Another ‘Great Stink’ is needed - University of Oklahoma Center... · The human right to...
Transcript of Another ‘Great Stink’ is needed - University of Oklahoma Center... · The human right to...
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Another ‘Great Stink’ is needed: Sanitation and hygiene
in poor urban areas
Ben Fawcett
2nd International WaTER Conference, Oklahoma 2011
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The slums of Kolkata
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The slums of London
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“We are … as it may be living in [a] wilderness, so far as the rest of London knows anything of us, or as the rich and great people care about. We live in much dirt and filth. We ain’t got no priviz, no dust bins, no drains, no water splies and no drain or suer in the hole place … The stench of a Gully-hole is disgustin. We, all of us, suffer and numbers are ill, and if Colera comes Lord Help Us … we are living like pigs and it ain’t fair we should be ill treted.”
Letter to The Times of London, July 1849
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The slums of London
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The Great Stink, London, 1858
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The Great Stink, London, 1858
2nd International WaTER Conference, Oklahoma 2011
“For the first time in the history of man, the sewage of nearly three millions of people had been brought to seethe and ferment under a burning sun, in one vast cloaca lying in their midst. The results we all know. Stench so foul, we may well believe, had never before ascended to pollute this lower air. Never before, at least, had a stink risen to the height of an historic event.”
Dr William Budd FRS
(Identified the transmission of typhoid)
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London’s interceptor sewers
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Construction of London’s interceptor sewers, 1860s
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Opening the Crossness pumping station, 1865
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Manhattan in 1873
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Lessons from the 19th century
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• We are concerned with public health
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Lessons from the 19th century
2nd International WaTER Conference, Oklahoma 2011
• We are concerned with public health; a government responsibility
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Urban contrasts
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Lessons from the 19th century
2nd International WaTER Conference, Oklahoma 2011
• We are concerned with public health; a government responsibility
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The costs and benefits of sanitation
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Benefit : cost of universal sanitation by 2015 = 11.2 : 1
Total annual cost of universal sanitation (2005-15) = US$14.5bn per annum
Total impact of inadequate sanitation (in six countries of S and SE Asia, inc India)
= 5.3% of GDP = US$42 per capita per year (ave.)
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Lessons from the 19th century
2nd International WaTER Conference, Oklahoma 2011
• We are concerned with public health; a government responsibility • Diseases of interest are excreta-related, not just water-related
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John Snow – cholera in Battersea, London, 1848
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John Snow – cholera in Soho, 1854
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John Snow, Henry Whitehead – cholera in Soho
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Lessons from the 19th century
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• We are concerned with public health; a government responsibility • Diseases of interest are excreta-related, not just water-related
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Faeces
Fluids
Fields
Flies
Fingers
Food New host
The F-diagram (faecal-oral transmission)
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Faeces
Fluids
Fields
Flies
Fingers
Food New host
The F-diagram
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Faeces
Fluids
Fields
Flies
Fingers
Food New host
The F-diagram
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Faeces
Fluids
Fields
Flies
Fingers
Food New host
The F-diagram
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Faeces
Fluids
Fields
Flies
Fingers
Food New host
Sanitation Water quality
Hygiene
Hand washing with soap
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The F-diagram
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Other excreta-related diseases
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• Soil-transmitted helminths (Ascaris, Trichuris, hookworm)
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Ascariasis (roundworm)
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Other excreta-related diseases
2nd International WaTER Conference, Oklahoma 2011
• Soil-transmitted helminths (Ascaris, Trichuris, hookworm)
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Other excreta-related diseases
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• Soil-transmitted helminths (Ascaris, Trichuris, hookworm)
• Trachoma
• Schistosomiasis
• Filariasis
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Filariasis (elephantiasis)
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Lessons from the 19th century
2nd International WaTER Conference, Oklahoma 2011
• We are concerned with public health; a government responsibility • Diseases of interest are excreta-related, not just water-related • Sanitation goes beyond the toilet
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Sewage disposal
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“The solution to pollution is dilution”
It isn’t!
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Polluted rivers in India
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Sludge removal
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Sludge disposal
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Lessons from the 19th century
2nd International WaTER Conference, Oklahoma 2011
• We are concerned with public health; a government responsibility • Diseases of interest are excreta-related, not just water-related • Sanitation goes beyond the toilet; effective services are needed as well as facilities
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Global population trends 1950-2030 (Source UNDESA)
2nd International WaTER Conference, Oklahoma 2011
Industrialised, urban
Less developed, urban
Rural
LDC urban population: 2010 45% 2.6bn 2050 66% 5.2bn
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Slums: population
2nd International WaTER Conference, Oklahoma 2011
Global slum population: 2011: 1.05 billion
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Slums: population
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Global slum population: 2011: 1.05 billion 2030: 2 billion 2050: 3 billion? of 9bn
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Slums: Mumbai, India
2nd International WaTER Conference, Oklahoma 2011
Slums: - overcrowding - poor housing - inadequate water & sanitation - insecurity of tenure
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Under-5 mortality rates in Kenya (per ‘000)
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Urban under-5 mortality rates in India
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Dirty urban environments
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“High concentrations of people and wastes in urban areas create more opportunities for exposure to pathogens, and a correspondingly greater need for the levels of hygiene that adequate water and sanitation make possible.
In the poorest countries and neighbourhoods, unsanitary living conditions probably account for at least half of the burden of ill-health.”
Sheridan Bartlett (2003)
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Open defecation
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The human right to dignity
2nd International WaTER Conference, Oklahoma 2011
“Sanitation, more than any other human rights issue, evokes the concept of human dignity; consider the vulnerability and shame that so many people experience every day when, again, they are forced to defecate in the open, in a bucket or a plastic bag. Dignity closely relates to self-respect, which is difficult to maintain when being forced to squat down in the open, with no opportunity to clean oneself and facing the constant threat of assault in such a vulnerable moment.”
Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on the human right to water and sanitation, 2009
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The human right to dignity
2nd International WaTER Conference, Oklahoma 2011
“Sanitation, more than any other human rights issue, evokes the concept of human dignity; consider the vulnerability and shame that so many people experience every day when, again, they are forced to defecate in the open, in a bucket or a plastic bag. Dignity closely relates to self-respect, which is difficult to maintain when being forced to squat down in the open, with no opportunity to clean oneself and facing the constant threat of assault in such a vulnerable moment.”
Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on the human right to water and sanitation, 2009
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The bathroom
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The kitchen sink
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What is wanted?
2nd International WaTER Conference, Oklahoma 2011
‘Clean toilets; not having to lift raw sewage and dump it into the Mwengenye River [which we also use for bathing and cleaning]; bathing spaces with warm water for the elderly and young children; water to clean clothes and homes; roads that are not always filled with [human and animal] wastes; roads, homes and toilets that don’t flood in the rainy months – that is what I think is appropriate sanitation.’
Margaret Wangui, Maili Saba, Nairobi
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What is wanted?
2nd International WaTER Conference, Oklahoma 2011
‘Clean toilets; not having to lift raw sewage and dump it into the Mwengenye River [which we also use for bathing and cleaning]; bathing spaces with warm water for the elderly and young children; water to clean clothes and homes; roads that are not always filled with [human and animal] wastes; roads, homes and toilets that don’t flood in the rainy months – that is what I think is appropriate sanitation.’
Margaret Wangui, Maili Saba, Nairobi
‘Clean toilets; not having to lift raw sewage and dump it into the Mwengenye River [which we also use for bathing and cleaning]; bathing spaces with warm water for the elderly and young children; water to clean clothes and homes; roads that are not always filled with [human and animal] wastes; roads, homes and toilets that don’t flood in the rainy months – that is what I think is appropriate sanitation.’
Margaret Wangui, Maili Saba, Nairobi
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Urban population lacking sanitation (millions)
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JMP (WHO/UNICEF) UN-HABITAT, 2003
Est for 2000 2000 2008
Africa 46 (16%)
175 (45%)
150-180m (50-60%)
Asia 297 (22%)
536 (34%)
600-800m (45-60%)
Latin America/ Caribbean
51 (13%)
64 (14%)
100-150m (25-40%)
Developing world
394 (19%)
775 (32%)
850-1130m (40-55%)
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What is needed?
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• Effective partnerships
• Facilities and services
• Creative financing
• Political commitment
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Student research projects
2nd International WaTER Conference, Oklahoma 2011
Eng. for Dev’t, Southampton, 1996-2006 PhD, Southampton, 1997-2004
MIWM, IWC, Brisbane, 2009-11
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Work locations
2nd International WaTER Conference, Oklahoma 2011
Eng. for Dev’t, Southampton, 1996-2006 PhD, Southampton, 1997-2004
MIWM, IWC, Brisbane, 2009-11
Work locations: Ben & former students
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Gorgol Noir irrigation scheme, Mauritania, 1984
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Water supply for refugees, northern Uganda, 1993
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2nd International WaTER Conference, Oklahoma 2011
MSc Engineering for Development, Southampton
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International WaterCentre students, Brisbane
2nd International WaTER Conference, Oklahoma 2011
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2nd International WaTER Conference, Oklahoma 2011
International WaterCentre students, Brisbane
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“The situation is hopeless;
we must now take the next step”
Pablo Casals
2nd International WaTER Conference, Oklahoma 2011
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“The situation is hopeless;
we must now take the next step”
JS Bach, Suite No 1 for solo cello in G major,
Sarabande
Pablo Casals
2nd International WaTER Conference, Oklahoma 2011
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There’s still a lot to do!