Anomic trap. a barrier that conformists face and accept that their fate is to work hard and achieve...
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Transcript of Anomic trap. a barrier that conformists face and accept that their fate is to work hard and achieve...
anomic trap
anomic trapa barrier that conformists face and accept that their fate is to work hard and achieve
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anomie
anomiegeneralized state of normlessness
arousal theory
arousal theoryrecognizes that some criminals have no conscience
behavior modification
behavior modificationthe premise that all behavior is the result of learned responses to various stimuli
biological determinism
biological determinismcriminal behavior that is a result of being a genetic misfit or a biological throwback to
earlier, primitive and more violent beings
corrections
correctionsrefers to all government actions intended to manage adults who have been accused or
convicted of criminal offenses and juveniles who have been charged with or found guilty of a status offense
criminology
criminologythe scientific study of crime and criminals
cultural transmission thesis
cultural transmission thesisexplains the persistence of criminal and other deviant values in successive generations
deinstitutionalization
deinstitutionalizationsecure confinement abandoned as a punishment
deterrence
deterrenceassumes that certain and severe punishment can discourage future crime
differential association theory
differential association theory criminal values and behaviors are learned through social interactions
differential reinforcement
differential reinforcementthe operant-conditioning principle that people retain and repeat rewarded behavior
and extinguish behavior that is punished
discriminative stimuli
discriminative stimulimotivating definitions that either cast criminal behavior in a positive light or neutralize
the behavior
disproportionate minority confinement (DMC)
disproportionate minority confinement (DMC)
unequal representation of blacks and Hispanics
ego
egothat part of the mind influenced by parental training and the like
general deterrence
general deterrencepunishment of the individual to prevent others in society from committing the same or
similar crimes
id
idthe unconscious source of primitive and hedonistic urges
imitation
imitationinvolves modeling behavior observed in others
incapacitation
incapacitationseparating offenders from society to reduce the opportunity to commit crime
isolation
isolationan old correctional philosophy that has served two purposes: punishment and
isolation from society
lex talionis
lex talionisthe law of retribution or revenge
operant conditioning
operant conditioningrewarding mechanisms encourage some definitions, whereas punishers extinguish
others
penal harm
penal harmthe belief that punishment, particularly incarceration, should be uncomfortable
penologists
penologistspeople who systematically study punishment
positivists
positiviststhose who look for answers in measurable aspects of the human condition
psyche
psychethe totality of the human mind, conscious and unconscious
psychological determinists
psychological deterministsbelieve that defects of the mind cause all misbehavior, including crime
psychopaths
psychopaths(sociopaths) commit crimes with no thought of conventional morality or of the
consequences of their actions
radical nonintervention
radical noninterventionthat society and its agents of social control should overlook minor delinquent acts to
avoid labeling youngsters
reality therapy (RT)
reality therapy (RT)holds the offender accountable for his or her actions
rehabilitation
rehabilitationthe belief that providing treatment such as psychological or educational assistance
makes individuals less likely to engage in future crimes
reintegration
reintegrationrecognizes the fact that a high percentage of the people in prison (90%) eventually get
out
restitution
restitutionrequiring the offender to repay the victim or the community in money or through
service
restoration
restorationthe most recent philosophy in the field of corrections., it is based on three key
elements: accountability, community protection and competency development
retribution
retributionthe belief that punishment must avenge for a harm done to another
selective incapacitation
selective incapacitationlies on the assumption that career criminals can be identified early in life as preteens
or teenagers
social bond
social bondthe sum of the forces in a person’s social and physical environment that connect that
person to society and its moral constituents
social control theory
social control theorybelief that society provides what binds people together
social disorganization
social disorganizationsocial ecologists claim that deterioration of the community and extreme poverty
explain the cause of criminal behavior
social learning theory
social learning theorylearning occurs through imitation and differential reinforcement
specific deterrence
specific deterrencethe assumption that punishment dissuades the offender from repeating the same
offense or committing a new one
subcultural hypothesis
subcultural hypothesisthesis that crime largely emerges from delinquent or deviant subcultures
superego
superegothat part of the mind that is concerned with moral values
therapeutic communities
therapeutic communitiesresidential programs in which offenders work together to change the attitudes and
behavior of all group members