Answer Quiz Questions on the back of your Objective 4 Packet

1. In which biome would you find a polar bear? A buffalo? A tree frog?

2. Which two body systems are most involved in distributing oxygen to your cells?

3. Mistletoe taking nutrients from a tree is an example of which type of symbiotic relationship?

Biology Objective 3

Demonstrate an understanding of the interdependence of organisms and the

environment.

Biomes Identified by biotic and abiotic factors

• Biotic – what kinds of plants and animals live in it.

• Abiotic – Nonliving characteristics such as soil type, rainfall amounts, and average temperature cycles.

36 Which question is valid in testing this hypothesis?

F Do most other scientists agree with the hypothesis?G Could abiotic processes account for the carbon dioxide?H What is the percent of argon compared to carbon dioxide

in the Martian atmosphere?J Have the scientist’s other predictions about Mars been

validated?

A scientist has hypothesized that theexistence of life on Mars is likely becauseMars’s atmosphere is 95% carbon dioxide.

36 Which question is valid in testing this hypothesis?

F Do most other scientists agree with the hypothesis?

G Could abiotic processes account for the carbon dioxide?

H What is the percent of argon compared to carbon dioxide in the Martian atmosphere?

J Have the scientist’s other predictions about Mars been validated?

When testing an hypothesis, there should be only one variable changed at a time. If this is not possible, then all possible reasons for an outcome need to be considered. In this case, carbon dioxide can be produced by chemical reactions other than cellular respiration, which is a biotic process. That is why answer G is the best answer.

Name the

Biome

DesertTemperate Forest

Tundra

TaigaTropical Rainforest

Grasslands

What are they referring to?

• Biosphere – The entire area of the planet that supports life.

• Biome – An area defined by specific abiotic and biotic factors.

• Community – The groups of living things in an area and how they relate.

What is extinction and what causes it?

• A population is extinct when the last of that species is dead.

• Example: There are no more dinosaurs. • What happened? Their habitat was destroyed. When

they no longer have what they need to live, they die.

Ecology – The study of the relationships among living things• Symbiosis is a close relationship between

two living things.

• When both are helped it is called mutualism

• When one is helped and there is no effect on the other it is called commensulism

• When one is helped and the other is harmed it is called parasitism

Mutualism . . .

Sharks are cleaned by a little fish known as a Remora. The shark never eats them since they clean bacteria off of the shark. Since both species are helped, this is mutualism.

Commensulism . . .Orchids live high in

tree-tops on the branches of large trees. They do not harm the tree, but they are helped by being raised up into the sunshine and receiving water.

Parasites . . .

Parasites harm or kill the host. A good example is a tape worm. It intercepts all of the host’s food, causing the host to starve to death.

35 Clown fish are small reef fish that seek protection from predators by sheltering themselves among the stinging tentacles of sea anemones. Clown fish are very territorial and can potentially scare off predators of sea anemones. This relationship is an example of --

A neutralism

B mutualism

C parasitism

D commensalism

This is not a type of symbiosis Incorrect

Neither is harmed so this is incorrect

Means only one is being helped and the relationship has no effect on the other – also incorrect

Since both are helped, it is of mutual benefit or

What is helped?

Both the ants and the tree.

This is the definition of:

All energy on the earth comes from the sun.

18 Energy used by producers in a grassland food web is provided by-

F sunlight

G photosynthesis

H oxygen

J carbon dioxide

Used by producers

This is a process, not an energy source.

H and J are elements which are types of matter, not energy.

So our answer should be:

F

Energy DiagramsAt one end of the diagram are plants. They

are called producers since they are capable of turning sunlight into food by

photosynthesis. They pass 10% of the energy they absorb to animals that eat them.

Consumers 1st Order Consumers eat only plants and are also called herbivores.

2nd Order Consumers eat only animals and are called carnivores.

3rd Order Consumers animals that eat other animals, they are also known as carnivores

10% Energy Rule –Only 10% of the energy moves up to

the next trophic level. Decomposers

43 Approximately how much of the energy available in the tissues of the producer is eventually incorporated into the tissues of a secondary consumer?

A Less than 1%B Between 20% and 30%C Approximately 50%D More than 50%

If we apply the 10% rule, 10% of the 1000 kcal of the plant is consumed or 100 kcal, and 10% of that is 10 kcal which is 1% of the original 1000kcal, but only 3 kcal is available to the tissues so it is A.

Food Chain – One of many feeding relationships in a

community• Arrows in a food chain

show the direction of energy flow.

• This is not the only feeding relationship for these organisms.

• When several or all of the food relationships are shown it’s a . . .

Food Web

Food Webs

• Food webs attempt to show all the feeding relationships in a community.

• The direction of the arrows shows the direction of energy flow.

• At the bottom of every web and every chain is a plant. These are the only things that can turn sunshine into food.

37 Which of these groups of organisms would most likely have accumulated the largest concentration of a long-lasting chemical pollutant in their bodies?

A Phytoplankton

B Zooplankton

C Lake trout

D Gulls

Since the Gulls are at the top of the food web, they would have the highest accumulation of everything but energy.

Predator and Prey

• Prey are the animals that are eaten as a food source for the . . .

• Predator This is the hunter animal. The population of the predator must be less than the prey or they do not have enough food.

Popu

lation

(100

s)

Time (months) Prey Predator

Carrying Capacity

Po

pula

tio

n (

10

0s)

Time (months) Prey Predator

• This is the maximum number of a specific population that an area can support with enough food and living requirements. It is shown by a line on population graphs for a specific species.

2 Because of this animal’s adaptations, it would be most successful at —

F competing with birds

G making its own food

H hiding from predators

J running very rapidly

And the answer is?

• H hiding from predators. • Its not a plant, so it can’t

make food. • It has no wings, so it can

not compete with birds. • Although it has long

legs, it doesn’t seem balanced for running.

To increase the predator population you could do what?

24 Which of the following is most likely to cause increases in a predator population?

F Fewer prey

G A reduction in competition

H More parasites

J A period of drought

Reduces available food – Nope!

Less predators, they would be sick or dying!Less predators and prey,

they’d be gone looking for water!

39 Wolves and hawks are at the same trophic level because they —A both live on landB are both large mammalsC both eat primary consumersD have similar hunting patterns

Trophic level

Means 1st , 2nd or 3rd Order Consumer

Water Cycle• Precipitation (rain

and snow) fall on plants and ground.

• Plants respire and evaporate water back into clouds.

• The ground filters the water run-off into the lakes where it evaporates again.

21 The diagram shows physical changes that

occur in the water cycle. Which of these shows

condensation?

A Q

B R

C S

D T

PrecipitationRun Off of ground waterEvaporation

Carbon Cycle

• Glucose C6H12O6 is produced by plants, eaten by animals.

Photosynthesis • Animals and plants

exhale CO2 which is taken in by plants to make glucose

Cellular Respiration

Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen Cycle

Rock Cycle

Man’s Effects on the Environment

• Ozone O3 is a protective layer at the top of the atmosphere.

• However, when it occurs near the ground, it is very harmful to all living things, it is SMOG

Man’s Effects on the Environment

• More than 90% of fresh water is locked in ice at the polar caps and in glaciers.

• Much of the fresh water is polluted by land run-off, dumping of wastes and excess heat directly into lakes, oceans and rivers.

Man’s Effects on the Environment Global warming, also

called the Greenhouse Effect is caused by excess burning of fossil fuels and destruction of our oxygen producing protista in the oceans, and deforestation on land. Less plants means less oxygen and more CO2.

54 Which of these activities can help conserve natural resources?

F Recycling cardboard boxes

G Washing small loads of laundry

H Driving large cars

J Building wooden fences

What is the phrase for ecology?

Yes! Recycle!

Not saving water!

Wasting fuel!

Cutting down trees that give oxygen and clean air!

Biological Organization begins with cells . . .

• Cells which work together form tissues

• Tissues that are layered form organs

And .. . . .• Organs that work

together form an ORGAN SYSTEM

• Organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis for the organism

Homeostasis

• This is the maintenance of the normal operating conditions of an organism.

• Control of body temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, urine output, digestive absorption, metabolism rate, growth rate and hormone levels all need to be maintained.

Structural System - 1

• Bones are to – Support &

structure – Make blood cells – Allow movement – Muscle

attachments– Ligaments hold

joints together

Structural System – 2• 3 types of muscles

– Smooth, involuntary – Striated, voluntary – Cardiac, heart muscle

somewhat like both above

• Allow for movement • Attached by tendons

above and below joints

17 Which structure in the upper arm isresponsible for raising the lower arm?A 1B 2C 3D 4

In order to raise it, it must be attached, so its not 1 or 2.

4 is a bone not a muscle, so its answer:

Nervous System - 1

Consists of brain and spinal chord Voluntary, you control

and choose Involuntary, allows parts

to keep functioning without you knowing

Nerve cells send and receive information . .

Nervous System - 2 Nerve cells have 3 parts – Axon – Sends

signal – Cell Body –

controls cell functions

– Dendrite – Receives signal from another

– Synapse – space between cells

Nervous System - 3

• Involuntary is controlled by the medulla oblongata of the brain.

• This is how you keep breathing while sleeping and digest food without thinking about it.

Nervous System - 4

• Voluntary control is over things you can choose to change

• Reflexes are involuntary movements of voluntary muscles

• All of your senses . . .

Nervous System - 5

• Are part of the voluntary nervous system.

• We receive input and process information

• We decide to act or not to act, move or not, remember or not

Endocrine System

• Chemical messages sent through the blood

• Slow change and response compared to nervous system

• Long term maintenance or scheduling in the organism such as mating patterns

• Chemicals, hormones and enzymes are released from glands as chemical messages

Digestive System – 1

• This is how we intake all the vitamins, minerals, protein, lipids, carbohydrates and water we need.

• Mechanical Digestion begins in the mouth, it is grinding and breaking food up

Digestive System – 2• Saliva has enzymes that begin

digestion of carbohydrates

• The mouth connects to the esophagus, then to the stomach, which churns the food with acid to help break it up

• The stomach dumps into the small intestine where 90% of digestion takes place.

• Enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver and gall bladder break down the food into useable parts.

Digestive System – 3

• Absorption of the amino acids to make proteins, glycol and fatty acids to make lipids occur in the small intestine

• Water is reabsorbed in the large intestine which stores solid waste

48 Which system is responsible for producing

enzymes that aid in breaking down substances

to be absorbed for the body’s growth and repair?

F Digestive system

G Reproductive system

H Respiratory system

J Skeletal system

Look for what is happening: ‘breaking down for absorption’ That is digestion!

Answer?

Respiratory System - 1

Nose

Sinus

Mouth

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea Lungs Bronchi

Respiratory System - 2

• The diaphragm contracts, expanding the chest to fill the lungs with air, rich in O2.

• Lungs are full of little sacs called alveoli, which have lots of blood vessels with high levels of CO2.

• Oxygen diffuses in, carbon dioxide diffuses out, and the diaphragm relaxes causing you to exhale.

• Air is filtered, warmed and moistened in the nose, mouth and pharynx.

Excretory System This system is responsible for cleaning the blood and getting rid of liquid wastes.

The kidneys, located near the lower back, are the primary filters, taking out excess water and wastes.

Ureter tubes connect the kidneys to the bladder, which stores urine until it is passed out through the urethra.

F urethra bladder urethra kidney

G ureter kidney bladder urethra

H kidney ureter bladder urethra

J bladder urethra kidney ureter

16 A portion of the human excretory system is represented in the diagram. The order in which urine flows through the system is —

Name the organs in order, they are:

Kidney

Ureter

Bladder

Urethra

So it is answer

H

Circulatory System - 1This system helps to connect many other systems as it provides the transport of substances from one organ to another.

Every cell must touch a blood vessel to take in what it needs and get rid of waste.

Arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry it back to the heart.

The heart pumps the blood

Circulatory System - 2

• The top parts of the heart receive blood – Atrium

• The bottom two are very muscular and pump the blood – Ventricles

• Two contractions, right ventricle pumps to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps to the body and brain.

A circulatory system

B integumentary system

C excretory system

D endocrine system

29 Nutrients from digested food move from the digestive system directly into the —

Endocine system does not transport anything. So . . .

Excretory system gets rid of waste CO2 and H2O, not food. So . .

Integumentary system holds organs and tissues in place. So. . .

The Circulatory System carries everything to every cell, so it is . .

25 The medulla, part of the brain stem, reacts quickly to increased levels of CO2 in the blood and stimulates a response from the —

A excretory system

B immune system

C respiratory system

D integumentary system

Increased respiration gets rid of excess CO2

Immune System - 1

• Your immune system protects you from infections and illness

• Your first line of defense is mucus, hair, and skin

• It protects you in a general way nonspecific

Immune Responses

• 1st Order Non-specific includes swelling, inflammation, and fever.

• 2nd Order includes histamine release, white blood cells such as phagocytes and macrophages destroying the pathogens and infected tissue cells.

Immune System - 2• Two main types of

immunity

• Natural – you got sick, and now your body recognizes it. This is permanent.

• Acquired–vaccination or immunization shot this is temporary

6 Most viruses infect a specific kind of cell. Which of the following are infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

F Helper T cells

G Liver cells

H GABA-receptor cells

J Red blood cells

Ask yourself, which cell type deals with immunity?

F Helper T cells

G Liver cells

H GABA-receptor cells

J Red blood cells

• Answer? Helper T cells.

• All the rest are body cells with specific jobs that do not relate to immunity.