Answering Questions

Lect 9M

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The responsibilities of the Persuasive speaker:1. To say something worth hearing (sound

information).

2. To say something that can be heard (clear organization).

3. To say something that will be heard (audience engagement).

4. To answer all the audience's reasonable doubts & objections.

Lect 9M

3The 3 Big Questions your audience is always going to ask.

• What's the problem? Why do we need to change?

• What's the plan? What exactly do we need to do?

• Is it practical? Will the plan solve the problem? What other costs & benefits does it have?

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The 3 Basic Answers you can give in reply.1. Logos

2. Ethos

3. Pathos

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...on you.ETHOS

...on the reasons.LOGOS

...on their feelings.PATHOS

To answer their questions, your audience can rely...

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6

Which hat will you wear?

Ethos

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Are appeals to emotion (pathos) ethical?

Dr. Antonio Damasio

Studies of brain-damaged patients show that people without emotions have severe deficiencies in social and practical decision-making.

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School A• Lower cost• More active social life• Better career counseling• Better study abroad• Better foreign languages• Nicer campus• Outstanding research faculty• Excellent alumni network• More prestigious• Bigger• More diverse• More volunteerism• Better athletic facilities

School B• Closer to home• Better financial aid• Better extracurricular

activities• Good major• Friends going there• Outstanding teaching faculty• Recommended by teachers• Smaller• Early admission• Nicer dorms• Higher graduation rates• Better football team• Fewer required courses

Which one feels right?!

Lect 9M

9Basic methods for establishing logos, ethos, & pathos.

Ethos (credibility) Expert testimony

Pathos (emotion) Examples

Logos (reasoning) Statistics

Type of appeal Type of evidence

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For example...

In my speech, to demonstrate one Problem with driving, I used:

Example

Expert

US Environmental Protection Agency

Statistics

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Summary of all methods.

Logos• Statistics• Specific

instances• Principle• Causal• Analogical

Ethos• Expert testimony• Personal

competence• Common ground• Deliver with

conviction

Pathos• Examples• Emotional

language• Deliver with

conviction

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12

The Persuasion analysis questions.

13. Identify two distinct methods the speaker uses in the body of the speech to enhance his/her credibility appeals (ethos).

14. Identify two distinct methods of reasoning the speaker uses in the body of the speech to enhance his/her logical appeals (logos).

15. Identify two distinct methods the speaker uses in the body of the speech to enhance his/her emotional appeals (pathos).

[1-8. As for the Informative Speech.]

9. What specific claim(s) does the speaker make on the Problem (Need) Issue? How does the speaker support his/her claim(s)?

10. What specific actions is the speaker calling for in his/her claims on the Plan Issue? How does the speaker support his/her claim that the Plan will solve the Problem?

11. What specific claim(s) does the speaker make on the Practicality Issue? How does the speaker support his/her claim(s)? Identify one objection to Practicality that the audience is likely to make, which the speaker has not dealt with in the speech.

12. What is the least credible Source cited by the speaker? Why isn't it credible?

13. Identify two distinct methods the speaker uses in the body of the speech to enhance his/her credibility appeals (ethos).

14. Identify two distinct methods of reasoning the speaker uses in the body of the speech to enhance his/her logical appeals (logos).

15. Identify two distinct methods the speaker uses in the body of the speech to enhance his/her emotional appeals (pathos).

16. Identify and evaluate one use of expert testimony in the speech.

17. Identify and evaluate one use of statistics in the speech.

18. Identify and evaluate one use of an example in the speech.

19. What is the one positive comment about the speech that this speaker most needs to hear now? (Not including delivery.)

20. What is the one negative comment about the speech that this speaker most needs to hear now? (Not including delivery.)

Let's try it out

Lect 9M

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How to answer exam questions. "13. Identify two distinct

methods the speaker uses in the body of the speech to enhance his/her credibility appeals (ethos)."

Refer to a specific passage!

Explain its relevance!

Use course concept!

Ethos

• Expert testimony

• Personal competence

• Common ground

• Deliver with conviction

(two of these)

Lect 9M

14Rule of thumb for creating your policy persuasive

speech.

In general, for every claim you make about Problem, Plan, or Practicality you should use at least

one set of statistics one piece of expert testimony one vivid example

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Continue to develop your appeals by imagining your audience's questions and answering them in advance.

"Antonio Damasio says emotion is good!"

So what? Who is he, anyhow?

"Dr. Antonio Damasio, Director of the Brain & Creativity Institute at the University of Southern California, author of three books and numerous articles on the neurology of emotions, has pointed out that...."

Ethos

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Continuing to answer the audience's questions...

Ethos: Expert testimony So what? Who is that, anyhow?

Logos: Statistics So what? How much is that, really?

Pathos: Example What happened? Fill me in on the details!

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Threes

1. What's the problem?

2. What's your plan?

3. Is it practical?

1. Logos

2. Ethos

3. Pathos

1. Statistics

2. Experts

3. Examples

Three questions

Three answers

Three forms of support

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Midterm reminders• Required outside speech observation

• Bonus possibilities– Opportunities to develop course skills outside the

classroom setting– See WebCT "Regular & Bonus Assignments " for a

complete list– Most due no later than Friday, 25 April (end of 14th

week)– Note: Classroom plus bonus points capped at 230

(110%).

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Coming upWednesday: Lab--practice what you've

learned.

Friday: Lecture: Further exam prep; the presidential campaign

BREAK!

Monday after break: Researching the Persuasive Speech assignment due (WebCT)

Wednesday after break: Test #2.