctic krill Shrimp Cod Pac.salmon Trout Tilapia


Free amino acids in Antarctic krill

0

1

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3

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8

9Fr

ee a

a, g

/100

g pr

otei

n

Asp Glu

OH-Pro Ser Gly His Arg Thr Ala Pro Tyr Val MetIso

leu Leu PheLys Cys Trp

Creatin

ineAsp Glut

3-amino

propTau

rin

Citrullin

e

Carnosin

e

Anserin

e

Ornithine

Krill meal Stickwater

• Substantial loss of taurine due to processing conditions


Fatty acids in Antarctic krill meal

• 60 % neutral lipids• 40 % phospholipids

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g fa

tty

acid

/ 10

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lipid

14:0 16:0 18:0 16:1 18:1 20:1 22:1 18:2n-6 20:4n-6 18:3n-3 18:4n-3 20:5n-3 22:5n-3 22:6n-3

Antarctic krill meal


Growth results

Olsen et al., 2006Yoshitomi et al., 2007Moren et al., 2006

0.94 →1.260.9 (ns)

-

0.7-0.8 (ns)3.0 (ns)1.0 (ns)

140d, SW95d, FW75d, SW

100 % FM replacement- Atlantic salmon (500g)- Rainbow trout (4g)- Atlantic cod (122g)

ReferencesFCRSGR, %Feedingtrial

• Most studies show that partial replacement of fish meal with krill either increases growth or has no negative impacts on growth (Suontama 2006, PhD thesis)

• Variable impacts on feed efficiency


Apparent nutrient digestibility

Peach, 20059798Krill hydrolysateAtlantic halibut

Tibbetts et al., 2006 Olsen et al., 2006 Albrektsen et al., 2006in Storebakken, 1988Langmyhr, 2005

96.395 → 9087 → 90

96.388.02

8785.4

Krill mealAtlantic codAtlantic salmonAtlantic salmonRainbow troutMink

ReferencesEnergyADC

Lipid ADC

Protein ADC

• Chitin (non-protein N) may influence protein ADC • Chitin may reduce lipid absorption and induce diarrhoea


Muscle fatty acid composition

(Albrektsen et al., 2006, Aker Biomarine)

• 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 % Antarctic krill meal in Atlantic salmon diet

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g fa

tty

acid

/ 10

0 g

lipid

14:0 16:0 18:0 16:1 18:1 20:1 22:1 18:2n-6 20:4n-6 18:3n-3 18:4n-3 20:5n-3 22:5n-3 22:6n-3

FM AK 10 AK 20 AK 30 AK 40

a bbb


Muscle fatty acid composition

(Suontama et al., 2006, PhD thesis)

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14:0 16:0 18:0 16:1 18:1 20:1 22:1 18:2n-6 20:4n-6 18:3n-3 18:4n-3 20:5n-3 22:5n-3 22:6n-3

• 40 % Antarctic krill meal in Atlantic salmon diet


High fluorine content in krill exoskeleton

• Can reach 3500 µg F g-1 d.w. in the exoskeleton of Antarctic krill– (Virtue et al. 1995)

• < 100 µg F g-1 d.w. in muscle of krill– (Sands et al. 1998)

• 790 - 1700 µg F g-1 in Antarctic krill meal • Fluorine accumulates in calcifying tissues of vertebrates fed krill

Toxicological responses ?

• Maximum content of fluorine in feed and feed ingredients for animals and farmed fish 150 mgkg-1 feed (EU directive 2005/87/EC)

• Maximum content of fluorine in krill meal 3000 mgkg-1

(EU directive 2005/87/EC)


Fluorine retention of 0.4 kg Atlantic salmon

(Moren et al., 2007)

Low biological availability of fluorine from Antarctic krill – in Atlantic salmon, Atlantic cod and Atlantic halibut

9 ± 210 ± 29 ± 48 ± 2Gills

11 ± 27 ± 29 ± 210 ± 2Skin/scales

10 ± 210 ± 210 ± 29 ± 2Bone

14 ± 313 ± 315 ± 315 ± 3Muscle

2000 ± 150860 ± 170170 ± 3013 ± 3Faeces

Sample, mgkg-1

A. krill 100900 mg F kg-1



Control28 mg F kg-1

Low biological availability of fluorine from inorganic F (190 mgkg-1)Extensive accumulation of fluoride in vertebral bones in rainbow trout

reared in freshwater (Yoshitomi et al., 2007)


Heavy metals and trace elements

2000.453946mgkg-1Zinc (Zn)

25<0.27475mgkg-1Copper (Cu)

7503.27932mgkg-1Iron (Fe)

0.5<0.050.0050.005mgkg-1Mercury (Hg)

10<0.050.05<0.05mgkg-1Lead (Pb)

2<0.010.160.05mgkg-1Cadmium (Cd)

2.181.98

<0.0050.074

2.481.900.340.18

2.411.860.270.22

mgkg-1

mgkg-1

mgkg-1

mgkg-1

Organic- Dimethylarsenate- Arseneobetaine- Trimethylarsine oxide

2<0.01<0.08<0.08mgkg-1Inorganic

153.02.53.1mgkg-1Arsenic (As) total

Maximumcontent*

Krill oilHigh fat krill meal

Low fat krill meal

Unit

* EU Commission directives


High copper (Cu) content in Antarctic krill

~ 32 - 65 mg Cu kg-1 krill meal

(Ritterhoff and Zauke 1997;Zydeman and Jarman 1998)

• Cu containing respiratory hemocyaninpigments

• Maximum 25 mg Cu kg-1 feed


Diet and filet element concentration

(Moren et al.. 2007)

Cu Zn As Cd Hg Pb Cod diets, mgkg-1

AK 0 31 ± 1 230 ± 11 12 ± 1 0.21 ± 0.03 0.09 ± 0.03 < LOQ* AK 60 43 ± 1 200 ± 10 5.9 ± 0.9 0.42 ± 0.03 0.09 ± 0.03 < LOQ AK 100 52 ± 1 180 ± 9 3.5 ± 0.9 0.51 ± 0.03 < LOQ < LOQ

Cod filet, mgkg-1

AK 0 0.24 ± 0.08 4 ± 3 4.5 ± 0.6 < LOQ 0.05 ± 0.3 < LOQ AK 60 0.21 ± 0.08 4 ± 3 1.0 ± 0.3 < LOQ 0.05 ± 0.3 < LOQ AK 100 0.24 ± 0.08 5 ± 3 0.4 ± 0.3 < LOQ 0.05 ± 0.3 < LOQ

EU’s upper limit 25 200 6 1 0.1 5

* Limits of quantification (LOQ): Cd 0.008, Hg 0.003, Pb 0.02


• 100 – 130 mgkg-1 astaxanthin in krill meal• 1500 mgkg-1 astaxanthin in krill oil

– 80 % di-glycerides (DG), 20 % mono-glycerides (MG)

Astaxanthin in Antarctic krill


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mg

asta

xant

hin/

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Krill 0 Krill 10 Krill 20 Krill 30 Krill 40 CarophyllPink

Total astaAll-E-asta13-Z-asta

Astaxanthin utilization from krill meal

• Whole body astaxanthinconsentration in Atlantic salmon fed esterified astaxanthin from antarctic krill meal (43 mg/kg) equivalent to 74% of astaxanthinlevel found in salmon fed free astaxanthin from Carophyll Pink (42 mg/kg)

• The efficiency of whole body astaxanthin retention in Atlantic salmon fed antarctic krill meal (43 mg/kg) about 2/3 as compared to astaxanthin retention in salmon fed Carophyll Pink (42 mg/kg)

(Albrektsen et al., 2006, Aker Biomarine)-14.00

-12.00

-10.00

-8.00

-6.00

-4.00

-2.00

0.00

2.00

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6.00

8.00

mg

asta

xant

hin

/kg

Krill 0 Krill 10 Krill 20 Krill 30 Krill 40 CarophyllPink


Krill products as feed attractants

• Krill meal excellent feed attractant in starter diets– Sea bream (Shimizu et al., 1990)– Largemouth bass (Kubitza and Lovshin 1997)– Yellow perch (Kolkovski et al., 2000)– Whitefish larvae (Kolkovski et al., 2000)

• Krill hydrolysate effective feeding stimulant – In rainbow trout fed low FM diets (Oikawa & March 1997 )– Transfer diet to Atlantic salmon smolt (Lall, pers.com.)

• Higher feed intake, better FER, faster growth


Dioxins and PCB’s

4.5 (meal)24.0 (oil)

0.490.240.0350.102

0.160.0210.041

ngkg-1 WHO TEQngkg-1 WHO TEQngkg-1 WHO TEQ

PCDD’s/PCDF’s + PCB’s-Total non-ortho PCB-Total mono-ortho PCB

1.25 (meal)6.0 (oil)

0.320.100.10ngkg-1 WHO TEQPCDD’s/PCDF’s

Maximumcontent*

Krill oilHigh fatkrill meal

Low fat krill meal

UnitCompound

* EU Commission directives


In summary• Antarctic krill meal is an efficient source of

nutrients, energy, flesh –pigmenting carotenoidsand ω-3 fatty acids

• High F and Cu contents in krill meal limits high inclusion levels in the final feed to meet the limits set by EU (EU directive 2005/87/EC)

• Utilization of Antarctic krill meal as an alternative protein source in aquaculture feed will depend on:– Availability– Quality– Market prize


Thank you for your attention !

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