Answer Book for the Exercises in A Workbook for New Testament Syntax
by
Daniel B. Wallace and Grant G. Edwards
Note that all answers to the exercises are in underlined mode.
Note too that this answer book is useless without the actual Workbook. While all question numbers line up, only the broadest placement markers are indicated: Lesson; Warm-Ups or Syntax Passages; and identification of Syntax Passages. Thus, for example, in Lesson 20 on Conditional Sentences, all the questions begin with ν or ε, but there is no indication of verses; for that you will need the Workbook. Also, additional helps in
the questions as listed in the Workbook have been deleted.
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Nominative
Warm-Up Passages
1. ωννης: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Nominative, subject, παραγνεται.
2. βαπτιστς: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Nominative, apposition, ωννης.
3. Παλος: Case, case usage? [1+1] Nominative, nominative absolute
4. Τιμθεος: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Nominative, nominative absolute, no relation.
5. δολοι: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+2+1] Nominative, apposition, Παλος κα Τιμθεος.
Syntax Passages
John 1:6–14
6. νθρωπος: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Nominative, subject, γνετο.
7. νομα: Case, case usage, word related to? [2+2+2] Nominative, parenthetic nominative, subject of implied “was.”
8. ωννης: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Nominative, predicate nominative, νομα.
9. οτος: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Nominative, subject, λθεν.
10. πντες: Case, case usage, word related to?[1+1+1] Nominative, subject, πιστεσωσιν.
11. κενος: How can you tell if this is the subject or the predicate nominative? What kind of proposition is this in—convertible or subset? [2+2] (1) It is the subject because it is a pronoun; (2) the proposition is convertible because the PN is articular.
12. τ φς: Case, case usage, word related to? [2+2+2] Nominative, PN, κενος.
13. κσμος2: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Nominative, subject, γνω.
14. ο διοι: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Nominative, subject, παρλαβον.
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15. σοι: In addition to being the subject of the verb λαβον, what is the usage of the nominative here? [2] Pendent nominative or nominativus pendens.
16. λγος: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Nominative, subject, γνετο.
17. σρξ: How can you tell whether this is the predicate nominative or the subject? What kind of proposition is this—convertible or subset? [2+2] (1) It is the PN because the subject has the article and this word lacks it. (2) It is a subset proposition since the PN lacks the article.
18. ς: What type of conjunction is this? [2] Comparative.
Romans 1:7–9, 13
19. χρις: Case, case usage? [1+2] Nominative, nominative absolute or possibly subject of implied verb “may be.”
20. ερνη: Case, case usage? [1+1] Nominative, nominative absolute or possibly subject of implied verb “may be.”
21. πστις: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Nominative, subject, καταγγλλεται.
22. μρτυς: How do you know whether this is the predicate nominative or the subject? What kind of proposition is this—convertible or subset? [2+2] (1) PN because it is anarthrous while the subject is arthrous; (2) because of the anarthrous nature of this word, it may be in a subset relation to θες; however, since it is modified by a genitive pronoun and stands before the subject, it is also possible that μρτυς is in a convertible proposition
23. θες: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+2+2] Nominative, subject, μρτυς.
24. δελφο: Case, case usage, word related to? [2+2+1] Nominative, nominative for vocative, no relation.
25. κα3: List two possible uses for this conjunction. [4] Ascensive or Adjunctive.
Vocative
Matthew 15:25–28
26. Κριε: Case usage? [2] Vocative of direct address or simple address (the most specific category—in this case simple address—is to be preferred).
27. κριε: Case, case usage? [1+2] Vocative, simple address.
28. ησος: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Nominative, subject, ποκριθες.
29. γναι: Case, case usage? What is the exegetical significance of the usage of this case? [1+2+3] Vocative, emphatic or emotional address; it indicates an emotional response or even surprise on the part of Jesus.
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Warm-Up Passages
1. τς χειρς: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Genitive, after certain verbs or direct object, ψατο.
2. ψας: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Genitive, subject of genitive absolute participle, or “in genitive absolute construction,” γενομνης.
3. τν γραμματων: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Genitive, partitive, τινες.
4. σπερ: What type of conjunction is this? [2] Comparative.
5. ων1: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Genitive, subjective, κρυγμα.
6. ων2: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Genitive, comparison, πλεον.
Syntax Passages
Luke 2:36–41
7. Φανουλ: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Genitive, relationship, θυγτηρ.
8. σρ: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Genitive, object of preposition, κ.
9. το ερο: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Genitive, separation, φστατο.
10. νκτα κα μραν: These are accusatives of the extent or duration of time related to λατρεουσα. What if these nouns had been in the genitive case instead of the accusative (νυκτς κα μρας)? How would the meaning be different? [2] The idea would be kind of time or time within which. The focus would be on the fact that Anna spent time during the day and night to worship, but it would not make any comment as to the duration of her time.
11. ερουσαλμ: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Genitive, objective, λτρωσιν.
12. ς: What type of conjunction is this? [2] Temporal.
13. κυρου: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Genitive, source or objective or subjective, νμον (instructor should discuss the options and what they imply about the meaning of the text).
14. αυτν: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Genitive, possessive, πλιν.
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15. Ναζαρθ: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Genitive, genitive of apposition, πλιν.
16. θεο: Case, case usage? [1+1] Genitive, source or possibly subjective.
17. ατο: Case, case usage? [1+1] Genitive, possessive or relationship, γονες.
18. το πσχα: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Genitive, genitive of apposition, ορτ.
Ephesians 1:13–18
19. τς ληθεας: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Genitive, attributive, objective, genitive of apposition, or possibly content, λγον.
20. τς σωτηρας: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Genitive, objective, reference, or possibly content, εαγγλιον.
21. μν: Case, case usage? [1+1] Genitive, objective or possessive.
22. τς παγγελας: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Genitive, attributive, πνεματι.
23. τς κληρονομας: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Genitive, reference, purpose, partitive, or possibly objective, ρραβν.
24. μν: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Genitive, subjective or possessive, κληρονομας.
25. μν2 (The majority of MSS list a second μν after μνεαν. What would the syntactical function of the second μν be and how would it clarify the text?) [2+2] Objective genitive; it explains that the author and his associates are mentioning these believers in their prayers.
26. τν προσευχν: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Genitive, object of preposition, π.
27. μου: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Genitive, subjective, προσευχν.
28. το κυρου: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Genitive, subordination, θες
29. μν: Case, case usage? [1+1] Genitive, possessive or possibly objective.
30. ησο Χριστο: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Genitive, simple apposition, κυρου.
31. τς δξης: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Genitive, attributive, πατρ.
32. σοφας: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Genitive, attributed, or possibly attributive or product, πνεμα.
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33. ποκαλψεως: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+2+1] Genitive, attributed, or possibly attributive or product, πνεμα.
34. τς κλσεως: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Genitive, subjective, source, production, or possibly attributed, λπς.
35. ατο: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Genitive, subjective, κλσεως.
36. τς δξης: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Genitive, attributive, or possibly reference (the answer here depends in part on the answer to the next question), πλοτος.
37. τς κληρονομας: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Genitive, attributed, δξης.
Lesson 3: Dative
Warm-Up Passages
1. μρ: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Dative, time, λγουσιν.
2. δατι: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Dative, sphere or means, βαπτζω.
3. τοτ: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Dative, object of preposition, ν.
4. τ Χριστ: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Dative, direct object, δουλεων.
5. τ θε: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Dative, after certain adjectives, ερεστος.
6. τος νθρποις: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1+2] Dative, after certain adjectives, δκιμος. The reason it shouldn’t be taken as a dative of agency is because it is not related to a perfect passive verb (which is how such datives occur), and because datives of agency are rare. If it makes good sense otherwise, it is best not to choose a rare grammatical category.
Syntax Passages
John 18:15–17, 19–22
7. τ ησο1: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Dative, direct object, κολοθει.
8. τ ρχιερε: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+2+2] Dative, after certain adjectives, γνωστς.
9. τ ησο2: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+2+1] Dative, association, συνεισλθεν.
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10. τ θρ: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Dative, object of preposition, πρς.
11. τ θυρωρ: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Dative, destination or indirect object (if the direct object is implied), επεν.
12. τ Πτρ: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Dative, indirect object, λγει.
13. ον: What type of conjunction is this? [2] Transitional.
14. παρρησ: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+2+1] Dative, manner, λελληκα.
15. τ κσμ: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Dative, destination or indirect object (if the direct object is to be implied), λελληκα.
16. τ ησο: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+2+1] Dative, disadvantage, δωκεν
17. τ ρχιερε: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Dative, direct object, ποκρν.
Galatians 6:9–17
18. καιρ: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Dative, time, θερσομεν.
19. μν: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Dative, destination, or possibly indirect object (if a direct object is to be implied), γραψα.
20. γρμμασιν: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+2+1] Dative, material, γραψα.
21. χειρ: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+2+1] Dative, means, γραψα.
22. ν σαρκ: Case, force of phrase? [1+2] Dative, sphere.
23. τ σταυρ: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+2+1] Dative, cause, δικωνται.
24. μο1: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+2+1] Dative, advantage or reference, γνοιτο or καυχσθαι.
25. μο2: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+2+1] Dative, reference, κοσμς.
26. κσμ: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Dative, reference, implied “I have been crucified” or possibly κγ.
27. οτε1: What type of conjunction is this? [3] A correlative conjunction, which expresses here the nuance “neither … nor.”
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28. τ καννι: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+2+1] Dative, rule, στοιχσουσιν.
29. μοι: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+2+1] Dative, disadvantage, or possibly indirect object or reference, παρεχτω.
Lesson 4: Accusative
Warm-Up Passages
1. μρας: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Accusative, measure (or time), μειναν.
2. μς: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Accusative, person in person-thing double accusative, ρωτσω.
3. λγον: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Accusative, thing in person-thing double accusative, ρωτσω.
Syntax Passages
Philippians 3:1–11
4. τ λοιπν: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+2+1] Accusative, manner, χαρετε.
5. τ ατ: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+2+2] Accusative, direct object, γρφειν.
6. τος κνας: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Accusative, direct object, βλπετε.
7. πεποθησιν: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Accusative, direct object, χων.
8. περιτομ: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Dative, means, or reference/respect, implied verb or, more loosely, κταμερος.
9. κατ: Name the appropriate category for the use of this preposition here. What is the exegetical import of this use of κατ for this verse? [2+2] Standard or possibly reference/respect. It emphasizes that Paul had followed the standard of the law or possibly that with reference to the law he was a Pharisee.
10. τν κκλησαν: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Accusative, direct object, δικων.
11. δικαιοσνην: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Accusative, object of preposition, κατ.
12. τατα: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Accusative, object in object-complement double accusative, ζημαν.
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13. ζημαν: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Accusative, complement in object-complement double accusative, τατα.
14. μενονγε: This is a rare emphatic conjunction. Give the appropriate gloss as found in BDAG for Phil 3: 8. [2] “More than that.”
15. πντα: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Accusative, object in object-complement double accusative, γομαι; OR subject of infinitive, εναι (both answers are correct; the πντα is functioning in two capacities here).
16. ζημαν: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Accusative, complement in object-complement double accusative construction, πντα; OR predicate accusative in relation to to πντα (both answers are correct; Object-complement constructions sometimes involve an infinitive, sometimes not; When they do, the complement is also a predicate accusative).
17. τς γνσεως: Translate this word as an attributed genitive along with the word it modifies, τ περχον. [4] “Supremely great knowledge” or “supremely valuable knowledge.”
18. σκβαλα: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+2] Accusative, complement in an object-complement double accusative construction, related to an implied object such as τατα or πντα (it is normal in Greek to omit the object after such has already been established).
19. Χριστο: This could be taken as an objective genitive or a subjective genitive. Give a translation (with the preceding word) and explain the implications of each of these. [3+3] Objective genitive: “faith in Christ”; subjective genitive: “faith/faithfulness of Christ.” Objective genitive focuses on righteousness gained through believing, while a subjective genitive focuses on the object of that faith.
20. ατν: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Accusative, direct object, γνναι.
21. κοινωναν: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Accusative, direct object, γνναι.
Philippians 1:9–13
22. να … περισσε: How exactly is this clause functioning? What is it related to? [3+2] Apposition or content; τοτο.
23. μς: Case, case usage, word related to? How can you tell whether this is the subject or object of the infinitive δοκιμζειν? [1+1+1+4] Accusative, subject of infinitive, δοκιμζειν.
24. τ διαφροντα: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Accusative, direct object, δοκιμζειν.
25. καρπν: Case, case usage, word related to? If the genitive were the correct reading, what would its case usage be? [1+1+1+2] Accusative, accusative of respect, πεπληρωμνοι; genitive of content.
26. τι: Specific use of conjunction? Word related to? [2+1] Substantival, indirect discourse or direct object; Γινσκειν.
27. τος δεσμος: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Accusative, subject of infinitive, γενσθαι.
28. φανερος: Case, case usage (treat as noun), word related to? [1+1+1] Accusative, predicate accusative, δεσμος.
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Warm-Up Passages
2. τ ε δν: Structural Category? [4] Substantiving a clause.
3. τ τς ερνης: Structural Category? [4] As a substantiver with a genitive.
4. τς ες λλλους: Structural Category? [4] As a substantiver with a prepositional phrase.
Syntax Passages
5. δσμιος: Semantic category? [4] Well known.
6. τν οκονομαν: What is the semantic category of this article if the whole phrase is in view [τν οκονομαν τς χριτος το θεο τς δοθεσης μοι]? [4]
Monadic.
7. τς δοθεσης: Structural category? [3] To denote second attributive position, or as a substantiver with participles to denote adjectival participle.
8. τ μυστριον: Read Ephesians 1:9–11. in English. In light of that text, what might be the semantic category of this article? [3]
Anaphoric.
9. τν σνεσιν: Structural category? [3] Function marker (FM) with a possessive genitive.
10. τ μυστηρ: Semantic category? [3] Anaphoric.
11. τος γοις ποστλοις: What is the semantic category of this article if the whole phrase is in view (τος γοις ποστλοις ατο κα προφταις)? [3] Monadic or possibly par excellence.
12. τ θνη: Structural category? [4] FM to distinguish object from complement.
13. τς παγγελας: If ν Χριστ modifies παγγελας, what is the semantic category of this article? If τς παγγελας is taken by itself without any modifiers, what is the semantic category of this article? [2+2] Monadic; par excellence.
14. το εαγγελου: Semantic category? [2] Par excellence.
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15. τν δωρεν: If you read the entire phrase τν δωρεν τς χριτος το θεο τς δοθεσης μοι as a whole, how should τν be taken semantically? [3] Monadic.
16. τς χριτος: Structural category? [3] FM in genitive phrase, or Apollonius’ Canon.
17. το θεο: Structural category? [2] FM in genitive phrase, or Apollonius’ Canon.
18. τς δοθεσης: Structural category? [2] To denote second attributive position, or as a substantiver with participles to denote adjectival participle.
19. πντων γων: Case, case usage, word related to? Treat both words together. [1+2+1] Genitive, comparative, λαχιστοτρ.
20. χρις: Structural category? [3] FM with demonstratives.
21. τος θνεσιν: Semantic category? [3] Generic.
22. τ νεξιχναστον πλοτος: Semantic category? [3] Monadic or par excellence.
23. οκονομα: Semantic category? (See v. 2 for help.) [4] Anaphoric.
24. τ … κτσαντι: Structural category? [3] To denote second attributive position, or as a substantiver with participles to denote adjectival participle.
25. τας ρχας: Semantic category? [3] Well known or par excellence.
26. τος πουρανοις: Structural category? [3] As a substantiver with adjectives.
27. τς κκλησας: Semantic category? [2] Par excellence or possibly well known.
28. πολυποκιλος σοφα: Semantic category? [3] Abstract or par excellence or even monadic (if το θεο is part of the phrase).
John 4:39–43
30. ο Σαμαρται: Semantic category? [2] Anaphoric.
31. τν λγον: Structural category? [2] FM with possessive pronoun.
32. τ τε γυναικ: Semantic category? [2] Anaphoric.
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33. σωτρ: What is the semantic category of the article if το κσμου is included? What if σωτρ is read alone? [2+2] Monadic; par excellence.
34. τς δο μρας: Semantic category? [3] Anaphoric.
Lesson 6: Article (Part II)
Syntax Passages
2. προφτης: Explain the absence of the article. [2] Indefinite.
3. εροσολμοις: Explain the absence of the article. [2] Definite; proper noun or object of the preposition.
4. τ ορτ: Semantic category? [4] Well known or par excellence. BDAG notes that this feast is the Passover.
5. τν Καν: Structural category? Some MSS lack the article here. Would the lack of the article in some MSS make the case difficult to discern? [2+2] Function marker (FM) with an indeclinable noun; the absence of the article would not make the case obscure ince Καν is the object of the preposition ες.
6. τ δωρ: Structural category? [3] FM with object in object-complement construction.
7. ονον: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+2+1] Accusative, object-complement, δωρ.
8. βασιλικς: Explain the absence of the article. [2] Indefinite. The indefinite pronominal adjective τις was often used in Koine Greek as a kind of indefinite article.
9. Καφαρναομ: Explain the absence of the article. [2] Definite; object of preposition or proper noun.
10. ησος: Anarthrous category? [2] Definite; proper name.
11. νθρωπος: Semantic category? What is the antecedent? [2+2] Anaphoric; βασιλικς in v. 46 or v. 49.
12. ραν βδμην: Explain the absence of the article. [2] Definite; ordinal numbers.
13. πυρετς: Semantic category? [4] This is probably anaphoric, reaching back to the verb σθνει in v. 46. However, nothing is said in the text about he boy having a fever until this verse. It is possible to take the article as well known, in that it would be well
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known to the royal official and his servants. It could even be par excellence in that this was a terrible fever, one that almost killed the child (thus, worst of the class).
14. πατρ: Semantic category? List all the noun antecedents with their verses. [2+3] Anaphoric; βασιλικς (v. 46); βασιλικς (v. 49); νθρωπος (v. 50).
15. Τοτο: Case, case usage, word related to? Most modern translations render the clause that this pronoun is in as, “This was the second sign that Jesus did.…” Assuming that such translations are intended to reflect the structure of the Greek, what have they done incorrectly here? How does a proper understanding of the construction impact the exegesis of the verse? [1+3+1; 2; 2] Accusative, object in object-complement construction, ποησεν. Modern translations treat the τοτο as though it were the nominative subject, but the problem with this is that it assumes that a relative pronoun is in the text: ποησεν ησος (“which Jesus did”). If taken as an object-complement construction, then the force of the clause seems to be on both Jesus’ power and sovereignty: “Jesus made this to be the second sign.…” See John 2:11 for a similar construction and the discussion in ExSyn 187, 242 n. 66.
16. σημεον: Case, case usage, word related to? [2+2+2] Accusative, object-complement, τοτο.
Luke 1:26–40
17. πλιν: Objects of prepositions can also be qualitative or indefinite. Which of these three is it here, and why? Defend your answer in one or two sentences. [3+5] It is likely that this is an indefinite noun, even though it is the object of a preposition. The reason is that πλιν is followed by an articular object, τς Γαλιλαας. That kind of violation of Apollonius’ Canon usually signals that the head noun is to be treated as an indefinite noun.
18. Δαυδ: Explain the absence of the article. [2] Definite; Apollonius’ Canon or proper name.
19. : Which pronoun is this article functioning in the place of? [4] Personal pronoun. This occurs on in nominative constructions with μν or δ.
20. τ λγ: Semantic category? What is the antecedent? [2+2] Anaphoric to the content of the angel’s greeting in v. 28
21. σπασμς: Semantic category? [2] Anaphoric; refers back to the content of the greeting given earlier in the verse, Χαρε, κεχαριτωμνη, κριος μετ σο.
22. χριν: Anarthrous category? [2] Qualitative (due to the abstract noun).
23. υν: Explain the absence of the article. [2] Indefinite.
24. υς: Explain the absence of the article. [2] Definite: monadic, Colwell’s construction; or Apollonius Canon.
25. ακβ: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Genitive, possessive or possibly genitive of apposition, οκον.
26. νδρα: Anarthrous category? [2] Indefinite.
27. πνεμα: Explain the absence of the article. [2] Definite: monadic.
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28. δναμις: Anarthrous category? [2] Qualitative.
29. τ γεννμενον: Structural category? [4] As a substantiver with a participle; or, more specifically, to substantive a participle and turn it into the nominative subject. OR as a substantiver with a participle, with γεννμενον in first attributive position (to γιον).
30. υν: Anarthrous category? [2] Indefinite.
31. γρει: Explain the absence of the article. [2] Definite: object of the preposition.
32. μν κτος: Explain the absence of the article. [2] Definite; with ordinal numbers.
33. μα: Explain the absence of the article. [2] Definite: with a pronominal adjective. Or indefinite, qualitative. Thus, any answer is acceptable. This is a tricky question because the student is already told that this word means “nothing” (at least in collocation with other terms in the verse). Literally, “everything will not be impossible for God.” If the student understands that to be a more literal translation, he or she would be expected to recognize this as a definite or possibly qualitative (=generic) construction.
34. οδα: Anarthrous category? [2] Definite: proper noun. In the construction with πλιν, the head noun is anarthrous and indefinite (thus, “a city of Judah”). Sometimes it’s hard to tell whether in Apollonius’ Canon constructions with proper names how the anarthrous common noun will function.
Lesson 7: Adjective
Warm-Up Passages
1. πρτ: Adjectival usage, word related to? [2+1] Superlative as superlative, or substantival; related to understood μρα or, if substantival, to ναστς.
2. πρτον: Adjectival usage, word related to? [2+2] Adverbial, φνη.
3. πτ: Adjectival position, word related to? [2+1] (Anarthrous) first attributive, δαιμνια.
4. κατεργαζομνου: Adjectival position, word related to? [3+1] Third attributive, νθρπου.
5. κακν: Adjectival usage, word related to? [2+2] Substantival, (object of) κατεργαζομνου.
6. πρτον: Adjectival usage? This adjective is acting adverbially. What is the other adjectival usage other than adverbial? [3] Superlative for comparative.
7. τυφλν: Adjectival position, word related to? [2+1] Second predicate, νθρωπον.
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8. μακριος: Adjectival position, word related to? [2+1] First predicate, νρ.
Syntax Passages
Matthew 5:17–20
9. ν: Adjectival position, word related to? [2+1] Fourth attributive, τα.
10. μα: Adjective position, word related to? [2+1] (Anarthrous) first attributive, κεραα.
11. πντα: Adjectival usage, word related to? [2+1] Substantival, γνηται.
12. λχιστος: Adjectival usage? [3] Superlative as superlative.
13. μγας: Adjectival position, word related to? [1+1] Second predicate, οτος.
14. πλεον: Adjectival usage, word related to? [3+1] Comparative for comparative; δικαιοσνη.
15. Φαρισαων: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1] Genitive, comparison, πλεον.
Matthew 12:32–36
16. γου: Adjectival position, word related to? [2+1] Second attributive, πνεμα.
17. καλν1: Adjectival position, word related to? [2+1] Second predicate, δνδρον1.
18. 2: What type of conjunction is this? [5] Correlative. This one is paired with the first ; together they mean “either… or.”
19. σαπρν1: Adjectival position, word related to? [1+1] Second predicate, δνδρον2.
20. γεννματα: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Nominative, nominative for vocative, no relation.
21. γαθ: Adjectival usage, word related to? [2+1] Substantival, λαλεν.
22. πονηρο: Adjectival position, word related to? [1+2] Predicate, understood μες.
23. γαθς1: Adjectival position, word related to? [1+1] First attributive, νθρωπος.
24. πονηρο: Adjectival position, word related to? [1+1] First attributive, θησαυρο.
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25. πονηρ: Adjectival usage, word related to? [2+1] Substantival, κβλλει.
26. ργν: Adjectival position, word related to? [2+1] Fourth attributive, μα.
Titus 3:8–10
27. Πιστς: Adjectival position, word related to? [1+1] First predicate, λγος.
28. καλν: Adjectival position, word related to? [2+1] (Anarthrous) first attributive, ργων.
29. φλιμα: Adjectival position, word related to? [2+1] Second predicate, τατα.
30. μωρς: Adjectival position, word related to? [2+2] (Anarthrous) first attributive, ζητσεις.
31. νομικς: Adjectival position, word related to? [2+1] Fourth attributive, μχας.
32. νωφελες: Adjectival usage, word related to? [2+1] Predicate, understood ατα.
33. αρετικν: Adjectival usage, word related to? [2+1] (Anarthrous) first attributive, νθρωπον.
Lesson 8: Person and Number; Active Voice
Warm-Up Passages
1. γνετο: Why is this verb singular (state the specific rule)? What word is it related to? [2+2] Neuter plural subjects take singular verbs. μτια is the word it is related to.
2. φθη: What is the subject of this verb? State the rule that this construction follows, and indicate its significance here. [3+3+3] Μωσς κα λας. Compound subjects can take singular verbs. The first-named subject is usually more prominent.
3. λθεν: What is the subject of this verb? State the rule that this construction follows, and indicate its significance here. [2+2+2] ησος κα ο μαθητα. Compound subjects can take singular verbs. The first-named subject is usually more prominent.
4. βπτιζεν: Voice, voice usage? [2+3] Active, simple OR causative (see John 4:1–2).
5. ς: Scan the entry in BDAG on ς. What usage fits best here? [4] According to BDAG, temporal conjunction (“when, after”; definition 8).
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6. βαπτζει: Voice, voice usage? [1+2] Active, simple OR causative (see John 3:22; 4:2).
7. μαθητα: Case, case usage, word related to (give exact Greek form)? [1+1+2] Nominative, subject, implied βπτιζoν.
8. σπζεται: What is the subject of this verb? State the rule that this construction follows and indicate its significance here. [3+2+3] κλας κα Πρσκα. Compound subjects can take singular verbs. The first-named subject is usually more prominent.
Syntax Passages
9. πρχων: Voice, voice usage? [2+2] Active, stative.
10. κνωσεν: Voice, voice usage? [2+3] Active, reflexive.
11. ταπενωσεν: Voice, voice usage? [2+2] Active, reflexive.
12. τ2: Treat this article as a function marker. What is its specific use? [3] To place the following prepositional phrase with τ νομα in the second attributive position.
13. κμψ: Voice, voice usage? [2+2] Active, simple.
Colossians 1:9, 13–20
15. παυμεθα: Use of person? [3] Exclusive “we.”
16. μς: Use of person? [4] Inclusive “we” or literary plural.
17. χομεν: Person, person usage? [1+2] First person, inclusive “we” or literary plural.
18. στιν: Voice, voice usage? [1+1] Active, stative.
19. κτσθη: Why is this verb singular (state the specific rule)? What word is it related to? [3+2] Neuter plural subjects take singular verbs. πντα is the word it is related to.
20. συνστηκεν: Look this word up in BDAG and find the reference to this verse. What is the most likely usage of its voice? [2] This one is a bit tricky and requires some discussion. It could be stative, since BDAG suggests an intransitive force for the perfect form: “to come to be in a condition of coherence, continue, endure, exist, hold together.” Conceivably, it could also be causative, though this would not work nearly as well in the context.
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21. εδκησεν: Voice, voice usage? [1+2] Active, stative or simple.
22. κατοικσαι: Voice, voice usage?[1+2] Active, causative.
23. ποκαταλλξαι: Voice, voice usage? [2+2] Active, causative or simple.
24. ερηνοποισας: Voice, voice usage? [2+2] Active, causative or simple.
Lesson 9: Middle and Passive Voice
Warm-Up Passages
1. προσλαβμενος: Voice, voice usage? [2+3] Middle, indirect. Note that BDAG gives the active form for the aorist in Koine Greek. Thus, this cannot be a deponent middle.
2. παρ: What type of agency is expressed by this preposition? [3] Ultimate agency.
3. Πστει: What type of agency is expressed by this noun? [3] Impersonal, since the noun is in the dative case.
4. κρβη: In what type of passive construction is this verb? [4] Passive with ultimate agent (as indicated by π πατρων ατο.
5. διτι: Classify this conjunction. [3] Adverbial, causal.
Syntax Passages
6. ομενοι: Voice, voice usage? [2+2] Middle, deponent.
7. πλν: Classify the conjunction and give a translation suitable to this context after consulting BDAG. [2+2] Logical, contrastive or adversative; “only,” “in any case,” “on the other hand,” “but”; “except [that].”
8. καταγγλλεται: Voice, voice usage? [2+2] Passive, simple.
9. χαρσομαι: Voice, voice usage? [2+2] Passive, deponent.
10. μοι: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+2+1] Dative, advantage, ποβσεται; or dative, possessive or reference/respect, σωτηραν.
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11. τν ποκαραδοκαν κα λπδα μου: What kind of articular construction is this? What is the most likely semantic force? [2+2] TSKS impersonal construction. Allow several different answers, ranging from distinct, overlapping, hendiadys, even identical referent. This is one of the more plausible places where identical referent could take place. Yet, this would require the two nouns to be synonyms. They are very close in meaning, but are not exactly the same thing.
12. ν1: Assuming that this preposition expresses agency, what type of agency is expressed? [2] Impersonal.
13. ασχυνθσομαι: Voice, voice usage? [2+2] Passive, simple.
14. μεγαλυνθσεται: Voice, voice usage? [2+2] Passive, simple.
15. τ ζν … τ ποθανεν: These infinitives are acting as the subjects of implied εμ’s. On what basis can we claim that these infinitives are the subjects instead of the predicate nominatives? [3] They both have the article and are in parallel to each other. In the first clause, Χριστς is the PN; in the second clause κρδος is the PN. Distinguishing S from PN is difficult when one is articular and the other is a proper name. The basic rule is that word order becomes determinative. However, in this instance, the first construction is paralleled by the second in which κρδος is neither articular nor a proper name.
16. αρσομαι: Voice, voice usage? [2+2] Middle, indirect. Although the only form in the NT for the future is middle voice, this is not a deponent verb. The form ναιρω occurs in the active in 2 Thess 2:8. And the future active of αρω does occur outside the NT
17. συνχομαι: Voice, voice usage? [2+2] Passive, simple.
18. πολιτεεσθε: Voice, voice usage? [2+3] Middle, deponent.
19. πτυρμενοι: Voice, voice usage? [3+2] Passive, simple.
20. ν: Assuming that this preposition is used for agency, what type of agency is expressed by it? [2] Impersonal, means.
21. π: What type of agency is expressed by this preposition? [2] Ultimate. The NT authors are generally careful not to ascribe sin to God; he is the ultimate agent of good, but human beings or the demonic world is the ultimate agent of evil. But cf. 2 Thess 2:11.
22. ντικειμνων: Voice, voice usage? [2+2] Middle, deponent.
23. ατος: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Dative, disadvantage, νδειξις or possibly πωλεας.
24. πωλεας: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Genitive, objective, νδειξις.
25. μν: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Genitive, possession, σωτηρας. The teacher may wish to consult ExSyn 143-44 for a brief exegetical discussion of ατος and μν in Phil 1:28.
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26. τοτο: What is the antecedent of this pronoun? Why is it neuter? [2+3] It is possible to take it back just to σωτηρας, but the difficulty with doing so is that the neuter is not as easy to explain (see ExSyn 335, n. 56). More likely, it refers back to the whole phrase νδειξις πωλεας, μν δ σωτηρας. Although the head noun is also feminine, the concept is emphasized, viz., the evidence of both the enemies’ destruction and the believers’ salvation is the same thing. But this evidence refers back even further to the opening clause of v. 28: μ πτυρμενοι ν μηδεν π τν ντικειμνων. The neuter would be most natural if it referred to a concept that would not have a natural gender.
27. π: What type of agency is expressed by this preposition? [2] Ultimate.
28. χαρσθη: Use of passive construction? [2] No agency.
Lesson 10: Indicative Mood
Warm-Up Passages
1. τι: What is the usage of this τι clause? [2] Introduces direct discourse; also known as a recitative τι.
2. ζσεται: If this verb is a declarative indicative, what does it mean? If it is a cohortative indicative, what does it mean? What do you think it is and why? [1+1+2] A declarative indicative would mean something like real life does not occur simply on the physical plane and can be unambiguously expressed in English with a present tense: “a person does not live on bread alone.” A cohortative indicative would be the equivalent of a command: “a person must not live on bread alone.” For the 4 points, teachers may wish to allow any thoughtful answer. Students who know Hebrew and look up Deut 8:3 will discover that the Qal imperfect hyjy is used, which can be translated either as a present tense or future tense here. Thus, it would be the equivalent of a declarative indicative.
3. τι: Classification of the τι clause, word related to? [2+2] Epexegetical is the best choice. If it were causal, the idea would be “look at the birds of the sky because they do not sow.…” But that does not make the best sense. The τι can be translated “in that” or be replaced in translation by a colon or semi-colon.
Syntax Passages
1 John 4:8–15
4. τι: Use of τι clause, word related to? [1+2] Causal, (οκ) γνω.
5. τι1: What is the usage of this τι clause, and what does it modify? [2+2] Appositional, (ν) τοτ. In this instance, the οχ must be read as part of the τι clause. The negative qualifies the statement to the effect that “love is not in this…”
6. τι2: Use of τι clause, word related to? [2+2] Appositional, (ν) τοτ.
7. οτως: Name the specific use of this conjunction. [2] Adverbial, comparative.
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8. γπησεν: Mood, mood usage? [1+1] Indicative, conditional.
9. φελομεν: Mood, mood usage? [1+2] Indicative, potential.
10. μνει: Mood, mood usage? [1+2] Indicative, declarative.
11. τι1: Use of τι clause, word related to? [2+2] Appositional, (ν) τοτ.
12. τι2: Use of τι clause, word related to? [2+2] Causal, γινσκομεν or μνομεν.
13. τι: Use of τι clause, word related to? [2+2] Indirect discourse, μαρτυρομεν.
14. σωτρα: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Accusative, complement in object-complement construction, τν υν.
15. τι: Use of τι clause, word related to? [2+2] Indirect discourse, μολογσ.
John 8:17–20
16. τι: The introduction of the τι clause after γγραπται suggests that the τι clause may be functioning to introduce direct discourse. Is this introducing direct discourse or indirect discourse? [2+4] Indirect discourse. The UBS capitalizes the first word of a quotation; since δο is not capitalized, they are regarding it as indirect discourse. The NA text puts quotations in italics, but there are none in this verse. The LXX text reads π δυσν μρτυσιν π τρισν μρτυσιν ποθανεται ποθνσκων (Deut 17:6) and π στματος δο μαρτρων κα π στματος τριν μαρτρων σταθσεται πν μα. Neither of these is being quoted exactly here.
17. στιν: Mood, mood usage? [1+2] Indicative, interrogative.
18. δειτε: Mood, mood usage? [1+2] Indicative, conditional.
19. τι: Use of τι clause, word related to? [2+2] Causal, (οδες) πασεν.
John 9:27, 30–35
20. θλετε1: Mood, mood usage? [1+2] Indicative, potential. It may also be classified as interrogative if seen in combination with the infinitive.
21. θλετε2: Mood, mood usage? [1+2] Indicative, potential. It may also be classified as interrogative if seen in combination with the infinitive.
22. τι: What is the usage of this τι clause? What word is it related to? [2+2] Appositional, (ν) τοτ.
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23. νοιξεν: Voice, voice usage, word related to? [1+2+2] Active, causative, understood ατς or οτος.
24. τι: Use of τι clause, word related to? [2+2] Indirect discourse, οδαμεν.
25. τι: Use of τι clause, word related to? [2+2] Indirect discourse, (οκ) κοσθη.
26. ν: What specific type of conditional clause is this verb in? How should the whole verse be translated in light of your decision? [2+2] Present second class; or present contrary-to-fact. “If this man were not from God, he would not be able to do anything.”
27. λος: Check usage in BDAG for this specific passage; give their gloss in this context. [2] “Pert. to a degree of completeness, wholly, completely, w. a pron. σ λος you altogether, wholly.”
28. τι: Use of τι clause, word related to? [2+2] Indirect discourse, κουσεν.
29. πιστεεις: Mood, mood usage? [1+2] Indicative, interrogative.
Lesson 11: Subjunctive Mood
Warm-Up Passages
1. ν: How is this preposition being used here? What is the best translation in this context? [1+1] BDAG: “1. marker of a position defined as being in a location, in, among… d. among, in.” It usually has a distributive force when referring to groups: ‘among themselves’ rather than ‘in themselves.’ That is, the conversation was external to each individual in the group, but was within the group as a whole.
2. ποκτενωμεν: Mood, mood usage? [1+2] Subjunctive, hortatory.
3. σχμεν: Mood, mood usage? [2+2] Subjunctive, hortatory. This is a good place to illustrate how κα is used when it connects two similar elements. The κα indicates that the second subjunctive should be taken in the same way as the first.
4. πιμνωμεν: Mood, mood usage? [1+2] Subjunctive, deliberative: rhetorical.
5. πιμνωμεν: One textual variant for πιμνωμεν is πιμενομεν. What mood is this and what is the mood’s usage? [2+2] Indicative, deliberative (future). See ExSyn 465. Basics does not discuss this usage except under the future tense on p. 245.
6. να: Use of να clause, word related to? [1+2] Purpose, πιμνωμεν.
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7. κ … πρς … δι: How are these three prepositions functioning and what important information do they add to this verse? [1+1+1] Impersonal means, association, and intermediate agency. They tell us the means by which we are justified, whom we have peace with, and the agent who brought us that peace.
8. χομεν: How would the subjunctive as read in some MSS change the meaning of the text? Supposing χωμεν is the correct reading, what is its mood usage? [3+2+2] (1) Note through chs. 1–5 how many imperatives and hortatory subjunctives there are: One imperative (3:4— “Let God be found true!” [γενσθω]); hortatory subjunctives in 3:8 (mimicking Paul’s opponents: “Let us do evil that good may come” [ποισωμεν]). Ch. 6 has three subjunctives (6:1, 4, 15) and five imperatives (6:11, 12, 13 [2x], 19). There seems to be a decided shift from “the indicatives of the faith” to the “imperatives of the faith” once we get to ch. 6. (2) It would not be saying that we have peace; rather, it would be urging believers to embrace/experience peace with God. It would be shifting from position to practice. (3) Hortatory.
Syntax Passages
Matthew 5:13–19
9. μωρανθ: Mood, mood usage? [1+2] Subjunctive, in conditional sentence.
10. ε μ: Look up ε in BDAG, under definition 6. What gloss does BDAG give to this phrase as it is used in Matt 5:13? [2] “except, if not” in 6.i.α.
11. κρυβναι: Voice, use of voice? [1+2] Passive, simple.
12. δοξσωσιν: Mood, mood usage, word related to? [1+2+2] Subjunctive, dependent on πως, which introduces a purpose clause.
13. τν2: Usage of the article (do not treat as function marker)? [2] Functions as relative pronoun with a prepositional phrase in second attributive position.
14. νομσητε: Mood, mood usage? [1+2] Subjunctive, prohibitive.
15. παρλθ1: Mood, mood usage? [1+2] Subjunctive, in indefinite temporal clause.
16. παρλθ2: Mood, mood usage? [1+2] Subjunctive, emphatic negation.
17. γνηται: Mood, mood usage, word related to? [1+2] Subjunctive, in indefinite temporal clause, ως ν.
18. διδξ1: Mood, mood usage? [1+2] Subjunctive, in indefinite relative clause.
19. ποισ: Mood, mood usage? [1+2] Subjunctive, in indefinite relative clause.
20. κληθσεται: Mood, use of mood? [1+2] Indicative, declarative.
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John 11:49–57
21. να: Use of να clause, word related to? [2+2] Substantival, predicate nominative clause or subject clause. The subject may be embedded in the verb in the τι clause, and since pronouns take priority over other parts of speech, the να clause should be taken as PN. However, if the verse is read as “that one man should die … is better” then there is no understood pronoun and the να clause functions as the subject.
22. πρ: What is the force of πρ here? Why is this example significant? [2+2] It is almost surely indicating substitution; it is one of the clearest texts in the NT to do so. πρ began to encroach on the uses of ντ in Koine Greek so that it started to involve both representation and substitution. As such, πρ is a richer term than ντ because it can involve both notions while ντ can only speak of the latter. Since πρ was the preposition of choice in the NT to speak of the meaning of Jesus’ death for us, this is especially significant.
23. να: Use of να clause, word related to? [1+2] Purpose, ποθνσκειν in v. 51.
24. να: Use of να clause, word related to? [2+2] Complementary, βουλεσαντο.
25. να: Use of να clause, word related to? [1+2] Purpose, νβησαν.
26. λθ: Mood, mood usage? [1+2] Subjunctive, emphatic negation.
27. ο ρχιερες κα ο Φαρισαοι: If the second article were absent, what kind of construction would this be? What semantic category would it belong to? [2+2] TSKS. Most likely, distinct groups would be in view, even though there would be a unity of purpose. The chief priests were not Pharisees and the Pharisees were not priests.
28. να: Use of να clause, word related to? [2+2] Epexegetical, ντολς.
29. γν: Mood, mood usage? [1+2] Subjunctive, in conditional sentence.
30. πισωσιν: Mood, mood usage? [1+2] Subjunctive, dependent on πως, which introduces a purpose clause.
Lesson 12: Optative and Imperative Moods
Warm-Up Passage
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4. γγιε: Mood, mood usage? [2+2] Indicative, declarative.
5. καθαρσατε: Mood, mood usage? [1+2] Imperative, command.
6. μαρτωλο: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+2+1] Nominative, nominative for vocative, no relation.
7. γνσατε: Mood, mood usage? [1+2] Imperative, command.
Syntax Passages
8. θαρσετε: Mood, mood usage? [1+2] Imperative, command.
9. φοβεσθε: Mood, mood usage? [2+2] Imperative, prohibition.
10. κλευσον: Mood, mood usage? [1+2] Imperative, request.
11. 1: Use of article? What clues are there in the context that this is so? [2+2] As a personal pronoun. It is followed by δ, and a finite verb. Since it modifies no noun, it is in the place of a noun.
12. λθ: Mood, mood usage? [1+2] Imperative, command.
13. σχυρν: Position of adjective, word related to? Translate this word with the word it is related to in order to bring out its syntactical force. [2+1+3] Second predicate; τν νεμον; “[when he saw that] the wind was strong.”
14. σσον: Mood, mood usage? [1+2] Imperative, request.
Romans 11:9–12
15. γενηθτω: Look up Ps 69:23–24, which is being quoted here (68:23–24 in the LXX). How is this imperative being used in that context? Is Paul using it in the same way? [3+3] In the LXX, it is clearly an imperative of request as this is an imprecatory psalm, in which David is pleading with God to vindicate him and punish his enemies. Paul, however, is applying this psalm to the nation of Israel. And he says in v. 11 that their redemption will come. Thus, in the least, Paul is not using the psalm to argue that Israel is being punished by God. Rather, he is viewing the present situation as temporary and ultimately as bringing about Israel’s salvation. The imperative is thus probably permissive in Rom 11:9. It could, however, be an imperative of request, though it would have a different force than in the psalm.
16. σκοτισθτωσαν: Mood, mood usage? [1+2] Imperative, permissive or possibly request.
17. σγκαμψον: Mood, mood usage? [1+2] Imperative, permissive or possibly request.
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18. σγκαμψον: Voice, voice usage? [1+2] Active, causative is most likely.
19. να: What is the usage of this να clause? [3] Purpose. Paul here is declaring that the purpose of Israel’s stumbling is definitely not that they would ultimately fall. This should inform how we take the imperatives in vv. 9-10.
20. γνοιτο: Mood, mood usage? [2+2] Optative, voluntative.
21. πσ: What type of pronoun is this? What is the basic difference between πσος and ποος? [2+2] Interrogative pronoun. πσος focuses on quantity (“how much?”), while ποος focuses on quality (“what kind?”).
Matthew 8:21–27
22. πτρεψον: Mood, mood usage? [1+2] Imperative, request.
23. κολοθει: Mood, mood usage? [2+2] Imperative, command.
24. φες: Mood, mood usage? [3+3] Imperative, command. Students may be tempted to call this a permissive imperative. But the notion of permission is bound up in the lexical meaning of the verb. If this were a permissive imperative, Jesus would be allowing the man to let “the dead bury their dead.” But he would not be commanding him to let them. A permissive imperative thus undercuts the entire force of this pericope.
25. σσον: Mood, mood usage? [2+2] Imperative, request.
26. πολλμεθα: Voice, voice usage? [3+3] Middle, indirect. It is certainly not deponent as this verb occurs as an active in the third principal part; further, a deponent middle would be the equivalent of an active, not a passive, while this verb seems to function much more like a passive here. It could be considered a simple passive verb, except that BDAG points out that in the middle voice it means “perish, be ruined.” Cf. Luke 11:51; 13:33 where the aorist middle must have this intransitive force.
Lesson 13: Present Tense
1. διαλογζονται: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Present, indirect discourse.
2. λγει: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Present, historical.
3. διαλογζεσθε: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Present, progressive.
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4. τοσοτ: What definition does BDAG give this word? What is the basic difference between τοσοτος and τοιοτος? [2+2] Pertaining to a high degree of quantity (BDAG s.v. τοσοτος 2; quantity vs. quality).
5. εμι: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Present, extending from past.
6. γπη: This predicate nominative is in a particular kind of construction. What is the name of the construction? What is most likely force of the anarthrous PN—indefinite, definite, or qualitative—and why? What exact kind of S-PN construction is this—convertible or subset? [1+1+2+2+2] Colwell’s construction. Qualitative. The PN precedes the verb and is an abstract noun; there are two reasons why it should be considered qualitative. Subset: the PN is anarthrous while the S is articular. A convertible proposition would mean “love is God,” a view that is not compatible with the Jewish-Christian worldview because it would suggest that all that God is, is love and all that love is, is God.
7. στν: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Present, gnomic.
Syntax Passages
Mark 14:32–42
8. ως: What type of conjunction is this? [2] Adverbial, temporal.
9. παραλαμβνει: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Present, historical.
10. τν Πτρον κα τν κωβον κα τν ωννην: The second and third articles are lacking in some MSS. Assuming that they correctly reflect the original wording, this would constitute a TSKS construction or a Granville Sharp construction. Would it also fit the Granville Sharp rule? Defend your answer below. [2+2] No, it would not fit Sharp’s rule; that rule specifies that the substantives must be singular, personal, and common nouns (not proper names). Further, the semantics of Sharp’s rule are that the substantives have referential identity—that is, they all refer to the same person. Proper names never fit these semantics. The reason proper names would be put in such a construction would be to emphasize their unity, but not their identity.
11. κθαμβεσθαι: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Present, progressive. The ingressive notion is embedded in the ρξατο, but the infinitive itself is progressive.
12. δημονεν: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Present, progressive.
13. στιν: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Present, progressive.
14. στιν: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Present, progressive.
15. θλω: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Imperative, request.
16. παρνεγκε: Mood, use of mood? [1+1] Present, indirect discourse.
17. καθεδοντας: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Present, progressive.
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18. γρηγορετε: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Present, progressive.
19. προσεχεσθε: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Present, iterative.
20. μν: What type of conjunction is this? What conjunction is it balanced with? [1+1] Logical, correlative; δ.
21. ατν: What type of pronoun is this? What position is it in? How is it functioning? [1+1+1] Intensive, attributive, identifying.
22. καθεδοντας: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Present, progressive.
23. πχει: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Present, instantaneous is most likely. BDAG notes that the meaning in this context is “to meet the need of the moment.”
24. παραδδοται: Tense, tense usage? The present tense for this indicative can be classified in at least three different ways. List two and explain briefly how the different uses can affect exegesis. [1+1+2+2] Present: futuristic or progressive or instantaneous. Futuristic: the betrayal is yet to happen; progressive: the betrayal is under way right now; instantaneous: the betrayal is occurring at this moment.
25. γερεσθε: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Present, progressive or instantaneous.
26. γωμεν: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Present, progressive.
27. παραδιδος: What is the difference in meaning here between a futuristic present and a progressive present? Explain each briefly. [2+2] A futuristic present would indicate that the betrayal had not yet taken place because the betrayer had not yet culminated his act. A progressive present would indicate that he was in the process of betraying Jesus.
Mark 2:16–18
28. τν μαρτωλν κα τελωνν: What is this particular articular construction called? What is the relation between the two groups? Defend your answer briefly. [2+2+2] TSKS or Granville Sharp construction. They are most likely overlapping with the second being a subset of the first (all tax-collectors were sinners but not all sinners were tax-collectors). This is not only a common use of the TSKS plural construction but the reverse order is found later in the verse.
29. σθει1: Tense, tense usage? [1+2] Present, indirect discourse.
30. δντες τι σθει: If Codex W, which lacks these words, accurately reflects the original wording of the text, how does it change the meaning? [3] The verb λεγον would most likely include as its subject “the scribes of the Pharisees [together] with the sinners and tax collectors.” That is, the sinners and tax collectors would be addressing Jesus’ disciples and asking them why they ate with tax collectors and sinners. But since the tax collectors and sinners were those who were eating with Jesus, to include the same group with the scribes makes little sense. It is possible that “[together] with the sinners and tax collectors” belongs with “his disciples” but the word order and resultant syntax this unlikely. The scribe of codex W simply erred at this point, inadvertently leaving out three words.
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31. τι How is the capitalized τι in the UBS text a clue that this is not the usual conjunction τι? [2] Capitalization of a word that does not begin a paragraph and is not a proper name is a convention used in the UBS text to show the beginning of a quotation. Since τι is capitalized, it is part of the quotation rather an introduction to it. Further, an introductory τι would be a recitative τι and would not be translated. But if this were a recitative τι the question would be, “Do [your disciples] eat with tax collectors and sinners?”—a translation that makes no sense in this context.
32. σθει2: There are at least three different possibilities for the use of the present tense. Name two and give an expanded gloss for each of them. [2+2] Progressive: “[why] is he eating…?” customary: “[why] does he habitually eat?” iterative: “‘[why] does he frequently eat?”
33. χουσιν: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Present, gnomic or possibly customary.
34. σχοντες: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Present, customary.
35. χοντες: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Present, gnomic or possibly customary. This parallels χουσιν and, as such, most likely has the same force.
36. νηστεοντες: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Present, progressive or possibly customary. With σαν the phrase is the equivalent of an imperfect indicative. If it is progressive, the idea is that they were fasting on the day in which they confronted Jesus; if it customary the point is that they would fast on a regular basis. Jewish weekly fasts would be on Mondays and Thursdays. But this participle seems to function in the context as something that was going on at the time of speaking, which prompted the more general question.
37. ρχονται: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Present, historical.
38. νηστεουσιν1: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Present, customary.
39. νηστεουσιν2: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Present, customary.
Lesson 14: Imperfect Tense
1. ν: Tense, tense usage? [2+2] Imperfect, indirect discourse.
Syntax Passages
2. δωκον: Give two possibilities for the imperfect with an appropriate translation for each. [3+3] Ingressive: “they began persecuting”; iterative: “they would frequently/repeatedly persecute”; customary: “they would customarily persecute.”
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3. ποει: Tense, tense usage? [2+2] Imperfect, progressive. It is possible to take it as an iterative or customary imperfect if the τατα refers to more than the one miracle. It is also possible to take it as a “pluperfective” imperfect because this action is prior to the action of δωκον.
4. πατρα: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+2+2] Accusative, complement in an object-complement construction, θεν.
5. ζτουν: Tense, tense usage? [2+3] Imperfect, ingressive.
6. λυεν: Tense, tense usage? [2+2] Imperfect, progressive, ingressive, or possibly iterative or customary. The latter two are possible if this is a programmatic statement that is speaking about more than this one miracle.
7. λεγεν: Tense, tense usage? [2+2] Imperfect, progressive, ingressive, or possibly instantaneous—if this one miracle is in view. Customary or iterative if more than one is in view and thus this comment is something that would be frequently said about Jesus.
8. λεγεν: Tense, tense usage? [2+2] Imperfect, ingressive or instantaneous. (See ExSyn 543 for defense of an instantaneous imperfect.)
Acts 3:1–10
9. νβαινον: Tense, tense usage? [2+3] Imperfect, progressive.
10. βαστζετο: Tense, tense usage? [2+2] Imperfect, progressive.
11. τθουν: Tense, tense usage? Justify your answer briefly. [2+2+2] Imperfect, customary. The καθ μραν indicates that it was not just this occasion that is in focus.
12. καθ: Look up the entry on κατ in BDAG and give the definition that is most appropriate for this context. [3] B.2.c. “distributively”; “x period by x period.”
13. ρτα: Give an expanded translation for a progressive imperfect, an ingressive imperfect, and an iterative imperfect. Which one of these do you think this is? [2+2+2] Progressive: “he was asking”; ingressive: “he began asking”; iterative: “he was repeatedly asking.”
14. βλψον: Mood, mood usage? [2+3] Imperative, command or request. There is an interesting difference in tone between these two.
15. πεχεν: Tense, tense usage? [2+2] Imperfect, progressive or ingressive.
16. χρυσον: Case, case usage, word related to? [2+3+2] Nominative, subject, πρχει.
17. δδωμι: Tense, tense usage? [2+2] Present, instantaneous, or possibly futuristic or progressive.
18. περιεπτει: Tense, tense usage? [2+2] Imperfect, ingressive.
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19. πεγνωσκον: Tense, tense usage? [2+2] Imperfect, progressive or ingressive.
20. ν: Tense, tense usage? [2+2] Imperfect, indirect discourse.
21. θμβους: Case, case usage, word related to? [3+3+2] Genitive, content, πλσθησαν.
Lesson 15: Aorist and Future Tenses
Warm-Up Passages
1. νμ: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Dative, reference, πθανον.
2. πθανον: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Aorist, consummative.
3. ζσω: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Aorist, constative. This could possibly be treated as an ingressive aorist.
4. νξομαι: Tense, tense usage? [1+2] Future, predictive.
5. σθη: Tense, tense usage? [1+2] Aorist, proleptic.
6. κολβωσεν: Tense, tense usage? [2+2] Aorist, proleptic. It is possible to see this as constative from the divine perspective.
7. γραψα: Tense, tense usage? [1+2] Aorist, epistolary.
Syntax Passages
Luke 19:41–43
8. γγισεν: Tense, tense usage? [1+2] Aorist, constative or possibly ingressive.
9. δν: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Aorist, constative.
10. κλαυσεν: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Aorist, ingressive or constative.
11. γνως: Mood, mood usage? [1+2] Indicative, conditional.
12. γνως: Tense, tense usage? [2+2] Aorist, constative.
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13. τ: Structural category? [3] Substantiver of a prepositional phrase.
14. κρβη: Tense, tense usage? [1+2] Aorist, immediate past or possibly constative.
15. ξουσιν: Tense, tense usage? [1+2] Future, predictive.
16. παρεμβαλοσιν: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Future, predictive.
17. περικυκλσουσιν: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Future, predictive.
18. συνξουσιν: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Future, predictive.
Matthew 21:17–21
19. καταλιπν: Tense, tense usage? [1+2] Aorist, constative or possibly consummative.
20. ξλθεν: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Aorist, constative.
21. ηλσθη: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Aorist, constative or possibly ingressive.
22. πενασεν: Tense, tense usage? [1+2] Aorist, ingressive.
23. δν: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Aorist, constative.
24. λθεν: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Aorist, constative.
25. ερεν: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Aorist, constative.
26. γνηται: Tense, tense usage? [1+2] Aorist, constative.
27. ξηρνθη: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Aorist, constative.
28. ξηρνθη: Compare this to Mark 11.:11.–14, 20. When does the fig tree wither in Mark? How do you explain these differences? [3+3] The fig tree’s withering is not observed by the disciples until the next day, though it could have happened very quickly. Matthew telescopes the incident by collapsing the cursing and its results into the same moment. He does this elsewhere in his Gospel as well (cf., e.g., Matt 9:18–26 with Mark 5:21–43.
29. δντες: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Aorist, constative.
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30. θαμασαν: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Aorist, constative.
31. ξηρνθη: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Aorist, constative.
32. ποκριθες: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Aorist, constative or possibly ingressive.
33. επεν: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Aorist, constative or possibly ingressive.
34. χητε: Tense, tense usage? [2+2] Present, progressive or possibly customary.
35. διακριθτε: Tense, tense usage? [1+2] Aorist, constative or possibly ingressive.
36. ποισετε: Tense, tense usage? [1+2] Future, predictive.
37. επητε: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Aorist, constative.
38. γενσεται: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Future, constative.
Lesson 16: Perfect and Pluperfect Tenses Note to Teachers: Many perfects and pluperfects are difficult to analyze decisively, since they involve both an
extensive and intensive force. We would suggest that the grading of some of these questions be a bit lenient between these two options because of this. This lesson would be a good place to discuss the differences between the two as you work through the translation.
Syntax Passage
John 11:11–44
1. κεκομηται: Tense, tense usage? [1+2] Perfect, probably extensive. The emphasis seems to be on the fact rather than the results, since it is being introduced at this point in the narrative.
2. κεκομηται: Tense, tense usage? [1+1] Perfect, extensive or intensive. The disciples may be mimicking Jesus’ words and meaning; if so, then this is extensive