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Key Words austenitic pipe, chromium-nickelpipe. gas metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding.recommended practice. stainless steel pipe. shieldedmetal arc welding

ANSI/AWS 010.4-86An American National Standard

Approved byAmerican National Standards InstituteNovember 12, 1986

Recommended Practicesfor Welding Austenitic

Chromium-NickelStainless Steel

Piping and TubingSuperseding AWS DI0.4-79

Prepared byAWS Committee on Piping and Tubing

Issued, 1986

Under the Direction ofAWS Technical Activities Committee

Approved byAWS Board of Directors

April II. 1986

AbstractThis document presents a detailed discussion of the metallurgical characteristics and weldabiJity of many grades ofaustenitic stainless steel used in piping and tubing. The delta ferrite content as expressed by ferrite number (FN) isexplained, and its importance in minimizing hot cracking is discussed.

A number of Figures and Tables illustrate recommended joint designs and procedures. Appendix A presentsinformation on the welding of high-carbon stainless steel cast pipe fittings.

AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY550 N.W. Lejeune Road. P .O . Box 351040, Miami, FL 33135

R e p r o d u c e d B y G L O B A LE N G IN E E R IN G D O CU M E N T SWith lilt Plnniss ion iIf A W SU Id er R oy alt y A ve em e nt

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Policy Statement on Use of AWS StandardsA ll standards o f the A merican W elding So ciety (co des, specificatio ns, reco mm ended practices, m etho ds, etc.) arevo luntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance w ith the rules of the American NationalS tandards Institute . W hen A W S standards are either incorporated in o r m ade part o f docum ents that are included infed era l o r state law s an d reg ula tio ns o r th e re gulatio ns o f o the r g ov ern me nta l b odie s, th eir p ro visio ns ca rry th e fu ll leg alauthority o f the statute . In such cases, any changes in those A W S standards m ust be approved by the governm entalbody having statuto ry jurisdiction befo re they can becom e a part o f those law s and regulations. In all cases, thesestandards carry the full legal authority o f the contract o r other docum ent that invokes A W S standards. W here thisco ntractual relationship exists, changes in o r deviatio ns fro m requirem ents o f an AW S standard m ust be by agreem entb etw ee n th e c on tra ctin g p artie s.

In tern atio na l S tan dard B oo k N um be r: 0 -8 17 1-2 67-9A merican W elding Society, 550 N .W . Lejeune R oad, P .O . B ox 351 040, M iam i, flo rida 331 35

1 98 6 by Am erica n W eld ing S oc ie ty . A ll rig hts re serv edP rinted in the U nited States o f A merica

54321

N ote: B y publishing this standard, the A merican W elding Society does not insure anyone using the info rm ation itcontains against liability arising fro m that. P ublicatio n o f a standard by the A merican W elding So ciety does no t carryw ith it any right to m ake, use, or sell any patented item s. Each user o f the info rm ation in this standard should m ake anindependent investigation of the validity o f that info rm ation fo r the particular use and the patent status o f any itemre fe rre d to h ere in .

T his standard is subject to revisio n at any tim e by the C om mittee o n P iping and T ubing. It m ust be review ed every fiveyears and if not revised, it m ust be either reapproved or w ithdrawn. Comments (recom mendations, additions, o rdeletions) and any pertinent data w hich m ay be o f u se in im pro ving this standard are requested and sho uld be addressedto AWS H ead qu arters. S uch co mm ents W i ll re ce iv e ca refu l c on sid era tio ns b y th e C omm ittee o n P ip in g an d T ub in g a ndthe author o f the co mm ent w ill be info rm ed o f the co mm ittee 's respo nse to the co mm ents. G uests are invited to attend allm eetings of the Com mittee on P iping and Tubing to express their comm ents verbally. P rocedures fo r appeal o f anadverse decision concerning all such com ments are provided in the R ules o f O peration of the Technical A ctivitiesC om mittee. A copy of these R ules can be obtained from the A merican W elding Society, 550 N . W. Lejeune R d., P .O .B ox 351 040, M iam i, Flo rida 331 35.

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PersonnelAWS Committee on Piping and Tubing

U. R. Wr~~hl. ChairmanR . G iam belluc a, lst V ice C hairm an

J. E : Fifher.2nd Vice ChairmanE. J. See l, Sec re ta ry

W . L. BallisG . O . C ur bowH. W . EbertR . S. GreenR. B . Gwin

t: A. Harwart. G . K. Hickox

J. E . H in ke lP . P . Holz**

R . B . K ad iy alaA . N . K ugler"

R . J. Landrum"J. R. McGuffey

LA. MaierJ. W. Moeller"M . D . R and all"H. L SaundersP. C. Shepardt: G. ShifrinG . K . S osn inH . A. SosninW.J. SperkoJ. G . Tack

J. C. Th om pso n. Jr. *D. R . Van Buren

Moody-Tottrup International. IncorporatedC. F. Braun and CompanySperi AssociatesAmerican Welding SocietyColumbia Gas Distribution CompaniesConsultantExxon Research and Engineering CompanyNational Certified Pipe Welding BureauMcDermott InternationalConsultantConsultantLincoln Electric CompanyConsultantTechalloy Maryland, IncorporatedConsultantConsultantOak Ridge National LaboratoryBethlehem Welding & Safety Supply, IncorporatedConsultantCRC Automatic WeldingAlcan International, Ltd.ConsultantDetroit Edison CompanyConsultantConsultantSperko Engineering ServicesArmco, IncorporatedConsultantThe East Ohio Gas Company

AWS Subcommittee on Welding Practices and Procedures for Austenitic SteelsE . A . H arw art, Chairman

E. J. Seel, SecretaryG. O. CurbowH. W. Ebert"R. S. Green

R . B . K ay diy alaJ. R. McGuffey

J. G. Tack AdvisorsDeceased

Co p y ri g h t A m e r ic a n We l d in g S o c ie t yP r ov id e d b y I HS u nd e r l ic en s e w it h A WSNo r e pr o d uc t io n o r n e t wo r i< in g p e r m i tt e d w i th o u t l ic e n se f ro m IHS

ConsultantAmerican Welding SocietyConsultantExxon Research and Engineering CompanyNational Certified Pipe Welding BureauTechalloy Maryland, IncorporatedOak Ridge National LaboratoryArmco, Incorporated

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Foreword(T his F ore wo rd is nOI a part of D I0 .4-8 6. Recommended Practices/or Welding Austenitic Chromium-Nickel

Stainless Steel Piping and Tubing b ut is in clu de d f or in fo rm a tio n p urp os es o nly .)T he se r ec ommen de d p ra ctic es a re in te nd ed to p ro vid e in fo rm a tio n w h ic h m ay b e u se d to a vo id . o r a t le as tm i nim iz e.d if fi cu lt ie s i n we ldi ng aust en it ic s ta in le s s s te e l p ip ing and tub ing . The t erm pipe u se d i n t he t ex t a ls o in cl ud es tube. Castc hrom ium -n ic ke l s ta in le ss s te el p ip e w ith c arb on c on te nt a bo ve 0 .2 0 p erc en t re qu ire s p ra ctic es d if fe re nt f rom th e

a us te n it ic s ta in le ss s te els , th e re fo re th ey a re c ove re d i n th e Append ix .T he f irs t d o cum en t o n th is s ub je ct w a s a pp ro ve d b y th e AWS Bo ar d o f D ire cto rs in A u gu st 1 9 55 u nd er th e title , TheWelding of Austenitic Chromium-Nickel Steel Piping and Tubing, A Commiuee Report and published as AW SD IO . 4 -5 5T . T his v ers io n w a s re vis ed in 1 9 6 6.In 1 9 79 ,a m aj o r u p da tin g o f th e d o c um e nt w a s c omple te d a nd p ub lis he d a s AWS D 1 0 .4 -7 9 .Recommended Practices

for Welding Austenitic Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Piping and Tubing. T his v ersio n p re se nted a d eta ile dd is cu ss io n o f t he r ole o f d el ta f er rit e in a u ste ni tic c hr om i um - ni ck el s te el w e ld s.T h e p re se nt d oc um e nt f urth er e xp an ds a nd r ef in es th is in fo rm atio n a nd , in a dd itio n, c on ta in s a n A p pe nd ix w h ic hg ive s r ecommenda ti ons fo r we ldi ng h igh -ca rbon s ta in le s s s te e l c a st ings.C omm en ts o r in qu iries p erta in in g to th ese re comm en de d p rac tic es a re w elcom e. T hey sh ou ld be add re s sed t o :S ec re ta ry , AWS C omm itte e o n P ip in g a nd T ub in g, Am eric an W e ld in g S oc ie ty , 5 50 N .W . L eje un e R oa d, P .O . B ox3 51 0 40 , M i am i, FL 3 31 3 5.

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Table of Contentspage no.

P(/"SOJlIIl/. . . . . . IIIForeword , ' , i\.List of Tables .... . ....... . ... .... ..... . ....... ......... ..... . ........... ..... \'iiList o] Figures .. ........................................... ...... ... ........................ "iiiIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I1. MUleTiu/ Compositions ami Specifications '" ......... '" .

1 . 1 Composi t ions . . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . . .1 . 2 Spec if i ca t ions . . . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .

2. Base Me tals ............ ........... ............................................ ...2 .1 P r im a ry T y pe s ( 30 4 ,3 0 5,3 0 9, a nd 3 1 0) . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .2 .2 Chrom ium -N ickel-M olybdenum Types (31 6 and 317) .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 32 .3 S tabilized T ypes (321 and 347) .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 .4 L ow Carbon Types (304L , 309 5, 31O S , and 316L ) . . 32. 5 "H" Types (305H , 31 6H , 321 H , 347H , and 348H ) .. . . . .. .. . . ;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 .6 S tain less S teel fo r N uclear Serv ice Types (348 and 348H ) '" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.7 H igh C arbon Cast Types (HF , HH , HK , HE , HT , HI, HU , and HN).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.8 Low Carbon Cast Types (CF3, CF8 , CF8C , CF8M , CF3M , CH8 . C PK20, and CH20) .. . . . . . . . . . 6

3 . F ille r Me tal ........... .............. ............ .. ... ...... ...... ti3 . 1 S e le c ti o n o f F i ll er Me t al .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . 63 .2 W elding E lectrodes .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . : . . 6

4. Fer rite ....................................................................4 . 1 We l d Me t al S tr u ct ur e . . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . . . . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . . .4 . 2 Fer ri te Phase . .. . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . .. .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. .

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4 .3 M easurem en t o f Ferrite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g4.4 Importance o f Ferrite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 .5 F er rite in R o ot P a ss es a nd S ub se qu en t P a ss es . . .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . 94. 6 E ffect o f W elding C onditions on Ferrite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 9

5. We/ding Processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95. 1 Shielded M etal A rc W eld ing (SMA W ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I)5.2 G as Tungsten A rc W eld ing (GTAW ) to5 .3 G as M etal A rc W elding (GMAW ) ... . . .. . . . .. . , .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '" . . . 1 05.4 Submerged A rc W elding (SAW ). . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . II5.5O ther W elding P rocesses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II

6. W('!cling( ~ rDissimilar S ta in le ss S tt' eJ Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. II7 . Welded Joints ill Pif/ (' . . , ...... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II

7.1 Jo int Design ~ ' . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II7.2 Consum able Inserts " . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147.3 Insert Application .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 47.4 Inert Gas Pu rging . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. 1(,7. 5 Open Butt Welding , .. , .. . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , IX

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8. Welding Techniques .......................................................................8 .1 Start ing the Arc . . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. .8 .2 W elding P ositon and E lectrode Handling .8 .3 Weld Size and Contour . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. .8.4 Travel Speed .8 .5 Welding Current . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .8 .6 Ext inguishing the Arc wi th SMAW . . . .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .8 .7 C leaning and Finishing ... .. . . . . , " , , . . '" , .8 .8 Repair . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .

9. Problems Related 10 Welded Joints ........................................................9. 1 Crack ing . .. . . .. . : . . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . . . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .9 .2 Corrosion ... . . ; . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : .9 . 3 S igma Phase Fo rmat ion -s -H igh-Tempe ra tu r e Se rv ice . . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. . . .. . .. ..

10. Inspection Methods ................................................10.1 Visual Inspection . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .10.2 Hydrostatic Testing .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . 10.3 Liquid Penet rant Methods . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .. .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .10.4 Radiography .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .10.5 Ultrasonic Methods . . . . . .. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .10.6 Inspection With Magnet ic Ins truments . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. .. . . . ..10.7 Acoust ic Emiss ion Test ing Methods (AET) . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .10.8 Chem ical Spot Testing . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . 10.9 Halogen Leak Testing Methods . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .10.10 Mass Spectrometer Tes ting Method . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .

11. Safety and Health ........................... , ......11.1 Fumes and Gases . . . . . . . . ... .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .11.2 Radiation .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. 11.3 Electric Shock .. . .. . . ..... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .11 .4 Fire Prevention . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . .. . . . . . . . . .11.5 Explosion . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. 11.6 Burns ... ... . . ... .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .... . . . . . . . . . .11.7 Further Information . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .

Append ix A - Weld ing High-Carbon S tainl es s S t ee ls . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . .AI. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ... . . A2 . Some Facto rs Gove rn ing Cas ti ng Ma ter ia l Use .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . .

A pp en dix B - D ocum en t L ist .... .. .. ; . . .. . '. ' . . .... . .... . .. . . ...Appendix C -Safety and Heal th . . .. . .. .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . ..

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Lis t o f Table sTable page no.

I . . Types of Chrom ium-N ickel Stainless Steel Available in P iping and Tubing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 - T yp es o f C hro miu m-N ic kel S tain le ss S teel Castings " 23 .-. ASTM Specifications Applicable to Austenitic Stainless S teel P iping and Tubing. .... . .. . . . 34 E lectrodes and W elding Rods used in W elding Cast and W rought Austenitic Stainless Steels . . . . . .. 45 .. C he mical C om po sitio n R eq uire me nts fo r W eld M etal fro m C orro sio n-R esis tin g

Steel Covered W elding E lectrodes .. . . . . .. .. . . . .. .. . .. ... . . ..... . .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . 56 C hem ical C om position R equirem ents fo r Corrosion-R esisting Steel W elding R ods and E lectrodes. . . . . 77 G eneral G uide fo r Selecting W elding Electro des and R ods fo r Joints in D issim ilar A ustenitic

Stainless Steel P ipe and Tube .... ... . . . . . .. .. .. . .. . . . . . . ... . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . " 128 - P rocedure fo r W elding O pen Root w ith GTAW Argon Shielding and P urge. Dcen 219 -- P rocedure fo r W elding Consum able Insert w ith G TAW A rgon Shielding and P urge. Dcen ... . . .. . . . 2210 .- P rocedure fo r W elding O pen Root w ith GMAW Gas Shielding and P urge . . . .. .. . . . . . . . ... , . . . 22A I ._ Filler M etal Selection Guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1

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Lis t o f Figure sFigure page no.I - Typical Jo int Designs for W elding Austenitic S tainless Steel P ipe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 32 - Standard Consumable Inserts ..... .. . .. .. .. .. ...... ..... .. .. 1 53 - Typical Sections show ing Two Types of Consumable Inserts ...... ... . . .... .. . . . .. .. 164 - P reweld P urging of O xidizing Atmosphere . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11A I- P ro cedure fo r R em oval o f "U nsound" A reas during Jo int P reparatio nfor New HK-40 Type Cast Component ... .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. ... . . . . .. .. . . . . . 28A2 - P urging Baffle A ssembly .. .. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . ...... ...... . . .. " 29A3 - Contour of W eld Crater Inhibits C rater C racks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

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Recommended P rac tic es fo rWe ld ing Austenitic Chrom ium-N icke l S ta in le ss

S tee l P ip in g and Tubin g

IntroductionThe ideal piping system w ould be a single piece ofp ip e, s o f ormed , s hap ed , s iz ed , a nd d ir ec te d a s t o c o nt ai no r c on vey th e flu id req uired b y th e p ro cess in w hich it isin vo lv ed . F or m o st sy stem s th is ca nn ot b e. C ha ng es ins iz e, s hap e, d ir ec ti on , a nd o p er at in g c on di ti on s u su al lyp re clu de su ch a f ab ri ca tio n. Jo in ts b ec om e n ec es sa ry .P i pi ng sy stem s u su all y mu st b e m a de o f m a ny d if fe re ntc omp on en ts , a nd t he jo in ts t ha t c on ne ct th em mu st b e a sst ro ng a nd s er vic ea bl e a s th e c omp on en ts t hems el ve s.T he re fo re , e ng in ee rs a nd m e ch an ic s sh ou ld t ry t o a pp lyth ose jo in in g m eth od s w hich m o st n ea rly m eet th e co n-d it io n s o f o n e- pi ec e f ab ri ca ti on an d a ls o a ll ow f or n ec es -s ar y a ss emb ly , e re ct io n , ma in te nanc e, a nd o p er at io n .Mo s t o f t he aus te ni ti c s ta in le ss s te el s a r e r ead il y we ld -able w hen the pro per pro cedures a nd techniques arefo llowed. They can be jo ined by m ost o f the fusionwe ld in g p ro ce ss es , a nd g o od p ip e we ld er s c an adap t v er yq uic kly f rom c ar bo n s te el o r low a llo y s te el to s ta in le sss te el . O rb it ing p ip e we ld ing mach in e s a re a l s o ve ry adap t -a bl e t o t he se ma te ri al s.T h e i ns tr uc ti on s i n t he se r ec ommende d p ra ct ic es c anb e p ut to u se b y a ny com pete nt p ip e w eld er in a ny g oo dsh op o r f ie ld s ite . R ea so na ble c ar e is r eq ui re d, a s in a nyp ip e w eld in g o pe ra tio n; h ow ev er ; c ar ef ul a dh er en ce tot he p ro ce du re r eq ui remen ts w i ll u su a ll y p ro d uc e e xc el -l en t we ld s i n s ta in le ss s te el p ip in g an d t ub in g.

1. Material Compositionsand Specifications1.1 Comp os iti on s. C hem ic al c omp os it io n r an ge s a ndtype numbers f o r thos e s ta inl es s s te e ls g enera lly avai lab lein w ro ug ht p ip in g a nd tu bi ng a re li ste d i n T a b le l.Thesea re Amer ic an I ro n a nd S te el I nst itu te (AI SI ) S ta nd ar dCompo si ti on s. Ch em i ca l c ompo si ti on r an ge s and d es ig -n a tions f o r f iv e s t a in le ss s te e ls g ene ral ly avai lab le as c ast

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p ip e a re sh ow n in T ab le 2 . T hese a re in clu ded b ec au seca st v alv es a nd fittin gs a re co nsid ered p art o f a p ip in gsystem.Th e we ld abi li ty o f c as ti ng s may b e s omewha t l es s t hanth at o f a w ro ug ht sta in le ss steel o f th e same ty pe. T his isb e cau se fu lly au st en i ti c c ast ing s have much larg er g rainsth an sim ila r w ro ug ht m ate ria l. C on seq uen tly , th ere isless grain bo undary a rea a lo ng w hich to disperse theim p ur itie s. A s a r esu lt, t he re m a y b e a t en de nc y t ow a rdh ot cra ck in g w hen w eld in g so m e ca stin gs. H ow ev er,proper contro l o f the com position of the casting, too bta in fo ur to ten p ercen t d elta fe rrite, ca n p rev en t h otcracking.1 . 2 S pe cif ic ati on s. T yp ic al Amer ic an S oc ie ty f or T es t-in g a nd Ma te ria ls (ASTM ) sp ec if ic at io ns c ov er in g p ip -in g a nd tu bin g in b oth ca st a nd w ro ug ht fo rm (seamle sso r w eld ed ) a re lis te d in T ab le 3 . A STM emplo ys t he A IS It yp e n umb er s f or d es ig na ti ng t he aus te ni ti c t yp es . How -e ver, th e A STM c hem ica l co m po sitio n req uire men tsd if fe r s lig ht ly f rom t he A IS I r eq uir em en ts a nd w ill v ar ys li gh tl y i n d if fe re nt ASTM spe ci fi ca ti on s. T h e c ompo si -t io n r an ge s s pe ci fi ed f or c as t t ub ul ar p ro d uc ts a re i de nt i-c al w i th t ho se o f t he Ame ri can Ca st in gs I ns ti tu te (AC I) .S p ec if ic at io n s f or c ov er ed we ld in g e le ct ro d es and we ld -in g ro ds a nd electro des a re p ro vid ed in T ab le s 4 a nd S .2. Base Metals2. 1 P rim ary T yp es (304, 305, 309 , an d 310). Thesem ateria ls h av e m an y a pp lic atio ns a nd a re w id ely u sedfor their corrosion and oxidation resistance, high-t emp er at ur e s tr en gt h, a nd l ow - tempe ra tu re p ro p er ti es .Howev er , t he re a re a n umb er o f we ld in g- re la te d c ha ra c-te ris tic s th at m a y a ff ec t a ll o f th es e, a s n ot ed b elow .Ty pe s 3 04 an d 3 05 may b ec ome s en si ti ze d b y we ld in g,depending o n their ca rbo n co ntent and the m anner inw hich they are w elded, and as a result m ay requires ol ut io n an ne al in g t o r es to re immun it y t o i nt er gr an ul ar

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Table 1Typ es o f C hromium-N icke l S tain le ss S tee l A vailable in P ipin g an d Tu bin g

Chemi ca l Compo si ti on L im it , P e rc en t"Type C Mn Si Cr Ni b P S O t h er E lemen ts30 4 0.08 2.00 1.00 18.0-20.0 8.0-10.5 0.045 0.03304H 0.04-0.10 2.00 1.00 18.0-20.0 8.0-10.5 0.045 0.03)04L 0.0) 2.00 1.00 18.0-20.0 8.0-12.0 0.045 0.03304LN 0.03 2.00 1.00 18.0-20.0 8 .0-10.5 0.045 0.03 0.10-0.15 N304N 0.08 2.00 1.00 18.0-20.0 8.0-10.5 0.045 0.03 0.10-0.1 6 N305 0.12 2.00 1 .00 17.0-19.0 1 0.5-1 3.0 0.045 0.033 0 8 0.08 2.00 1.00 19.0-21.0 1 0.0-1 2.0 0.045' O . o J.309 0.20 2.00 1.00 22.0-24.0 12.0-15.0 0.045 0.03309S 0.08 2.00 1 .00 22.0-24.0 12.0-15.0 0.045' 0.0331 0 0.15 2.00 1 .50 24.0-26 .0 19 .0-22.0 0.045 0.033 lO S 0.08 2.00 1.50 24.0-26.0 19.0-22.0 0.045 0.0331 6 0.08 2.00 1.00 16 .0-18 .0 10.0-14.0 0.045 0.03 2.0-3.0 M o316H 0.04-0.10 2.00 1.00 16 .0-18 .0 10.0-14.0 0.045 0.03 2.0-3.0 M o316L 0.03 2.00 1.00 16 .0-18 .0 10.0-14.0 0.045 0.03 2 .0 -3 .0 M o316LN 0.03 2.00 1.00 16 .0-18 .0 10.0-14.0 0.045 0.03 2.0-3.0 Mo0.1 0-0.3 N316N 0.08 2.oo t O O 16 .0-18 .0 10.0-14.0 0.045 0.03 2. 0- 3. 0 M o0 .1 0-0 .1 6 N317 0.08 2.oo 1 .oo 18.0-20.0 11 .0-IS.0 0.045 0.03 3.0-4.0 M o317L 0.03 2.oo 1 .00 18 .0-20.0 1 1.0-15.0 0.045 0.03 3.0-4.0 M o32 1 0.08 2.00 1 . 0 0 17.0-19.0 9.0-12.0 0.045 0.03 5X%Cmin. Ti321H 0.04-0.10 2.00 1.00 17.0-19.0 9.0-12.0 0.045 0.03 5X%Cmin. Ti34 7 O . OS 2.00 1 .00 17.0-19 .0 9 .0-13.0 0.045 0.03 10 X % C min. Cb + Ta c347H 0.04-0.10 2.00 1.00 17.0-19.0 9 .0-13.0 0.045 0.03 10 X%C min. Cb+ Ta34 8 0.08 2.oo 1.00 17.0-19.0 9 .0-13.0 0.045 0.03 10X%C min. Cb+ Tac 0. 2 Cu348H 0.04-0.10 2.00 1 . 0 0 17.0-19.0 9 .0-13.0 0.045 0.03 10X%C min. Cb+ Tac 0 .2 C ua. Singlevalues an: maximums.b. For sometubemaking processes, the nickelcontent or certa in austen i tic types must be sl igh t lyhigherthan shown.c. Ta is optional.

Ta ble 2Types o f Chrom ium -N icke l S ta in le ss S teel Cas tingsASTMb Nominal Ch em i ca l Compo si ti on . P e rc en t"Designation Composition C Mn P S Si Cr Ni O ther ElementsCF 3 19-9 0.03 1 .50 0.04 6.04 2.00 17.0-21 .0 S.0-12.0CF S 19-9 O . OS 1 .50 0.04 0.04 2.00 IS.0-21 .0 S.0-1 I.0CFSM 19 -10 M o 0.08 1 .50 0.04 0.04 2.00 IS.0-21 .0 9 .0-12.0 2.0-3.0MoCF3M 19 -10 M o 0.03 1 .50 0.04 0.04 1.50 17.0-21 .0 9 .0-13.0 2 .0 -3 .0 M oCH8 25-12 0.08 1 .50 0.040 0.040 1 .50 22.0-26 .0 1 2.0-1 5.0CPK20 25-20 0.20 1.50 0.040 0.040 1.00 23.0-27.0 1 9.0-22.0CH20 25-12 0.20 I.S0 0.040 0.040 2.00 22.0-26 .0 1 2.0-1 5.0

No te : Ch rom ium -n ic ke l s ta in le ss s te el c as ti ng s w it h c ar bo n c on te nt a bo v e 0 .2 0% an: c ov er ed in th e A pp en dix o f th is re po rt .a. Singlevalues ar e maximums.b . Ame ri can Society for Te st ing and Materials.

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Table 3ASTM SpecificationsApplicable to Austenitic Stainless SteelPiping and Tubing ComponentsSpecificationDesignation P roduct

A21 J S eamle ss f erritic a nd a us te nitic a llo y s te elb oi le r. s up er he at er . a nd h ea t- ex ch an ge rtubes

A249 We l ded au st en it ic s te e l b o il er . s u pe rh e at er .h e at -e x ch ange r, a nd condense r t ub e sS eam l es s and we ld ed au st en it ic s ta in le s s s te e lt ub ing f o r g ene ra l s e rv ic eSean-tess and we ld ed au st en it ic s ta in le s s s te e lsa n t . ry tubing

S eam le ss a us te ni ti c c hr om ium -n ic ke l s te els ti ll t ub e s f o r r ef in e ry s er vi ce

S eam l es s and we ld ed au st en it ic s ta in le s s s te e lpipe

Au st en iti c s te el c as ti ng s f or v alv es , f la ng es ,f ittin gs , a nd o th er p re ss ure -c on ta in in gparts

E le c tr ic f us ion we ld ed au st en it ic ch rom ium-n icke l a l loy s tee l p ipe fo r h igh- tempera tur eservice

Seamless aus ten it ic s t ee lp ipe fo r h igh temper -a tur e cen tr a l- s ta t ion se rv i ceWrough t p ip e f it ti ng s

W e ld ed la rg e o uts id e d iame te r lig ht-w allaus ten it ic ch romium-nicke l a l loy s tee l p ipef o r c o rr o si ve o r h igh -t empe ra tu re s e rv ic e

Au s ten it ic s te e l f o rg ed and bored pip e fo rh igh- tempera tur e se rv i ceCen tr if u ga l c a st a u st en it ic s te e l p ip e f o r h igh -t empera tu r e se rv i ce

C en trifug al c as t a usten itic c old w ro ug hts ta in le ss s te el p ip e f or h ig h-t emp er atu reservice

A269

A270A27lA312

A35l

A358

A376A403MOO

M30A451

A452

A688 Welded t ub e sa tt ac k wh en e xp o se d t o c er ta in c o rr os iv e e nv ir onmen ts .( Se e 9 . 2 f o r a d et ai le d d is cu ss io n o f t hi s f o rm o f c or ro si vea tta ck .) H ow ev er, th ese stee ls o fte n a re u sed in th e a s-we ld ed c on d it io n wh en i t i s k nown t ha t t he s er vi ce c o nd i-t io n d oe s n ot p ro du ce in te rg ra nu la r a tt ac k.T he li ke lih oo d o f c or ro siv e a tta ck o n m a te ria l s en si -ti ze d b y w el din g is n ot s o g re at f or t he h ig he r c hr om iumg ra de s s uc h a s T yp es 3 09 a nd 3 1 0. H ow ev er . t he se ty pe s

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3c an no t b e co nsid ere d to ta lly imm un e to in tc rg ra nu la rattack w hen they arc in a sensitized condition:2.2 Chromium-Nickel-Molybdenum Types (316 and317). T he a dditio n o f m oly bdenu m to the chro mium -n ic ke l a ll oy s d o es n o t a lt er t he ir w e ld in g c ha ra ct er is ti csin a ny sig nific an t w ay . H ow ev er. th e w eld s th em selv esmay d i sp lay s light ly g rea t er s u sc ep t ib il it y to in tc rgranu -l ar co rr os io n i n s en si ti ze d h ea t- af fe ct ed z on es t han Type30 4 in n itric aeid service . M olybdenum reduces ther es ist an ce o f s ta in le ss s te el to c or ro si on b y n itr ic a cid .2.3 S tab i li zed Types (321 a nd 3 47 ). T ita niu m. co lu m-bium a nd ta nta lum are carbide sta bilizing elem ents.D u rin g th e s te el m a kin g p ro ce ss , t he y c omb in e w it h c ar -b on b efo re c hro m iu m d oes. T hu s. in su bseq uen t w eld -in g, th e fo rm atio n o f ch ro m iu m c arb id es is m in im ize d.W hen chro miu m carbide fo rm s, the ad jacent m etal isd ep le te d o f c hr om ium , th us r ed uc in g th e m a te ria ls c or -ros ion resis tance .H ow ev er, d urin g w eld in g, a v ery n arr ow z on e imm e-d ia tely a dja ce nt to th e fu sio n lin e, in th e h ea t-a ffec te dz on e (HAZ) o f th e w eld , i s h ea te d to a tem pera tu re highe no u gh t o d is so lv e a lmo st al l o f t he t it an ium , c ol umb iumand tantalum carbides. If the w elded jo int is subse-q ue ntl y h ea te d to a tempe ra tu re in t he v ic in ity o f 1 2 000F( 6 50 C ) c hr om ium c ar bi de s will p re ci pi ta te a t t he g ra inbo un daries. T hus, the co nditio ns a re set up fo r w hat isknown as" kn if e l in e a tt ac k" i n acorrosive env ironment .K nife line attack can be preven ted by rehea tin g thew eld ed jo in t to a te mp era tu re in th e v ic in ity o f 1 6 00 F( 87 0 C ). A t th is tem pe ra tu re , ti ta nium , c olumbium , a ndt an ta lum c ar bi de s p re ci pi ta te i n p re fe re nc e t o c hr om iumc ar bi de s s in ce t he ir s ol ub il it y t emp er at ur e i s l owe r t hanth at o f ch ro miu m c arb id e. T his is c alled a "sta biliz in gh ea t- tr ea tme nt " s in ce it d oes n ot im pa ir th e c orro sio n r es is ta nc e o f t he s te el .T yp e 3 21 i s s ta bil iz ed w it h t it an ium , w h ile T yp e 3 47 is ta bil iz ed w ith c olumbi um a nd ta nta lum . T yp e 3 21 d isplays a g rea ter su sce ptib ility to k nife lin e a tta ck th anType 34 7 b ec au se o f t he lowered s ol uti on t emp er atu re otita niu m c arb id e co m pa re d w ith c olu mb iu m a nd ta nta -lum carb ide .2.4 Low Carbon Types (304L, 309S, 3105 , and 316L)T he se ty pe s a re lo w ca rb on m od ific atio ns o f th e c orresp on di ng o r p rim a ry g ra de s. I n T y pe s 3 04 L a nd 3 1 6L . a ne xt ra low c ar bo n c on te nt ( 0. 03 0 p er ce nt m a xim um ) m inimi ze s th e p re ci pi ta tio n o f c hr om ium c ar bi de b oth d uri ng we ld in g an d an y s en si ti zi ng p o stwel d h ea t t re atmen t.T his in turn preserves the co rro sio n resistance o f thw eldm ent. S im ilarly, T ypes 309 S a nd 31 0S w ith 0.08percent m axim um carbon. reduces the likelihood ocorrosion in com parison w ith their higher carboncounterparts .

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Table 4Electrodes and Welding Rods used in Welding Specific Cast

and Wrought Austenitic Stainless SteelsBare We ld in g R o ds o r E le ctr od es ,

Ty pe o f S t ai nl es s S te e l Cove red El ect rodes. S p ec if ic at io n AWS A5 .9 .Composi t ion Sp ec if ic at io n AWS A5 .4 . G as T un gsten A rc. G as M eta l A rc.Wrough t Casta Nominal S hi el de d Me ta l A rc We ld in g a nd S ubm er ge d A rc W e ld in g30 4 CF-8 1 8 -8304H 1 8 -8 E308 ER308305 20-10304L CF-3 18 '_8LC E30SL ER308LE347 ER3473 0 9 CH20 2 5 - 1 2 E309 ER309309S CH8 25-12LC E309 ER309

E309Cb31 0 CPK-20 25-20 E310 ER310310S 25-20LC E310 ER310

E310Cb31 6 CF-8M 18 -1 2M o E316b ER316b316H CF-1 2M lS-1 2Mo El6 -8 -2 ERI6 -8 -2

E316b ER316b316L CF-3M 18 -1 2M oLC E316Lb ER316LE31Sb31 7 19 -14Mo E317 ER316317L 19 -14MoLC E317L ER317L32 1 1 8 -IO Ti E347 ER321321H 18 - IOTi ER347347 1 8 -IO Cb347H IS- lOCh34 8 IS-lO Ch E347 ER348348H 18 -10ChCF-8C 18 -IO Cb

a. C as ti ng ll b ig he r i n e ar bo n b ut o th erwi se o f g en er al ly c or re sp on di ng c om po si ti on s a re a va il ab le i n t he h ea t- re si st in g g ra de s.These c a st in gl lc a rr y t he "H " designation ( UF . HH , an d HK . f o r i ns ta n ce ). E l ec tr od e s best s ui te d f or w e ld in g t he se h ig h c ar bo nv er si on s a re t he s ta nd ar d e le ct ro de s r ec omm en de d f or t he c or re sp on di ng b ut l ow er c ar bo n c or ro si on -r es is ta nt c as ti ng s s hownabove (see Appendix). .b . J oi nt s c on ta in in g 3 16 . 31 6 1. , 3 17 , a nd 3 1 8 w el d m et al m ay o cc as io na ll y d is pl ay p oo r c or ro si on r es is ta nc e i n t be " as -w e ld ed "c on di ti on . p ar ti cu la rl y wh er e h ot o xi di zi ng a ci ds a re in vo lv ed . C o rr os io n r es is ta nc e o f t he w e ldme nt, f or a ll g ra de s o f C r-Ni -Mob as e m et al m a y be r es to re d b y r ap id c oo li ng f rom 1 9 5O - 20 SO " F ( 10 65 -1 1 20 " C).c . T yp e 3 21 c ov er ed e le ctr od es a re n ot m an ufa ctu re d b ec au se tita niu m is n ot r ea dily tr an sfe rr ed a cro ss a n e le ctr ic a rc .

2.S "H" Types (304H , 31 6H , 321H , 347H , and 348H) .C arbon co ntributes to the high-tem perature strength o fa us te nitic s ta in le ss s te el. T his p re clu de s th e a pp lic atio no f austen itic C r-N i steel having an extra low carbonco nten t in high -tem perature service w here stren gth is anim po rta nt co nside ratio n. F ive ste els are ide ntified w ithth e "H "su ffix fo r use at high tem pera tu re . In th ese ste els,the carbon content m ust be held w ith in a specified range(i.e. , 0.04-0.1 0 percent), rather than being held at o rbelow a m axim um carbon level.

C op y ri g h t Am e r i c a n W e l d in g S o c i et yP rov i ded by I H S u n d e r l ic e n se w it h A W SN o r e pr o d uc ti o n o r n e tw o rk in g p e rm i tt e d w it h ou t l ic e ns e f ro m I HS

2.6 Stainless S teef fo r N uclear Service (Types 348 and348H). Fo r nuclear applications, where pipe m ay be -c om e ra dio ac tiv e, th e lo ng -te rm s erv ic ea bility o f th e s te elcan be im proved by lim iting its tan talum content. Type348 and 348 H steels have pro perties sim ilar to T ypes 347an d 34 7H , re spec tiv ely, exc ept th at the y c on tain no m orethan 0 .1 0 percent tantalum . F or th is sam e purpo se, lim i-tations m ay also be placed on the co balt content.

In m ost nuclear applicatio ns, the m ost co mm on typeso f stainless stee ls have been 304, 304L , 316 . and 3l6 L.

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Table 5*Chemical Composition Requirements for Weld Metal

from Corrosion-Resisting Steel Covered Welding Electrodesa, bAW SClassification< Cd Cr Ni Mo Cb plusTa Mn Si P S : - . I Cu

F_107 0 .0 4 0.1 4 18 .0 21 .5 9 .01 0.7 0.51.5 3.3 4.75 0.9 0 0.04 O . O ~ 0.75E30S 0.08 18.0--21.0 9 .0--11 .0 0.75 0.5 2.5 0.90 0.04 0.03 0.75ElO8H 0.04-0.08 18 .0-21 .0 9 .0 . . 11 .0 0.75 0.5 2.5 0.90 0.04 0.03 0.75E308L 0.04 18 .0-21 .0 9.0-11.0 0.75 0.5-2.5 0.90 0.04 0.03 0.75E308Mo 0.08 18.0-21.0 9.0-12.0 2.0-3.0 0.5-2.5 0.90 0.04 0.03 0.75E30SMoL 0.04 IS.O -21 .0 9 .0--1 2.0 2.0-J.0 0.5 2.5 0.90 0.04 0.03 0.15E309. 0.15 22.0-25.0 12.014.0 0.75 0.5-2.5 0.90 0.04 0.03 0.75E309L 0.04 22.0-25.0 12.0-14.0 0.75 0.5-2.5 0.90 0.04 0.03 0.75E309Cb 0.12 22.0-25.0 12.0-14.0 0.75 0.70-1.00 0.5-2.5 0.90 0.04 0.03 0.75E309Mo 0.12 22.0-25.0 1 2.0-1 4.0 2.0-3.0 0.5-2.5 0.90 0.04 0.03 0.75E310 0.08-0.20 25 .0 -28 .0 20 .0-2 2.5 0.75 1 .0-2.5 0.75 0.03 0.03 0.75E310H 0.35-0.45 25.0-28.0 20.0-22.5 0.75 1 .0-2.5 0.75 0.03 0.03 0.75E310Ch 0.12 25.0-28 .0 20.0-22.0 0.75 0.70-1.00 1.0-2.5 0.75 0.03 0.03 0.75E31OMo 0.12 25.0-28.0 20.0-22.0 2.0-3.0 1.0-2.5 0.75 0.03 0.03 0.75E312 0.15 28 .0-32.0 8 .0-10.5 0.75 0.5-2.5 0.90 0.04 0.03 0.75E316 0.08 17.0-20.0 11 .0-14.0 2.0-3.0 0.5-2.5 0.90 0.04 0.03 0.75E316H 0.04-0.08 17.0-20.0 11 .0-14.0 2.0-3.0 0.5-2.5 0.90 0.04 0.03 0.75E316L 0.04 1 7.0-2 0.0 1 1.0 -1 4.0 2.0-3.0 0.5-2.5 0.90 0.04 0.03 0.75E317 0.08 18 .0-21 .0 12.0-14.0 3.0-4.0 0.5-2.5 0.90 0.04 0.03 0.75E317L 0.04 18 .0-21 .0 12.0-14.0 3.0-4.0 0.5-2.5 0.90 0.04 0.03 0.7SE318 0.08 1 1.0-2 0.0 1 1.0-1 4.0 2.0-2.S 6 x C min to 1 . 00 max 0.5-2.5 0.90 0.04 0.03 0.75E320 0.07 19.0-21.0 32.0-36.0 2,0-3.0 8 X C m in to 1 .00 m ax 0.5-2.5 0.60 0.04 0.03 3.0-4.0E320LR 0.035 1 9.0 -21 .0 32 .0 -36 .0 2.0-3.0 8 X C m in to 0.40 m ax 1 .50-2.50 0.30 0.020 0.015 3.0-4.0830 0.18-0.25 14.0-11 .0 33.0-37.0 0.75 1.0-2.5 0.90 0.04 0.03 0.75E330H 0.35-0.45 14.0-17.0 33.0-37.0 0.75 1 .0-2.5 0.90 0.04 0.03 0.75E347 0.08 18 .0-21 .0 9 .0-1 1.0 0.75 8 X C m in to 1 .00 m ax 0.5-2.5 0.90 0.04 0.03 0.75E34ge r 0.13 18.0-21.0 8.0-10.0 0.35-0.65 0.75-1 .2 0.5-2.S 0.90 0.04 0.03 0.75EI6-8-2 0.10 14.5-16.5 7.5-9.5 1.0-2.0 0.5-2.5 0.60 0.03 0.03 0.75

'Note: Se e T ab le I, AWS A S.4-8 1.a . A n al ys is s ha ll be made f or th e e lemen ts w hi ch f or s pe ci fi c v al ue s a re s hown i n t h e t ab le . If.howeve r, th e p re se n ce o f o t he r e lemen ts is i nd ic at ed i nt he c ou rs e o f r ou ti ne a na ly si s, f ur th er a na ly si s s ha ll b e made t o d et ermi ne t ha t t he t ot al o ft he se o th er e leme nt s. e xc ep t i ro n. is n ot p re se nt i n e x ce ss o f0 .50 pe rcent .b . S in gl e v al ue s s hown a re maximum p er ce nt ag es e xc ep t w he re o th er wi se s pe ci fi ed .c . S u ff ix - IS e le ct rod es a re c la ss if ie d w i th d ir ec t c ur re nt . e le ct rod e po si ti ve . S u ff IX - 16 e le ct rod es a re c la s si f' 1c dw i th a lt er na ti ng c u rr en t and d ir ec tc un en t, e le ct ro de p os it iv e. E le ct ro de s u p t o an d including 5 1 3 2 i n . ( 4 .0 mm ) ins iz e a r e u sab le i n a ll p o si ti ons . E le ct rod es 3 /16 i n. ( 4. 8 mm) and l ar ge ra re u sa bl e o nl y i n t he f ia t g ro o ve a nd f il le t p os it io n a nd h or iz on ta l f il le t p o s it io n.d . C arbo n sha ll be rep ort ed to th e n ea res t 0 .0 1 p erc en t ex cep t f or th e cla ss if ic at io n E 32 0L R f or w hich c arb on s haU be r ep or te d t o t he n ea re st0 .005 pe rcent .c . T Ita ni um s ha ll b e 0 .1 5 p erc en t m ax .f. T un gs ten s ha ll b e f rom 1 .2 5 to 1 .7 5 p erce nt .

Howeve r. p ro b lems r es ul ti ng f rom the u se o f t he se t yp esi n c er ta in s ys tems o f b o il in g wa te r r ea ct or s h ave r es ul te di n t he d ev el opment o f s pe ci al n u cl ea r g rad es . T h es e p ro -v id e an ad di ti on a l ma r gi n o f r es is ta n ce t o i nt er gr an u la rstress co rro sio n cracking in the BWR enviro nm en t.. O th er sp ec ia liz ed te ch niq ue s h av e b ee n d ev elo pe d tom inim ize this cra ckin g pro blem w ith co nv en tio na lmaterials .

2 .7 H igh C arbo n C ast Types (HF, HH, HK, HE, HT,HI, HU , and HN). In many applications requiring

COPyr ight American Welding Socie tyP rovi ded by IHS under l icense w ith AWSNo rep roduct io n o rne tworki ng permi tted w ithoUt l icense f rom IHS

r esista nc e to o xid atio n. c ast .C r-N i a usten itic h ea t-re s is t ing s teelsare used .These cas tings are modif icat ionso f th e wrought type s .The f ir st f iv e l i st ed a re basi ca l ly th eT yp es 3 04 , 3 0 9,3 10 .3 12 . a nd 3 30 w ith c ar bo n c on te nti nc re as ed u p t o ab ou t 0 .7 5 p e r ce nt . T h e t hr ee o th er t yp esin vo lv e h ig he r c ar bo n c on te nt a nd s om e c ha ng es i n t hec hr om ium . o r n ic ke l, o r c hr om ium -ni ck el c ompo si ti on .T he se c as t a \l oy s a re d es ig ne d f or h ig he r tem pe ra tu res er vi ce t he n t he p rima ry t yp es .T h e we ld in g o f h ig h c a r bo n ( ov er 0 .2 0 p er ce nt ) s ta in -l es s s t ee l c ast ing s requ ir e s s p ec ia l h igh c a rbon e lec trodest o ma tc h t he h ig h -t emp e ra tu re s tr en gt h an d c re ep p ro p -

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6erties. In additio n, special w elding techniques andp ro ce du re s a re re qu ire d f or th es e m a te ria ls to c omp en -s at e f o r t he l ow e lo nga ti on a nd t he a gi ng c ha ra ct er is ti csa ss o ci at ed w i th t he se a ll oy s.We ld a bility d if fe rs g re atly b etw e en h ig h c arb on a us -t en it ic s ta in le ss s te el a nd bo th w r ought a nd l owe r c a rb oncomponen ts . We ld t echniques, f il le rm e ta l s e le c ti on, ands pe ci al t re atmen ts f o r a p ar ti cu la r h ig h c ar bon s ta in le ssstee l, HK -4 0, a re g iv en in A pp en dix A .2. 8 L ow C arb on C ast T yp es (C F3 , C F8 , C F8 C, C F8M ,C F3M , CH8 , CPK20 , an d C820) . Tabl e 2 l is ts t h e mo s tw idely used types o f ch romium-n i cke l s ta in le s s s te e l c a st -in gs w ith carbo n co ntents und er 0.20 percent. T hesec as ti ng s, a lt ho ugh t he ir c ompo si ti on s a re n o t i de nt ic al ,may be w eld ed in th e sam e w ay a s th eir w ro ug ht e qu iv -a le nt s a s l is te d b el ow :

Cas t a ll oyCF3CF8CF8MCF3MCHSCPK-20CF8CCH20

Wrought equival en t304L30 431 6316L309S31034 7309

3. FillerMetal3. 1 S ele ctio n o f F Ule r M eta l. F ille r m etals th at y ieldw eld m eta l o f th e sa me g en eral c om po sitio n a s th e b aseme ta ls a re a va il ab le . Howeve r, t he s el ec ti on o f a s ui ta bl ef iller m eta l to jo in a p artic ula r ty pe o f b ase m etal is n ota lw ay s a ccom plish ed b y m atch in g th e ty pe n um be rs o re ve n a ct ua l c hem ic al c ompo si ti on s. Th e p er fo rmanc e o fp re sen t-d ay w eld in g e le ctro de s a nd ro ds h as b ee n im -p ro v ed t hr ough mod if ic at io n s i n c ompo si ti on t o c ont ro lw eld s tru ctu re , w h ic h in tu rn d ete rm in es th e p ro pe rtie so f th e w eld m eta l. I n s om e in sta nc es , n ew d es ig na tio nsa re a pp li ed t o t he f il le r me ta ls b ec au se o f e xt en si ve mod i-f ic a ti ons incompos it ion . The types o f aust en it ic s ta in le s ss tee l used in p ip in g a nd th e f ille r m e ta ls c ommonly u se dfo r j oin in g th em a re sh ow n in T ab le 4.3.2 Weld ingE lec tr ode s . Chemica l composi ti on r equ ir e-m en ts o f w eld m eta l f ro m w eld in g e le ctro des an d ro dsare g iv en in T ab le s 5 an d 6 and th e latest ed itio ns o fAWS publ ica tions ;A5.4 , Specification/a/Covered Cor~rosion-Resisting Chromium-Nickel Steel Welding Elec-trodes an d A 5.9 , Specification/or Corrosion-ResistingChromium-Nickel Steel Bare and Composite MetalCored and Stranded Welding Electrodes and WeldingRods.

C op yr i gh t Am e r i ca n W e l d in g S o c ie t yP r ov id e d b y I HS u nd e r l ic e ns e w it h A W SNo r e p ro d u ct i on o r n e t w or k in g p e rm i t te d w i th o u :t l ic e n se f rom I HS

3.2.1 C overed Electro des. T here are tw o kinds ofc ove ri ng s c ommon ly u se d on s ta in le ss s te el e le ct ro d es ,"lim e " a nd " tita nia ."T he lim e c ov er in g is d es ig na te d b ythe suffix -1 5 and the titania by -1 6. The -1 5 is fo r usew ith d ir ec t c ur re nt, e le ctr od e p os itiv e, a nd th e -J6 fo ru se w i th a lt er na ti ng c ur re nt o r d ir ec t c ur re nt , e le ct ro d epos it ive . Some -16 cover ings ope ra te s at is f ac to r il y wi thd ire ct c urre nt, ele ctro de n eg ativ e a nd m ay be u se d ins pe ci al c as es wher e s ha ll owe r p en et ra ti on i s d e s ir ed .T he -1 6 e le ctro de h as a le ss p en etra tin g a rc a nd p ro -d uc es f la tte r, smo o th er w e ld s in th e h oriz on ta l a nd f la tpo sitio ns, w ith easier slag rem oval th an th e -1 5 . T heo r ig ioa l- 16 type s we red is ti nc tl y infe ri o r t o t he -I 5 typesw hen ,w elding in positions o ther than flat (out-of-p o si ti on we ld in g ); t hu s, t he -IS ty pe w a s p re fe rr ed f orthis w ork. Im pro vem ent in o ut-o f-po sitio n w eldingchar ac te ri st ic s o f t he -1 6 t yp es h as c au se d i nc re as ed u seo f th is ty pe in a re as w h ere th e -15 type was t radi tiona llyu se d. Whe re maximum a ss ur an ce o f h ig h es t me ta ll ur gi -cal qua li ty we ld me ta l i s r eq u ir ed , t he -15 t yp e may s ti llbe prefer red .Bo th type s o f cover ings a re hyg roscop ic , and exce s sivemo is tu re a bs or ptio n m a y c au se w eld in g p ro blem s s uc ha s p oro sity , fla kin g a nd f la rin g of th e c ov erin g, an de rr at ic a rc a ct io n .F or ele ctro de s in o pen ed c on ta in ers , th e h um id ity ,length o f tim e o f expo sure, types o f service, and w eldm e ta l q ua lity r eq uire d a re f ac to rs w h ic h will determineth e n ee d f or re dr yin g b ef ore u se . It is p re fe ra ble to a vo idt he n ee d f o r r ed ry in g byk e e pi ng t he e le ct ro d es wa rm andd ry a t a ll t im e s. Wh en redrying i s necessary , the e lec t rodemanu fa ct ur er 's r ec ommendati on s hou ld b e f o ll owed. I ngener a l, un le s s t he manu fac tu r er adv is es t o the con tr ary ,lo ng tim e s a bo ve 6 5 00F (3430 C) t emper at ur es a re t o bea vo id ed , a s th e c ov erin g m a y be damaged.3 .2 .2 B are F iD er Metal. S ince th ese m aterials don ot have co vering s, their sto rage and care present nop ro b lem w it h r es pe ct t o mo is tu re a bs or pt io n . Howeve r,

s to ra ge a re as s ho uld b e d ry a nd c le an to a vo id c on tam i-n atio n f rom d ir t, o ils , a nd o th er lu br ic an ts a nd e xtr an e-o u s c hem ic al s, s uc h a s s ul fu r b ea ri ng ma te ri al s.T hes e m aterials a re su pp lie d in stra ig ht le ng th s, in

co ils w ith o r w ith ou t su pp ort, an d o n s po ols.A WS spe ci fi ca ti on A5 .9 h as s pe ci fi c r eq ui remen ts f o ri de nt if ic at io n o f b ar e f il le r me ta l. Cu t l en g th s p re se nt a nid en tif ica tio n p ro blem af te r th ey h av e b ee n rem o ve dfro m th e co ntainer. H ow ev er, adh esive tags o n o ne o rbo th ends o r i den ti fi ca ti on marking a re e f fe c ti ve iden ti fi -c a ti on me thods.AW S spe ci fi ca ti on AS .3 0 , Specification/or Consum-able Inserts, has spec if ic r equ ir emen ts fo r i den t if ic a ti ono f c ons umab le i ns er ts . S e e 7 .2 a nd 7 .3 f o r d et ail s o f th e iruse.

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7

Table 6*Chemical Composition Requirements for

Corrosion-Resisting Steel Welding Rods and Electrodesa. bAW S

Classification C er Ni Mo Cb+Ta Mn Si P S N e llER307 0 .04 0 .14 19 .5 -22.0 8 .0-10.7 0.5-1 .5 3.3-4.75 0.30-0.65 0.03 0.03 0.75ER30l\d 0.03 19.5-22.0 9 .0-11 .0 0.75 1 .0 2.5 0.3 0~ 0.6 5 0.0 3 0.03 0.75ER308H 0.04-0.08 19.5-22.0 9 .0-11 .0 0.75 1 .0-2.5 0.30-0.65 0.03 0.03 0.75ER308Lc 0.03 19 .5-22.0 9 .0-11 .0 0.75 1.0-2.5 0.30-0.6 5 0.03 0.03 0.75ER308Mo 0.08 18.0-21.0 9.0-12.0 2.0-3.0 1 .0.. 2 .5 0.30-0.65 0.03 0.03 0.15ER308MoL 0.04 18 .0 21 .0 9 .0-12.0 2.0-3.0 1 .0-2.5 0.30-0.65 0.03 . 0.03 0.75ER309< 0.12 2 3.0 -25 .0 1 2.0 -1 4.0 0.75 1 .0-2.5 0.30-0.65 0.03 0.03 0.75ER309L 0.03 23.0-25.0 12.0-14.0 0.75 1 .0-2.5 0.30-0.6 5 0.03 0.03 0.75ER310 0.8-0.15 25.0-28 .0 20.0-22.5 0.75 1 .0-2.5 0.30-0.6 5 0.03 0.03 0.15ER312 0.15 28.0-32.0 8 .0-10.5 0.75 1 .0-2.5 0.30-0.6 5 0.03 0.03 0.75ER3J6c 0.08 18.0-20.0 11 .0-1 4.0 2.0-3.0 1 .0-2.5 0.30-0.65 0.03 0.03 0.75ER316H 0.04-0.08 18 .0-20.0 11.0-14.0 2.0-3.0 1 .0-2.5 0 .30 -0.6 5 0.0 3 0.03 0.75ER316L< 0.03 18.0-20.0 11 .0-1 4.0 2.0-3.0 1 .0-2.5 0.30-0.65 0.03 0.03 0.75ER317 0.08 18 .S-20.5 13.0-15.0 3.0-4.0 1.0-2.5 0.30-0.6 5 0.03 0.03 0.75ER317L 0.03 18.5-20.5 1 3.0-1 5.0 3.0-4.0 1 .0-2.5 0.30-0.65 0.03 0.03 0.75ER318 0.08 18 .0-20.0 11 .0-14.0 2.0-3.0 axe min to 1 .0 max 1 .0-2.5 0.30-0.6 5 0.03 0.03 0.75ER320 0.07 19.0-21.0 32.0-36 .0 2.0-3.0 8xe min to 1 .0 m ax 2 .S 0.60 0.03 0.03 3.0-4.0ER320LRd 0.025 19 .0-21 .0 32.0-36 .0 2.0-3.0 8xe min to 0 .40 max 1 .5-2.0 0.15 0.015 0.020 3.0-4.0ERJ21 0.08 18.S-20.S 9.0-10.5 0.75 1.0-2.5 0.30-0.65 0,0) 0,0) 0.75ER330 0.18 -0.25 15.0-17.0 34.0-37.0 0.75 1 .0-2.5 0.30-0.6 5 0.03 0.03 0.75ER347c 0.08 19.0-21.5 9.0-11.0 0.75 1 0xe m in to 1 .0 m ax 1.0-2.S 0 .3 0-0.6 5 0 .03 0.03 0.75ER349 f 0.07-0.1 3 1 9.0-21 .5 8 .0-9 .5 0.35-0.6 5 1 .0-1 .4 1 .0-2.5 0.30-0.65 0.03 0.03 0.75ERI6-8-2 0.10 14.5-16.5 7.5-9 .5 1 .0-2.0 1 .0-2.5 0.30-0.6 5 0.03 0.03 0.75

No te: See T able I, AWS A S.9 -8 1.a . A na ly si s s ha ll b e made f or t he c leme nt s f or w h ic h s pe ci fi c v al ue s a re s hown i n t h is t ab le .I f, h ow ev er , t he p re se nc e o f o th er e leme nt s i s i nd ic at ed i nt he c our se o f r ou ti ne anal ys is ,f ur th er an al ys is s ha ll be made t o d et ermi ne t ha t t he t ot al o f t h es e o t he r e lemen ts , c xc ep t i ro n , is n ot p re se nt i n e x ce ss o fO.SOpercent.b . S in gl c v al ue s s hown a re maximum p er ce nt ag es .c . T he se g ra de s a re a va il ab le i n h ig h s il ic on c la ss lf ic at io ns w hi ch s ha ll h av e t he s ame c hcm ic al c omp os it io n r eq ui reme nt s a s g iv en b el ow w it h t hee xc ep ti on t ha t t he s il ic on c ont en t s ha ll b e 0 . 65 t o 1 . 00pe r ce nt . Thes e h igh s il ic on c la s si fi ca ti ons sha ll b e de s ign at ed by the addi ti on "Si" t o t he s tanda rdc la s si fi ca ti on de si gn a ti ons i nd ic at ed be low . The f ab ri ca to r s ho ul d c on si de r c ar ef ul ly t he u se o f h ig h s il ic on f il le r m et al s i n h ig hl y r es tr ai ne d f ul lyaus ten it ic we lds .d . C arbo n sha ll b e rep on ed to th e nea rest 0 .0 1 p ercen t ex cept fo r the cla ssifica tio n E 320 LR fo r w hich carb on sh all be rep on ed to th e nea restO .O OSpercent.c. Titanium-9 x e min to 1 .0 m ax.f. T itan iu m-O .IO to 0 .3 0. T ung sten is 1 . 2S t o 1 . 7S per ce nt .

4. Ferrite4 .1 W e ld M e ta l S tru ctu re . T he m ic ro stru ctu re o f a us-t en it ic s ta in le ss s te el w e ld me ta l i n t he a s-w eld e d c ond i-tio n is q uite d iff ere nt f rom th at o f w ro ug ht b ase m eta la nd p la y s a ma jo r r ol e i n c ont ro ll in g c ra ck in g t end en c y,me cha n ic al p ro p er ti es , a n d c o rr os io n r es is ta n ce . Th es ea llo ys a re slu gg is h in th eir c oo lin g tra nsfo rm atio nsbecause o f the presence o f chrom ium , and, in the as-w e ld e d c ond iti on , e xhi bit s ome me ta st ab le d e lt a f er ri tei n t he s tr uc tu re . I n w r ough t p ro du cts , th is p h as e u su a ll yh a s b e come t ra n sf o rmed t o a u st en ite , a n d t he se s te el s a reth us n o nm a gn etic a s s up plie d b y th e m ill.

COPyr ight American Welding Socie tyProvided by IHS under l icense w ith AWSNo r e pr o du c ti o n o r n e t wo r ki n g p e n ni tt e d w i th o u t l ic e n se f ro m IHS

4 ,2 F er rite P h a se . Itmay c om e a s a s urp ris e, a t f irs t, tof ind t hat aust en i ti c s t a in l es s s t e el we lds may be magne ti c,e sp ec ia lly th os e in a uto g en o us GT A we ld s o n n o nm a g-n e ti c b a se me ta lT h e d elta f err ite p ha se is re sp o ns ib le f or th e m a gn et-ism . D elta fe rrite fo rm s in th e w eld m eta l a t its so lid ust empe ra tu re ( fr ee zi ng po in t) a nd p e rs is ts d own to r oomtemp era tu re u ntra nsf orm ed . T he q ua ntity p re se nt isp rin cip ally d ete rm in ed b y th e c omp os itio n o f th e w e ldm eta l. B y v ary in g th e c om p ositio n o f th e f ille r m eta l,w e ld m e ta l c an b e m a de c omp le te ly a us te nitic ( su ch a sw ith T y pe 31 0 we ld m e ta l) o r p artia lly f er ritic ( su ch aw ith T yp es 3 08 , 309, an d 31 2 we ld m e ta l) . S in ce s om e

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8sta in less ste el fille r m eta ls m eetin g a ll sp ecific atio nrequ irem ents (such a s 309 a nd 31 6) a re supplied w iths om e , o r e ve n n o f er rit e, o r w it h a ty pi ca l f er rit e n umb er( FN ) o f 4 t o 1 0 , th e f er ri te c on te nt o f a us te nit ic st ai nle ssstee l fille r m eta ls sh ou ld b e co nsid ere d w hen th ey a rebe ing orde red .T h e a tt en ti on g iv en t o f er ri te h er e i s a n i nd ic at io n o f i tsimp or ta nc e i n th e s ou nd ne ss o f s om e s ta in le ss s te el w el dm etals as w ell as the subsequent perfo rm ance of thew eld men t in serv ice . F err ite h as e ig ht m ajo r e ffec ts inau st en it ic s ta in le ss we ld me ta l:

(I) F ully austenitic w eld depo sits are so metim esp ro ne t o h ot c ra ck in g. T his s us ce pti bili ty s eem s to a ri sef rom th e low me lt in g c on st it ue nt s ( compo un ds o f p ho s-p ho r us , s ul fu r, s il ic o n, c ol umb ium , and o th er e lemen ts )that m ake up the grain b oundaries in the fina l stag es o fso lid ifica tio n o f th e w eld . D elta ferrite isla nd s, w hichf orm f ir st d ur in g s olid if ic at io n, h av e g re ate r s olu bi li tyf o r t he impu ri ti es t han t he c o ns ti tu en ts wh ic h f o rm l at er .T he presence o f ferrite a lso m ea ns that there are m orei nte rp ha se b ou nd ar ie s a va ila bl e t o r ed uc e th e l ow me lt -i ng g ra in b o un da ry r u m s .( 2) T h e p re se nc e o f f er ri te i nc re as es t en si le s tr en gt h.(3 ) H ig h ferrite co nte nts m ay im pro ve r esista nce tos t re s s-corros ion c rack ing .(4 ) C on ver se ly , th e fer ro ma gn etic ferr ite p ha se m ayin te rf er e in a pp lic ati on s r eq uir in g w el d m e ta l w ith lowmagn et ic p erme ab il it y, s uc h a s t he w a r- tim e n on -m a g-n et ic m in e s we ep er s a nd c er ta in c on tr ol p ad s in n uc le ar

reactors.( 5) F er ri te p re se nt i n a r ela ti ve ly c on tin uo us n etwo rk.decreases co rro sio n resistance o f th e m oly bdenum -c on ta in in g we ld me ta ls ince r ta in env ironments .(6 ) L on g-term cre ep stre ng th m ay b e l ow ered in p ar-t ia l ly f e rr it ic we ld s .(7 ) D urin g w eld in g itself (in e xtre me c ases) a nd d ur-i ng e xp o su re ( in h ea t t re atmen t o r i n s er vi ce ) to t emp er a-tu resin th e ra ng e o f 1 1 000 to 1 7000F (5 900 t o 925c iC )o rl owe r, w e ld s w i th h ig h f er ri te c on te nt b ec ome embr it tl edth ro ug h f orm at io n o f t he si gm a p ha se , a b ri tt le i nte rm e-ta lli c m ic ro -c on sti tu en t. S igm a r ed uc es t he d uc ti lit y,im pa ct strength, and co rro sio n resistance o f the w eldme ta l ( se e 9 . 3) .(8 ) Ferrite low ers energy absorption at cryogenictemperatures .4 .3 Me as ur em e nt o f F er ri te . I t is d if fi cu lt to a cc ur ate lyd ete rm in e h ow m uch fer rite is p resen t in sta in le ss ste elw eld m eta l. T he A dviso ry S ubco mm ittee o n W eldingS ta in le ss S tee ls a nd th e H ig h A llo ys C omm ittee o f th eW elding R esea rch C ou ncil h ave a ttem pted to reso lveth is p ro blem b y e sta bli sh in g a n a rb itr ar y. s ta nd ar diz edvalue kno wn a s "ferrite nu mber" (F N) to designa te thef er rite c on te nt o f a ust en iti c, st ai nle ss s te el w e ld m e ta l.

Copyr ight American Welding Socie tyP rovi ded by IHS under l icense w ith AWSNo r e pr o d uc t io n o r n e t wo r ki n g p e rm i t te d w i th o u t l ic e n s e f ro m IHS

T he f er rit e c on te nt s ho uld b e sp ec if ie d a nd m e as ur ed interm s o f a ferrite n um ber. A ferrite n um ber is n ot n ec es-s ar ily a tr ue a bs ol ute f er ri te p er ce nta ge , b ut b elow 1 0 FNit is very close to the actual ferrite content. T here isg ene ra l ag re emen t be tween labo ra to r ie s when measu r ingf er ri te u si ng t he n ew st an da rd te ch ni qu e a nd t he f er rit enumbers .A s ta nd a rd p ro ce du re f or c al ib ra ti ng magne ti c i ns tr u-m e nts to m e asu re th e d elt a f er rit e c on te nt o f a ust en iti cs ta in le ss s te el w el d m e ta l, AWS A4 .2 , S ta ndar d P roc e -d ur es fo r C a li br atin g Mag ne ti c I ns tr um e nt s t o' M e a su reth e D e lta F er rite C on te nt o f A us te nitic S ta in le ss S te elWe l d Me t al , h as b ee n p ub li sh ed b y t he Amer ic an We ld -i ng S oc ie ty . ( Se e la te st e di tio n. ) F ur th er in fo rm a tio n o nf er ri te me a su remen t an d c al cu la ti on is a va ila ble in th eAWS Weld in g H an db oo k, V o l. 4 , 7 th E ditio n.4 .4 Im portance of Ferrite . F ine surface cracks com -m on ly o cc ur in fu lly a usten itic w eld m eta l stra in ed 2 0p er ce nt , a s in a bend test. H ot-sho rt cracks a re seen inh ea vily restra in ed w eld s. N ow th at-f errite c an b e m ea -s u red cons is te n tly in f er ri te n umb er s, r es ea rc he rs h avef ou nd t ha t a d elta le ve l o f a t le as t 3 FN w ill e lim in ate f in es ur fa ce c ra ck in g in w eld s m a de w ith t he c ommo nl y u se dau st en it ic f il le r me ta ls E l6 - 8 -2 , E 3 16L, E3 08 , E 3 16 , a ndE308L . A f er ri te l ev el o f 4 FN is r eq ui re d w i th E3 09 , SFNw ith E 3I8 , a nd 6 FN w ith E 34 7 w eld s, to a ssu re freed omf rom c ra ck s.Ove r the ye ar s, manu fac tu rer s o f s ta inl es s s t ee l c ove redelectro des a nd w eld in g ro ds h ad fo un d, th ro ug h ex pe -r ie nc e, th at a f er rit e- co nta in in g w el d m e ta l u su ally w a smo r e d ep en d ab le f o r s ec ur in g c ra ck -f re e we ld s t h an we ldm e ta l w ith ou t f er rite , a nd it w a s p re fe rr ed b ymo s t f ab ri -c ato rs . W i th a n a gr ee d- up on m e asu rem en t a t h an d in t heFN system , electrodes and w elding rods m ay now bed es ig ne d t o p ro du ce w eld m e ta l w ith s pe cif ie d amou nt sofferrite.T ype 308 filler m etal m ay be designa ted to pro ducew eld m eta l c on ta in in g ferrite, w hich h elp s p re ven t h otc ra ck in g. T yp e 3 1 0w e ld m e ta l, o n th e o th er h an d, is f ull ya us te nit ic , c an no t c on ta in f er rite , a nd t hu s is m o re s us -

c ep ti bl e t o h o t c ra ck in g.T yp es 3 16 a nd 3 17 filler m eta ls m ay a lso b e d esig nedto p ro du ce w el d m e ta l c on ta in in g f er rit e; f or th is r ea so na nd p oss ib ly b ec au se o f som e b en ef ic ia l in flu en ce o f t hemo l yb de num , t he ir c ra ck in g r es is ta nc e i s s at is fa ct or y.T he c or ro si on r es is ta nc e o f p ar tia lly f er riti c w eld m e ta lpro duced fro m T ypes 31 6 a nd 3 17 m ay require sp ecialattention under certa in cond itions. A ny 1 8 percentC r- 1 2 p er ce nt N i-Mo w el d m e ta l ( in cl ud in g T yp es 3 1 6La nd 3 18 ) m ay d isp la y p oo r co rro sio n resista nce to c er-ta in m e di a i n th e a s-we ld ed c on diti on . S uc h p oo r c or ro -

s ion re si st an c e, wh ich is man if es te d by a h igh ly lo ca l iz eda tt ac ~,Qn ,. th e, re (J it e. ,,- do e s n o t o c cu r i n a ll me di a. n o rSold lo:TECHSTREET, 014570302004/9/2414:54:41 GMT

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d oe s it o cc ur u nd er a ll c irc um sta nc es . It see ms m ostlik ely to o ccu r w he n certa in h ot, o xid izin g acid s arep re se n t. P r e ve n ti ve mea su re s a re t o a nne al t he j oi nt a fte rw eld ing o r to ad ju st th e co mpo sitio n to elim in ate an yf er ri te i n th e we ld me ta l.Typ e 3471 il le rme t al i s u s u al ly f o rmu la te d t o p rodu cea la rg er a mo un t o f f errite in th e w eld m eta l a s a m ea ns o fs up pre ss in g c ra ck in g. F er rite is p artic ula rly h elp fu l inth is a llo y b ec au se c olum bium . in th e q ua ntitie s u se d inth is ste el. p rom ote s c ra ck in g in f ully a us te nitic w e ldmetal .W e ld m e ta l f rom E3 10Cb e le ctr od es . if s ele cte d f or a. p a rt ic u la r a ppl ic at io n . wou ld r equ ir e s p ec ia l c o ns id e ra -t io n . Th e re i s n o po ss ib il it y o f o b ta in in g a ny f er rit e a t a ll. f rom th is c om po sitio n, a nd th e w eld m eta l m ay b e e sp e-cial ly crack-sensi tive.E le ctro d es o f th e E I6 -8 -2 ty pe , c on ta in in g a pp ro x i-m ately 1 6 percent chro mium , 8 percent nickel, and 2p e rc en t mo lybdenum , a re u se d p rimar il y f o r th e we ld in go f T ype 31 6 sta in less steel w hen em plo yed in high-p re ssu re , h ig h te mp era tu re p ip in g sy ste ms. T he w eldm e ta l h as g o od h o t d uc tility , w h ic h o ff ers g re ate r f re e-d om f rom b as e m e ta l h ea t-a ff ec te d z on e c ra ck in g u nd erc ond it io n s o f r es tr ain t. Th e we ld me ta l a ls o h a s e x ce lle n tmechani ca l p r ope r ti es i ne i t he r t he a s -we lded o r so lu t ion -t rea ted condi tion .4 . 5 F e rr it e inRoo t Passes a nd Subs equ en t Passes . Thec on tr ol o f w e ld c ra ck in g b y in tr od uc in g d elta f er rite int he we ld me ta l r equ ir es c ont ro l o f t he we ld me ta l c ompo-s itio n . T h e w e ld is fo rm ed fro m th e b ase m etal an d th ef ille r m e ta ls . D ilu tio n o f th e f ille r m e ta l b y a dm ix tu rew ith b as e m e ta l, o xid atio n lo ss es to th e a rc a tm o sp he reo r flu x, o r n itro gen ab so rp tio n fro m the atm osp he re,a lte rs th e c omp os itio n o f th e w e ld m e ta l f rom th e o rig i-na l f il le r me t al compos it ion .D ilu tio n m ay be S O percent in the roo t pass o f ash ield ed m etal arc w eldin g (SMA W ) o r g as tu ng stenarc w eld ing (G TAW ) p ip e w eld . A s an ex am ple, if th epipe w eld m etal has no ferrite (o r even an excess o fa u st en iti c- fo rm i ng e lements ), t he f il le r me ta l w i ll n e ed6 FN o r h ig her to p ro du ce w eld m etal w ith 3 FN . A lso , ac ons umab le i ns er t, i f emp loy ed , s h ou ld h a ve a s uf fi ci en tf errite (II F N , f or e xamp le ); to w ith sta nd th e d ilu tio no bta in ed w ith the p are nt m etal w hen m ak in g th e ro otp ass so th e w eld w ill c on ta in a t le ast 3 FN .Never th e le ss , t he d e tr im en ta l e ff ec ts o f f er ri te i n h ig htem pe ra tu re a nd c ry o ge nic a pp lic atio n s, a nd in c er ta inc orr os iv e m e dia , d ic ta te a n u pp er lim it o n th e am ou nt o ff errite to b e p erm itte d. T he re fo re , e xtra d elta f erritesho uld no t alw ays be added just to m ake sure there isp le nty o f f er rite . I n p ra ctic e, th e c on tr ol o f d elta f err iteb e gin s by s pe ci fy in g t he a cc ep ta b le f er ri te n umbe r r ang ef o r t he f il le rme t al .

COPyr igh t A m e r ic a n W e ld i ng Socie tyProVi ded by IHS under l icense w ith AWSNo re prod uc tio n o r n etwo rkin g perm itte d with out lice nse from IH S

94 .6 E ffe ct o f W e ld in g C o nd itio ns o n F errite . T he AWSAdvis or y Comm itte e o n We ld in g S ta in le ss S te el COIl-d uc te d a te st p ro gra m to d ete rm in e th e c on siste nc y o fd e lt a f er ri te o b ta in a bl e i nwe l ds made f rom t he s ame boxo f w e ld in g e l ec tr o de s. W i th e ac h l ab o ra to ry c h ec k in g ont he o th e rl ab o ra to ri es a nd u si ng p re sc ri be d we ld in g c on -d itio ns . e ac h la bo ra to ry p ro d uc ed w e ld p a d s t h at h ad 9 5p erce nt o f the F N read in gs be tw ee n 4 .8 a nd 7 .2 FN fo rw eld in g e le ctro de s w ith a m ea n o f 6 FN. T he w eld p ad sw e re te ste d a cc ord in g to AWS A4 .2 -7 4 p r o ce du re s.H ow ever. the m etho d o f m aking a w eld alters thef er ri te c onte n t o f t he we ld me ta l. Th e t es ts c ondu ct ed byth e A d vis ory C omm itte e s tu die d f ou r w eld p ad p ro ce -d ure s. A n e le ctro de n orm ally p ro du cin g w eld m eta l o f

6FN, y ield ed 5 .1 in o ne p ro ced ure an d 7 .6 in an oth er .C h em ic al c omp o sitio n o f th e w e ld b ea d, a nd th er ef or e.its f er rite c on te nt. w ill b e n o tic ea bly m o dif ie d b y s uc hv aria tio ns a s a lo ng a rc ra th er th an a sh ort a rc , w eld in ga n e xpo s ed we ld f ac e p a ss r at he r t ha n i n a p ro te c te d d e epg ro ov e, a nd we ld in g w i th t ur bu le n t, a sp ir an t s h ie ld in gg as flo w rath er tha n w ith sm oo th in ert g as sh ield in g.M e ltin g th e ro o t f ac es o f a g ro o ve w e ld , c omp are d to th emu lt ip le b e ad s o f s ubs equ en t l ay e rs i n t h e s ame g ro ov e,w i ll n o tic e ab ly v a ry t he p e rc en ta g e d il uti on o f t he f il le rme t al by ba se me t al , and so w i ll a f f ec t t he f e rr it e con ten t.E xtrem e variatio ns m ay cause as m uch as a 5 o r 6 FNchange, either plus o r m inus. H ow ever. the ferriten umbe r r es ul ti ng f rom su ch l ar ge v a ri at io n s c an b e mea -sured and used as a first step tow ard co rrecting thetechnique.G o o d w e ld in g p ro ce du re r eq uir es te stin g o f p la nn edwe ld s t o a ss ur e a d equ at e, b u t n o t e x ce ss iv e , fe rr it e c on-te nt. A d he rin g to su ch a p ro ce du re a nd u sin g th e s am elo t o f f ille r m e ta l w ill g iv e t he s am e p la nn ed w e ld m e ta lw ith in a bo u t 2FN .Excess ive de lt a f e rr it e ha s been shown to bede t r imen-ta l to b oth h ig h-te mp era tu re c re ep s tre ng th a nd lo w -tem pe ra tu re to u gh ne ss . A w e ll- pla nn ed te st p ro g ramand c ons ul ta ti on w i th a r eli ab le f il le rme ta l p r o du c er a rer ecommended fo r c r it ic a l app li ca ti ons .

5. Welding ProcessesS hie ld ed m eta l a rc a nd g as tu ng ste n a rc a re th e p ro -ce ss e smos t common ly used t o we lds t ai n le s ss te e l p i p ing .G as m etal arc is also u sed . b ut to a lesser e xte nt. S ub -m e rg ed a rc w e ld in g, a lth ou gh u se d, is q uite lim ite d int h is app li ca ti on. Compl e te de ta il s o f t hese p roce s se s w i llb ef ou nd in th e AWS Weld ing Handbook , 7 th E d ., V o l. 2 .

5 .1 S hield ed M eta l A rc W eld in g (SMAW ). S hield edme t al a r c we ld ing o f aus ten it ic s ta in l es s s te e l p i p i ng andtu bin g m a y be p erfo rm ed w ith e ith er d c o r a c w eld in gp ow er s ou rc es a nd c ov er ed e le ctro d es s uita ble f or u se

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w ith th e c or re sp on di ng p ow e r s ou rc e. We ld s o f a q ua litya cc ep ta ble f or p re ss ur e p ip in g s er vic e m a y b e ma de w ithe ith er a c o r d e p ow er, b ut e ac h e xh ib its c erta in in he ren ta dv a nt ag es a nd p rob lems.W o rk in g c on ditio ns w ill h av e s om e in flu en ce o n th ety pe o f w eld in g eq uipme nt se le cte d a nd , th ere fo re , th ety pe o f w e ld in g e le ctr od e u se d. I n is ola te d f ie ld a pp lic a-tio ns w here an electric po wer lin e is n ot available, it isn ec es ar y to u tiliz e p ort ab le w e ld in g u nits o pe ra te d b y a nin te rn al c omb us tio n e ng in e d riv in g a g en er ato r. D ire ctc u rr en t we ld in g power i s a lmo s t e xc lu si ve ly u se d f o r f ie ldw elding. In sho p w ork , w here an electric po wer line isavailable, a w ider choice o f welding equipment ispossible.T he re a re th re e p ri nc ip al ty pe s o f d e w e ld in g u nits : ( I )

th e ele ctric m o to r-g en era to r, (2 ) th e g aso lin e o r d ie se le ng in e- dr iv en g en er at or , a nd ( 3) t he r ec ti fi er .: Th e s hie ld ed me ta l a rc w e ld in g p ro ce ss is o fte n u se dfQrwe ldings t a in le s s s te e l p ip ing ; however , t he we lding o fth in -w alle d, sm all d ia me te r p ip e is d iff ic ult w ith th isp ro ce ss . T h e p ro blem s e nc ou nte re d a re a ss oc ia te d w ithtlie n ee d to m a in ta in p ro pe r c ur re nt d en sity a nd p ro vid esa tisf ac to ry m eta l tra ns fe r. y et a vo id o ve rh ea tin g a ndc rea ti ng ho le s .5 .2 G as T un gste n A rc W e ld in g (G TA W). In th is w e ld -in g p ro cess. an arc is main ta in ed b etw ee n a tu ng stene lec tro de a nd th e w o rk pie ce . A sh eath o f sh ie ld in g gas,either helium or argon, or a m ixture o f the two. isp ro je cte d a ro un d th e a rc . F lu xe s a re n ot n ec es sa ry wh enw e ld in g w ith th is p ro ce ss . B ec au se f lu xe s a re n ot a va il-a ble to r emo ve imp ur itie s, s pe cia l p re ca utio ns mu st bet ak en to a ss ur e th e s ur fa ce c le an lin es s o f b as e m e ta ls a ndf ille r m eta ls. W in d a nd d raf ts m ust be a vo id e d b e ca u seth ey d is tu rb th e g as s hi eld .T he u se o f d ire ct c ur re nt e le ctr od e n eg ativ e (DCEN) i sn ec es sa ry when GT A we ld in g s ta in le ss s te el p ip e. A r gonshield ing gas is u se d f or mo st a pp lic atio ns , F o r e qu al a rcl en gth s a nd w e ld in g c ur re nts , th e tu ng ste n a rc v olta ge i nh elium w ill b e a bo ut 5 0 p erc en t h ig he r th an th e tu ng ste na rc v olta ge in arg on . W h ile th is p erm its m o re u nif ormjo in t p en et ra tio n a nd h ig he r w eld in g s pe ed , i t a ls o lim itsthe use o f th is co mbinatio n to th ick sections. O n thinsectio ns, it h as been fo und that th e co ld er arc in argo na ssists in a vo id in g e xc es siv e ro ot re in fo rce me nt. T hed iv isio n b etw ee n "th in "a nd "th ic k" se ctio ns is a bo ut 1 4g ag e B irm in gh am W ire G ag e (0 .0 74 in . 1 .8 8 rom ).T hin -w a lle d. s ta in le ss s te el p ip e (s ch ed ule 5 a nd ,in

so me cases, schedule 1 0) m ay be w elded w ithout theaddition o f filler m etal sim ply by fusing the edgesto ge th er. O n th ic k-w alle d p ip e. filler m eta l f or th e ro otp as s m a y be p ro vid ed b y th e u se o f c on suma ble in se rts .F o rs ub se qu en t p as se s, f ille rm e ta l m a y b e in tro du ce d b ym an ual o r m ac hin e fe ed in g. T he g as tu ng sten a rc w eld -

Copyr ight American Welding Socie tyP ro vi de d b y I H S u nd e r l ic en se w it h A W SNo rep roduct io n o r netwo rk ing penni tted w ithout l icense f rom IHS

in g p ro ce ss is u se d e xte ns iv ely f or w eld in g th e r oo t p as sin p ip e o f h ea vie r-w a lle d th ic kn es se s, w ith s ub se qu en tp as se s m a de b y s h ie ld ed me ta l a rc . s ubmer ge d a re , o r g asme ta l a rc we ld in g .H ea te d f ille r m eta l sh ou ld b e p ro tec te d b y sh ie ld in ggas to prevent oxidation. The root side o f the welds ho uld a ls o b e p ro te cte d b y a s uita ble s hie ld in g g as .A d istin ctiv e fe atu re o f th e g as tu ng ste n a rc w eld in gp ro ces s is its a bility to tra nsf er fille r m eta l to th e w eldw ith a m in imum lo ss o f a llo yin g e lem en ts . O n e p ro blema ss oc ia te d w i th t hi s p ro c es s i s t un g st en c ont am i na ti on o fth e w eld m etal. T his co nd itio n o ccurs w hen the end o fth e tu ng ste n e le ctro de is in ad ve rte ntly d ip pe d in to th ew eld p oo l a nd c ou ld o cc ur w he n th e a rc is sta rte d w ith -o ut b en ef it o f h ig h f re qu en cy e qu ipm en t.G as tu ng ste n a rc w e ld in g is u sa ble o n a ny th ic kn es s o f

p ip e. It is m o st a dv an ta ge ou s o n th in -w alle d s ectio ns ,su ch as sched ule 5 and 1 0, an d fo r ro ot passes o n th ick-wa l led p ipe .5 .3 G as M etal A rc W eld ing (GMA W ). In th is p ro cess,th e a rc is m ain tain ed b etw ee n th e w ork pie ce an d a fillermetal inw ire f orm, f ed f rom a s po ol o r r ee l. S hie ld in g g asis p ro je cted a ro un d th e a rc . T he p rim ary g as sh ie ld is am onatom ic inert gas, such as helium or argon . Thep rim a ry s hie ld in g g as m a y b e s up plem en te d w ith a ctiv eg as a dd itio ns. su ch a s o xy ge n o r ca rb on d io xid e. C om -p le te e qu ipm en t in clu de s a g un th at p ro vid es a m e an s f ors upp ly in g we ld in g power t o t he f il le r me ta l a nd c ondu ct -ing sh ieldin g gas to the arc. T he pro cess m ay b e eithers em ia utom atic o r a utom atic . I n th e h ig h e ne rg y mo de , it.i s c h ar ac te ri ze d by h ig h we ld in g s pe ed s a nd h ig h d e po s i-tio n ra te s a nd is es se ntia lly lim ite d to th e flat a nd h ori-z on ta l w e ld in g p os itio ns . I n th e low e ne rg y mo de (s ho rtc ir cu it in g t yp e o f me ta l t ra ns fe r) , i t i s r e ad il y u ti li ze d f o rt he v e rt ic al , o v er he ad , a nd ho ri zo n ta l we ld in g po si ti on sa nd e sp e ci al ly f o r we ld in g t hi n-wal le d p ip e.P o we r f or w eld in g sta in le ss ste el is g en erally d ire ct

c urr en t e le ctr od e p os itiv e (DCEP ), a lth ou gh d ir ec t c ur -re nt e le ctro de n eg ativ e (D CEN ) a nd e ve n a lte rn atin gcurrent can b e used w ith sp ecially m ad e electro des.Either argon or helium m ay be used as shielding gas,d ep e nd in g on t he s pe ci fi c a rc c ha ra ct er is ti cs r eq u ir ed f o rc erta in jo b c on ditio ns . S patte r is h ig he r w ith h eliu m.H eliu m m ay be added to argon (up to 75 percent H e.2 5% A r) to c on tro l jo in t p en etra tio n a nd b ea d c on to ur.O xygen (up to 5 percent) m ay also be added to theh el ium , a rg on, o r h el ium -a rg on m i xt ur es t o s ta bi li ze t hearc and reduce undercut. Fo r w elding w ith the shortc ir cu it in g t yp e o f me ta l t ra ns fe r. a rg on p lu s c ar bon d io x -id e (u p to 2 5 p erc en t C O 2 ) may be u se d. O x yg en m ay b esub stitu ted fo r part o f the carbo n d io xide. A m ixtu reth at h as g iv en v ery sa tisf ac to ry res ults is 9 0 p er ce nth elium , 7~ p ercen t arg on and 2~ percent carb on dio x-

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id e. P u re c arb o n d io xid e is n o t s uita ble a s a s hie ld in g g asfo r we ldi ng s ta in l es s s te e l.We ld in g o f la rg er d iamete r p ip e may be a cc ompl is he din a ll o f th e p ip e w e ld in g p os itio ns . T h e sma lle r d iam e-ters [b elo w 6 in. (1 52.4 mm) pip e size] are difficult tow eld in th e fix ed p ip e w eld in g p ositio ns. T he g as m eta la rc w e ld in g p ro ce ss re ta in s th e c omp os itio n o f th e f ille rm e ta l in th e w e ld m e ta l. M e ch an ic al p ro pe rtie s o f w e ld smade w i th th is p ro c es s a re c ompa ra bl e to th o se ob ta in edw i th o th er p ro c es se s.5 .4 S ubme rg ed A rc W e ld in g(SAW ). In th is p ro ce ss, a narc is m aintained betw een a bare electrode and thewo rkp ie ce . Mu lti pl e a rc s a re s ometimes u se d . Th e we ld -ing arc is shielded by a blanket o f granular flux. T hen orm al f un ctio ns o f a su bm erg ed arc flu x are to sh ie lda nd s ta bi li ze th e a re , p ro te ct th e we ld me ta l, a n d c ont ro lth e b ea d c on to ur . H ow ev er , s ta in le ss s te el w e ld m e ta lsare now frequently required to m eet rather narrowran ges o f chem ical co mp ositio n an d d elta ferrite . T oa de qu ate ly s atis fy re qu ir em e nts in th is a re a, a s w e ll a sp erf orm its o th er fu nc tio ns, th e flu x m ust be carefullyf ormu la te d a nd re in fo rc ed w ith m e ta llic c omp ou nd s too ff se t l os se s o f e lemen ts s uc h a s c hr om i um , c o lumb ium ,m an ga nes e, e te. , th at o ccu r d urin g tra nsfe r a cro ss th ea rc . When e sp ec ia ll y c rit ic al c o nt ro l o f w e ld me ta l c om -po si tio n a nd d e lt a f er ri te i s r e qu ir ed , a s pe cif ic l ot o f fl uxis o ften form ulated to be used w ith a specific heat o fe le ctro de w ire . Wh en u se o f a n eu tra l ( no m e ta llic c om -p ou nd ) f lu x is s pe cif ie d, a nd c lo se c on tro l o f w e ld m e ta lc omp os itio n a nd d elta f errite is r eq uir ed , th e c omp os i-tio n o f the electro de w ire m ust b e h ig h eno ug h in allo yc ont en t t o c ompens at e f o r lo s s o f e lemen ts a cr os s th e a rc .Th e s ubme rg ed a rc we ld in g p ro c es s i s u s u all y c h ar ac -t er iz ed by h ig h we ld in g c ur re nt s a nd r el at iv el y d e e p j o in tp en etr atio n. Wh en th is p ro ce ss is u se d o n s ta in le ss s te elp ip e, th e c ur re nt i s u s ua lly lowe r t h an t he c ur re nt u se d onferritic steels. W elding pow er m ay be ac or de, T hisp r oce ss i s l im i ted t o t he f la t o r ho r izon ta l r o ll ed pos it ions .S .S O ther W elding P rocesses. Because o f the high. c hrom ium c on te nt o f a us te nitic s ta in le ss s te els a nd th ea ff in ity o f th is e le me nt fo r c arb on a nd o xy ge n, th e a us-te n it ic s ta in le ss s te el s r equ ir e g ood p ro te ct io n f rom c ar -b urizatio n an d o xid atio n d urin g w elding . T he latterre qu ire me nt p re clu de s th e u se o f u nsh ie ld ed w eld in gp roce ss e s fo r c ri ti ca l work . Ift he oxyace ty l ene p roce ss i su se d. a n eu tr al f lame is m a nd ato ry .6. Welding of Dissimilar Stainless SteelJointsThe s el ec ti on o f a n a pp rop ri ate f il le rme ta l f o r d is sim i-la r s ta in le ss s te el j o in ts is impo rt an t f o r t he s ame r ea son sn ote d in s ec tio n 3 , F ille r M e ta l. T ab le 7 p re se nts a g uid e

COPyr ight American Welding Socie tyProv ided by I HS u nd e r l ic e ns e w it h A WSNo rep roduct io n o r netwo rk ing permi tted w ithout l icense f rom IHS

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fo r th e selectio n o f filler m etals fo r w eldin g v ario usd is sim il ar aust en i ti c s ta in le s s s t e el j o in ts . Whe r e bo th t hed is sim ila r s ta in le ss s te el s a re e ith e r s ta b il iz ed o r h av e alo w c arb on co nte nt. th e fille r m etal m ust a lso b e sta bi-lize d o r h av e a lo w c arb on co nte nt. H owe ver, a s T a ble 7i nd ic at es . when a s ta bi li ze d o r low c ar bon s ta in le ss s te elis to b e j oin ed to a no th er a us te nitic s ta in le ss s te el th at isn ot s ta biliz ed o r d o es n ot h av e a low c arb on c on te nt. it iss at is fa ct or y t o s ele ct a f il le rme t al th a t i s n o t s ta bi li ze d o rdoes not have a low carbon content. Fo r exam ple, ifT yp e 3 47 w ere to b e jo in ed to T yp e 3 04 sta in less s te el,T yp e 30 8 filler m etal m ay b e u sed. N oth ing w ould bega ined by us ing Type 347 f il le r me ta l; because one -ha lf o ft he j o in t i s unst ab i li zed .Mos t aust en it ic s ta in le s s s te e ls have near ly equ iva len tc oe ff ic ie nts o f th erma l e xp an sio n, s o th at d if fe re ntia lth erm a l e xp an sio n is n ot a p ro blem .I n a ll c a se s whe re d is sim il ar s ta in le s s s te e l jo i nt s a re t ob e su bjec te d to se ve re o pe ra tin g c on ditio ns , th e jo in ts hou ld b e th o rough ly a na ly z ed to a ss ur e s af e op er at io n .

7. Welded Pipe Joints7 .1 J oin t D es ig n. T h ere a re s ev era l f ac to rs th at m u st b ec on sid ere d w h en d es ig nin g e dg e p re pa ra tio ns f or a us -t en it ic s ta in le s s s te e l we lded p ipe j o in ts .S in ce th es e s te els h av e a th erma l e xp an sio n a bo ut 5 0pe rcent g r ea te r t han t ha t o f ca rbon s te e l, t he co rr espond -in g w e ld s hrin ka ge is g re ate r. In a dd itio n, th es e s te elsh av e th erm al c on du ctiv itie s le ss th an o ne -h alf th at o f

c arb on s te el. T he se f ac to rs m a ke s hr in ka ge a nd d is to r-tio n m atters of m ajor consideratio n. T o co ntro l thee ff ec ts o f s hr in ka ge a nd d is to rtio n, jo in ts to b e w e ld edshould be designed to require a m inim um am ount o fw e ld m e ta l. In g en era l, b utt jo in ts w ith ou t b ac kin g a rew eld ed u sin g a ro ot o pe nin g o f ab ou t 3 /3 2 in . (2 .4 mm )a fter ta ck w eld in g. H owe ve r, b ec au se o f th e ef fe cts o fw e ld s hrin ka ge , o pe nin gs th is s iz e m a y be excessivelyr edu ce d du rin g t he p ro c es s o f w e ld in g . Th is c an be pre-v en te d b y u sin g a w id er o pe nin g o r b y in -p ro ce ss g rin d-in g . F o r w a ll t hic kn e ss es g re ate r t ha n 3/ 4 in . (1 9 mm),U -g rooves o r mod i fi ed I l- g rooves may be u se d to r edu ceth e w id th a cro ss th e w eld f ace (se e F ig ure I). T he se d e-s ig ns w ill k ee p th e amo u nt o f w e ld m e ta l t o a m in im um .D isto rtion m ay be contro lled by balancing thes equ en c e o f r oo t p a ss es a nd p la ci ng e qu al amoun ts o f t hero ot b ead o n o ppo site sid es o f th e pipe un til th e ro ot iscompleted.Jo in t alig nm en t sho uld b e m ain tained by the u se o fji gs a nd f ix tu re s o r t ac k we ld in g .Ano th er f ac to r to b e c on si de re d i nwe l de d jo in t d e sig nis th e u se o f g as tu ng ste n a rc w eld in g fo r ro ot p asse s int hi ck -w a ll ed p ip in g , f o r c omple te w e ld in g o f w a ll th ic k -n esse s u nd er 3 /8 in . (9.5 mm ), o r fo r an y jo in ts w here

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Table 7General Guide for Selecting Welding Electrodes and Rodsfor Joints in Dissimilar Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube*3 1 6 3 2 1 3 4 7 , 3 4 7 H

AISI Type 3 0 4 L 3 0 8 3 0 9 3 0 9 S 3 1 0 3 l O S 3 1 6 H 3 1 6 t 3 1 7 3 2 1 H 3 4 8 . 3 4 8 H3 0 4 . 30 4 H , 3 0 5 3 0 8 3 0 8 3 0 8 3 0 8 3 0 8 3 0 8 3 0 8 3 0 8 3 0 8 3 0 8 3 0 8

3 0 9 3 0 9 3 0 9 3 0 9 3 1 6 3 1 6 3 1 63 1 0 3 1 0 3 1 7

3 0 4 t 3 0 8 3 0 8 3 0 8 J 0 8 3 0 8 3 0 8 3 0 8 t 3 0 8 3 0 8 t 3 0 8 t309 3 0 9 3 0 9 3 0 9 3 1 6 3 1 6 L 3 1 6 3 4 7 3 4 7

3 1 0 3 1 0 3 1 73 0 8 3 0 8 3 0 8 3 0 8 3 0 8 3 0 8 3 0 8 3 0 8 3 0 8 3 0 8

3 0 9 3 0 9 3 0 9 3 0 9 3 1 6 3 1 6 3 1 6 3 4 73 1 0 3 1 0 3 1 7

3 0 9 30 9 3 0 9 309 3 0 9 309 3 0 9 3 0 9 3 0 93 1 9 3 1 9 3 1 6 3 1 6 3 1 6 3 4 7 3 4 7

3 1 0 3 1 6 3 1 6 3 1 7 3 0 8 3 0 83 1 0 3 1 0 M o 3 1 0 M o 3 1 0 3 1 03 1 O M o 3 1 0 3 1 0

3 1 6 , 3 1 6 8 3 1 6 3 1 7 3 0 8 3 0 83 1 6 3 1 6 3 1 6

3 4 73 1 6 L 3 1 7 3 1 6 L 3 1 6 L

3 4 73 1 7 3 0 8 3 0 8

3 1 7 3 1 73 4 7

3 1 7 , 3 2 1 8 3 0 8 L3 4 7

E le ctr od es a nd w eld in g ro ds l is te d a re n ot in a ny p re fe rre d o rd er .

co mplete jo int penetra tio n a nd a sm oo th ro ot surfa ceco nto ur a re required. T ypical w eld jo int designs cur-r en tl y u se d f or w el din g a ust en it ic s ta in le ss st ee l p ip in ga re sh ow n in F ig ure l.F ig ure I (a ) sh ow s a b asic jo in t d esig n w hic h h as b ee nin use since pipe assem bly w ent from threaded ands cr ewe d j oi nt s t o we ld ed s ec ti on s. I n s ome i ns ta n ce s, t he

"A to angle o f 3 7 -1/2 degrees has been changed to 30d eg rees to red uce th e v olu me o f w eld m eta l. F or b etterco ntro l o f w eld quality in the ro ot bead thro ugh use o fG TAW , th e ro ot fa ce d im en sio n "C "is 1 /1 6 in 1 / 3 2 in .(1 .6 mm 0.8 mm). .T he jo int design on Figure I (b) is r~om mended forwa l l th i cknes se s above 3/ 4 in . ( 1 9mm ). T he" A " a ng le o f37- 1 /2 degrees is ma in ta in ed f or 3/ 4 in . (1 9 mm ) fro mth e p ip e w all a t th e. ro ot sid e. T he "8 " a ng le o f to degreesi s u se d f or t he r em a in in g p ip e th ic kn es s.T he I l- gr oo ve ty pe jo in t d es ig n, s how n in F ig ure 1( c) ,is u se d w h er e ti gh tl y b utte d r oo t f ac es a re f use d w ith ou t

Copyr ight Amarican Welding Socie tyP rovi ded by IHS under l icense w ith AWSNo reproduction or network ing permi tted withou t l ic ense f rom IHS

th e a dd iti on o f f ille r m e ta l. T his e dg e p re pa ra tio n i s a ls oused fo r som e consum able inserts to allow the to rcha cc ess to th e ro ot a re a.T he j o in t d es ig n s how n in F ig ur e I (d ) is t he sam e b as icd es ig n a s s h ow n b y F ig ur e I ( a); h ow ev er , t h e r oo t f ac e isr ed uc ed t o z er o. T hi s e dg e p re pa ra tio n is a ls o r eq uir edf or s ome c on fi gu ra ti on s o f c on sumabl e i ns er ts .F ig ur e I ( e) r ep re se nt s a t ra ns it io n j oi nt b etwe e n p ip eso f d iffere nt w all th ick ne sses. T he g ro ov e fa ces m ay b eadj us te d' a s r eq ui re d f or t he wa ll t hi ck ne ss es i nv o lv ed .P i pe w i th wa ll t hi ck ne ss u nd er 3 1 1 6 in . ( 4 . 8mm) m ayo r m ay n ot req uire e dg e p rep ara tio n, d ep en din g u po nservice conditions .A no ther co nsidera tio n fo r jo int design is that a us-t en it ic f il le r me ta l is genera lly designed to pro duce a

c ra ck -r es is ta nt m i cr os tr uc tu re t ha t i s s li gh tl y d if fe re ntfro m th e b ase m eta l. T he jo in t d esig n a nd th e co mp osi-tio n o f the filler m etal m ust be co nsidered to gether toassure a w eld m etal com position w ithin the range ofSold to:TECHSTREET, 014570302004/9/2414:54:41 GMT

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r

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/ A JCT c(a) T (b)

cT ( e ) (d)

E

(e)

A = 37-1/2 2-1128=100=1C = 1116 in. 1132 in. (1.8mm 0.9mm)o = 2 t imes amount of offsetE = 30 maxR = 114 in. (6.4 mm)

Figure t - T ypical Jo int D esigns fo r W e lding A usten itic S tain less S teel P ipe

COPyr ight American Welding Socie tyP rovi ded by IHS under l icense w ith AWSNo r e pr o du c ti o n o r n e t wo r ki n g p e rm i t te d w i th o u t l ic e n se f ro m l HS

---,",,,"," '"__"

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c ra ck -re sista nt c om po sit