Ansi Ashrae 55 2004

Brian Lynch, Big Ass FansSecretaryCommittee Member thru June 2012

Michael O’Rourke, Radiant AdvantageVoting MemberCommittee Member thru June 2011

Brian LynchBrian Lynch, Big Ass Fans, Big Ass FansSecretarySecretaryCommittee Member thru June 2012Committee Member thru June 2012

Michael OMichael O’’RourkeRourke, Radiant Advantage, Radiant AdvantageVoting MemberVoting MemberCommittee Member thru June 2011Committee Member thru June 2011

ANSI/ASHRAE 55ANSI/ASHRAE 55--20042004Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human OccupancyThermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy

Standing Standard Project Committee (SSPC) 55

Meets: ASHRAE Winter Meeting (January)ASHRAE Annual Meeting (June)

Conference Call 2-4 times per year

Standing Standard Project Committee (SSPC) 55Standing Standard Project Committee (SSPC) 55

Meets: Meets: ASHRAE Winter Meeting (January)ASHRAE Winter Meeting (January)ASHRAE Annual Meeting (June)ASHRAE Annual Meeting (June)

Conference Call 2Conference Call 2--4 times per year4 times per year


The ASHRAE Research Strategic Plan centers on the concept of Sustainability.

One of the goals of this research is to optimize and make consistent ASHRAE Standards 90, 62, and 55 to achieve measured and verified high system energy efficiency with high indoor environmental quality.

The ASHRAE Research Strategic Plan centers on the The ASHRAE Research Strategic Plan centers on the concept of Sustainability. concept of Sustainability.

One of the goals of this research is to optimize and One of the goals of this research is to optimize and make consistent make consistent ASHRAE Standards 90, 62, and ASHRAE Standards 90, 62, and 5555 to to achieve measured and verified high system energy achieve measured and verified high system energy efficiency with high indoor environmental quality.efficiency with high indoor environmental quality.

ASHRAE ResearchASHRAE Research

Thermal comfort is the main reason we have buildings.

Thermal comfort is the Thermal comfort is the main reason we have main reason we have buildings.buildings.


Tents are pretty energy efficient.Tents are pretty energy Tents are pretty energy efficient.efficient.


HistoryHistory

1966 1966 –– replaced 1938 Code for Minimum replaced 1938 Code for Minimum Requirements for Comfort Air ConditioningRequirements for Comfort Air Conditioning

Comfort Zone = 73Comfort Zone = 73--77 F, 20 to 60 % RH, 45 77 F, 20 to 60 % RH, 45 fpmfpm

Section 1Purpose:

- specify the combinations of • indoor thermal environmental factors• personal factors

- acceptable to a majority of the occupants within the space.

Section 1Section 1Purpose: Purpose:

-- specify the combinations of specify the combinations of •• indoor thermal environmental factorsindoor thermal environmental factors•• personal factors personal factors

-- acceptable to a majority of the occupants acceptable to a majority of the occupants within the space.within the space.


Section 2 – Scope• Addresses environmental factors • And personal factors• up to 10,000 ft• doesn’t cover air quality, etc.

Section 3 – Definitions

Section 4 - General Requirements• must specify the space to which it applies• activity and clothing of the occupants must be considered

Section 2 Section 2 –– ScopeScope•• Addresses environmental factors Addresses environmental factors •• And personal factorsAnd personal factors•• up to 10,000 ftup to 10,000 ft•• doesndoesn’’t cover air quality, etc.t cover air quality, etc.

Section 3 Section 3 –– DefinitionsDefinitions

Section 4 Section 4 -- General RequirementsGeneral Requirements•• must specify the space to which it appliesmust specify the space to which it applies•• activity and clothing of the occupants must be consideredactivity and clothing of the occupants must be considered


Section 5 – Conditions that Provide Thermal Comfort5.1 Introduction

Six Primary Thermal Comfort Variables

Air temperature

Humidity

Section 5 – Conditions that Provide Thermal Comfort5.1 Introduction

Six Primary Thermal Comfort VariablesSix Primary Thermal Comfort Variables

Air temperatureAir temperature

Humidity Humidity


Section 55.1 Introduction

Six Primary Thermal Comfort VariablesMetabolic rateClothing insulationAir temperatureRadiant temperatureAir SpeedHumidity

Section 55.1 Introduction

Six Primary Thermal Comfort VariablesSix Primary Thermal Comfort VariablesMetabolic rateMetabolic rateClothing insulationClothing insulationAir temperatureAir temperatureRadiant temperatureRadiant temperatureAir SpeedAir SpeedHumidity Humidity


Method for Determining Acceptable Thermal Conditions in Occupied Spaces (Section 5.2)

Graphical Method for Typical Indoor Environments

Computer Model Method for General Indoor Application

Method for Determining Acceptable Method for Determining Acceptable Thermal Conditions in Occupied Thermal Conditions in Occupied Spaces (Section 5.2)Spaces (Section 5.2)

Graphical Method for Typical Indoor Graphical Method for Typical Indoor EnvironmentsEnvironments

Computer Model Method for General Computer Model Method for General Indoor ApplicationIndoor Application


Acceptable Range of Operative Acceptable Range of Operative TemperaturesTemperatures ASHRAE 55ASHRAE 55--2004, Figure 5.2.1.12004, Figure 5.2.1.1

Acceptable Range of Operative Acceptable Range of Operative TemperaturesTemperatures Figure 5.2.1.1Figure 5.2.1.1

Operative TemperatureOperative Temperature

predicted mean vote (PMV)predicted mean vote (PMV): : an index that predicts the an index that predicts the mean mean value of the votesvalue of the votes of a large group of persons on the sevenof a large group of persons on the seven--point thermal sensation scale.point thermal sensation scale.

PMV model uses heat balance principles to relate the six key PMV model uses heat balance principles to relate the six key factors for thermal comfort to the average response of factors for thermal comfort to the average response of people on a seven point scale.people on a seven point scale.

predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD)predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD): : an index that an index that establishes a quantitative establishes a quantitative prediction of the percentage of prediction of the percentage of thermally dissatisfied peoplethermally dissatisfied people determined from PMV.determined from PMV.

PMV PMV –– PPD IndexPPD Index

Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) <10%Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) <10%Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) >Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) >--0.5 to <+0.50.5 to <+0.5

+3 hot+3 hot+2 warm+2 warm+1 slightly warm+1 slightly warm0 neutral0 neutral--1 slightly cool1 slightly cool--2 cool2 cool--3 cold3 cold

ASHRAE Thermal Sensation ScaleASHRAE Thermal Sensation Scale

Local Thermal Discomfort FactorsLocal Thermal Discomfort Factors••Radiant temperature AsymmetryRadiant temperature Asymmetry••Vertical air temperature differenceVertical air temperature difference••Floor surface temperatureFloor surface temperature••Temperature variation with timeTemperature variation with time••Cyclic variations in operative temperatureCyclic variations in operative temperature••Drifts or rampsDrifts or ramps••Draft Draft (in winter) (in winter) -- ISO Comfort Standard 7730 defines draft as ISO Comfort Standard 7730 defines draft as ““Unwanted local coolingUnwanted local cooling””..

A certain percentage of people are usually dissatisfied by a factor other than thermal sensation, such as draft or radiant asymmetry.

ASHRAE Thermal Comfort ToolASHRAE Thermal Comfort Tool

Typical Office Cooling ValuesAir temperature (75 ˚F) Humidity (50% RH)Metabolic rate (1 met)Radiant temperature (75 ˚F) Clothing insulation (0.5 to 1.0 clo)Air speed (40 fpm or less)

Typical Office Cooling ValuesTypical Office Cooling ValuesAir temperature (75 Air temperature (75 ˚̊F) F) Humidity (50% RH)Humidity (50% RH)Metabolic rate (1 met)Metabolic rate (1 met)Radiant temperature (75 Radiant temperature (75 ˚̊F) F) Clothing insulation (0.5 to 1.0 clo)Clothing insulation (0.5 to 1.0 clo)Air speed (40 fpm or less)Air speed (40 fpm or less)

Designing for Thermal Comfort Designing for Thermal Comfort -- CoolingCooling

Savings from Raising Thermostat Savings from Raising Thermostat Settings in CoolingSettings in CoolingRule of Thumb

Each degree of thermostat offset saves ~ 2% of cooling energy

Energy Model - 20,000 ft2 Office

Rule of ThumbRule of ThumbEach degree of thermostat offset saves ~ 2% of cooling energy

Energy Model Energy Model -- 20,000 ft20,000 ft22 OfficeOfficeLocationLocation 75F Cooling75F Cooling 79.7F Cooling79.7F Cooling % %

ReductionReduction

MiamiMiami 121,290 kWh121,290 kWh 108,735 kWh108,735 kWh 10.35 %10.35 %

HoustonHouston 94,420 kWh94,420 kWh 87,046 kWh87,046 kWh 7.81 %7.81 %

Los AngelesLos Angeles 45,913 kWh45,913 kWh 43,404 kWh43,404 kWh 5.46 %5.46 %

Kansas CityKansas City 50,575 kWh50,575 kWh 46,071 kWh46,071 kWh 8.91 %8.91 %

ChicagoChicago 43,035 kWh43,035 kWh 39,175 kWh39,175 kWh 9.01 %9.01 %

DenverDenver 38,904 kWh38,904 kWh 35, 147 kWh35, 147 kWh 9.66 %9.66 %

MadisonMadison 38,147 kWh38,147 kWh 34,799 kWh34,799 kWh 8.78 %8.78 %

Air Speed Required to Offset Air Speed Required to Offset Increased Temperature Increased Temperature Figure 5.2.3Figure 5.2.3


1111°° F per cloF per clo –– effect of changing clothing insulation on the effect of changing clothing insulation on the optimum operative temperatureoptimum operative temperature

Radiant heating or cooling sources do not change Radiant heating or cooling sources do not change the temperature of the air in a space directly. the temperature of the air in a space directly. Due to the wavelength of the energy, an object is Due to the wavelength of the energy, an object is directly heated or cooled without cooling the air directly heated or cooled without cooling the air between.between.

Radiant TemperatureRadiant Temperature

Standard 55 must find ways to better support Standard 55 must find ways to better support High Performance Buildings better. High Performance Buildings better. Change in Air speed limits good step. Change in Air speed limits good step. Must work on Adaptive Method.Must work on Adaptive Method.

Where is the Standard going?Where is the Standard going?

Acceptable Operative Temperature Acceptable Operative Temperature Ranges for Naturally Conditioned Spaces Ranges for Naturally Conditioned Spaces Figure 5.3Figure 5.3

ttococ = 66 + 0.255(= 66 + 0.255(ttoutout -- 32) 32) °°FF

Acceptable Operative Temperature Acceptable Operative Temperature Ranges for Naturally Conditioned Spaces Ranges for Naturally Conditioned Spaces Figure 5.3Figure 5.3

76.576.5

Denver = Denver = 73.473.4°°FF

76.676.6

Mixed Mode ventilation Mixed Mode ventilation –– swing seasonal use, swing seasonal use, different zones.different zones.


What are people submitting for Standard 55 What are people submitting for Standard 55 compliance (LEED and Standard 189.1)compliance (LEED and Standard 189.1)


Rearrange standard to start with occupant. Start Rearrange standard to start with occupant. Start with parameters such as metabolic rate, clothing, with parameters such as metabolic rate, clothing, and then working outward.and then working outward.Move impact of clo on setpoints from Appendix B Move impact of clo on setpoints from Appendix B to front of normative body of standard.to front of normative body of standard.


HVAC is for people, requirements are for HVAC is for people, requirements are for occupants, not buildings. occupants, not buildings. Goal should be to focus on making people Goal should be to focus on making people comfortable not buildings.comfortable not buildings.


Ansi Ashrae 55 2004

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