Annual Report - TCHRD - 2008

HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION IN TIBET

Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy

Annual Report2008

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A handcuffed monk indicted with “criminal of-fence of murder, looting, arson and rioting” beingparaded on state television channel.

Cover Photo : Iconic images that say it all.

Monks of Labrang Monastery defiantly stag-ing a protest during the government managedforeign media tour to the area in 9 April 2008.

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CONTENTS

Executive Summary 5

Civil and Political Liberties 13

Right to Information 61

Religious Freedom 83

Appendices

1 List of known Current Political Prisoners of 2007 124

2. List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released

in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008 126

3. Table Listing Relevant International Human Rights Instruments

Signed and/or Ratified by the People’s Republic of China 165

3. Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations 166

Map of Tibet

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The year 2008 was historic for Tibet! The 49th an-niversary of the Tibetan People’s Uprising on 10March 2008 sparked off an unprecedented magni-tude of spontaneous mass popular protests in theso-called “Tibet Autonomous Region” (“TAR”) andthe Tibetan areas outside the “TAR”; Sichuan,Qinghai, Gansu and Yunan.1 The pan-Tibet politi-cal uprising this past spring is an eruption of popu-lar resentment against the Chinese authorities’ fivedecades of misrule in Tibet which saw systematicgross violations of human rights in every sphere oflife. To China and the world the year was a starkreminder that the Tibet issue needs to be urgentlyresolved. It is clearly evident that the policies de-signed and ordered from the faraway central gov-ernment in Beijing have failed miserably in Tibet.Decades of state propaganda, especially aggressivein the years leading up to the Olympics year, aboutdevelopment in Tibet is torn apart. Tibetans in Ti-bet yearn for human dignity and fundamental hu-man rights and they have spoken their aspirationsclearly and strongly in the pan-Tibet peaceful pro-tests this year.

It was known from the beginning that 2008 beingthe year of summer Olympics in Beijing was goingto be a noisy one for the People’s Republic of Chinafor its notorious human rights record. But interest-ingly nobody foresaw such a huge uprising in Tibet.It is clear that the outside world has underestimatedthe sentiments of the Tibetans inside Tibet. Therewere some reservations in certain sections of the in-ternational community that there have been some

positive changes taking place inside Tibet. However,the uprising in Tibet has shattered that myth for thebetter. Tibetans inside Tibet are suffering and theTibetans have spoken their hearts and minds clearlyand strongly.

The uprising in Tibet in 2008 saw at least 120known Tibetans killed in police firing, at least 6500Tibetans arrested, over a thousand cases of involun-tarily or enforced disappearance, at least ten knowncases of death due to torture, and at least 190 Tibet-ans sentenced to varying prison terms from ninemonths to life imprisonment.2 The Tibetan Centrefor Human Rights and Democracy (TCHRD) be-lieves that the actual figures could be manifold inlight of the magnitude of the uprising in Tibet.However, the government’s severe blockade of in-formation which is often linked to “leaking statesecrets” and punishable by lengthy prison terms un-der the charge of “endangering state security” forwhat is a standard practice of reporting human rightsviolation has enormously stifled the flow of infor-mation. In order to avoid international condemna-tion, the government engaged in a systematic andintermittent ban on communication channels. Thosearrested for communicating to the outside worldhave been dealt with severely.3

The protests in Tibet subsequently led to the worldwide condemnation of Chinese authorities’ use ofbrute armed forces on the Tibetans. Sympatheticindividuals and Tibet supporters resonated the callfor justice during the global relay of the Olympics

Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008

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torch. Tibet supporters and other rights group ac-tivists sent a strong message of condemnation ofthe grave human rights situation in Tibet and inparticular the brute use of armed forces on peacefulprotesting Tibetans.4 The Chinese authorities in acounter measure whipped up nationalism amongstits citizens as well as those overseas.5 NationalistChinese lashed severe attacks on western media anddozens of anti-west websites were setup to launchcyber campaigns in conjunction with those on theground.6 But the authorities quickly realized thatthe ordinary Chinese were experiencing a unique op-portunity of protest and freedom of association fa-cilitated by the authorities, which could in fact boo-merang hard on the government in the future.7 Thisreluctance to accept criticism and prompting con-flicts in the name of “nationalism” leads to the con-clusion that China fails in these qualities to becomea global superpower. One of the key characters ofglobal superpowers is free speech and confidence inits people, yet China fails to exhibit these qualities.In its path to become a global superpower the worldhas to engage China, and China in turn has to heedwith dignity the critique by other countries.

The role of information and communication toolsplayed a vital role during the uprising in Tibet in2008. Unlike the past large scale protests in the late1980s and early 1990s which were largely clusteredin Lhasa, the protest which began on the 49th anni-versary of the Tibetan People’s Uprising on 10March 2008 rapidly spread like a wild fire. Withina couple of days the protests had already engulfedthe whole Tibetan plateau. Modern electronic gad-gets and digital technology played a crucial role inthe flow of information both within Tibet and tothe outside world.8 Making it hard for the authori-ties to deny, evidence of state law enforcement agen-cies’ use of excessive armed force surfaced in theoutside world in the form of mobile phone clipsand graphic pictures.9 The Chinese authorities werequick to curb the flow of information by cutting

channels of communication.10 When free and inde-pendent media persons were being denied access toTibet to cover the protests, brave individuals tookmaximum use of modern technology to report thesituation on the ground despite the risk of lengthyprison terms and torture when caught. In the ab-sence of independent media; the risk was worth tak-ing felt these brave individuals. Labrang monk JigmeGuri’s video testimony of torture11 and DhondupWangchen’s “Leaving Fear Behind” video documen-tary12 are some of the leading evidence tapes thathave marked a milestone in the use of modern toolsin proving human rights violations in Tibet.

Following the March protests in Tibet, the Chineseauthorities dismissed several interventions made byhigh profile entities entrusted with protecting hu-man rights. In early April, a request made by thethen United Nations High Commissioner forHuman Rights, Ms. Louise Arbour, to visit Tibetto independently assess first-hand the situation onthe ground was declined by the Chinese govern-ment reasoning that ‘the timing was not conve-nient.”13 Additionally seven United Nations Spe-cial Procedures mandate holders issued a joint state-ment expressing their deep concern over reports ofsecurity forces firing on peaceful protesters.14 Thestatement called for “restraint and non-violence byall parties, greater and unfettered access to the re-gions concerned for journalists and independentobservers, guarantees for the free flow of informa-tion, and full implementation of international stan-dards in regard to the treatment of protestors andthose detained, both in the People’s Republic ofChina and in other countries in which protests aretaking place.”15 The joint statement by experts wasnever heeded. The International Committee of theRed Cross which has the mandate to monitor thewell-being of prisoners worldwide has never beengiven access to Tibet. PRC’s denial of access to theUN mandates on human rights discredits these of-fices in general and in a way proves the allegations

Executive Summary

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of gross human rights violations made by the rightsgroup. Clearly China has plenty to cover up in de-nying access to those entrusted with investigatinghuman rights issues. The government’s non coop-eration with the UN Committee against Tortureduring the examination of the fourth periodic re-view of China’s compliance to the United Nation’sConvention against Torture (CAT) and Other Cruel,Inhuman or Degrading Treatment exposed PRC’stotal disregard of the UN human rights mechanismto protect people against torture although it is a stateparty to the convention. 16

One of the key components of the authorities’ crack-down upon the Tibetan protesters has been mini-mal tolerance and to strike deadly in order to quellthe mass protests. On several occasions the authori-ties have indiscriminately opened fire into peacefullyprotesting Tibetans which have resulted in the deathsof many innocent Tibetans. The events in Lhasa,Kardze County and Ngaba County were especiallydrastic in nature of the retaliation by the armed forcesand the actual figures of casualty during an event.On 14 March 2008, Lhasa went up in smoke as thecity was gripped by protest. The Chinese armedforces fired live ammunitions on the protesting Ti-betans and around 80 Tibetans were shot dead.17

There were unconfirmed reports of governmentagents firing indiscriminately in the cover of dark-ness. On 3 April 2008, at least 14 Tibetans wereshot dead when armed security forces fired live am-munition indiscriminately into a protesting crowdnear Tongkhor Monastery in Kardze County18. Theprotest broke out when monks of Tongkor Monas-tery (Ch: Donggu) in Zithang Township, KardzeCounty, Kardze “Tibet Autonomous Prefecture”(“TAP”), Sichuan Province, called for the release oftwo monks arrested for objecting to the Chinese‘Patriotic Education’ campaign in the monastery. Thebodies of the dead were not returned to the fami-lies. On 16 March 2008, the Chinese security forcesmade a bloody armed retaliation over a protest in

Ngaba County participated by thousands of Tibet-ans which resulted in the death of at least eight knownTibetan who died after sustaining bullet injuries.19

The actual number of deaths can be much higher aspeople have seen at least “30 Tibetans felled” by thearmed troops. The youngest among the dead was a16-year-old girl; Lhundup Tso.20 The UN Commit-tee against Torture in its concluding observation tothe examination of the fourth periodic report ofChina’s compliance to the Convention against Tor-ture has in its recommendation specifically asked forthe PRC to give a detail account of the events inLhasa, Kardze and Ngaba County. PRC as a stateparty to the convention is bound to provide the de-tails as required by international law and the reply iswatchfully awaited by all the concerned parties in-cluding the TCHRD.

A crucial tactic employed by the Chinese authoritiesin order to suppress Tibetan protests is the system-atic use of torture in police stations, detention cen-tres and prisons. Torture is used as a tool to break thenationalistic sentiments of the Tibetans and in orderto spread a message of intimidation to those whodare to question the state and its officials.21 ManyTibetans have been tortured severely as an exemplarycase to the others from active participation in pro-tests. In some areas Tibetans have died as a direct re-sult of torture whilst in the custody of state law en-forcement agencies. As a direct result of relentlessoppression by the Chinese security forces to combatpeaceful protests, many anguished Tibetans have takenthe ultimate drastic decision of committing suicideto free themselves from the authorities’ constantphysical and mental torture.22 In Tibetan Buddhism,ending one’s life is considered as one of the gravestforms of sins violating the fundamental principles ofthe religion. Buddhist monks of Tibet are knownfor their compassion, patience and resilience in theface of adversity. The cases of suicides by Buddhistmonks in Tibet strongly corroborate the fact of useof relentless torture by the authorities.


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Besides torture, cases of enforced and involuntarydisappearances are enormous.23 To a certain extentthe phenomenon is state sponsored as it is a deliber-ate attempt by the government to purge dissent bymaking individuals disappear. Denial of informa-tion regarding arrestees is a standard practice by theChinese prison authorities. Family members are leftto run from one police post to another in search oftheir loved ones although the state agencies are re-quired to inform them mandatorily. In an apparentcase of disappearance, Thabkhey and Tsundue, bothmonks at the Labrang Monastery disappeared afterthey defiantly briefed the media about the truth onthe ground during the government organized me-dia tour to the area on 9 April 2008.24 Midnightmass disappearance too was rampant especially fromthe monasteries. And perhaps the most prominentcase of disappearance is that of the Panchen Lama,Gedhun Choekyi Nyima, who was abducted in1995 by the Chinese government and has not beenseen till date.25

When massive protests broke out in Tibet, the au-thorities in a counter measure unleashed the vicious“patriotic education” campaign in order to suppressthe Tibetans after the immediate measure of directbrutal crackdown.26 The authorities’ implementa-tion of “patriotic education” acted as rubbing salton the fresh wounds already sustained by the Tibet-ans many of whom had either lost their near anddear ones in the protest or someone from the fam-ily got arrested or disappeared. The “patriotic edu-cation” campaign brought further psychologicaltrauma amongst the Tibetan community especiallyin the monastic institutions. The campaign acts as apolitical tool to humiliate the Tibetans and breakdown their nationalistic sentiments. By early April,“patriotic education” campaign was being extendedbeyond the monasteries into the community of layTibetan society in rural areas of Ngaba County.“Patriotic education” “work teams” arrived in homesand ordered Tibetans to condemn the recent pro-

tests, denounce the Dalai Lama and pledge allegianceto the Communist Party. Eight points were forcedto be reiterated in front of a camcorder and thosewho refused to cooperate were threatened with im-prisonment. One of the key components of thepatriotic education campaign is the vilification ofthe Dalai Lama. The opposition and launching ofcriticism on the Dalai Lama had been the broadpolicy formulation adopted by the leadership inBeijing. The strategy was to discredit the Dalai Lamaof his moral authority and as the legitimate leaderof the Tibetan people. Since China maintained arigid system of information blockage and embargoon Tibetan people inside Tibet, the Chinese leader-ship presumed that tarnishing the image of the DalaiLama could win over the hearts and minds of theTibetan people. However, it was not to be.

Despite almost 50 years of rule by China, the DalaiLama rules the hearts and minds of the Tibetanpeople. In the pan-Tibet spring 2008 protests, reg-istered around 300 separate events covering over 90counties in the so-called “Tibet Autonomous Re-gion” (“TAR”) 27 and the Tibetan areas outside the“TAR”, the call for the return of the Dalai Lamawas unanimous. At a point when the protests inTibet started to turn violent, the Dalai Lama ex-pressly called for an immediate end of violence at-tached with a warning of resignation if the Tibetansstart to abandon the path of non-violent struggle.28

The violent agitation dramatically subsided for theTibetans can not go against the words of the DalaiLama against all odds. The Dalai Lama has showedthem the path of non violence and at this criticaljuncture too the exiled leader continues to lead theTibetan struggle through non violence.

Beijing has repeatedly downplayed the nature of theTibetan protests through the prism of criminal ac-tivities such as looting, smashing, arson, theft andrioting.29 Beijing refuses to see the reality of thepolitical nature of the pan-Tibet popular protests.

Executive Summary

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On 17 March 2008, Zhang Qingli, the “TAR”Communist Party Secretary, urged that there be“quick arrests, quick hearings, and quick sentenc-ing” of the people involved in the protests,30 whichwas virtually a political directive to circumvent guar-antees for a fair and impartial legal due process. Inview of such express orders, fast-track courts in aclear exercise of summary execution of judicial pro-cess passed verdicts quickly.31 Handing life impris-onment term and lengthy prison terms up to 20years in a record one and half month’s time is selfexplanatory about the nature of judiciary in Chi-nese administered Tibet. The nature of the courtproceedings and the official interpretation of theTibetans’ activities obviously bring forward the ques-tions of competency of the court and the officialdownplaying of the nature of the Tibetan activities.The fast paced court verdicts were clear mockery oflaw and due process.32 In fact in all cases there wasabsence of due process as required under interna-tional law. The purpose and nature of the court inLhasa obviously is only to provide a legal rubberstamp on pre-concluded convictions without theconcept of innocent until proven guilty.33 Courtsin China clearly are not for protection and deliveryof justice and on the contrary it acts as a vehicle tolegitimize state actions. For instance, 21 Chineselawyers who had publicly offered to defend Tibetanprotesters were forced to withdraw their assistanceafter judicial authorities in Beijing threatened to dis-cipline them and suspend their professional li-censes.34 The authorities claimed that the Tibetanprotesters were “not ordinary cases, but sensitivecases.” The TCHRD documented at least 190 Ti-betans being handed prison terms ranging from ninemonths to life imprisonment for individuals asyoung as 16 years old to 80 years old. Out of thetotal sentenced so far, seven received life imprison-ment terms while 90 Tibetans were sentenced to 10years or more. The Tibetans have been largely sen-tenced under the charges of “endangering state secu-rity”; a controversial legislation which has neither

ever been defined properly nor mentioned its scopeof application.35 The legislation is used as a blanketcover to strike anyone daring to question the state.

In the aftermath of protest, Tibetan CommunistParty members and the civil servants were raciallytargeted for their loyalty. According to China’s Ti-bet Information Centre on 10 July 2008, 13 Ti-betan party members under Lhasa City were expelledfrom the Communist Party for their involvementin the “March 14 riot” and their failure to upholdthe three themes under the renewed “patriotic edu-cation” campaign. In another instance the TibetanCCP members and civil servants were served withthe issuance of a two-month ultimatum on 14 July2008 to recall their children studying in schools runby the Central Tibetan Administration or face ex-pulsion from party membership and governmentjob.36 Consequently at least 24 students have beenpulled out of schools in India and another equalnumber of students have already made plans to re-turn.37 Every year minors below the age of 18 formthe largest number of refugees arriving from Tibetin pursuit of broad based modern education inschools established by the Dalai Lama and the Cen-tral Tibetan Administration in India. As against theusual figure of around two thousand refugees es-caping Tibet, this year only 627 Tibetans38 havemanaged to arrive in India.

At the height of political repression in Tibet in 2008,calls of restraint were consistently issued by the vari-ous heads of states as well as world bodies such asthe United Nations. In the backdrop of the sum-mer Olympics in Beijing in August 2008, the callsfor improvement in human rights in China andparticularly dialogue by China with the Dalai Lamato resolve the Tibetan issue were heightened. Al-though certain issues like pollution in Beijing andfree access to foreign journalists were relatively tack-led, the Tibet issue remains stagnant. China’s refusalto address the issue sends a wrong signal of irrel-


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evance of non-violent movements to the variouscontemporary struggles being waged in the world.China is head strong in its resolution to pressuriseworld leaders against meeting with the Dalai Lamaand it does so openly. China cancelled a major EU-China summit scheduled at the end of November2008 because the Dalai Lama would then be visit-ing Europe around the same time and was sched-uled to meet President Sarkozy, the EU President.39

Such a move by China in flexing its economicmuscles was unprecedented.40

The Sino-Tibet dialogue started in 2002 collapsedafter eight rounds of talks till date. At the height ofmass protests in Tibet, the Envoys of the Dalai Lamavisited China to secure the well being of the Tibetanarrestees and diffuse the tension in Tibet.41 The Ti-betans inside and outside of Tibet banked on thevisit for some tangible results finally after years ofparleys between the two sides. Despite enormoustension on the ground the visits turned out to beanother futile diplomatic exercise.42 The eighthround of talks was a litmus test of sincerity of theChinese side since it took place after the BeijingOlympics and hence was devoid of pressure onChina. As per the strategy China made unprec-edented disclosures about the latest talks blastingthe Dalai Lama and dismissing the Tibetan demandsas “motive of independence” or “half independence”or “independence in disguise etc.43 Soon after theexile Tibetans gathered for a special meeting inDharamsala which was the first of its kind.44 Themeeting enjoyed the mandate of free voice of theTibetan people. Around 560 delegates from 19countries around the world during the five day meet-ing resolved to end the negotiations until genuinepolitical will is shown by China.45 Despite the Ti-betan side’s genuine attempts to engage in a resultoriented dialogue, China seemingly tried to gain theupper hand by showing of engagement with theTibetan envoys until the end of Olympics in Au-gust. China’s strategy was to delay all criticisms at

least until the end of the summer Olympics and ithas been executed skilfully with an unprecedentedpress conference soon after the eighth round oftalks.46

The year 2008 was historic for Tibet with a chainof events throughout the year. The Tibetans insideChinese occupied Tibet have spoken their heart outwith great sacrifices. The brave individuals havechampioned the spirit of non-violence in the faceof extreme adversity. The year 2009 marks the 50th

anniversary of exile for the Tibetans. In a conflictridden world, the Tibet question, especially in theaftermath of the spring 2008 protest, poses a seri-ous moral challenge to the world. It’s a test of theworld’s conscience about the relevance of a non vio-lent struggle and peace and dialogue. Tibet needshumanity to support it in this critical juncture of itshistory and humanity needs Tibet to continue toshow light in the path of non-violence as the onlyhope for the solution for long standing political is-sues.

Executive Summary

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EndNotes

1 “Scores of Tibetans arrested for peaceful protest in Lhasa”,Press Release, TCHRD, 11 March 2008, available at http://tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080311.html

2 “TCHRD Press Statement on the 60th Anniversary of theUniversal Declaration of Human Rights”, Press Release,TCHRD, 10 December 2008; Out of the 190 sentences passedby the courts in Tibet till date, seven Tibetans have beensentenced to life imprisonment term.

3 “Chinese court sentences seven Tibetans between 8 years tolife Imprisonment”, Press Release, TCHRD, 16 December 2008,available at http://tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20081216.html

4 “Clashes along Olympic torch route”, BBC, 6 April 2008,available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7332942.stm

5 “The Chinese turn on their nationalism”, C. Gopinath, BusinessLine, 12 May 2008, available at http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2008/05/12/stories/2008051250280900.htm

6 “FM spokesman: “Anti-CNN” website reflects Chinese people’scondemnation”, Xinhua, available at http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-03/27/content_7871585.htm

7 “China activists ‘must curb zeal’”, BBC, 18 April 2008,available at http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2008/04/beijing-tries-to-rein-in-nationalist-beast/

8 “New technology triggers battle for information from Tibet”,AFP, 18 March 2008, available at http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gyuONfqd4fnQB61MMrrD-PjyMDjw

9 “Photographic evidence of the bloody crackdown on peacefulprotesting Tibetan at Ngaba County, Sichuan Province, on 16March 2008”, Photo Release, TCHRD, available at http://tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080318c.html

10 “Tibet: China blocks YouTube, protests spread, bloggersreact”, BoingBoing.net, 16 March 2008, available at http://www.boingboing.net/2008/03/16/tibet-china-blocks-y.html

11 “A Voice from Tibet”, Voice of America, 3 September 2008,available at http://www.voanews.com/tibetan/archive/2008-0 9 / 2 0 0 8 - 0 9 - 0 3 - v o a 1 . c f m ? C F I D = 6 0 2 8 1 0 7 8 &CFTOKEN=98883722

12 Leaving Fear Behind, official website at http://leavingfearbehind.com/

13 “China says not now to Arbour visit”, Human Rights Tribune,11 April 2008, available at www.humanrights-geneva.info

14 “UN human rights experts call for restraint and transparencyas mass arrests are reported in the Tibet Autonomous Regionand surrounding areas in China”, Press Release, United Nations,10 April 2008, available at http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/hur icane .ns f /v iew01/04E93C974F48F850C1257427002D7EAD?opendocument

15 Ibid16 “Concluding Observations of the Committee Against Torture

on the fourth periodic report by the People’s Republic ofChina to the implementation of the Convention AgainstTorture”, Geneva, 3-21 November 2008, OHCHR, CAT/C/CHN/CO/4, available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/CAT.C.CHN.CO.4.pdf

17 “‘Eighty killed’ in Tibetan unrest”, BBC, 16 March 2008,available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7299212.stm

18 “Pictures of Tibetans shot dead by Chinese armed police on 3April 2008”, Press Release, TCHRD, 17 April 2008, availableat http://tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080417.html

19 “Photographic evidence of the bloody crackdown on peacefulprotesting Tibetan at Ngaba County, Sichuan Province, on 16March 2008”, Press Release, TCHRD, available at http://tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080318c.html

20 “Middle school student shot dead in Ngaba County”, PressRelease, TCHRD, 20 March 2008, available at http://tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080320a.html

21 “TCHRD commemorates 11th UN International Day inSupport of Victims of Torture”, Press Statement, TCHRD, 26June 2008, available at http://tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080626.html

22 “Two monks commit suicide in Amdo Ngaba”, Press Release,TCHRD, 4 April 2008, available at http://tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080404a.html

23 “More cases of Enforced and Involuntary Disappearancesurfaces from Tibet”, Press Release, TCHRD, 25 September2008, available at http://tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080925.html

24 “Monks Disrupt Media Tour in China”, Jim Yardley, New YorkTimes, 10 April 2008, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/world/asia/10tibet.html?fta=y

25 “Panchen Lama spends his 19th birthday under house arrest”,Press Statement, TCHRD, 25 April 2008, available at http://tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080425.html

26 TCHRD’s Briefing Paper to the Committee Against Tortureto List of issues to be considered during the examination ofthe fourth periodic report of CHINA (CAT/C/CHN/4), pg7-9, 29 October 2008, available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/ngos/TCHRD_China_cat41.pdf

27 “TCHRD Press Statement on the 60th Anniversary of theUniversal Declaration of Human Rights”, Press Release,TCHRD, 10 December 2008, available at http://tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20081210.html

28 “Dalai Lama Threatens to Resign”, New York Times, 19 March2008, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/19/world/asia/19dalai.html


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29 “17 jailed for Lhasa violence”, Xinhua, 29 April 2008, availableat http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-04/29/content_8073067.htm

30 “China: Tibetan Protesters Denied Fair Trial”, Human RightsWatch, 29 April 2008, available at http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/04/29/china-tibetan-protesters-denied-fair-trial

31 “China’s legal wrangle of Tibetan popular uprising: A Critique”,Press Release, TCHRD, available at http://tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080503.html

32 “China: Tibetan Protesters Denied Fair Trial”, Human RightsWatch, 20 April 2008, available at http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/04/29/china-tibetan-protesters-denied-fair-trial

33 “China’s legal wrangle of Tibetan popular uprising: A Critique”,Press Release, TCHRD, available at http://tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080503.html

34 “Chinese Lawyers suppressed for offering legal service toTibetans”, Central Tibetan Administration, 12 May 2008,available at http://www.tibet.net/en/flash/2008/0508/120508.html

35 “Leaking State Secrets: Beijing Finds Nothing Noble inSpeaking Out on Human Rights”, Rebecca Novick, TheHuffington Post, 29 July 2008, available at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rebecca-novick/leaking-state-secrets-bei_b_115535.html

36 “Two months’ ultimatum issued to the Tibetan CommunistParty members and government employees to recall theirchildren studying in exile schools.” Press Release, TCHRD,15 July 2008, available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080715.html

37 “24 Tibetan Children Return Home”, Gaurav Bisht, HindustanTimes, 25 December 2008

38 Figure according to Tibetan Refugee Reception Centre,Dharamsala, between 1 January– 31 December 2008

39 “China confirms EU summit off over Dalai Lama row”,EUbusiness, 27 November 2008, available at http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1227729724.75/

40 “Angry China flexing muscle with Europe over Tibet: analysts”,AFP, 26 November 2008, available at http://www.google.com/h o s t e d n e w s / a f p / a r t i c l e / A L e q M 5 i Y w -GuTNGRSZJIeR1PG3L79sgKaw

41 “China and envoys of the Dalai Lama hold talks about Tibet”,Mian Ridge, Christian Science Monitor, 6 May 2008, availableat http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0505/p99s01-duts.html

42 “China says serious differences in talks with private envoys ofDalai Lama”, People’s Daily, 10 November 2008, available athttp://english.people.com.cn/90001/90776/90785/6530513.html

43 “China says no compromise on national sovereignty, refutesDalai’s so-called “middle way””, Xinhua, 10 November 2008,available at http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-11/10/content_10336956.htm

44 “Dalai Lama calls special meeting on Tibet”, InternationalHerald Tribune, 28 October 2008, available at http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/10/28/asia/AS-India-Dalai-Lama-Tibet.php

45 “Recommendations of the First Special General MeetingConvened Under Article 59 of the Charter”, Official Website ofthe Central Tibetan Administration, November 2008, availableat http://www.tibet.net/en/index.php?id=595& articletype=flash&rmenuid=morenews

46 “China holds press conference on talks with Dalai Lama”,Xinhua, 10 November 2008, available at http://news.xinhuanet .com/engl ish/2008-11/10/content_10334510.htm

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CIVIL AND POLITICAL LIBERTIES

Introduction:

In retrospect, the year 2008 witnessed one of themost repressive periods with unprecedented viola-tions of Tibetan people’s human rights and freedomby the Chinese authorities in Tibet. The Chineseauthorities responded with overwhelming force tosuppress cascaded protests beginning 10 Marchwhich later swept across much of the ethnic Tibetanareas by the end of the March this year. It is highlydeplorable and condemnable that the People’s Re-public of China (PRC), despite being a permanentmember of the United Nations Security Counciland a state party to UN treaties on human rights,fails to respect and uphold the basic principles setforth in the UDHR and that the most blatant formsof violations are regularly occurring in the regionwith impunity. Chinese authorities continue to prac-tice a systematic denial of human rights of the Ti-betan people. Mr. Wang Chen, director of the StateCouncil Information Office, acknowledged humanrights problems in China by saying that humanrights development still has “quite a few things lessthan satisfactory,”1 but would see progress as themodernization drive went on. However, the Chi-nese authorities continue to commit the most bla-tant human rights violations that are inconsistentwith the Constitutions and the International laws.China even failed to fulfill several Olympics relatedcommitments including press freedom, media ac-cess, the free flow of information, and freedom ofassembly.

Beginning on 10 March 2008, the 49th anniversaryof 1959 Tibetan uprising against Chinese rule, awave of protests by Tibetans swept across the “Ti-betan Autonomous Region” (“TAR”) and surround-ing Tibetan areas in four other provinces under Chi-nese administrative division of Qinghai, Gansu,Sichuan and Yunnan which are home to millions ofethnic Tibetans. The protest was the biggest re-emergence of nationalist protests since 1987-1989,which were largely restricted to Lhasa, however therecent protests have been much wider in scope, com-position and magnitude extending into severalneighboring provinces with high concentration ofTibetans and these protests continued to occur evenafter one of the biggest military and security opera-tions in the region for many years. As a result of theChinese government crackdown beginning Marchthis year, the repression of the freedoms of speech,religion and association has increased dramaticallycoupled with complete lockdowns of the Tibetanplateau to the outside monitoring agencies. Thecomposition of protesters was very varied compris-ing almost every section of Tibetan communitiessuch as monks, nuns, students2 studying even as faras Lanzhou3 and Beijing,4 laypeople, farmers, activ-ists, retired employees, nomads5 etc.

Over the past few years the Centre has documenteda trend of increase in political prisoners with themajority comprising of monks and nuns despite sys-tematic repression through official policies such as“strike hard”6 and “patriotic re-education”7 cam-paigns. Such campaigns and flawed government

14


policies might have succeeded in subduing the peoplefor the time being but at the same time it has givenrise to a high level of resentment against these re-pressive policies which served as a latent potentialfor resurgent protests in the past months. The com-position of political prisoners this year has been morevaried and for larger than any previous record.

It all began on 10 March 2008, when several hun-dred of monks of Drepung Monastery in the out-skirts of Lhasa, began a planned, peaceful marchfrom their monastery into central Lhasa in an effortto draw attention to restrictions on their freedomof religion and with specific demands regarding thelifting of government controls over religious prac-tices. They were reported to have been demandingthe easing of the government imposed ‘Patriotic re-education’ campaign which subjects monks, amongother things, to political classes, forces them to writedenunciations of the Dalai Lama, and intensifies thepresence of police monitors within monasteries.Halfway to Lhasa, the monks were stopped fromproceeding further by Chinese armed police at a roadcheckpoint. A few monks from the group suspectedto be the ringleaders were also arrested by PublicSecurity Bureau (PSB) officials.8

In a separate incident, around more than a dozenvisiting monks of Sera Monastery and lay persons,

led a peaceful march from Tsuklhakhang Temple toBarkhor Street in Lhasa shouting pro-independenceslogans, distributing pamphlets and raising thebanned Tibetan national flags at Barkhor Street inLhasa. All were arrested immediately by the PublicSecurity Bureau (PSB) officials following a brief pro-test march on Barkhor Street - one of the busiestmarket areas around the city.9 The arrested Tibetanswere reportedly beaten severely and manhandled bythe PSB officials. Shops and vendors in the area wereordered to shut down and police continued to pa-trol the streets.

Similar protests were reported from MangraCounty, Tsolho (Ch: Hainan) “TAP” Qinghai Prov-ince where about 137 monks of Lhutsang Monas-tery and over 200 laypersons marched towards theCounty seat.10 Since then protests had spiraled outin other parts of Tibet. The turning point of theprotest was on 14 March in Lhasa, when a scuffleensued between the monks of Ramoche Monasterywho were blocked by the security forces from pro-ceeding with their protest that morning. The scuffleescalated into a major confrontation when local Ti-betans joined in by pelting stones, setting fire topolice vehicles and shops. The police cordoned offall roads leading out of and into Lhasa with armedparamilitary forces patrolling the streets.11 Therewere reports of gunshots being fired to disperse theprotesting crowd12. Around 25 deaths of Tibetanswere reported from protests at Ramoche Temple,Jokhang Temple and Tromsigkhang Market withreports of hundreds of injured Tibetans.13 However,Chairman of the “TAR” regional government,Jampa Phuntsok, told that no gunshots were fired.14

The following morning, curfew were imposed inthe entire Lhasa city with entry into city completelycut-off by positioning many new check posts at allentry points into the City. All the roads and shopsremained closed in the city with heavy presence ofarmored military vehicles and additional contingentof People’s Armed Police (PAP)- paramilitary troops

Monks of Drepung Monastery marching towardsLhasa City on 10 March 2008

Civil and Political Liberties

15

sent into the city to suppress people from demon-strating again. The Chinese government quicklysealed off Tibet and Tibetan areas in the neighbor-ing provinces with thousands of People’s ArmedPolice (PAP) and Public Security Bureau (PSB)forces resulting in surrender, arrest and detention ofmore than 2300 Tibetans in the first month fol-lowing Tibet unrest.15 Although the Martial law wasnot officially declared the situation had the pres-ence of all its elements and it had been effectivelyimposed in all but name, however, the chairman ofthe “TAR” government said it was not under themartial law.16

Peaceful Tibetan protesters shouted slogans callingfor Tibet’s independence17 and the swift return ofthe Dalai Lama to Tibet,18 the release of PanchenLama,19 and freedom of religion20 and humanrights.21 Due to the incendiary and anarchic charac-ter of the protest and subsequent blackout in infor-mation, the exact cause and course of events has yetto be established. The protests were all peaceful ex-cept for a few instances where the protesters turnedviolent and resorted to rioting. According to offi-cial Chinese media reports, a total of 12 county levelareas with rioting were registered. This Centre how-ever, registered over 300 separate events of protestsof different magnitudes covering 90 Counties in the“TAR” and in the Tibetan areas outside the “TAR.”22

The Chinese state run media generally reported onlythe protests during which some Tibetans turned vio-lent in order to give legitimacy to the subsequentcrackdown that ensued, and characterized all of theprotesters linked to such events as “rioters.” Accord-ing to the official state media, Xinhua, 18 civiliansand one police officer died as a result of the Marchrioting,23 but Chinese officials have not yet providedinformation on the death from indiscriminate fir-ing from security officers, suppression and repres-sion of civil liberties, including people’s right to free-dom of expression, opinion, assembly and move-ment besides other fundamental human rights.

Due to the magnitude and scale of protests sinceMarch this year amidst severe restrictions on the flowof information, it is impossible to cover each andevery event and subsequent violations of humanrights here in this chapter. However, the TCHRDhas published a booklet highlighting the events thathad unfolded in Tibet in chronological order forfurther reference.

Tibet is going through one of the most difficultperiods in recent times with massive deployment ofarmed security personnel and police forces therebycurtailing individual’s fundamental human rights.Particularly, the major cities and towns in the “TAR”as well as the eastern part of Tibet which was one ofthe most restive areas in venting their emotionsthrough series of protests. These Tibetan regions inSichuan, Gansu and Qinghai witnessed intimidat-ing presence of convoys of military trucks withPeople’s Armed Police (PAP), People’s LiberationArmy (PLA)and Public Security Bureau(PSB)personnel. Temporary new military camps andcamouflaged bunkers were built around most res-tive places with frequent roadblocks to prevent themovement of people especially monks and nuns.

New measures were implemented to curtail and re-press the free practice of religion in Tibet, to denythe Tibetan people any meaningful right of freedomof expression, and to marginalize Tibetans througha concerted effort to augment the influx of Chinesesettlers.

In the aftermath of the protest on the 14 March,Chinese authorities in the name of restoring order,resorted to such measures of brutal crackdowns asare reminiscent of the Martial Law period whichwas imposed in Lhasa on 8 March 1989 for 13months24 under the then “TAR” Party Secretary HuJintao, now the President of the PRC. These in-cluded arbitrary arrest and detention of thousandsof Tibetans, unnecessary and excessive use of force,

16


including lethal force, intimidation, shooting deadunarmed Tibetan protesters,25 while many died as aresult of beatings in custody, several monks and nunscommitted suicide,26 some were found in psycho-logically unstable conditions upon release.27 Thelocking of monks and nuns inside their monasteriesand nunneries,28 imposing a strict and heavy policepresence on all cities and most major towns of anysignificant size,29 severely restricting travel withinTibet, and re-launching “patriotic re-education” cam-paigns not only in monastic institutions but amongthe party members and general populace30 were re-sorted to. Such actions by the Chinese security agen-cies not only contravene the International conven-tions that China signed and ratified but also go be-yond the general conscience of a civilized nation.All journalists and foreign tourists were expelledfrom Tibet shortly after the protest cycle started31

and a complete information blackout to control theflow of information into and out of the region with-out any outside observers was imposed.

Muffling of Right to Freedomof Expression

“For us, access to news is blocked; we are notallowed to watch news or put up a satellitedish nor are we allowed to listen/watch newsfrom the United States and other foreigncountries. We are ordered to watch and listento domestic broadcasts. We are told not tolisten to foreigners nor to talk to them. Assuch, where is the freedom of expression?”32

Freedom of Expression is a fundamental humanright, which is a prerequisite to the enjoyment of allhuman rights. Article 35 of the Constitution of thePRC guarantees “freedom of expression, of the press,of assembly, of association, of procession and ofdemonstration.”33 Article 19 of the Universal Dec-laration of Human Rights proclaims: ‘Everyone has

the right to freedom of opinion and expression; thisright includes freedom to hold opinions withoutinterference and to seek, receive and impart infor-mation and ideas through any media and regardlessof frontiers’. Article 19 of the International Cov-enant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), whichChina has signed and committed to ratify, provides:‘‘Everyone shall have the right to hold opinions with-out interference. 2. Everyone shall have the right tofreedom of expression; this right shall include free-dom to seek, receive and impart information andideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally,in writing or in print, in the form of art, or throughany other media of his choice.’’34

Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao in an interview withCNN during the inauguration of the UN GeneralAssembly said; “…In the freedom of speech and thefreedom in news media coverage are guaranteed inChina. The Chinese government attaches importanceto, and protects, human rights. We have incorpo-rated these lines into the Chinese constitution, andwe also implement the stipulation in real earnest. Ithink for any government, what is most importantis to ensure that its people enjoy each and every rightgiven to them by the constitution…. I don’t thinka system or a government should fear critical opin-ions or views.”35 Such repeated claims were alsomade by Zhang Jun, vice president of the SupremePeople’s court by saying that “…citizens have therights to express their ideas under the legal system,which includes suggestions to and criticisms on thegovernment. The rights are protected by law andConstitution.”36 However, in the backdrop of re-cent series of protests across the Tibetan plateau sinceMarch this year, the freedom of expression took areal beating as otherwise gallantly pronounced in theConstitution and other major international cov-enants, to which the PRC is a signatory.


17

Over the past year, the Chinese government andCommunist Party continued to deny Tibetan peoplethe ability to fully exercise their rights to free ex-pression and opinion. The TCHRD noted on Chinaabsolute lack of free press, freedom of expressionand opinion, and severe ideological control bereftof transparency, a pervasive censorship of theInternet, radio and other electronic media, restraintson a citizen’s ability to express and publish freely.The year 2008 was no different when it comes tothe muffling of freedom of expression of Tibetanpeople inside Tibet under the Chinese rule. Cen-sorship and manipulation of the press and Internetfor political purposes worsened due to a major turnof events in Tibet since March. The Chinese gov-ernment officials continued to use vague laws topunish journalists, writers, artistes, rights advocates,and others for peacefully exercising their right tofree expression, particularly those who criticized thegovernment despite a pledge to grant greater pressfreedom for the Olympic games and official asser-tions of China becoming more open.37

A “culture of fear” and a “palpable sense of fear andself censorship” are pervasive in Tibet in the postprotest periods. There is a deep seated and wide-spread zero-tolerance level on activities or viewpointsdeemed or suspected as a challenge to the Commu-nist Party’s control over society.

The consequences of official information controlare often more serious because of the increased levelof sensitivity regarding nationalism and state unity.This is exacerbated by the Party’s tendency to labelall peaceful expression of cultural or religious iden-tity or concerns as political issues of “separatism”.The Chinese authorities continued to use vague, im-precise and sweeping elements in its laws to punishjournalist, writers, rights advocates, artistes and oth-ers for peacefully exercising their right to free ex-pression particularly those that are critical of thegovernment and Communist party. The UN Work-

ing Group on Arbitrary Detention (UNWGAD)in 2004 recommended that the crime of “endanger-ing national security” be defined in precise terms andan exception be introduced into the Criminal Lawto the effect that the peaceful activity in the exerciseof the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Uni-versal Declaration of Human Rights is not consid-ered criminal.38 To date, this recommendation hasnot been implemented. As a result, it has created aculture of fear, where Tibetans live under constantconditions of heightened repression and heavy re-strictions which further undermine their ability tofreely exercise their right to freedom of expressionand opinion. Among the most popular of these pro-visions to punish peaceful expression continued tobe the ‘‘inciting subversion of state power’’ crimeunder Article 105(2) of the Criminal Law.39

Following are a few examples of the muffling ofTibetan people’s right to freedom of expression andopinion by the Chinese authorities. These personspaid the price for exercising those rights and free-doms enshrined in the Chinese Constitution andmajor international covenants that PRC has signedand ratified.

Jamyang Kyi, a renowned singer and who wasworking for Qinghai television was sometime ar-rested by the security officials sometime in the be-ginning of April from her office in Xining Munici-pality, Qinghai Province. Known for being vocalfor women’s rights, Jamyang had frequently con-tributed articles in her Tibetan language blog. Thepolice searched her house thoroughly, including herpersonal computers,40 two of which were seized fromher home and she was found to have viewed ‘over-seas websites’. She was believed to have passed oninformation abroad through a friend. Jamyang Kyiwas charged with “suspicion of endangering statesecurity”. She was bailed on 21 April 2008 afterhaving to pay a substantial fine.

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Targeting Tibetan writer

he Tibetan writer and blogger, Tsering Woeser, hasbeen the target of threats and hacker attacks becauseof her articles about the situation in Tibet. Her blogand Skype (Internet telephone) account were hackedon 27 May.41 “My password was changed and I canno longer connect to my account”, she told ReportersWithout Borders (Reporters Sans Frontieres - RSF),referring to her Skype account. “As far as I can tell,the hacker is already in communication with some ofmy contacts, which puts them in a situation as dan-gerous as mine”. Woeser, whose books have beenbanned and who lives in Beijing, has been placedunder house arrest and has been prevented from trav-elling abroad. The authorities have also pressuredher husband, essayist Wang Lixiong. Because read-ers in China have no access to her books, Woeserhas made extensive use of the Internet to dissemi-nate her writings.

Rangjung, a 28-year old father of two children, whowas working as a news reporter and a newscaster atthe local Sertha television station was detained bysecurity personnel from his home and taken to anunknown location on the midnight of 11 Septem-ber 2008. His family members and closed associ-ates did not know the reason for his arbitrary arrestin the wee hour of the night. At the time of hisdetention, the security personnel also impoundedtwo laptops from his room.42 However, he wasknown to have been released towards the end ofSeptember.43

Jigme a.k.a Jigme Guri a Tibetan Buddhist monkof Labrang Monastery, who provided a rare first-hand account of China’s crackdown on Tibetan pro-testers to foreign media was arbitrarily arrested byaround fifty PAP and PSB of Sangchu County on4 November 2008 from Labrang monastery forunknown reason.44

Jigme who was earlier arrested on 22 March 2008by four armed personnel while returning to his mon-astery from a market was detained and tortured fortwo months in the detention centre for his suspectedrole in one of the biggest protests that took place inLabrang on 14 March 2008. He was released onmedical ground after months of detention duringwhich he was intensively interrogated to extract con-fession by means of torture that he was left uncon-scious twice from injuries he suffered.

At the beginning of September, the Voice ofAmerica’s Tibetan Service in its Wednesday programKunleng aired a video from Jigme giving detailedaccounts of Tibetan people’s aspirations, torture andinhuman treatment meted out to monks of LabrangMonks who were detained during March Protest atthe County government headquarters. In a tele-phonic interview with the Associated Press on 12September, Jigme gave detailed accounts of theChinese crackdown on Tibetans which was still go-ing on months after the events. He later went intohiding fearing authorities’ repercussion for expos-ing Chinese brutal crackdown on Tibetans.45

Dhondup Wangchen, an amateur filmmaker, fromHualong, Haidong (Qinghai) was detained by au-thorities on or about 26 March 2008.46 DhondupWangchen and his assistant Golog Jigme, who wasalso arrested on 23 March, made an amazing docu-mentary showing the true life of Tibetans in Tibetentitled “Leaving fear behind.” Dhondup was heldin Ershilipu Detention Center in Xining (Qinghai),and was last seen in Guangsheng Binguan on orabout 12 July 2008. There is no information on hiscurrent status and condition.


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Torture: Unabated in Tibet

“They would hang me up for several hourswith my hands tied to a rope….. hangingfrom the ceiling and my feet above the ground.Then they would beat me on my face, chest,and back, with the full force of their fists.Finally, on one occasion, I had lostconsciousness and was taken to a hospital.After I regained consciousness at the hospital,I was once again taken back to prison wherethey continued the practice of hanging mefrom the ceiling and beating me”47

This was not the first time that the use of torturefor and inhuman treatment of the Tibetan protest-ers came to be known but the year rather witnessedone of the most ruthless suppressions of the Tibetanpeople by the Chinese agencies. Except for a coupleof isolated cases, the protests were by and large verypeaceful conforming to non-violent standards. How-ever, the authorities’ brutality and use of force werefar disproportionate to the threat posed by peacefulprotesters. The Centre registered at least 120 knowndeaths of Tibetans as a direct result of armed retali-ations by the law enforcement agencies during andafter the protests.

The Centre is particularly concerned about the treat-ment of hundreds of Tibetans detained as a responseto the protests in Tibet. Torture and ill-treatmenttend to flourish in an environment characterized bysecrecy, lack of transparency, failure to respect fairtrial rights and lack of accountability, such condi-tions were fertile for the high prevalence of tortureever more in Tibet after the unrest. In order to hideits repression in Tibet, Beijing sealed off virtuallythe entire plateau to foreign journalists and observ-ers and imposed information blackout despitepromising increasing openness in the buildup to andafter the Olympic games. For these reasons the Cen-tre fears for the safety and well-being of those now

in detention or disappeared since March this year.The UN Committee Against Torture (UNCAT)in its concluding observations (CAT/C/CHN/CO/4) on the fourth periodic report of the PRC on theimplementation of the Convention against Tortureand Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatmentor Punishment released on 21 November 2008, de-livered a damning assessment of China’s record ontorture. The Committee recommended the PRC toprobe the deaths of Tibetans killed in the spring 2008protests in Tibet and to adopt measures to prohibitand prevent enforced disappearances and to provideinformation on the fate of missing persons includ-ing the XIth Panchen Lama- Gedhun ChoekyiNyima.48 The Committee also asked China to en-sure that all persons detained or arrested in the af-termath of the Spring 2008 events have “promptaccess to an independent lawyer, independent medi-cal care and the right to lodge complaints free fromofficial reprisal or harassment.”49

The report “identified three over-arching problems,which, collectively, stood in the way of ensuring thelegal safeguards that the Committee generally rec-ommended to all States parties to the Conventionas necessary for the prevention of torture: there arethe 1988 Law on the Preservation of State Secretsof the PRC; the reported harassment of lawyers andhuman rights defenders; and the abuses carried outby unaccountable “thugs” who used physical vio-lence against specific defenders but enjoy de factoimmunity.”50

Notwithstanding the entry into force of China’s re-vised Criminal Code and Criminal Procedure Law51,police, prison guards, and other security officials rou-tinely torture Tibetan detainees, particularly, thoseheld for political crimes.52 China delegation chief atUN, Li Baodong, defended himself against allega-tions of torture submitted by various human rightsdefenders before the UN Committee Against Tor-ture, by saying China had “zero tolerance”53 for tor-

20


ture and about the reported brutal physical andmental treatment of the detainees.54 The ChineseRepresentative to the UN even stressed that thatChina had been conducting various awareness-rais-ing and training sessions for law enforcement andjudicial officials and the perpetrators were pun-ished.55 In fact most of these perpetrators enjoyimpunity for their acts. The widespread used of tor-ture and ill treatment of detainees in Tibet is cor-roborated by numerous reports and pictures pro-duced in the interviews with Tibetans refugees whosuffered torture.

Despite recommendations, China has made no clearand discernable improvement in prohibiting the useof torture, cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment.Government personnel as well as by persons affili-ated with or working on behalf of the state rou-tinely employ all these torture methods to such awide extent that their practice must be consideredsystematic. Despite recommendations made by theUN Convention Against Torture in May 2000,which were reiterated by the Special Rapporteur onTorture following his mission to China in Novem-ber- December 2005,56 many aspects of currentChinese law still provide fertile grounds for torture.

China’s legal definition of Torture is much narrowerthan that of the CAT and does not include all ele-ments of the definition as articulated in the Article1 of the CAT, which states that, “For the purposesof this Convention, torture means any act by whichsevere pain or suffering, whether physical or men-tal, is intentionally inflicted on a person for suchpurposes as obtaining from him or a third personinformation or a confession, punishing him for anact he or a third person has committed or is sus-pected of having committed, or intimidating orcoercing him or a third person, or for any reasonbased on discrimination of any kind, when such painor suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of orwith the consent or acquiescence of a public official

or other person acting in an official capacity. It doesnot include pain or suffering arising only from, in-herent in or incidental to lawful sanctions. (Emphasisadded.)”

Specifically, Chinese law fails to define torture asclearly including severe mental pain and suffering;the Chinese definition only recognizes torture whenit is practiced by specific officials (members of thejudiciary and guards at detention facilities), at par-ticular locations (official detention facilities) for par-ticular purposes (extracting confession or witness tes-timonies). Excluded from the definition is the useof torture outside of official detention facilities, forpurposes other than those stated in the Regulations,and by other public officials such as members ofPublic Security Bureau (PSB) and People’s ArmedPolice (PAP). Neither is torture by individuals act-ing at the instigation of or with the consent or ac-quiescence of public officials and hired thugs, is con-sidered torture in Chinese law.

The specific provisions of the State party’s PenalCode cited in its Fourth Periodic Report (paras 134and 135) do not set forth a definition of torturethat fully complies with the definition detailed inthe CAT.

Article 247 of the Chinese Criminal Law (CL) pro-hibits several offences related to the prohibition oftorture, including extortion of a confession fromsuspects or defendants under torture by a judicialofficer, as well as extraction of testimony by vio-lence from witnesses through the use of force bythe judicial officers,57 however, it provides only forprosecution of ‘judicial officials’ for these offences,and not other, broader categories of personnel suchas PSB and PAP, whereas Article 248 of the Crimi-nal Law prohibits physical abuse of detainees andprison inmates and the instigation of detainee-on-detainee violence by an officer of an institution ofconfinement, such as a prison, detention centre or


21

custody house. These two articles prohibit only theuse of force or physical abuse and do not prohibitinfliction of mental torture. These two articles pro-vide a category of personnel thus potentially exclud-ing from prosecution of individuals who might bein a position to inflict torture or other ill treatment.There are many legal and procedural loopholes forthe rampant use of torture in China and Tibet. Atthe root of the high prevalence of torture is a lack ofeffective restraints on the coercive powers of law en-forcement agencies. This has several causes, includ-ing the priority given to political considerations overthe individual rights and the lack of genuine inde-pendent oversight or check on the agencies. TheCriminal Justice system remains highly vulnerableto political interference. The police, procuratorateand courts are not independent and remain underthe supervision of the Chinese Communist Part(CCP). Political consideration can often affect theoutcome of the individual cases, including whetheror not to investigate and punish alleged acts of tor-ture or other ill-treatment. This is apparent in thepolitically-sensitive cases, including those whichchallenge vested interests at either the local or na-tional level. This lack of independence also com-promises the effectiveness of channels of complaintwith regard to allegations of torture or other ill-treat-ment. In the cases which are deemed politically sen-sitive, the authorities continue to use broad andambiguously defined provisions of the Criminal Lawrelating to ‘social stability’ or ‘state security’ as apolitical tool to silence dissent. Articles 102, 103,and 105 under the section Crimes of “EndangeringNational Security “of the revises Criminal Law, re-fer to broad and ambiguously defined crimes of‘splitting the State”, “undermining the unity of thecountry”, “subverting State power”, or “overthrow-ing the socialist system”. This year alone many Ti-betans who were sentenced under such provisionswere in fact peaceful protesters detained in viola-tion of their rights to freedom of expression butmany Tibetans were in fact convicted under the

charges of “endangering state security, “espionage”,“inciting spllitism” etc.58 They are at high risk oftorture or other ill-treatment during detention andimprisonment. The Criminal Procedure Law (CPL)gives police broad discretion to detain suspects forlong periods in pre-trial detention.

Detainees’ access to their families and legal repre-sentatives is limited, discretionary and conditional.Under the CPL the police should inform the fam-ily of a detainee about their detention, arrest andplace of detention within 24 hours, except where it“would hinder the investigation.”59 However, inpractice, communication with the family is fre-quently denied until the detainee is brought to trialor sentenced. In the case of Tibetan detainees sincethe protest, many of whom were detained incom-municado for a long period of time. In some casesthe whereabouts of detainees came to light only whenbrought to trial in the court for sentence. For ex-ample, Norbu Tsering, arrested on 18 March 2008for his participation in the protest in Kardze “TAP”Sichuan Province, was held incommunicado andthere was no information on his whereabouts untilhis court trial on 30 October 2008 at Dartsedo. Hewas sentenced to 9 years’ imprisonment by KardzeIntermediate People’s Court in Dartsedo (Ch:Kangding) Sichuan Province.60

One of the most vivid testimonies of torture wasgiven by Jigme a.k.a Jigme Guri of Labrang Mon-astery who was nearly tortured to death by the Chi-nese security forces after his detention. Accordingto Jigme, “After keeping us at the detention centerfor a few days, they took us to the jail. At the prison,the soldiers commanding us in Chinese ‘one, two,three’, as some of us could not understand Chinese,they scolded us - they would call us “animals”,“fools”, and beat us with batons. When we askedwhy they were beating us, they replied, “you peoplecannot understand Chinese language and mock us.”My question is: In the Charter and Constitution of

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the People’s Republic of China, it is enshrined that,in the regional areas of different nationalities, thelanguage of that particular nationality is to be usedand that the regional nationality must be given theright to govern. Then why is it that, in the Tibetanareas, instead of using Tibetan language, Tibetansare not only verbally abused as “animals” and “fools”but are physically beaten just because they do notunderstand the Chinese language?”61

He went on to elaborate on the inhumane treat-ment and torture he had undergone, “There is nodifferentiation on the basis of one’s actions or age.For instance, monks as young as fourteen and fif-teen and as old as sixty and seventy were arrested.No difference is made whether they are involved inprotests or not. We had no clothes on our back norshoes on our feet. Two monks would be tied to-gether and put in the vehicle to be driven away. Theyare thrown in the vehicle like you would throw logsof wood. Even if some of them had their heads in-jured, and for some, their hands broken, they wereall taken to the prison. Relatives or friends were notallowed to bring food, clothing or beddings. Wehad to huddle together to bear the cold. The reasonwhy we were so severely beaten is solely because weare Tibetans. For that we feel extremely sad.”62

Jigme Gyatso a.k.a Golog Jigme, a 39-year old,who assisted Dhondup Wangchen for filming amaz-ing documentary showing the true life of Tibetansin Tibet in “Leaving Fear Behind”, was arrested on23 March and his friend on 26 March respectively.Jigme was severely tortured after his arrest. He wastemporarily released from Kachu (Ch: Linxia) prisonon 15 October 2008 and is back in his monasteryin Labrang Tashikyil in Gansu Province. Jigme, af-ter his release, was told by the authorities that hewill be under observance and his probation will lastone year. During his detention the interrogators beathim continuously and hanged him by his feet fromthe ceiling for hours and kept him tied for days onthe interrogation chair. During the interrogationshe fainted several times due to the beatings.63 Thesevere beating stopped after the My 12 Sichuanearthquake and there was noticeable improvementin his treatment after 11 August. Their crime wasto film Tibetans’ peaceful expression of their viewson the Beijing Olympic Games.

An elderly Tibetan woman, Ama Tsanglo, was bru-tally beaten by the Township party secretary for re-fusal to denounce the Dalai Lama during a meetingcalled by the authorities of Getse Township, DrangoCounty (Ch: Luhuo) on 26 March.64

80-year-old Alak Khasutsang, a former chief ofRong Gonchen Monastery in Rebkong County (Ch:Tongren) Malho “TAP”, Qinghai Province sustainedsevere head injury during police crackdown on Ti-betan protesters when he tried to diffuse the ten-sion between the protesters and the Chinese secu-rity forces on 17 April at Rebkong.65

Three Tibetans detained by the Kardze CountyPSB officials were savagely beaten, kicked andpunched at the site of the demonstration beforebeing taken away to the county detention centre on11 June 2008.66 The detained Tibetans were identi-fied as Namsey Lhamo, a 30- year-old mother of

Jigme, a monk of Labrang Monastery spent one monthin Hospital before being discharged


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two children and farmer from Raga Village, DandoTownship, Kardze County, Tenzin Dargyal, a 32-years-old father of an infant and a farmer fromKardze County and another monk whose identitycould not be ascertained.

Lobsang Thabkhey:On 1 April 2008, seven monks67 were arrested fromLabrang Monastery in Sangchu (Ch: Xiahe) County,Kanlho, “TAP” Gansu. After several days’ detention,30 year-old Thabkhey was released in a mentallyunstable condition due to indiscriminate torture in-flicted on him by security forces while in custody.Use of torture was evident from bruise marks frombeatings all over his body. It also implied that heother monks were also brutally tortured in policecustody.68

Tsering Tsomo, 27 year old nun of SamtenLinga.k.a Watak Nunnery in Drango County, Kardze‘TAP’ Sichuan Province was savagely beaten by theChinese security forces who surrounded her andpounded her with iron rods, kicked and punchedher indiscriminately for staging a peaceful solo pro-test in Drango County on 8 June 2008.69 The newsof her arrest led to further protests by fellow nunswho took out a peaceful march to show their soli-darity and support, however, they too were notspared with security forces using brute force. Elec-tric prod and iron rods were used on the peacefulprotesters, severely injuring scores of them. Ten pro-testers were seriously injured and were taken to anearby hospital for treatment. Scores of protesterswere detained by the security forces and taken awayin waiting military trucks to the County DetentionCentre. In addition, the family members and rela-tives of those injured and hospitalized were not al-lowed to meet their loved ones.

Ven. Jampa Lhamo and Ven. Rinzin WangdonOn 23 May 2008, two nuns of Dargay Hardu Nun-nery: Ven. Jampa Lhamo, a 30 year old, from Sadul

Village and Ven. Rinzin Wangdon, a 23 year oldfrom Lharinyan Village, Kardze County, Kardze“TAP” Sichuan Province, staged a peaceful protestat Kardze County. Long before the two nuns couldfurther carry on their peaceful protest in front ofthe county government headquarters, a group ofKardze County Public Security Bureau (PSB) offi-cial detained the nuns. The two nuns were severelybeaten and manhandled by the PSB officials at thesite of the demonstration before being taken off toKardze County PSB Detention Centre for furtherquestioning.70

Tsewang Dakpa:Three monks from Drango County in Kardze“TAP” were so brutally beaten by the security forcesfor staging a peaceful protest in front of the Countygovernment headquarters that they were seriouslyinjured. One of them, Tsewang Dakpa, a 22 yearold from Jangtha Township, Drango County, inparticular sustained multiple and severe injuries fromwhich, the eyewitnesses recounted they had slightchances of his survival.71

Death due to Torture:

Tibet has witnessed one of the highest number ofdeaths from torture this year. Torture is routinelyand systematically employed by the law enforcementagencies in detention centers, police stations andprisons in order to break Tibetan nationalistic senti-ment and in order to spread a message of intimida-tion to those who dare to question the state and itsofficials. In some cases Tibetans have died as a directresult of torture whilst in custody of the law en-forcement agencies and while others were releasedin their near death condition from torture in orderto shun responsibility. TCHRD has documentednumerous cases of death of Tibetans from torture.Following are a few examples.

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Nechung: 38-year-old Nechung, a mother of fourchildren died days after being subjected to brutaltorture in the Chinese prison. She hailed from CharuHu Village in Ngaba County, Ngaba “TAP” SichuanProvince. After participating in peaceful protests on16 and17 March 2008 in Ngaba County, she wasarrested on 18 March for allegedly being the firstperson to pull down the doorplate of the Townshipoffice.72 On 26 March 2008, she was released fromthe prison in a critical condition after spending ninedays in prison undergoing brutal torture at the handsof prison guards. There were bruise marks on herbody, she was unable to speak or eat properly, con-stantly vomiting and had difficulties while breath-ing. After the release, her relatives immediately tookher to the County government hospital for treat-ment. However, the County government hospitalrefused to admit her to the hospital for timely medi-cal treatment, apparently under influence and in-timidation of the local authorities. After remainingin critical condition for 22 days without medicaltreatment she died on 17 April 2008 in an abjectstate of neglect and apathy of local authorities. Evenafter her death, the authorities issued a terse warn-ing to Tibetan monks for offering prayers and ritualrites for the deceased soul.

Dawa: Dawa, a 31 year old farmer died on 1 April2008 after being subjected to brutal torture by theChinese prison guards. A resident of Dedrong Vil-lage, Jankha Township, Phenpo Lhundup County,Lhasa City, “TAR,” Dawa was arrested while par-ticipating in a peaceful protest in Phenpo Countyon 15 March 2008. During two weeks of deten-tion in prison, he was subjected to torture by theprison guards. When it became evident that hishealth was failing, the prison authorities quickly re-leased him on 27 March 2008 under the pretext ofmedical treatment in order to shun responsibilityfor his death. At the time of release, his health wasalready in a very critical condition. After spendingfour days in hospital, he died on 1 April 2008.73

Adding insult to the injury, the authorities chargedthe deceased’s family with a fine of 1000 yuan (US$125) for causing destruction to public property andbringing damages to economy.74

Paltsal Kyab, (age around 45) a Tibetan fromSichuan province, died on 26 May 2008, five weeksafter he was detained by police in connection withprotests which had taken place in and around Tibetsince mid-March 2008. According to eyewitnesses,severe injuries to his body suggested that he had diedas a result of brutal torture in police custody.75

His family had no news of his situation until 26May when two Charo Township authorities in-formed the family of Paltsal Kyab’s death. Accord-ing to witnesses who saw his body: the front of hisbody was bruised and covered with blisters fromburns; his back was also bruised without a singlearea of natural skin tone; bruising was also evidenton his wrists, elbow joints, just below his shoul-ders, his biceps and forearms.Five Tibetans were confirmed to have died as a re-sult beatings and torture either during or in the af-termath of China’s brutal crackdown on the Tibetanprotesters. They were denied the medical attention.The five victims were identified as Sonam Phuntsokand his wife (unnamed), Jampa Lhamo, 45, fromChamdo, Tenzin Norbu from Lhasa, NgawangTsering from Markham. Of these, Sonam Phuntsokdied as a result of head injury sustained during thetorture by prison officials and his wife who was blindalso died of head injury. Both spent their last twentyyears begging near the entrance of Ramoche Temple,in Lhasa, which was one of the hotspots for politi-cal demonstrations on 14 March this year. JampaLhamo from Chamdo “TAR” was reportedly tor-tured since her detention on 29 March and releasedin critical condition due to torture. She succumbedto injuries on 28 November at her home. TenzinNorbu from Meldrogungkar County, Lhasa, wasarrested in March and underwent inhuman tortureduring detention. His body was later handed over


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to his family. Ngawang Tsering from MarkhamCounty, Chamdo Prefecture, “TAR” died as he wasdenied urgent medical attention under pressure fromauthorities while in hospital.76

Suicide from Psychologicaltrauma due to torture:

The definition of torture under the Chinese Crimi-nal Law is bereft of and does not recognize psycho-logical torture such as sleep deprivation, lengthy in-terrogation sessions, threatening individuals andsafety of individual’s families, solitary confinementas torture. These methods of torture are widely usedfor they leave no apparent physical trace, thus ren-dering it more difficult for the victim to collect evi-dence to seek legal redress. Suicides resulting fromunbearable mental torture have been recorded in thepast. This year was no different. As a direct conse-quence of relentless oppression by the Chinese se-curity forces, many anguished Tibetans attemptedto77 and others took the drastic step of committingsuicide to rid themselves of persistent physical andmental torture. Suicide is one of the gravest formsof sins violating the cardinal precepts of the Bud-dhist doctrine. This year witnessed suicide even bymonks who were known for their patience and re-silience in the face of adversity. The cases of suicidespoint to an indication of Tibetan monks beingpushed to the extreme edge of endurance and help-lessness in the face of oppression and repression bythe Chinese authorities in Tibet.

For instance, two monks in Ngaba County com-mitted suicides in late March 2008 as a direct resultof the authorities’ constant harassment in the after-math of massive protests in the area which saw tensof thousands participating in the protest eventuallyleading to the death of at least 23 known Tibetansafter the authorities resorted to indiscriminate fir-ing into the protesting crowd.78

Lobsang Jinpa: Lobsang Jinpa, a 32-year-old monkof Ngaba Kirti Monastery, in his signed suicide noteon 27 March 2008, clearly states, “I do not want tolive under the Chinese oppression even for a minute,leave aside living for a day.” Lobsang committedsuicide being unable to bear the brutality and hu-miliation that was being inflicted upon the monks,including him, of the Kirti Monastery by the au-thorities in their crackdown on the monastery toarrest participants and leaders of the protest in thearea.79

Legtsok: 75-year old Legtsok of Ngaba GomangMonastery committed suicide on 30 March 2008.Days before committing suicide, Legtsok accom-panied by two other monks while on their way toperform prayer rituals at the house of a Tibetan fam-ily encountered a large contingent of Chinese secu-rity forces heading towards Ngaba Gomang Mon-astery to quell the protesting peaceful monks at themonastery. The Chinese forces brutally beat Legtsokand detained him for a few days. Later he was re-leased and sent back to the monastery. He repeat-edly told his two disciples “he can’t bear the oppres-sion anymore”.80

Thokmey a.k.a Tsangpa Thokmey (prefix name usedof his origin) a monk of Ramoche Temple com-mitted suicide on 22 March 2008 following mas-sive crackdown by the Public Security Bureau (PSB)and People’s Armed Police (PAP) forces in RamocheTemple.81

Lhundrub, a 17-year-old boy, described as one ofthe best students at the Chentsa (Ch: Jianza) CountyMiddle school in Malho Prefecture of Qinghai Prov-ince committed suicide by jumping from the roofof the his three-storey school building at around 4pm on 18 October 2008.82 The report saidLhundrub had left a note for his parents, teachersand fellow-students, saying he was committing sui-cide not for any personal reason but to make the

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point that there was no freedom and basic humanrights for Tibetans under Chinese rule.

The Centre believes there are many similar caseswhich have failed to reach the outside world as thecrackdown was brutal and ruthless in nature withsevere restrictions on the flow of information to andfrom Tibet after the unrest.

One poignant aspect here is that there were manycases of Tibetan families not being allowed to takecustody of the dead bodies to offer traditional fu-neral services but instead were given the ashes of thedeceased.83 There were even multiple witness ac-counts from Lhasa stating that bodies of the deadwere loaded into military trucks and disposed of ina most unceremonious manner.

Death due to indiscriminatefiring:

In the recent crackdown on Tibetan protesters, oneof the key components has been minimal toleranceand deadly strikes in order to quell the mass pro-tests. On several occasions the security officials haveindiscriminately opened fire into peaceful Tibetanprotesters which have resulted in the deaths of manyinnocent Tibetans. The 14 March Lhasa unrest re-sulted in the largest number of Tibetan fatalities re-

ported for a single day.84 The Chairman of the“TAR” government, Jampa Phuntsog, denied thatsecurity forces carried or used ‘any destructive weap-ons’ as they suppressed the unrest in Lhasa.85 Chi-nese officials have not acknowledged the deaths ofTibetan protesters as the result of lethal force usedby Chinese security forces.86 Contrary to evidencefrom numerous and corroborated sources that theChinese armed police had killed scores of protestersby opening fire, China claimed that any deaths thathad occurred were due to “law-breakers” rather thanpolice using disproportionate force against unarmedcivilians. The state-run media has emphasized theconsequences of Tibetan violence, especially thedeaths of 18 civilians and 1 policeman in the March14 Lhasa riot.87 International media and non-gov-ernmental organizations also reported Tibetan vio-lence, sometimes against ethnic Han and Hui indi-viduals resulting in deaths in Lhasa.88 On one occa-sion, “TAR” PAP Head, Huo Ya, during a meetingin Lhasa told that “March 14 riot” is an opportu-nity for its personnel for improving training and toshow their dedication.89 The PAP and PSB wereforefront in carrying out violent crackdown on Ti-betans.

The failure to launch official investigation into thedeath of Tibetans resulting from indiscriminate fir-ing by the security forces into a crowd of largelypeaceful demonstrators in Kardze, Ngaba and Lhasahas been highlighted by the UN Committee AgainstTorture in its observations.90 In its conclusions theCommittee demanded that China “should conducta thorough and independent inquiry into the reporteduse of excessive force, including against peaceful dem-onstrators and notably monks, in Kandze county,Ngaba county and Lhasa.”91 Incidents of Chinesesecurity forces firing lethal weapons against Tibetanprotesters took place on at least eight occasions out-side the “TAR” area: On 11 March in Daocheng(Dabpa) county, Kardze “TAP”, Sichuan province;92

on 16 March in Ngaba (Ch: Aba) County, NgabaA 40 year old Ghegyam from Soru Ma Village, Amdo Ngabawho was killed in 16 March 2008.


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Prefecture, Sichuan Province;93 on 16 March inMachu (Ch: Maqu), Kanlho “TAP” Gansu Prov-ince;94 on 18 March in Kardze County, Kardze“TAP”;95 on 24 March in Drango County( Ch:Luhuo), Kardze “TAP”;96 on 29 May in KardzeCounty, Kardze “TAP;”97 on 3 April in KardzeCounty, Kardze “TAP”;98 on 5 April in Tawu (Ch:Dawu) county, Kardze “TAP”.99

The following are a few known cases of indis-criminate firing by the Chinese security forceswhich led to the death of many Tibetans acrossTibet since March protests.a) On 3 April 2008, at least 14 Tibetans100 were

shot dead when armed security forces fired liveammunition indiscriminately into a protestingcrowd near Tongkor Monastery in KardzeCounty.101 The protesting monks of TongkorMonastery (Ch: Donggu) in Zithang Township,Kardze County, Kardze “TAP”, Sichuan Provincewere calling for the release of two monks arrestedfor objecting to the Chinese ‘Patriotic education”campaign in the monastery. The official statemedia Xinhua, admitted the incident did takeplace but described it as ‘riot’ mentioning onlythe injury to one government official102 and didnot mention about the deaths, arrests and injuriesamong the Tibetan protesters. The bodies of thedead were not returned to their family members.Three Tibetans who were fatally injured bygunshot were identified as Nyima, Kalpo a.k.aKabhuk and Thupten Gelek, all from SheruVillage and monks of Tongkor monastery.103

b) In a separate incident, on 18 March 2008, whenaround 300 Tibetans from all walks of life stageda peaceful protest demonstration in the mainmarket square of Kardze County and thebystanders joined the protest. According to theeyewitnesses’ account from the scene ofdemonstration, the Chinese paramilitary troopsstarted firing live ammunition indiscriminately

into the demonstrators from the rooftop of abuilding. The protesters started dispersing in alldirections for cover. After a short while, threedead bodies were found lying on the road. Twoof them were identified as Gonpo Nadul, Nyigaand the name of the third victim is stillunidentified. At least 15 protesters were alsoinjured during the indiscriminate firing by theChinese security forces. Out of the 15 injuredTibetans, identities of the five, two females andthree males were known. They are Pema Dechen,Chemi Gonpo, Lobsang, Tseten Phuntsok andShao Mimi.104

c) On 16 March 2008, thousands of Tibetansmonks of Kirti Monastery in Ngaba County (Ch:Aba), Ngaba “TAP” Sichuan Province, gatheredfor a prayer session. Shortly after the end of themorning prayer session, thousand of monkserupted into spontaneous a protest which waslater joined by lay people and monks of theneighboring area. The Chinese security forcesmade a bloody armed retaliation which resultedin the death of at least 23 Tibetans105 who diedafter sustaining bullet injuries. One of the victimshas been identified as Lobsang Tashi, a formermonks in his mid 20’s.106 The actual number of

A 16 year old Lhundup Tso who was killed in 16 March2008 in Amdo Ngaba.

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deaths can be much higher as people have seen atleast “30 Tibetans felled” by the armed troops.The dead bodies were later brought into KirtiMonastery from the protest scene for prayers.The youngest among the dead was a middleschool student, 16-year-old girl Lhundup Tso.107

The names of those identified are, TashiWangchuk, Ghegyam, Norbu, Lotse, Ghepan,Thalo, Ngudrup Tso, Atisha, Sangye, Tsezin withidentities of others not able to ascertained.108

d) Kunga, an 18-year-old monk of ChokriMonastery, Drango County (Ch: Luhuo xian),Kardze, “TAP” was shot dead by PSB and PAPwhen around 200 monks and nuns of ChokriMonastery and Ngyoe-go Nunnery of DrawoTownship in Drango County staged a protest on24 March 2008 at the County governmentheadquarters. Tsewang Dhondup, a 30-year-oldmonk of the aforementioned monastery wascritically injured from gun shot fired by theChinese security forces during the same protest109.

e) Choetop, a 22-year-old nomad from PonkorToema Township, Darlag County, Golog, “TAP”Qinghai Province was shot dead on 28 April2008 following protests by monks of PonkorMonastery and nomads of Dralag County, afterthe arrest of a number of Tibetans by the Chinesesecurity forces. The security forces took away thebody of the deceased and till date the dead bodyhas not been returned to Choetop’s family forfuneral rites.110

f ) A 23-year-old Tibetan farmer, Jinpa, fromJangkha Township, Phenpo Lhundup County,Lhasa city, “TAR” was killed after police openedfire on demonstrators in Phenpo County, on 15March 2008.111 Demonstrations in Phenpo on15 March involved monks from GadhenChoekor Monastery joined by laypeople, callingfor the release of those detained earlier.

g) An eyewitness account recounts that a 21-yearold student, Rigden Lhamo of ThingkhaTownship, Kardze County, was shot by gunfireand injured by the Chinese security forces duringher solo protest in Kardze County.112

Enforced or InvoluntaryDisappearance of Tibetans:

According to the International Convention for theProtection of All person from Enforced Disappear-ance, enforced disappearance is defined as “The ar-rest, detention, abduction or any other form of depri-vation of liberty by agents of the State or by persons orgroups of persons acting with the authorization, sup-port or acquiescence of the State, followed by a refusalto acknowledge the deprivation of liberty or by con-cealment of the fate or whereabouts of the disappearedperson, which place such a person outside the protec-tion of the law.”113

According to the Declaration on the Protection ofAll Persons from Enforced Disappearance, pro-claimed by the General Assembly in its resolution47/133 of 18 December 1992, an enforced disap-pearance occurs when “persons are arrested, detainedor abducted against their will or otherwise deprivedof their liberty by officials of different branches orlevels of Government, or by organized groups, orprivate individuals acting on behalf of, or with thesupport, direct or indirect, consent or acquiescenceof the Government, followed by a refusal to dis-close the fate or whereabouts of the persons con-cerned or a refusal to acknowledge the deprivationof their liberty, which places such persons outsidethe protection of the law.”114

The act of enforced disappearance of persons in-fringes upon an entire range of human rights em-bodied in the Universal Declaration of HumanRights and set out in both International Covenants


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on Human Rights as well as in other major interna-tional human rights instruments.

Enforced disappearance has been classified “a par-ticularly heinous violation of human rights”.115 En-forced disappearances entail a deprivation of liberty,refusal to acknowledge the deprivation of liberty ordeliberate concealment of the fate and the where-abouts of the disappeared person, and the placingof the person outside the protective precinct of thelaw and often subjected to torture and brutality whichusually accompany it. In a way the victim is effec-tively vanished. A disappearance is a double edgesword of suffering: for the victims frequently sub-jected to torture and in constant fear for their lives,and for the family members, who unaware of thefate of their loved ones, experience a kind of mentaltorture.

Enforced or Disappearances per se can also involveserious violations of the Standard Minimum Rulesfor the Treatment of Prisoners, approved by theUnited Nations Economic and Social Council in1957,116 as well as in the Code of Conduct for LawEnforcement Officials and the Body of Principalsfor the Protection of All Persons under Any Formof Detention or Imprisonment, adopted by theGeneral Assembly in 1979 and 1988 respec-tively.117117 In resolution 34/169 of 17 December1979, the General Assembly adopted a Code ofConduct for Law Enforcement Officials and trans-mitted it to governments with the recommenda-tion that favourable consideration should be givento its use within the framework of national legisla-tion or practice as a body of principles for obser-vance by law enforcement officials. Article 5 of theCode reads as follows: No law enforcement officialmay inflict, instigate or tolerate any act of tortureor other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment orpunishment, nor may any law enforcement officialinvoke superior orders or exceptional circumstancessuch as a state of war or threat of war, a threat to

national security, internal political instability or anyother public emergency as a justification of tortureor other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment orpunishment.

Disappearance violates the right to a family life aswell as various socio-economic and cultural rights.In fact, it has been found that the disappearance ofthe family principal bread earner leaves the familymembers in a desperate economic and social situa-tion. More and more cases of enforced or involun-tary disappearance of Tibetans are surfacing fromvarious sources since the March protest in Tibet.There are at least more than a thousand Tibetanswhose current whereabouts and well-being remainscompletely unknown to their family members,friends, close associates or their affiliated monaster-ies. This phenomenon of enforced or involuntarydisappearance has largely been left undefined, un-checked and unpunished for a long period of timein China, whereas the United Nations recognizesthe gravity of the phenomenon and deems it as acrime against humanity.

In Tibet there are people who are made to disappearfor exercising their rights and for protesting againsthuman rights violations. It is done mostly in thecontext of a widespread and systematic way under aclimate of impunity where the perpetrators are freeto do what they want without accountability.

The adoption of International Convention for theProtection of All Persons from Enforced or Disap-pearance by the United Nations General Assemblyon 20 of December 2006 sparked a ray of hope forthe families of the disappeared. However, to date,the People’s Republic of China (PRC) has not signedthe Convention yet but it is very much needed toratify the new treaty and to pass domestic laws thatcriminalize enforced disappearance. The PRC shouldstop this practice which is anti-life and causes of un-told sufferings. The Convention has four main as-

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pects: combating impunity as it puts an obligationon states to bring enforced disappearance offendersto justice; Prevention of this practice as the Con-vention provides for a number of procedural safe-guards so that people don’t go missing and mostimportantly everyone deprived of liberty is allowedto communicate with his family members and coun-sel on the information on the detention and where-abouts; the convention acknowledges the right ofthe families to know the fate of their relatives andalso recognizes that victims of enforced disappear-ance have a right to reparation for the wrong thatwas done to them; and finally the Convention es-tablishes enforcement by letting international expertsto monitor compliance and review reports by statesand individual complaints. Since this atrocious prac-tice of enforced disappearance is common in Tibet,the government of the PRC should stop this anti-life practice that causes untold sufferings to victims,their families and close associates.

The disappearance of every person brings terriblesorrows and sufferings to his or her family. The longand agonizing search for the victims’ whereaboutsusually ends in a fruitless undertaking. The normallife that their families used to have is now shatteredby emotional and psychological devastation, eco-nomic dislocation, uncertainty… Their lives are evenat risk for having to undergo the same fate that theirloved ones succumbed for seeking truth, justice, re-dress and reparation.

The Centre affirms the right of every person to life,liberty and dignity and therefore, the right not tobe subjected to enforced disappearance. The essen-tial value of one’s existence is to live freely withoutdiscrimination, prejudices and harm. Enforced dis-appearance does not only violate these basic humanrights by physically removing a person from the pro-tection of the law but it also denies the families ofthe disappeared persons the right to know the truthand to seek justice. It’s time to make a joint call for

an end to the sufferings brought about by this cruelpractice used to silence political dissidents and theirfamily members. In majority of cases that have takenplace over the decades in Tibet, investigations havenot been conducted. When the state fails to investi-gate this atrocious practice, it paves the way for anincrease of serious human rights violations. The as-surance of full reparation for the family membersof the victims of enforced disappearance has neverbeen done and is out of question for the Tibetans inthe region. However, the state should ensure thatthe perpetrators are brought to justice.

The following instances shed light on the situation.a) The continued abduction and disappearance of

the XI th Panchen Lama, Gedhun ChoekyiNyima for the past thirteen years since the tenderage of 6, is one of the living examples of theChinese government’s adamant practice ofenforced disappearance. The UN CommitteeAgainst Torture (CAT) calls to provideinformation on the fate of missing personsincluding the XI th Panchen Lama.118 In aresponse to a question raised by a CommitteeExpert, Ms. Felice Gaer to Mr. Li Baodong,Permanent Representative of China to the UNoffice on whereabouts of Gedhun ChoekyiNyima, during the CAT hearing of response ofChina on 10 November, Mr. Li told thecommittee that, “following inquiries, it had beenfound that he (Gedhun Choekyi Nyima) andhis family were living a normal life and they didnot want to be disturbed.”119 However, it hasbeen the same old rhetoric pronounced by Chinaover the years on the question of Panchen Lama’swhereabouts.

b) The whereabouts of 80 monks of DrepungMonastery located on the outskirts of Lhasa City,still remains unknown after months ofclampdown following the March protest.Drepung Monastery was one of the prominent


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centre’s of political dissent in the past and featuredprominently in the recent March protest. Manyof the visiting monks housed in the three biggestmonasteries in Tibet are mostly from Amdo andKham regions (outside “TAR”) who represent asubstantial chunk in three major monasteries anddo not possess the official registration card. TheChinese authorities in Tibet have particularlytargeted those monks from outside “TAR” withexpulsion. Lobsang, a monk of DrepungMonastery, hailed from Lhatse County, ShigatsePrefecture “TAR”, disappeared from themonastery following the March protest in theTibetan capital. There is no information on hiswhereabouts until now.120

c) Similarly, Thabkhey and Tsundue of LabrangMonastery who defiantly briefed in front of thestate managed foreign media tour in SangchuCounty (Ch: Xiahe Xian) in Gansu Province,“TAP” on 9April 2008 were not seen since theirsudden disappearance after putting a daring actin front of the visiting foreign medias. Localresidents fear that the security personnel secretlylifted them away for their daring act. Althoughthe family members of the monks approachedthe local Public Security Bureau (PSB)headquarters regarding their whereabouts, theauthorities feigned ignorance about the duo. Tilldate, no information on their whereabouts or towhich detention centre they have been taken wasmade known to their family members or theiraffiliated monastery.121

d) Sonam Rabgyal, 39 year old native of MarkhamCounty, Chamdo Prefecture, “TAR” and aformer Chanzoe (manager and treasurer),Damdul and Rabgyal and two other monks ofRamoche Temple were detained on 7 April 2008after PSB and PAP forces carried out a midnightraid on monks’ residence. On that night around70 monks were detained. Although all were

released after days of interrogation in thedetention centre, the whereabouts and conditionsof the five aforementioned monks still continueto be completely elusive and unknown to theirfamily members and affiliated monastery.122

e) The whereabouts of a Tibetan HIV/AIDS activistworking for a foreign NGO based in Lhasa,Wangdue, in his early 40’s remained unknownuntil his court trial on 27 October 2008.123 Hewas arbitrarily detained by Lhasa City PSBofficials from his home on 14 March 2008.124

f ) The Centre recorded a case where the death of adisappeared person surfaced only after two of hercolleagues were later sentenced by the Court.Guru, a 25 year old nun of Samtenling a.ka.Watak Nunnery in Drango County, Kardze“TAP” Sichuan Province involved in June protestin Drango County disappeared and the news ofher death since her disappearance came to lightonly after two of her colleagues Tsering Tso, 27and Ugyen Lhamo 32 were sentenced to 2 years’imprisonment by Drango County IntermediatePeople’s Court.125 The death of Guru sheds a lighton the risk involved and calls for the immediateprotection of all persons from enforced andinvoluntary disappearance.

The International communities and particularlythe UN Working Group on Enforced andInvoluntary Disappearance (UNWGEID) shouldpress for the government of PRC to disclose andmake the whereabouts and status of Tibetandetainees public.

Olympics and the groundsituation in Tibet:

The Uprising in Tibet since March this year callsinto question China’s policies in Tibet over the past

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five decades. Although it cannot be flatly assumedthat the Olympics did provide the main impetusfor the protests, it is likely that some Tibetans fac-tored it into their decision to participate in the pro-test. In the beginning of the year intensification ofrepression particularly in the urban areas of Tibet ina run up to the March 10 anniversary of the 1959Uprising was evident, because authorities knew ittoo in advance. The authorities took stringent mea-sures to impose an information blackout to hidethe repression in Tibet as part of their attempts topresent a rosy picture of a happy life for Tibetansunder the communist rule.

Tibetan protest which escalated and spiraled intomost of the Tibetan plateau threatened to derail theChinese leaders desire for a grand success of 2008Olympics. As a consequence, suppressing dissentand maintaining stability took the centre stage inthe run up to the Olympics. The authorities’ height-ened intolerance towards political dissent- be it acall for the return of the Dalai Lama, Tibetan inde-pendence, or more freedom and human rights- wasevident from the heavy security clampdown in“TAR” and Tibetan areas outside “TAR” in the af-termath of the March Protest and especially priorto the Olympics torch relay at the Mount Everest126

and in the Tibetan capital.127

The Chinese authorities had already tightened theirgrip on the activities of the Tibetan people insideTibet preceding the Beijing Olympics. Earlier the

Central Committee for Comprehensive Manage-ment of Social Security in order to intensify effortsto preserve social order ahead of the Beijing Olym-pics, issued orders to eliminate conflicts, chaos, andother activities concerning social order betweenMarch and September. The mouthpiece of China’sruling Communist Party, the People’s Daily, re-ported, “We should make concerted efforts to prop-erly resolve outstanding problems affecting socialharmony and stability.”128

Olympics symbolize peace, harmony and progress.The Principle 4 of the Olympic Charter states, “(the)practice of sports is s human rights”.129 Similarly,Principle 5 of the charter stress the importance ofthe Olympic spirit against any form of discrimina-tion when it states, “any form of discrimination withregard to a country or a person on grounds of race,religion, politics, gender or otherwise is incompat-ible with belonging to the Olympic Movement.”130

Mr. Liu Jingmin, the Vice President of the BeijingOlympics bid team told in 2001 that, “by allowingBeijing to host the Games you will help the devel-opment of human rights.”131 Accordingly, Mr.Jacques Rogge, the President of the InternationalOlympic Committee (IOC) in April 2002 reassuredthat “the Olympic Games will improve humanrights in China.” The Dalai Lama and the Tibetangovernment in exile has, since the onset, supportedthe Beijing Olympic Games as a fitting tribute toChina’s ancient civilization, and a respect to theChinese people’s aspirations. However, in the nameof Olympic security, the government of China in-tensified security clampdown amounting to stiflingof Tibetan people’s basic human rights. Particularly,severe restrictions were imposed on the people’s free-dom of movement especially the three biggest mon-asteries viz. Sera, Drepung and Gaden Monasterywere virtually sealed off with the movement ofmonastic populace strictly controlled. Those Tibet-ans living in Beijing and other Chinese cities were

A photograph taken in late July 2008 shows numerouspolice trucks and several tents supposedly used for the

extra officers brought in to contain the protestsin Kardze Township.


33

put under scanner and a majority of them asked toreturn to their native places. Similarly, all the hotelsand guesthouses and lodges wherever Tibetan peoplewere found to be staying, came under the scannerof the relevant police department.

In a press conference during the third Chinese statesponsored media tour of Tibet on 3 June, in responseto a question raised by a Hong Kong based journal-ist, Pema Thinley, the Vice-Chairman of the “TAR”government acknowledged the intensification of thesecurity forces and identified what he saw as its threemain motivations. He concluded that the increasedpressure from the Chinese government might be aneffort to reduce “the possibility of further unspeci-fied ‘incidents’ in Lhasa during the Olympic torchrelay, secondly to check any untoward incident dur-ing Saka Dawa (a Buddhist holy month) and fi-nally to crush pro-Tibet Independence activists.” Mr.Thinley’s perspective reemphasizes earlier commentsmade by Chinese authorities in Tibet who havepromised to “severely punish” and “give no indul-gence” to Tibetans who would try to “sabotage” thetorch relay.132 Mr. Thinley’s perspective reempha-sizes earlier comments made by Chinese authoritiesin Tibet who have promised to “severely punish”and “give no indulgence” to Tibetans who wouldtry to “sabotage” the torch relay.

Beginning June this year, several thousand of thePeople’s Armed Police (PAP) and Public Security

Bureau (PSB) forces were redeployed into main mar-ket squares, streets, major monasteries and road junc-tions around Lhasa city to check and respond toany untoward incidents during the Olympic torchrelay, initially planned as a three-day extravaganza,but curtailed to one day on 21 June fromNorbulingka to Potala Palace square in Lhasa. Anofficial internal circular had been sent to Chinesegovernment departments ordering their heads todiscourage their own employees, as well as the com-mon citizens, from taking part in any political ac-tivities during the torch relay.133

It was a welcome move that the Chinese authoritiesallowed journalists from 29 foreign media groupsto cover the Lhasa leg of the Olympic torch relay.However, the level of access that the foreign mediashad is still a big question mark because of the au-thorities’ close monitoring and control. Since therewas a complete lockdown in Tibet and restrictionson the travel of independent international observersto Tibet, as well as severe media censorship, theChinese authorities had a pseudo state-sanctionedlicense to commit human rights abuses, includingarbitrary detention, beatings, and abductions of Ti-betans.

While the government of the PRC complainedabout the politicization of Olympics to avert inter-national criticism of her human rights records, it isbut PRC government herself who from the veryonset of the Olympic Games has involved the issueof human rights to politicize the Games at the firstplace. In the Olympics torch relay to the MountEverest China used the Games as a tool to push for-ward its political agenda. Zhang Qingli, the “TAR”hardline Communist Party Secretary during theLhasa leg of Olympic torch relay in Tibet, bom-barded the selected audience with political rhetoricsaying, “Tibet’s sky will never change and the redflag with five stars will forever flutter high aboveit,” and “We will certainly be able to totally smash

A defiant monks of Labrang Tashi-Khyil Monasterystaged a protest in front of a government-controlled

media tour on 9 April 2008.

34


the splittist schemes of the Dalai Lama clique.”134

True to the communist style of ruling, Lhasa wasunder lockdown with police and troops every fewmeters along the torch relay routes with shops or-dered to shut.

While in Beijing during the actual games, the gov-ernment designated special locations or ‘‘zones’’ forpublic protest during the 2008 Olympic Games,but no protests received approval, and the harass-ment of applicants for protest permits was reported.Many Tibetans and Tibet support group activistswho demonstrated against the government prior andduring the Beijing Olympic were detained,135 ques-tioned and deported.136

Fresh Ultimatum to “TAR”Party members and CivilServants:

Recently the Chinese authorities have embarked onnumerous premeditated measures and steps totighten control over the Tibetan people targetingevery strata of Tibetan society. The latest targets wereidentified as ethnic Tibetan Communist Party mem-bers and the civil servants with the issuance of two-month ultimatum on 14 July 2008 to recall theirchildren studying in educational institutions run bythe “Dalai clique” or face expulsion from party mem-bership and government job.137 A new official regu-lation jointly prepared by the “ TAR” CommunistParty’s Discipline Inspection Commission (Ch: JieWei) and “TAR” Government Discipline Commit-tee (Ch: Jian cha ting) targeted Tibetan party mem-bers and government employees whose children arestudying in exile educational institutions. The regu-lation stated that government employees and com-munist party members should recall their childrenfrom exile educational institutions run by the Dalaiclique within two months, and should voluntarilysurrender and explain before the concerned govern-

ment department or the Party for leniency withoutpenalty. It further stated that those who have par-ticipated in ‘splittist’ activities should surrender vol-untarily for leniency. It is outrageous that those whohave participated in peaceful political activities infree and democratic countries should be punishedanyway as the regulation requires the returnee tosurrender voluntarily for leniency.

This is not the first time that such an ultimatumwas issued. In 1994 a policy was instituted demand-ing that parents recall their children from India lestthey be demoted or expelled from their jobs, andtheir children lose their rights to residence permitsif they did not return to Tibet within a specifiedtime. Many parents recalled their children studyingin exile schools and many ended up terminating theireducation.

The new regulation aims to put the Tibetan em-ployees and members through a political litmus testof their ideological loyalty to the party and the gov-ernment and to eliminate those with a history ofpolitical activism. The timing of the new regula-tion raises concern about the Chinese authoritiesintention towards managing Tibetan employees,party members and their children. Twenty four Ti-betan children studying in different TibetanChildren’s Village Schools in India, whose parentsare either government or party members, have al-ready withdrawn from respective schools and leftfor Tibet since the issuance of this ultimatum.

According to reports posted on the official website,China’s Tibet Information Centre, dated 10 July2008, 13 Party members under Lhasa City were ex-pelled from the Communist Party for their involve-ment in the “March 14 riot” and their failure touphold the three themes under the renewed “patri-otic education” campaign.138


35

Since the largest and the most sustained anti-gov-ernment protest in Tibet for the past many decades,the severity of restrictions put on people’s freedomof movement was well demonstrated by the num-ber of Tibetan refugees who arrived this year. Theyear registered one of the lowest number of refu-gees arrival in the past more than few decades. Thetotal number of Tibetans who arrived was docu-mented as 627139 till 31 December 2008 andamongst those many arrived in the early beginningof this year, prior to the protest in March. Despitefears of arrest, separation, death, deportation andenormous risk to their safety on the high Hima-layan mountain passes, an average of more than 2000to 3000 Tibetan arrive in India and Nepal each yearto escape Chinese brutality.

Various possible reasons could be attributed to suchan abrupt slump in the number of Tibetans seekingbetter and safer life in exile. One of the primaryreasons could be recent political unrest in Tibet whichled to severe crackdown on Tibetans people’s rightto freedom of movement. Another could be the au-thorities issuance of ultimatum to ethnic Tibetancivil servants and party members who have been toldto recall their children studying in educational insti-tutions run by “Dalai Clique.” On average majorityof the escapees comprise of minors seeking bettereducational opportunities in exile. At the same timethe revamp and security reinforcement on the ad-joining border areas in recent times could be a pri-mary reason for the slump. According to media re-ports, prior to the Olympic torch relay to the topof Mount Everest in May, severe restrictions wereimposed on the routes which usually serve as escaperoutes for Tibetan escapees.140 With the report ofnew police patrol stations being built and inaugu-rated in November on the Nepal- Tibet border itwould further check the flow of people into Nepal.141

Apart from these measures, numbers of Tibetanswithout the official registration card in Lhasa Citywere deported to their native places when they ar-

rived in big monastic institutions around Lhasa forfurther studies. For instance, on 25 April 2008, 675monks, including 405 monks studying at DrepungMonastery and 205 monks studying at Sera Mon-astery were “deported” to Qinghai Province by thesecurity officials in the “TAR.”142 Many of themonks were originally from Qinghai and othersfrom neighboring Tibetan autonomous areas inSichuan Province.143

Absence of International factfinding mission amidstcomplete lockdown:

“We’ve endured…torture. Now our mainhope is that the International media and theUnited Nations’ investigators come to Tibetand check on the real situation and thenreport on it after they assess their findings.This is our main hope.”144

Following the March protests in Lhasa and othertraditional Tibetan areas, the Chinese authorities haverepeatedly disregarded demands made by the DalaiLama,145 the Tibetan Government-in-Exile, theUnited Nations146 and international human rightsmonitoring groups to allow independent interna-tional observers into Tibet to monitor on the con-tinuing protests in the light of sealing off the re-gion, long term restriction on human rights moni-toring there and the reactions of the Chinese gov-ernment that occur in the aftermath. However, noneof these requests were heeded by the Chinese au-thorities.

Chinese security forces imposed and maintainedmeasures to keep the entire plateau lockdown tothe outside world as Tibetan protest spread andChinese government response gathered momentum.Chinese security forces resorted to confiscating cellphones,147 computers, turned off mobile transmis-

36


sion facilities,148 with reports of lost valuables fol-lowing raid by security forces in monasteries.149

Authorities threatened Tibetans with severe punish-ment if they leaked information to the outsideworld.150 Such threats and warnings have also beenmade elsewhere in Tibet as authorities sought toachieve an information blackout. The recent sen-tencing of seven Tibetans between 8 years to lifeimprisonment by Lhasa Intermediate People’s Courton alleged charges of “illegally offering informationoutside China” are unprecedented in their severityfor those accused of passing on information to thepeople outside and indicates a new hardline approachin blocking news on the current crackdown in Ti-bet.

The Chinese government continued to deny accessto the international media and foreign tourists tothe “TAR” after dropping the plan to open the re-gion to such visitors on 1 May 2008.151 China’sMinistry of Foreign Affairs spokesman, Qin Gang,confirmed on 12 June 2008 that the “TAR” re-mained temporarily closed to foreign journalists andblamed the closure on the “Dalai clique” and theiraccess was blocked post March 10 protest.152

In response to international condemnation of thebrutal crackdowns on the protesters, the Chinesegovernment organized three official media tours toLhasa153 and Labrang154 and permitted 15 diplo-mats155 to visit Lhasa in late March, but seriouslyrestricted their ability to speak freely to Tibetans.156

The Dalai Lama stated in an interview that the mostimportant gestures he would like to see from theChinese government would be to permit interna-tional journalists to travel to the Tibetan areas ofChina to “look and investigate, so the picture be-comes clear.”157

In early April, a request was made by Ms. LouiseArbour, the United Nations High Commissionerfor Human Rights, to the senior Chinese diplomats

in Geneva to visit Tibet to independently witnessthe first-hand human rights violations in the ongo-ing crisis in Tibet. Her request was declined by theChinese government on the grounds that ‘the tim-ing was not convenient.”158 Similarly, the Interna-tional Committee of the Red Cross, which is man-dated to visit detention facilities and check on thewell-being of prisoners worldwide, has never beenallowed to carry out such work in China, and par-ticularly in Tibet since 10 March protests, when massarrests and detentions across Tibet were reported.In addition, six United Nations Special Proceduresmandate holders issued a joint statement expressingthat they were “deeply concerned” by reports of se-curity forces firing on protesters and alleged kill-ings.159 The joint statement calls for “greater andunfettered access to the regions for journalists andindependent observers, guarantees for the free flowof information, and full implementation of inter-national standards in regard to the treatment of pro-testers and those detained,” but all of these demandswere ignored. Such callousness on the part of theChinese authorities in not heeding to the calls ofthe international communities especially the UnitedNations for an unfettered and independent obser-vation of the ground situation in Tibet was partlytimid and importantly to keep the lid of oppres-sion and human rights violations tightly closed frominternational exposure.

Arbitrary arrest and detention:Unabated

The Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democ-racy has been able to count over 6500 people whohave been detained since the March 10 protest acrossthe Tibetan plateau though many were released af-ter being detained, others released after paying heftymonetary fines or sentenced with heavy prison sen-tence ranging from few years to life. The informa-tion has been obtained from sources inside Tibet,


37

family members, monks, nuns, laypeople and rela-tives who have contact inside Tibet, various mediareports including the Chinese official mouthpiece,Tibetan government in exile, and most importantlyfrom the people who themselves have participatedin the protest.

The UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention(UNWGAD) defines the deprivation of personalliberty to be ‘‘arbitrary’’ if it meets one of the fol-lowing criteria: (1) there is clearly no legal basis forthe deprivation of liberty; (2) an individual is de-prived of his liberty for having exercised rights guar-anteed under the Universal Declaration of HumanRights (UDHR) and the International Covenant onCivil and Political Rights (ICCPR); (3) there is gravenon-compliance with fair trial standards set forth inthe UDHR and other international human rightsinstruments.160

China’s arbitrary detention of Tibetan people solelyon account of their peaceful and legitimate humanrights activities violates key rights protected in in-ternational laws and in domestic laws. Article 9 ofthe Universal Declaration on Human Rights(UDHR) clearly states, “No one shall be subjectedto arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.” It is also pro-hibited under article 9(1) of the ICCPR161, whichstates that: “Everyone has the right to liberty andsecurity of person. No one shall be subjected toarbitrary arrest or detention. No one shall be de-prived of his liberty except on such grounds and inaccordance with such procedures as are establishedby law.” Article 18 of the same covenant guaranteesfreedom of thought, conscience and religion andarticle 19 guarantees freedom of expression.Arbitrary detention remains the biggest obstacle forthose who want to exercise their civil liberties as en-shrined in the Constitution. Of all the currentknown cases of Tibetans who were held arbitrarilyin detention centers, many were detained withoutarrest warrant and without being formally charged.

In virtually all cases, arrestees were never given abso-lutely no explanation as to why they were being ar-rested nor were they shown any arrest warrant at thetime of their arrest. The vast majority of arbitrarilyarrested individuals are held incommunicado andtheir whereabouts are concealed from their familymembers and associates.

From the very outset of the unrest in Tibet, Chi-nese leadership did not miss any opportunity to putthe blame squarely on the Dalai Lama and the ‘Dalaiclique’ for the Tibetan protest and rioting in therun-up to the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games,162 atthe same time China blindly failed to acknowledgethe role of pent up frustration among Tibetans onits policies over the years.

Amidst this climate of uncertainty and tension,Zhang Qingli, the Communist Party Secretary inthe “TAR” clearly stated China’s intention when hesaid: “We are currently in an intense bloody and fi-ery struggle with the Dalai clique, a life-and-deathstruggle with the enemy.”163 The same sentimentwas demonstrated by Ragdi, Vice Chairman of theStanding Committee of the 10th National People’sCongress, by saying that the recent ‘riot’ in Lhasahad exposed a cut-throat combat between the Ti-betan people and the Dalai clique with its Westernsupporters.164

Arbitrary detention is used to stem political dissent;moreover, there are no independent institutions orcomplaint mechanisms to protect the people’s hu-man rights. There is an urgent need of standard mini-mum requirements for the treatment of alleged per-sons who are arbitrarily detained and need for a codeof conduct for law enforcement agencies. The in-ternational human rights instruments protect per-sonal liberties, and state that no one shall be arbi-trarily deprived of that liberty. The UN WorkingGroup on Arbitrary Detention (UNWGAD) hasidentified three categories of arbitrary deprivation

38


of liberty. They include: no legal justification; dep-rivation of liberty mentioned in the Universal Dec-laration of Human Rights and International Cov-enant on Civil and Political Rights; and no fair trial.In Tibet, all three are standard practices and they arerampantly and widely practiced.

Very few details are available about the thousandsof Tibetans whom the Chinese security agencies de-tained or who died, or disappeared, or fired on, orinjured when armed forces suppressed protests orriots and maintained a security lockdown. Instead,China’s state-run media reported extensively onproperty damages and personal injury that Tibetanprotesters caused from 14 to 19 March in locationssuch as Lhasa city, Ngaba County, and LabrangCounty. The authorities failed to provide detailsabout the thousands of Tibetans whom they ac-knowledge to have detained as a result of the inci-dents. Official media reports rather overworked toproject the violent side of the protest and trump upnationalist feeling among common citizens in Main-land China to gain legitimacy for its policies andsuppression of Tibetan people’s freedom and fun-damental human rights. Moreover, officials haveprovided little information about the suppressionof peaceful Tibetan protests that took place over aperiod of weeks in scores of counties where Chinesestate media did not report rioting, and where secu-rity officials reportedly detained thousands of moreTibetans.

The Lhasa authorities have warned that there wouldbe repercussions for Tibetans who “spread rumours,create disturbances and deceive the public,” as partof the political campaign against ‘separatists.’165 Fivepeople were detained in June166 and under the sameofficial diktat 59 Tibetans were detained at the endof December this year.167 However, despite enor-mous risk to their safety and authorities’ resortingto ever harsher measures to gag and subdue peoplefrom leaking information to the outside world, Ti-

betans were able to use mobile and internet tech-nologies to highlight the atrocities suffered by Ti-betans at the hands of Chinese security forces. As aresult of the authorities’ attempt to blackout theinformation from leaking out coupled with sternwarnings issued, the list of political prisoners can-not be comprehensive and full details about thenumber of Tibetans in detention since 10 Marchprotest is not known.

In addition to rampant cases of arbitrary detentionand arrest by Chinese security forces since Marchprotest, the law enforcement agencies and securityforces have issued numerous public notices in dif-ferent locations for suspects to surrender within adeadline. For example: On 15 March the HigherPeople’s Higher Court, Regional People’sProcuratorate and the regional Public Security Bu-reau of “TAR” issued a notice demanding protest-ors to give themselves in for leniency by Mondaymidnight (17 March).168 The notice further statedthat those who surrender and inform “will be ex-empt from punishment”, it also stated, “those whocover up or shelter the lawbreakers would be pun-ished in accordance with the law.”169 Such surren-der notices are a typical exercise by the authoritiesagainst the Tibetan protestors airing their grievancesand deep-rooted resentment over many years ofmistreatment and denial of fundamental humanrights. Similarly, a notice both in Chinese and Ti-betan language was jointly issued by the GannanPrefecture’s courts, prosecutors and public securitybureau, following protests in Labrang (Ch: Xiahe),Luchu (Ch: Luqu), Machu (Ch: Maqu), Chone (Ch:Zhuoni), Tewo (Ch: Diebu) and Hezuo County.These were pasted around the town on 13 Marchwhich warned protesters – or criminals as the noticecalled them to surrender until midnight of 25March, to hand themselves in to be treated lenientlyand to face harsh treatment if they failed to do so orthose who hid them.170 Numerous arrest warrantswere issued by local authorities against those sus-


39

pected of having participated in the protests.171

A similar threat and tactic was employed in curbingthe 1987-1989 pro-independence demonstrationsof Tibetan people in Lhasa. The tactic is a clear ‘ploy’by the Chinese authorities to trap the Tibetan dem-onstrators by inciting fear and intimidating the dem-onstrators to give in. The Chinese authorities willnever live up to their promise of offering leniencyto those who surrender, as was in the case of 1987-1989 demonstrations in Lhasa.

Official reports on arrest, detention,sentence and release:

Going by the Chinese state media reports betweenMarch and April confirm the detention of 4434people described as “rioters” who participated in pro-tests in March. They had either been or had surren-dered by 9 April in Lhasa, Gannan, Phenpo LhundupCounty and Ngaba “TAP,” but this figure does notinclude all Tibetan areas where protests took place.

To dissect the Chinese State media reports of totalnumber of the Tibetans reported detained or sur-rendered: Firstly in Lhasa, a total of 1315 Tibetanpeople were detained or surrendered. Of these 953172

were officially arrested and a total of 362 surren-dered themselves.173 According to the latest officialrevelation, from the total 69 were sentenced to im-prisonment for committing crimes of arson, loot-ing, obstructing government functions etc, whileseven had been sentenced for committing crimes oftreason or illegally offering information to peopleoutside China and eight were still under judicial in-vestigation. The remaining 1231 suspects had re-deemed themselves and had been released after re-ceiving education and administrative punishment.174

Whereas in Kanlho (Gannan) “TAP”, a total of2644 were arrested between 14 March and 9 April,of which according to official media reports a totalof 2204175 including 519 monks had surrenderedand the police formally arrested 8 people and de-

tained another 432. According to the official reportdated 9 April, a total of 1870 of those detained orarrested were released including 413 monks.176 InNgaba County (Ch: Aba) Ngaba “TAP” SichuanProvince, the official report cited the surrender of381 Tibetans to the police. 177 While in PhenpoLhundup (Ch:Linzhou) County, “TAR” 94 Tibet-ans surrendered.178 The reports did not provide anydetailed information about any of the detainees.Based on the 9 April179 report and revelation by theChinese at the UN,180 the status of more than 1,269of the persons who had surrendered or been detainedremained unknown after official announcement ofonly 69 Tibetans having been sentenced so far.181

The admission of such a high number of Tibetanprotesters being detained by the authorities is in it-self revealing and we believe that the number couldbe much higher. The only official acknowledgementof arrests resulting from peaceful protests appearedin the official Tibet Daily, which reported 13 arrestsstemming from a crowd shouting “reactionary slo-gans and [holding] a self-made banner of snowmountain lions to gather a crowd and stir uptrouble”182- a reference to the detention of Seramonks outside the Jokhang Temple on 10 March.

Following are some of the known instances of arbi-trary detention and arrest which were recorded sinceMarch although the Centre has compiled a list ofknown arrests and detentions in detail in a specialpublication:a) 15 young novice monks, a few of them as young

as thirteen years old and originally from TsenshabGyatsoling Monastery in Pelbar County, ChamdoPrefecture “TAR”, who were studying as visitingstudents at Drepung Monastery were arbitrarilydetained by Lhasa PSB officials on 18 March2008 and were reported to have been torturedand ill-treated for their participation in the Marchprotest in Lhasa. The detained novice monkswere known to have been detained at Lhasa for

40


five months and later transferred to their placeof origin, Chamdo, where they were detainedfor more than a month before being finallyreleased on 14 November in the presence ofTownship heads and representatives fromTsenshab Gyatsoling Monastery under conditionsthat they would not participate in any secessionistact in future, that their behavior would be underscrutiny and they would not be allowed to bereadmitted in the monastery.

b) Four Tibetans from Nangchen County, Jyekundo(Ch: Yushu) “TAP” Qinghai Province werearrested on 26 July 2008 by the Chinese PSB forprotesting against the Summer Festival plannedby the Chinese government to greet the BeijingOlympic games. The four youth, AsangBersatsang, Ngoesoe Konkyaptsang, Jamsang andGadho voiced their disapproval of the summerfestival at Drokshog Township, Nangchencounty, by saying, “this is not the year to celebrateas Tibetans have suffered untold repression underthe Chinese regime, rather it is time to mournand offer prayers (for those who died or wereimprisoned in recent protests across Tibet).”183

c) Over 55 nuns of Pangri Na Tashi GephelingNunnery in Sungo Township, Kardze County,were arrested by Chinese security forces for staginga peaceful protest on 14 May 2008184 against theongoing “Patriotic re-education” campaign innunneries and monasteries and against theauthorities high-handedness in killing, torturingand arresting peaceful Tibetan protesters in manyparts of Tibet.

d) A highly revered Tibetan religious head, TulkuPhurbu Tsering Rinpoche of Tehor KardzeMonastery was arbitrarily arrested from his homein the early morning hour on 18 May 2008 forunknown reasons.185 He was the chief spiritualpreceptor and the head of Pang-ri and Ya-tseg

Nunneries in Kardze. Much loved and respectedfor his religious vocation and for looking afterthe welfare of local Tibetans in Kardze County,the charismatic figure was also a source ofinspiration and hope because he had constructedan old age orphanage and opened two chemistshops for the local Tibetans.

The arrest of Tulku Phurbu Tsering Rinpocheserves as a dark reminder of China’s campaignagainst prominent religious figures inside Tibetwho have been viewed by the Chinese authoritiesas a direct challenge to their authority. In the past,many prominent Tibetan religious figures suchas Khenpo Jigme,186 the founder of the famedSertha Buddhist Institute, Tulku Tenzin Delek,187

the founder of Kham Nalanda Monastery, whochampioned the welfare of Tibetan people andBangri Rinpoche,188 the founder of Gyatsoorphanage school in Lhasa were arrested underfalse and fabricated charges.

e) Twelve monks of Shelkar Choedhe Monasteryin Dingri County, Shigatse Prefecture, “TAR”were arbitrarily arrested by scores of Chinese PAPand PSB forces when they stormed theirresidences on the night of 19 May 2008,

Trulku Phurbu Tsering Rinpoche


41

following the monks’ protest against the Chinese‘work team’ visit to conduct the “patriotic re-education” campaign on the same day.189 Beforetheir arrest that day, monks were barred fromtheir monastery compound and their cell phonesconfiscated to curb the report of the incident fromleaking to the outside world. The monks wereeven threatened with dire consequences if found‘leaking’ information to the outside world.

f ) 32 monks of Ratoe Monastery in ChushulCounty, Lhasa Municipality “TAR” werearbitrarily arrested from their residences in theearly morning raid conducted by hundreds ofChinese security forces on 16 March.190 Of theinitial 50 monks who were arrested, 18 werereleased and the remaining 32 monks are still heldat Chushul PSB detention Centre including a42-year old former political prisoner, Namkarand 38 year-old Thupchok, a prominentDemocratic Management Committee (DMC)“work team member” of Ratoe Monastery. Themonks took out a peaceful protest march on 14March in Nyethang Township, Chushul County,which was later, joined by ordinary Tibetans.

g) Following protests by Tibetans in Ponkor Toemaand Mema Township, Darlag County, Golog“TAP” Qinghai Province between 21 – 28 March2008, hundreds of Tibetan protesters werearrested by the Chinese security forces, injuringmany and killing a nomad during the securityforces crackdown. Many of those detained werelater released and charged a hefty fine of 20,000Chinese yuan as a punishment (US $ 2,500). 191

The Chinese security forces even lured the hidingTibetans to surrender by promising leniency inpunishment. In contrary, two Tibetans whovoluntarily gave themselves up to the securityforces on 27 March were severely beaten andtortured.192

h) A total of 572 monks including novices as youngas ten years old from Ngaba Kirti Monastery, inNgaba County (Ch:Aba Xian), Ngaba “ TAP”,Sichuan Province, were arrested by the ChinesePAP and PSB forces following a two-day raidon monks’ residences on 28 and 29 March2008.193 During the sudden and thorough raid,monks with modern communication gadgetssuch as mobile phones, cameras, computers orMP3 players in their residences were arrestedunder suspicion of having communicated withthe exile Tibetan communities. The PAP and PSBransacked every room of the monastery, baringevery box and cupboard with rifle butts. Therewere even reports of security forces takingadvantage by taking away valuable items frommonks’ residences. The sources also confirmedthat in an attempt to hurt the religious sentimentof the Buddhist monks, the PAP and PSBofficials forced monks to step over the portraitsof the Dalai Lama found in monks’ residences.The security forces even took photographs ofmonks who were coerced to hold the bannedTibetan national flag and portrait of the DalaiLama to use as evidence of their crimes. Thesources confirmed that symbolic ceremonialweapons hung on the statues of protecting deitiesinside the monastery altar were also reported tohave been confiscated, and were termed as beingweapons used by the protesters.

i) On 29 March, a similar raid was carried out bythe PAP and PSB officials at around dusk inTaktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery (a branch ofAmdo Ngaba Kirti Monastery) in Dzoge County(Ch:Ruanggui/Zoige Xian) Ngaba “TAP” SichuanProvince. Scores of monks were arrested fromtheir residences after the raid. The officialsconfiscated weapons displayed on the altar forprotecting deities in the monastery, alleged to beweapons used by the protesters. Shortages offood, water and medical attention in the

42


monastery were reported after successive protestsbroke out in Ngaba County.194

j) On 30 March, a similar raid was carried out byPAP and PSB on every residence of GomangMonastery in Ngaba County, Ngaba “TAP”Sichuan Province. At least twenty monks fromthe monastery were known to have been arrestedafter the raid. At least 15 to 20 monks of thesame monastery were known to have been arrestedin the earlier protest in Ngaba County.195

k) On 30 March, at least 20 monks of NgameyDongri Monastery (a branch of Ngaba KirtiMonastery) in Ngaba County were arrested byPAP and PSB officers for unknown reasons withreport of a few people surrendering to theauthorities. Sources confirmed that PAP and PSBofficials reportedly beat several elderly people inthe area with rifle butts.

l) Following a huge peaceful solidarity march andprayer session by people from all walks of lifefor those who had died since March protests on25 March 2008, three Tibetans were arbitrarilyarrested from their home in the early morningraid carried out by the PAP and PSB officials inHolka Township, Tsigorthang County (Ch:Xinghai Xian) Tsolho “TAP” Qinghai Provinceon 26 March 2008.196 Arrestees are: RinbumGyal and Tsewang both in their late 20’s and afemale whose identity could not be confirmed.In addition, a Public Notice imprint with theofficial stamp of PSB was issued demandingprotesters of the ‘illegal’ 25th March protest tosurrender voluntarily for leniency. At the sametime, it warned protesters of severe punishmentif they failed to surrender to the authoritieswithin three days deadline.

m) On 27 March, four people, Malle and TsekyabGyal both male in their late 20’s from Holkha

Township and two Tibetan businesswomen fromother parts of Tibet were arrested by the securityforces for unknown reasons after hundreds ofadditional PAP and PSB officials in militarytrucks flooded into the Holkha Township.197

Harsh and disproportionatePrison Sentences:

Since the eruption of protests in the Tibetan areasin March 2008, Beijing has repeatedly downplayedthe nature of Tibetan protests and attempted toproject the Tibetan protests through the prism ofcriminal activities such as looting, smashing, arson,theft and rioting. Beijing refuses to see the reality ofthe political nature of the pan-Tibet popular pro-tests.

On 17 March 2008, Zhang Qingli, the “TAR”Communist Party Secretary, urged that there be“quick arrests, quick hearings, and quick sentenc-ing” of the people involved in the protests, whichwas virtually a political directive to circumvent guar-antees for a fair and impartial and due legal due pro-cess.198 The Chinese authorities announced the firstsentences of Tibetans on 29 April 2008,199 withprison terms ranging from three years to life im-prisonment since the protest and unrest broke outin Lhasa and various Tibetan areas under Chineseadministration beginning 10 March 2008.

On 29 April 2008, the Lhasa fast-track court, in arecord one and half month’s time, sentenced thirtyTibetans, 200 of which three Tibetans (Pasang, SonamTsering and Tsering), were handed down life im-prisonment terms, between 15-20 years prison termto seven others, and the rest for terms ranging fromthree to 20 years201 in connection with the riots inLhasa and neighboring counties on 14 March inwhat is characterized the proceedings as an “opencourt session”. 202 The actual trial proceeding had


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been conducted covertly on 21 to 25 April 2008.Clearly, the harshness of the sentences indicate thatit is not a case of petty criminal activity only, butinvolves the larger issue of political dissidence, whichthe state media deliberately fails to mention.

The Xinhua report stated, “Two men, including aBuddhist monk identified as Basang (Passang), whois from Toelung Dechen County (Ch: DoilongDeqing) received life sentences... Basang was accusedof leading 10 people, including five other monks,to destroy local government offices, burn downshops and attack policemen... Of the five monks,two were sentenced to 20 years, and the other threeto 15 years in jail.”

“The other man who received a life sentence wasidentified as Soi’nam Norbu (Sonam Norbu), adriver for a Lhasa real estate company.”203 No de-tails were given on the 10 other people sentenced.Similarly, on 19 and 20 June 2008, four local courtsin Lhasa and the Lhokha (Ch: Shannan) Prefectureannounced prison terms for another 12 Tibetans.204

The identities of those 12 Tibetans were not dis-closed in the report. None of the sentences involvedaccusations of manslaughter, indicating that the mostsevere sentences, possibly the death sentence, maystill be forthcoming as evident by a state media re-port on 11 July, in which Executive Vice Chairmanof the “TAR” Pema Trinley had stated that “another116 suspects were on trial, it would be decided un-der Chinese laws whether some would be sentencedto death.”205 It is not known whether this commentof ‘no death sentences have been carried out to date’was made in order to appease the international com-munity prior to the Olympics or whether it wasmeant to highlight that these sentences could beforthcoming after further evidence was collected.Earlier the provincial people’s court (here “TAR”Higher People’s Court) would have the authoritiesto sentence the defendant to death but after amend-ment to the Chinese Organic Law of the People’s

Court that came into effect on 1 January 2007, alldeath sentences should be reviewed and approvedby the Supreme People’s Court.206

The nature of the court proceedings and the officialinterpretation of the Tibetans’ activities obviouslybring forward the questions of competency of thecourt and the official downplaying of the nature ofTibetan activities. The sentencing was a clear mock-ery of law and due process. In fact in all cases, therewas absence of due process as required under inter-national laws in a state with a rule of law such asfiling of document, engaging independent lawyers,case verification, consultation from both parties,non-extraction of confession through torture, etc.,the purpose and nature of the court in Lhasa obvi-ously is only to provide a legal rubber stamp onpre-concluded convictions without the concept ofinnocent until proven guilty.

On several occasions, the “TAR” Communist Partyand Government officials have called for a swift andquick judicial process to strike back at the “separat-ists” and the “Dalai clique”.207 On 4 April 2008,Lhasa City Deputy Party Secretary said that amongstthe protesters arrested in Lhasa, 800 Tibetans wouldbe brought before the court. During a conferenceof “TAR” court officials in the evening of 2 April2008, “TAR” government Vice-Chairman, PemaThinley, urged “the usage of law as a tool to strikeback at the enemies”. He called for “swift and quickjudicial proceedings” for those involved in Marchprotest.208

A leading human rights watchdog, Human RightsWatch challenged the legitimacy of the sentencingprocedures carried out in Lhasa stating that the Ti-betans were denied access to a meaningful defensethrough the lawyers they had chosen.209 In an im-age released by the state media of the trial, one ofthe Tibetans defendants is seen sitting on a chairduring the court session indicates torture and inhu-

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man treatment in detention, which is blindly de-nied by the Chinese authorities.

While Amnesty International stated in a recent re-port that “many hundreds, possibly thousands, ofTibetans languish in prisons or detention centerswithout the government publicly acknowledgingtheir whereabouts or formally charging them witha criminal offence.”210

* Of the number of sentences handed out byvarious county courts since March unrest, theoldest was a 81-year old, Paljor Norbu, anoctogenarian Tibetan woodblock printer whowas detained by the Chinese PAP on 31 Octoberfrom his home in Lhasa on suspicion that he hadprinted ‘prohibited material,’ including thebanned Tibetan flag which had been used byTibetan protesters during the pan-Tibet protest.Paljor Norbu was sentenced to 7 years’imprisonment. No information on his detentionand charged levied against him were made knownto his family members nor were his whereabouts.His workshop was known to have been sealed-off by the authorities following his arrest andemployees prohibited from returning. There werereports of police confiscating books and

woodblocks from the shop’s collection.211

* The youngest of those sentenced up to now bythe Chinese court is Kunga, a 16-year old boyfrom Machu County, who was sentenced to 12years in prison. The charge made against him wasnot known but he was involved in the Machuprotest and was reportedly arrested on 11 Apriland was asked to pay a large fine of up to 15,000 yuan which he was unable to pay.212

* Two Tibetans who may have been involved inthe same protest in Machu County in April.Lama Kyap, a 20 year old monk from UpperNurma village, TseuNur Township in Machu wassentenced to 15 years. Kechok, in his thirties ,was sentenced to 13 years.213

* Three Tibetan men in their twenties from LotahTownship in Ngaba “TAP” Sichuan weresentenced to life and two others for longsentences on charges of “beating, smashing andlooting”. Kalbah, 23-year old was sentenced tolife on around 10 July 2008, while 27-year oldTsekho was sentenced to 13 years and Terzhoe,25, sentenced to 15 years, all at the NgabaIntermediate People’s Court and all three weredenied adequate legal representation with around17 other Tibetans from the area in custodyawaiting trial.214

* On 14 July 2008, Dartsedo (Chinese: Kangding)People’s Court in Kardze “TAP” SichuanProvince sentenced Adruk Kalgyam, a 27-year-old nephew of Ronggey Adrak, to five yearsimprisonment after being held incommunicadofor ten months. Adruk Kalgyam, a father of twoyoung daughters was sentenced for the crime of“inciting splittism”.215Kalgyam was arrested on3 September 2007 after his opposition to the‘patriotic education campaign’ conducted inLithang county following the arrest of TibetanPaljor Norbu, an octogenerian Tibetan detained and

later sentenced to 7 years imprisonment


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nomad, Ronggye Adrak (Adruk Kalgyam’suncle), in August 2007 which led to large-scaleprotests by nomads in the area.216

On 13 July 2008 his family was told that he wasto be sentenced the following day by the DartsedoPeople’s Court. His family was allowed to speakto him on 14 July. Kalgyam told them that hehad been hospitalized for one month due to earliermaltreatment in prison. Kalgyam told his familythat he had been subjected to solitaryconfinement in a dark cell on a number ofoccasions, which had led him to faint sometimes.His family reported that scars from handcuffswere still visible.217

* On 29 October, the state media reported thatthree county level courts of the “TAR” sentenced14 Tibetans to varying prison terms on allegedcrimes ranging from ‘endangering public security,robbery, smashing or looting and creatingdisturbances in so called “March riot”.218

According to the same report, “Tenzin Yeshi,Tashi Namgyal and Gaden Chodak (a.k.a Gaden)of Gachoe Monastery were involved inspearheading a violent riot on 14 March 2008 inPhenpo Lhundup County (Ch: Linzhou Xian)”.The report cited that, “Tenzin Yeshi and TashiNamgyal were arrested from the site of the riotby the Public Security Bureau (PSB) officialswhereas Gaden Chodak managed to escape fromthe site and reached his Monastery, where he laterinstigated other monks, Lobsang Tsemey (layname: Passang), Tenpa Dhondup and LobsangTheychu (lay name: Tashi Norbu) to jointlyprepare ‘independence’ leaflets to cause unrest.On the next day, forty monks of the monasteryheaded by Lobsang Tsemey led a demonstrationtowards Phenpo Lhundup County PSBHeadquarters”.219 The same report says Doloe,Lhakdon and Dorjee Dolma were charged with‘arson, looting, killing, disrupting public order

and assaulting government offices among othercrimes.’ Phenpo Lhundup County People’s Courtsentenced Lobsang Tsemey and Doloe to 15 years’imprisonment with deprivation of politicalrights for five years and monetary fine of 2000yuan each for violating article 289, 263(4) and293 of the Chinese Criminal Law. Whereas,Gaden Chodak, Lhakdon, Tenpa Dhondup,Lobsang Kheychu, Dorjee Dolma, Tenzin Yeshi,Tashi Namgyal were sentenced between 5-14years’ of imprisonment by the same court. Clearlythe harshness of sentences handed down indicatethat it is not a case of petty criminal activity only,but involves the larger issue of political dissidence— which the state media deliberately fails tomention.

* Similarly in another verdict, the LhasaMunicipality Court sentenced Phuntsok Tenpa,Phuntsok and Phuntsok Drakden to varying jailsentences of 3 years and 9 months, 2 years and 9months, and 2 years 6 months respectively fortheir crimes of “obstructing the administrationof public order by vandalizing public properties,looting, arson, insulting the national flag,disrupting public order as per the article 277 and293 of the Chinese Criminal Law.”220

* In October, Chinese people’s Court of Chamdosentenced eight Tibetan monks from ThanggyaMonastery (Ch: Tongxia) Monastery for allegedlybombing a government building in GyanbeTownship, Chamdo Prefecture on 23 March andthe court verdict says, Gyurmey Dhondup andKalsang Tsering were sentenced to life in prisonwhile others received sentences between five and15 years.221 Gang Weilai, the judge who presidedover the case told that the monks did not appealagainst their sentences. While some observers havenoted that the monks were sentenced on 23September, but it was not made public which iscommon practice in China for sensitive cases.

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* On 29 October 2008, five Tibetans were givenlengthy prison sentences ranging from 3-10 years’imprisonment term by the Kardze IntermediatePeople’s Court in Dartsedo (Ch: Kangding)Kardze “TAP”, Sichuan Province on differentcharges ranging from ‘endangering state securityto disrupting public order and other crimes. On29 October, 2008, the aforementioned courtsentenced Sherab Sangpo, a 26-year old monkof Dongthog Monastery in Kardze County to 6year’s in jail on charges of ‘endangering statesecurity’ for his act of raising the handwrittenbanned Tibetan national flag on 26 March protestin Kardze. The same court sentenced Loga fromKardze to 3 years’ in jail for his participation inthe March protest. Whereas two other Tibetans,Ngoega, 53-year old from Serchu Village andNorbu Tsering, a 49-year old from DrukhangVillage, Kardze county, were handed down with8 and 9 years’ imprisonment terms on charges of‘endangering state security’ for their participationin a political demonstration on 18 March 2008at county headquarters.222 The fifth person whosename could not be ascertained but was knownto be from Sertha County, Kardze “TAP” wassentenced to 10 years’ imprisonment term on 28October 2008 by the same court.

* On 23 October 2008, Kardze People’sIntermediate Court in Dartsedo County, Kardze“TAP”, Sichuan Province sentenced four Tibetanmonks of Amchok Dialectics Monastery toprison sentences ranging from 7 to 13 years fortheir alleged “crime” of “endangering the Statesecurity”. The four monks of Amchok DialecticsMonastery were identified as Ludrub Yeshe,Ludrub Phuntsok, Tsultrim Gyatso and LudrubTendar. They were arrested for participating inpeaceful protests on 16 and 17 of March 2008 inTibet. Ludrub Yeshe, 33, and Ludrub Phuntsok,23, both hailed from Marthang County, Ngaba“TAP” Sichuan Province were both sentenced to

13 years of rigorous imprisonment on allegedcharges of “endangering the State security”.Whereas Tsultrim Gyatso, 43, and LudrubTendar, 43, from Ngaba were sentenced to 9 and7 years in jail on same charges.223

* Thirty-year old Tibetan cadre Weilza NorzinWangmo, was sentenced on 3 November to fiveyears’ imprisonment on alleged charges of sendinginformation abroad by emails and phone callsabout the situation in Tibet. Weilza NorzinWangmo, was an employee Judicial Bureau atthe Trochu County Ngaba “TAP” SichuanProvince before her sudden arrest by securityforces.224

* Lhasa Intermediate People’s Court sentencedseven Tibetans for their involvement in the so-called “March 14” Riot with sentences rangingfrom 8 years to life imprisonment. Of these fiveTibetans were sentenced on 27 October whereastwo other Tibetans were sentenced on 7November 2008 respectively.225

On 27 October 2008, five Tibetans weresentenced between 8 years to life imprisonmentand deprivation of political rights on charges of“endangering state security” to committing crimesof “treason” or illegally offering information topeople outside China. The Lhasa IntermediatePeople’s Court convicted and sentenced thefollowing Tibetans to varying prison terms.Wangdue, in his 40’s was sentenced to lifeimprisonment and deprivation of political rightfor life on charges of “endangering state security;”Migmar Dhondup226 was convicted of the samecharge and sentenced to 14 years’ imprisonmentand five years deprivation of political right;Phuntsok Dorjee, Tsewang Dorjee, and SonamDakpa were sentenced to 9, 8 and 10 years’imprisonment and five years deprivation ofpolitical rights each respectively on charges of


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“treason” or illegally offering information topeople outside China.227 According to the officialreport given in the Lasa Evening News dated 8November, defendants violated articles 110228

and 111229 of the Criminal Law of the People’sRepublic of China constituting the crime ofespionage, endangering state security andproviding intelligence illegally to organizationsoutside of China. The report further stated that,Wangdue and Phuntsok Dorjee being recidivistsshould be punished severely in accordance withthe law.230 Both were former political prisonerswho had a spent few years in a Chinese prison inTibet.

The same court on 7 November sentenced YeshiChoedon, in her 50’s and retired health worker,to 15 years in jail and deprivation of politicalrights for five years on charges of “endangeringstate security” and Sonam Tseten was sentencedto 10 years’ imprisonment with deprivation ofpolitical rights for five years on charges of treasonor illegally offering information to people outsideChina.

Wangdue, now in his early 40s, is a formerpolitical prisoner and HIV/AIDS activist workingas project officer for the Burnet Institute’s Centrefor International Health. His whereaboutsremained unknown until his court trial on 7November 2008. A program manager of theinstitute said they had not seen him since theevents in March.231 The Lhasa City PublicSecurity Bureau (PSB) officials arbitrarilydetained him from his home on 14 March inLhasa.232

* Four Tibetan men were sentenced to varyingprison terms ranging between 3-6 years byDartsedo People’s court for their involvement inprotest in Kardze “TAP.”233 Thubten Gyaltsen,19, from Minyak, Tsewang Dragpa, 21, and

Tenpa Choephel from Yulshul were handed jailterms of three, four, and five years respectivelyby the Dartsedo People’s Court for their role inJune protests. Whereas the fourth man, a monkfrom Golog Serthar Buddhist Center,wassentenced to six years’ imprisonment after takingpart in 14 May protests. The family members ofconvicts were not informed nor were they offereda chance to engage lawyers to defend the cases.

* In November, the Kardze Intermediate People’sCourt sentenced nine Tibetans who were involvedin 18 March Protest in Kardze County to varyingjail terms. In some cases detainees were “severelybeaten during three months of detention inKardze.”234

The above named Tibetans who were convicted andgiven lengthy prison sentences were not granted eventhe minimal rights that are supposed to be providedunder Chinese criminal procedures. Violations in-cluded the failure to notify their family of their for-mal arrests or of the trial date;235 the failure to allowdefense representation of own choice in court; thefailure to communicate the full verdict of the trial;and, the refusal to inform the family of their cur-rent whereabouts and of where the convicted wouldserve their prison terms. In practice, communica-tion with the family is frequently denied until thedetainee is brought to trial or sentenced. The iden-tity of the detainees, their whereabouts, the natureof any charges brought against them and eventualsentencing are routinely shrouded in secrecy. In manycases the defendants were detained from the site ofthe demonstration or during night raids and heldincommunicado to their family members and af-filiated monastery or associates until their hearingat the court trial and sentence which put them out-side the reach of even the most basic legal oversightwith greater risk of torture or degrading treatmentin detention centers.

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The relevant Chinese authorities in almost all theknown cases said that the charges brought againstalleged convicts were ‘in accordance with the law,’236

but, by definition, those laws restrict free speech,and until the government of PRC brings its law inconformity with international human rights norms,Tibet will continue to witness more cases of itspeople incarcerated for the alleged crime of ‘separat-ism, espionage, endangering national security or ‘trea-son’ while exercising the fundamental human rights.

The Vice-Chairman of the regional government ofthe “TAR”, Pema Tsewang, in a remark during ameeting with visiting members of the AustralianHouse of Representatives on 4 November 2008,said that 55 Tibetans had been handed down withsentences ranging between three to life for their in-volvement in the ‘March 14 riot’ in the TibetanCapital.237 However, it was not known whether thisfigure included the total of 42 Tibetans sentencedearlier on 29 April and 20-21 June.238 The bald com-ment was devoid of any details about names, charges,jail terms, dates of court trials and other details.

In the latest revelation, Mr. Li Boadong, PermanentRepresentative of China to the United Nations Of-fice at Geneva, in response to the UN CommitteeAgainst Torture (CAT) expert during a hearing told,“After judicial proceedings, 69 had been sentencedto imprisonment for committing crimes of arson,robbery, theft, obstructing government functions,trouble-making in the streets, gathering to disruptpublic order or attacking State organs; seven hadbeen sentenced for committing crimes of treason orillegally offering information to people outsideChina, and eight were still under investigation bythe judicial organs.”239 The authorities had earliersaid no Tibetans had so far been sentenced todeath,240 raising the possibility of such punishmentin the future trials.

According to the Centre’s documentation, there arehundreds of Tibetans who are still held without anycharges and at least 190 Tibetans were known tohave been sentenced so far by various county levelcourts in “TAR” and Tibetan areas outside the “TAR”for their participation in the series of protests thisyear. Of these 7241 Tibetans were sentenced to lifeimprisonment for the their participation in Tibetprotests whereas 90 Tibetans were sentenced to 10years or more of imprisonment. There are still manyTibetans serving lengthy sentences in various pris-ons during the past year, there was no developmenton sentence reduction or an early release from im-prisonment. A few examples of these are BangriRinpoche242 (detained in 1999 and serving 18 yearscommuted from life imprisonment for ‘incitingsplittism’); Trulku Tenzin Delek243(detained in 2002and serving life imprisonment); or Ronggye Adrak(sentenced in November 2007 to 8 years’ impris-onment for shouting political slogans at annual fes-tival)244; Adruk Lopoe245(sentenced in November2007 to 10 years’); Kunkhen246 (Sentenced to 9years’ in November 2007)

In the environment where there is complete absenceof any independent media and monitoring agenciesin Tibet, the authorities’ use of judicial proceedingsas an official reprisal instead of protection of funda-mental human rights of the Tibetans was alarmingand calls for fair trials for people detained under sus-picion of having participated in the protest. TheCentre notices severe flaws in the authorities han-dling of their cases. Such flaws include a consistentfailure to establish a distinction between a peacefuland a violent protester, statements by theProcuratorate (public prosecutor) at the time of thesuspected protesters’ arrest that assumed their guiltrather than their innocence, secret trial proceedingsand denial of right to a counsel.

For instance, 21 Chinese lawyers who had publiclyoffered to defend Tibetan protesters were forced to


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withdraw their assistance after judicial authoritiesin Beijing threatened to discipline them and sus-pend their professional licenses.247 The authoritiesclaimed that the Tibetan protesters were “not ordi-nary cases, but sensitive cases.”248 The Chinesegovernment’s efforts at using intimidation to pre-vent the involvement of mainland Chinese lawyersin defending the Lhasa cases highlights a deliberatepolicy of secrecy, discrimination and abuse of thelegal system.

Some of the protests which turned violent have re-sulted in deaths, damages properties and injury. TheCentre condemns such attacks and acknowledges theChinese authorities’ right and duty to prosecute andpunish individuals who had committed violent actsand protect all individuals against violence, how-ever, it should not suspend the due process of guar-antees. The Centre is highly concerned that in re-storing order, the authorities resorted to measures,which violate international human rights laws andstandards. Moreover, in a sophisticated move in or-der to divert the direction of Tibetan people’s callfor more freedom and respect for human rights inTibet, the court verdicts in late April and June indi-cate the authorities attempts to ‘criminalize’ theTibetan people’s protests.

The major fault in the Chinese Criminal justice sys-tem is that it remains highly vulnerable to politicalinterference. The Police, procuratorate and courtsare not independent and remain under the supervi-sion of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Inmany cases political imperatives can often affect theoutcome of individual cases, particularly apparentin the politically sensitive cases, including those whocall for independence or challenge vested interests ateither the local or national level. The lack of inde-pendence in judiciary also compromises the effec-tiveness of channels of complaint be it competencyof the law or allegation of torture or other inhumantreatment.

Particularly, in cases that are deemed politically sen-sitive, the authorities continue to use broad and am-biguously defined provisions of the Criminal Lawrelating to social stability or state security as a po-litical tool to silence dissent. Articles 102, 103, and105 under the section Crimes of “Endangering Na-tional Security” of the revised Criminal Law, referto broad and vaguely defined crimes of “splittingthe State”, “undermining unity of the country”, “sub-verting State power”, and “overthrowing the social-ist system”.249 Many of the Tibetans sentenced un-der such provisions in the past and this year are infact peaceful activists detained in violation of theirright to freedom of expression and opinion.

The Centre expresses its deepest shock and is out-raged at bogus trials and harshness of the sentencesby various courts over the past months during whichat least 190 known Tibetans have been sentenced sofar. The Centre is extremely concerned about theeight Tibetans who, as the Chinese official told, arestill under judicial investigation.250 Any prison sen-tence can amount to a death sentence in Tibet wheretorture and inhuman treatment of a political pris-oners is well documented reality. The fairness andtransparency of the legal proceeding is highly ques-tionable as trials were held behind closed door andmany of the convicted had been held incommuni-cado and had disappeared since their arbitrary de-tention by the law enforcement agencies.

Conclusion:Conclusion:Conclusion:Conclusion:Conclusion:

Over the past few months, China’s human rightspractices have reflected its authorities’ zero toleranceof Tibetan people’s activism and the instrumentaluse of law for political purposes. Human rights trans-gressions in China remain systematic and widespreadand the communist regime continues to trampleupon civil liberties and democratic rights of Tibet-ans.

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China has failed to live up to its commitments inthe area of human rights since bidding for the Olym-pics way back in 2001. China cannot bask on theOlympic success, rather it has to genuinely workeven harder towards the unfinished work of improv-ing human rights if the image-obsessed China wantsto bolster her status internationally. China mustadhere to international standards of human rightsboth for its own citizens and for the people of Ti-bet.

The Centre has observed ongoing human rightsabuses, increased repression in Tibetan areas withcontinuing tension, heightened restrictions on mo-nastic institutions and communities. The humanrights environment in Tibet that China had tried toproject to the outside to the world has not improved;it has rather deteriorated since March. No tangibleprogress in the eight rounds of talks251 (one infor-mal and two round of talks this year) between theDalai Lama’s envoys and relevant Chinese ministrieswas made as the talks were termed as “failure”.252

The formal call by the Dalai Lama’s envoys duringthe informal meeting in Shenzhen city on 4 May2008 to discuss the “critical situation in Tibet”, andthe call to the Chinese authorities to release Tibetanprisoners, allow injured protesters to receive adequatemedical treatment, and allow ‘unfettered access’ toTibetan areas by tourists and media organizations253

remain mostly unheeded.

At the height of unrest in Tibet, China had declinedthe request made by the UN High Commissionerfor Human Rights’ for a visit to Tibet during theheight of unrest in March citing “inconvenient tim-ing.”254 At the same time six UN Special ProcedureMandate holders expressed ‘deep concern’ over thereports of firing on protesters and alleged killings.255

In one of the very few pushes by the UN GeneralSecretary, Mr. Ban Ki-moon, he called for a dia-logue to resolve the issue of Tibet.256 There hasn’tbeen any visit by any prominent international com-

mittee such as Red Cross which is mandated to visitdetention facilities and check on the well being ofprisoners worldwide, to Tibet following numerousreports of arbitrary detention and injuries in the af-termath of Tibet protests. The Centre calls on thePRC to allow for such a visit to verify the prisonersand facilitate humanitarian aid work to those indetention centres and prisons. Repeated appealsmade by the Dalai Lama,257 the exiled Tibetan gov-ernment-in-exile258 and the international commu-nities259 to allow for independent international ob-servers to assess the situation were deliberatelyignored,260except for three state organized presstours.

The Centre deplores the Chinese propaganda ma-chinery downplaying the current situation in Tibetand the authorities for adding fuel to the alreadyvolatile situation by an increasingly repeated vilifi-cation campaign against the Dalai Lama- one of theprimary reason for mass protest when Chinese au-thorities revamped their ‘patriotic re-education’ cam-paign in Tibet requiring denunciation of their spiri-tual teacher-the Dalai Lama. While it is widelyknown that the Tibetans were sentenced for show-ing their political dissent, the state media hasdownplayed the whole nature of their activities aspetty criminal offenses by projecting the cases as thatof looting, arson, theft, rioting etc., rather than actsof ‘expression’ of political dissidence. Beijing refusesto see the reality of the political nature of the pan-Tibet popular protests. In order to shun its repres-sion in Tibet, China virtually sealed off the Tibetanplateau despite the promise to increase openness inthe buildup to the Olympics and imposed com-munication blackout in the entire Tibetan plateau.Clearly the harshness of sentences handed down in-dicates that it is not a case of petty criminal activityonly, but involves the larger issue of political dissi-dence — which the state media deliberately fails tomention.


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As observed and recommended by the United Na-tions Committee Against Torture (CAT) to PRCto probe the deaths of Tibetans killed, missing inthe spring 2008 protests in Tibet and to adopt mea-sures to prohibit and prevent enforced disappear-ances, TCHRD wants to reiterate that China shouldensure that all persons detained or arrested in theaftermath of the Spring 2008 events have promptaccess to an independent lawyer, independent medi-cal care and the right to lodge complaints free fromofficial reprisal or harassment. It should end the prac-tice of enforced disappearance, arbitrary detention,torture, information blackouts, and respect and com-ply with international standards of human rightspractices and its own constitutional guarantees.While such responses by the authorities may helpto quell protests and unrest in the short run, theCentre is concerned that such violations will onlystoke further resentment, compromising any futureeffort to address legitimate grievances held by manyTibetans over Chinese Communist Party’s misruleand erroneous Tibet policy over the past more thanfifty years.

Despite major changes in various spheres in Chinaover the past decades, the political system of totali-tarianism has remained unchanged. A totalitarianregime demands complete loyalty from its citizensand there is little tolerance of individual’s freedomof thought and expression. Unless the fundamentalrights of the citizens are fully respected without anyreservation, there is little hope for improvement inhuman rights. In Tibet, there is an additional causefor repressive policies and that is its unfounded fearof Tibet’s secession from China.

EndNotes

1 “China registers historic progress in human rights;” XinhuaNews, 9 December 2008; reported in China Daily. Available athttp://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-12/09/content_7286703_5.htm

2 “China closes down Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastic School;”TCHRD Press Release; 17 April 2008; available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080417b.html

3 “Students staged a protest in eastern Tibet” TCHRD PressRelease, 16 March 2008; http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080316d.html

4 “Beijing students in silent protest for Tibet,” By JaneMacartney; Times Online; 17 March 2008, available at http:// w w w. t i m e s o n l i n e . c o . u k / t o l / n e w s / w o r l d / a s i a /article3568810.ece

5 “Hundreds of Tibetan nomads and farmers protest in LuchuCounty” TCHRD Press Release, 19 March 2008; available athttp://tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080319b.html

6 “‘Strike Hard’ Campaign: China crackdown on politicaldissidence;” TCHRD Topical Publication; 2004; Read at http://www.tchrd.org/publications/topical_reports/strike_hard-2004/strike_hard-2004.pdf

7 “Closing the Doors: Religious Repression in Tibet;” TCHRDTopical Report; 1998; Read at http://www.tchrd.org/p u b l i c a t i o n s / t o p i c a l _ r e p o r t s / c l o s i n g _ d o o r s -religious_repression-1998/ Also available in Centre’s AnnualReport’s Religion Chapter.

8 “Scores of Tibetans arrested for peaceful protest in Lhasa”TCHRD Press Release, 11 March 2008. Available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080311.html

9 Ibid and “Picture identities of visiting monk students of SeraMonastery arrested on 10 March 2008 from Barkhor Street,Lhasa, for their pro-Tibet protest.” TCHRD Press Release, 12March 2008. Available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/p001.html

10 Ibid11 “Tibet reeling under tense situation-Nuns of Chutsang

Nunnery join the protest” TCHRD Press Release, 14 March2008, Available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080314.html

12 “Tension intensifies in Lhasa,” TCHRD Press Release, 14 March2008. Available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080314a.html

13 “Death toll mounts as Tibet Uprising Continues: TCHRDcalls upon UN to send a Fact Finding Mission,” TCHRD PressRelease, 15 March 2008. Also available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080315a.html

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14 “We fired no gunshots: Tibetan government chairman” XinhuaNews, 15 March 2008. Available at http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-03/15/content_7792955.htm

15 “China arrests over 2300 Tibetans in Tibet”, TCHRD PressRelease, 5 April 2008. Available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080405b.html

16 ibid17 “Tibet reeling under tense situation- Nuns of Chutsang

Nunnery join the protest;” TCHRD Press Release; 14 March2008; http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080314.html

18 ‘‘Tibetans Clash With Chinese Police in 2nd City,’’ New YorkTimes, Jim Yardley, 16 March 2008. The New York Timesreported that according to a Tibetan in India who spoke byphone to Tibetan protesters in Xiahe county, Gansu province,thousands of protesters on March 16 shouted slogansincluding, ‘‘The Dalai Lama must return to Tibet”. “Scores ofTibetans arrested for peaceful protest in Lhasa”, TCHRD PressRelease,11 March 2008; available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080311.html. On March 10 in Guinan(Mangra) county, Qinghai province, a few hundred protestersshouted slogans calling for the Dalai Lama to return to Tibet;‘‘Around 40 Middle School Students Arrested in Marthang,’’TCHRD Press Release, 17 March 08. Approximately 100Tibetan middle school students in Hongyuan (Kakhog, orMarthang) county, Sichuan province, demonstrated inside theschool compound,calling for the return of the Dalai Lama toTibet.

19 See, e.g., ‘‘Protest Erupts After Prayer for Deceased in DrangoCounty,’’ TCHRD Press Release, 25 March 2008. More than400 monks in Luhuo (Draggo) county, Ganzi TAP, Sichuanprovince, shouted slogans on March 25 including, ‘‘Release[the]Panchen Lama.;” Also ‘‘Hundreds of Tibetans Protestedin Chentsa, Malho ‘TAP,’ Qinghai Province,’’ TCHRD PressRelease, 25 March 2008. Hundreds of Tibetans protesting on22 March in Jianza (Chentsa) county, Huangnan (Malho)TAP, Qinghai province, carried photographs of the DalaiLama and Panchen Lama, and shouted slogans including,‘‘Release the eleventh Panchen Lama Erdeni Gedun ChoekyiNyima.’’ Also read ‘‘Latest Updates on TibetDemonstrations,’’ Radio Free Asia, 25 March 2008. Morethan 1,000 monks and other Tibetans shouted slogans onMarch 18 in Xiahe (Sangchu) county, Gannan (Kanlho) TAP,Gansu province, including, ‘‘Release the Panchen Lama.’’

20 ‘‘China Detains Drakar and Gaden Choeling Nuns in Kardze,’’TCHRD Press Release, 17 May 2008. Two nuns were detainedfor calling for religious freedom, among other things. Thedetentions sparked a larger protest resulting in the detentionof at least 10 more nuns. ‘‘Tibet Monks Disrupt Tour byJournalists,’’ Associated Press (AP), reprinted in New YorkTimes (Online), 27 March 08. On March 27, a group ofJokhang Temple monks shouted that there was no religiousfreedom when a group of international journalists on agovernment-handled tour visited the temple; “Monks DisruptMedia Tour in China”, The New York Times, By Jim Yardleyand Jake Hooker, 10 April 2008; available at http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/world/asia/10tibet.html

21 “Protesting monks storm media tour in western China;”

Guardian.co.uk; 9 April 2008; Details at http://sport .guardian.co.uk/breakingnews/feedstory/0, , -7448086,00.html. The report cited, “The Dalai Lama has tocome back to Tibet. We are not asking for Tibetanindependence, we are just asking for human rights, we have nohuman rights now.”

22 TCHRD Press Statement on the 60th Anniversary of theUniversal Declaration of Human Rights, TCHRD PressStatement, 10 December 2008

23 “Questions, answers about casualties, damages of recent riots”,Xinhua News, 26 March 2008. Available at http://eng.tibet.cn/news/today/200803/t20080326_371196.htm

24 MARTIAL LAW ENDS IN TIBET’S CAPITAL; New YorkTimes; Nicholas Kristof; 1 May 1990; Retrieved at http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE3DE1430F932A35756C0A966958260

25 “At least eight shot dead in Tongkor Monastery in Kardze”TCHRD Press Releases, 5 April 2008 and “At least seven shotdead in demonstration in Ngaba County,” TCHRD PressReleases, 16 March 2008.

26 “Two monks commit suicide in Amdo Ngaba”, TCHRD PressRelease, 4 April 2008; also available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080404a.html

27 “Tortured monk released in unstable mental condition”,TCHRD Press Release, 9 April 2008. Also available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080409.html

28 “Tibet reeling under tense situation- Nuns of ChutsangNunnery join the protest”, TCHRD Press Release, 14 March2008. Also available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080314.html

29 “Death toll mounts as Tibet Uprising Continues: TCHRDcalls upon UN to send a Fact Finding Mission”, TCHRD PressRelease, 15 March 2008, Available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080315a.html

30 “China launches renewed ‘Patriotic education’ campaign acrossall sections in Tibet”, TCHRD Press Release, 24 April 2008.

31 “China blocks Tibet coverage, Chinese journalists stifled asunrest continues”, NewsWatch, 19 March 2008. For detailread at http://www.newswatch.in/newsblog/555

32 “Youtube: Jigme’s testimony of Chinese torture”; Jigme, amonk of Labrang Monastery who was arrested, tortured,released and rearrested gave his testimony to foreign media.The full text of his testimony can be viewed at http://www.unmadeinchina.org/contStd.asp?lang=en&idPag=551

33 Constitution of the PRC Article 35. Article 51, however, states:‘‘The exercise by citizens of the People’s Republic of China oftheir freedoms and rights may not infringe upon the interestsof the state, of society and of the collective, or upon the lawfulfreedoms and rights of other citizens.’’

34 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adoptedby General Assembly resolution 2200A(XXI) of 16 December1966, entry into force 23 March 1976, article 19 [hereinafterICCPR]. In March 2008, Premier Wen Jiabao reiteratedChina’s commitment to ratify the ICCPR, saying ‘‘we areconducting inter-agency coordination to address the issue ofcompatibility between China’s domestic laws and internationallaw so as to ratify the Covenant as soon as possible.’’ Ministry


53

of Foreign Affairs (Online), ‘‘Premier Wen Jiabao AnsweredQuestions at Press Conference,’’18 March 2008

35 Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao was in New York for theinauguration of the United Nations General Assembly, he wasinterviewed by CNN Fareed Zakaria on 23 September 2008.The full transcript of the interview could be found at http://ed i t i on . cnn . com/2008/WORLD/a s i apc f /09/29/chinese.premier.transcript/#cnnSTCText OR could bewatched at http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/29/chinese.premier.transcript/#cnnSTCVideo

36 “Freedom of Speech enshrined in China’s Constitution;” XinhuaNews; 15 March 2008; Details at http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-03/15/content_7794684.htm

37 Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao was in New York for theinauguration of the United Nations General Assembly, he wasinterviewed by CNN Fareed Zakaria on 23 September 2008.The full transcript of the interview could be found at http://ed i t i on . cnn . com/2008/WORLD/a s i apc f /09/29/chinese.premier.transcript/#cnnSTCText OR could bewatched at http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/29/chinese.premier.transcript/#cnnSTCVideo

38 Report of the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention(UNWGAD). Mission to China, E/CN.4/2005/6/Add.4,para.23; Can be accessed at http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/U N D O C / G E N / G 0 5 / 1 0 2 / 7 4 / P D F /G0510274.pdf?OpenElement

39 PRC Criminal Law, enacted 1 July 79, amended 14 March1997, 25 December 1999, 31 August 2001, 29 December2001, 28 December 2002, 28 February 2005, 29 June 2006,art. 105.

40 Central Tibetan Administration, Update on Tibet protests:“Updates on Tibet Demonstrations ,”16 April 2008. Availableat http://www.tibet.net/en/flash/2008/0408/16B0408.html

41 “Tibet still closed to foreign press despite “unprecedented”post-quake openness in Sichuan”; Reporters Sans Frontier; 30May 2008; Also available at http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=27254

42 “Tibetan journalist whereabouts still unknown week afterarrest”, TCHRD Press Release, 24 September 2008. Availableat http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080924.html

43 Bod kyi dus bab, Tibet Times, Vol 429, 30 October 200844 “China re-arrests monk who exposed Chinese crackdown to

foreign media”, TCHRD Press Release, 4 November 2008.Available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20081103b.html

45 h t t p : / / w w w. u n m a d e i n c h i n a . o r g / c o n t S t d . a s p ?lang=en&idPag=551

46 “Tibetan Filmmaker Jigme Gyatso released from prison”Leaving fear behind, Press Release available at http://www.leavingfearbehind.com/press-release.html

47 “Youtube: Jigme’s testimony of Chinese torture”; Jigme, amonk of Labrang Monastery who was arrested, tortured,released and rearrested gave his testimony to foreign medias.The full text of his testimony can be viewed at http://www.unmadeinchina.org/contStd.asp?lang=en&idPag=551

48 CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BYSTATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 19 OF THE

CONVENTION, Concluding observations of the Committeeagainst Torture, CHINA, 41st Session, 3-21 November 2008,Geneva, Pg No. 8 http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/CAT.C.CHN.CO.4.pdf

49 ibid50 CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY

STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 19 OF THECONVENTION, Concluding observations of the Committeeagainst Torture, CHINA, 41st Session, 3-21 November 2008,CAT/C/CHN/CO/4 Geneva, available at http://w w w 2 . o h c h r . o r g / e n g l i s h / b o d i e s / c a t / d o c s /CAT.C.CHN.CO.4.pdf

51 China’s revision to its 1979 Criminal Procedure Law andCriminal Code entered into force on, respectively, January 1,1997 and October 1, 1997. See Tibet Information Network(TIN). Hostile Elements: A study of Political Imprisonmentin Tibet: 1987-1998, at 6 (1999)

52 China’s revised Criminal Procedure Law substitutes the crimesof “endangering state security,” “subversion,” and “attemptsto overthrow the state” for the prior crime of “counterrevolutionary” activity. But in practice, “the underlying contentof the law has remained intact and there is little evidence tosuggest that the move is anything more than an attempt tobring criminal definition in line with international norms.”.Most pertinent to Tibet are article 102 to 106, which redefineand expand the scope of crimes against the security of thestate, the new practical equivalent of “counter-revolutionary”crimes. See generally Human Rights in China and HumanRights Watch/Asia, China: Whose Security” “State Security”in China’s New Criminal Code (1997). Article 103 of the newCriminal Code is devoted expressly to crimes of “Splittism,” aprovision “clearly aimed at pro-independence movements andactivists in restive ethnic minority regions such as Tibet,Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia.” Id at 17.

53 “Committee Against Torture hears response of China“, UnitedNations Office, Geneva, 10 November 2008. Also available ath t t p : / / w w w. u n o g . c h / 8 0 2 5 6 E D D 0 0 6 B 9 C 2 E /(httpNewsByYear_en)/B2DAD5A2D673AA85C12574FD0049F039?OpenDocument

54 “Dalai lama accused of ‘ethnic splitting’”, By Mure Dickie,Financial Times, 10 November 2008, Available at http://www.f t . com/cms/s /0/b6e6b0b6-a f49-11dd-a4bf -000077b07658,dwp_uuid=9c33700c-4c86-11da-89df-0000779e2340.html

55 “Committee Against Torture hears response of China”, UnitedNations Office, Geneva, 10 November 2008. Also available ath t t p : / / w w w. u n o g . c h / 8 0 2 5 6 E D D 0 0 6 B 9 C 2 E /(httpNewsByYear_en)/B2DAD5A2D673AA85C12574FD0049F039?OpenDocument

56 SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON TORTURE HIGHLIGHTSCHALLENGES AT END OF VISIT TO CHINA, UnitedNations Press Release; 2 December 2005. For detail read ath t tp : / /www.unhchr. ch/hur i cane/hur i cane .ns f /0/677C1943FAA14D67C12570CB0034966D?opendocument

57 Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China, available athttp://www.china.org.cn/english/government/207320.htm

58 “China sentences 14 Tibetans for March unrest in Tibet;”

54


TCHRD Press Release; 3 November 2008; “Chinese courtsentences five Tibetans between 3 - 10 years imprisonment forKardze Protests;” TCHRD Press Release; 5 November 2008;“Chinese court sentences seven Tibetans between 8 years tolife Imprisonment;” TCHRD Press Release; 16 December 2008

59 Article 64 and 71 of the Chinese Criminal Procedural Lawstates, Article 64 “When detaining a person, a public securityorgan must produce a detention warrant. Within 24 hoursafter a person has been detained, his family or the unit towhich he belongs shall be notified of the reasons for detentionand the place of custody, except in circumstances where suchnotification would hinder the investigation or there is no wayof notifying them.” Whereas the article 71 of the CPL statesthat; “ When making an arrest, a public security organ mustproduce an arrest warrant. Within 24 hours after an arrest,the family of the arrested person or the unit to which hebelongs shall be notified of the reasons for arrest and the placeof custody, except in circumstances where such notificationwould hinder the investigation or there is no way of notifyingthem.

60 “Chinese court sentences five Tibetans between 3-10 yearsimprisonment for Kardze Protests” TCHRD Press Release; 5November 2008. Also available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20081105.html

61 “Youtube: Jigme’s testimony of Chinese torture”; Jigme, amonk of Labrang Monastery who was arrested, tortured,released and rearrested gave his testimony to foreign medias.The full text of his testimony can be viewed at http://www.unmadeinchina.org/contStd.asp?lang=en&idPag=551

62 Ibid63 “Tibetan Filmmaker Jigme Gyatso released from prison”

Leaving fear behind, Press Release available at http://www.leavingfearbehind.com/press-release.html

64 “Elderly Tibetan woman brutally beaten for refusing todenounce Dalai Lama”, TCHRD Press Release; 27 March 2008.

65 “A former chief of Rong Gonchen Monastery in criticalcondition” TCHRD Press Release; 18 April 2008; Available athttp://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080418.html

66 “China detains at least three Tibetans for peaceful protest inKardze, Tibet”, TCHRD Press Release; 11 June 2008; availableat http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080611.html

67 The arrestees were Gendun Gyatso, 30 years, Gyurmey, 40years old, Gelek Gyurmey, 30 years old, Sangay, 30 years old,Samten, 32 years old, Yonten, 34 years old and Thabkhey, 30years old; all given in “Tortured monk released in unstablemental condition”, TCHRD Press Release; 9 April 2008. Alsoavailable at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080409.html

68 “Tortured monk released in unstable mental condition”,TCHRD Press Release; 9 April 2008. Also available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080409.html

69 “China detains scores of nuns calling for the release of soloprotester and critically injures three monks in Kardze Protests”TCHRD Press Release; 9 June 2008; also available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080609.html

70 “China tortures and arrests two nuns of Dargay Hardu Nunneryfor peaceful protest”, TCHRD Press Release, 26 May 2008;

available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080526.html

71 “China detains scores of nuns calling for the release of soloprotester and critically injures three monks in Kardze Protests;”TCHRD Press Release; 09 June 2008; Available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080609.html

72 “A Tibetan woman succumbs to torture.” TCHRD Press Release;5 May 2008. Available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080505.html

73 “A Tibetan died of torture in Phenpo County”, TCHRD PressRelease; 2 May 2008. Available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080502.html

74 “A Tibetan died of torture in Phenpo County” TCHRD PressRelease; 02 May 2008. Available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080502.html

75 People’s Republic of China Submission to the UN UniversalPeriodic Review, Fourth session of the UPR Working Groupof the Human Rights Council February 2009; AmnestyInternational, 1 September 2008

76 Updates on Casualties in Tibet demonstrations: TibetanGovernment in Exile; 22 December 2008; http://tibet.net/en/index.php?id=645&articletype=flash&rmenuid=morenews

77 Tibetan news in English: “Tibetan Monks in Critical ConditionAfter Attempted Suicide, as Protests Mount,” Radio Free Asia,13 March 2008. Available at http://www.rfa.org/english/news/b r e a k i n g _ n e w s / t i b e t _ p r o t e s t - 2 0 0 8 0 3 1 3 . h t m l ?searchterm=None.

78 “China arrest over 572 monks from Kirti Monastery in two-day raid,” TCHRD Press Release; 1 April 2008; http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080401.html

79 “Two monks commit suicide in Amdo Ngaba”, TCHRD PressRelease; 4 April 2008

80 Ibid81 “Five Ramoche monks missing since April raid”, TCHRD Press

Release; 29 September 2008, also available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080929.html

82 “A schoolboy committed suicide to prove that there is nofreedom and Basic Human Rights in Tibet”, Press Release,Tibetan Solidarity Committee, 28 October 2008. Available athttp://www.stoptibetcrisis.net/pr281008.html

83 “Pictures of Tibetans shot dead by Chinese armed police on 3April 2008” TCHRD Press Release; 17 April 2008. Available athttp://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080417.html

84 “Eighty killed’ in Tibetan unrest”; BBC NEWS, 16 March2008; Available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7299212.stm

85 ‘‘Governor Denies Use of Lethal Force in Lhasa Riot”, By YiLing, Lin Chin, Xinhua News, 17 March 2008, available atht tp : / /news .x inhuanet .com/engl i sh/2008-03/17/content_7809010.htm ‘‘Throughout the process, [securityforces] did not carry or use any destructive weapons, but teargas and water cannons were employed,’’ Jampa Phuntsog toldreporters in Beijing.

86 “Police: 4 rioters wounded in Aba of Sichuan”, Xinhua News,21 March 2008 reported that security forces in Aba Countyfired on and wounded four Tibetan protesters on March 16.Police fired on and wounded four rioters ‘‘out of self defense”,


55

a police official said.87 “18 civilians, 1 police officer killed by Lhasa rioters”, Xinhua

News, 22 March 2008. Retrieved from http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/6378824.html

88 “Lockdown in Lhasa as Olympic torch heads for the roof ofthe world;” TIMES Online; Jane Macartney; 28 April 2008.http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article3828410.ece The article says, “China says order hasreturned to the city since the riot on March 14 in whichTibetans rampaged through the streets, stabbing and stoningethnic Han Chinese and setting fire to hundreds of shops andoffices”

89 http://info.tibet.cn/news/zfzx/dzdt/t20080414_303014.htm(In Chinese) dated 13 April 2008

90 CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BYSTATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 19 OF THECONVENTION, Concluding observations of the CommitteeAgainst Torture, CHINA, 41st Session, 3-21 November 2008,Geneva http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/CAT.C.CHN.CO.4.pdf

91 Ibid92 ‘‘Complete One-Week Update on Tibet Protests”, Tibetan

Government-in-Exile, 18 March 2008. The TGiE reports 3Tibetans shot and killed and 10 others shot and injured.

93 ‘‘Middle School Student Shot Dead in Ngaba County,’’TCHRD Press Release; 19 March 2008. ‘‘At least 23 peopleincluding as young as 16 years old student, Lhundup Tso,were confirmed dead following Chinese Armed police shotmany roundsof live ammunitions into the protesters . . . .’’

94 ‘The World Will Not Look Away.’ Demonstrations in AmdoMachu and Region,’’ TibetInfoNet, 19 March 2008.

95 ‘‘At Least Three Tibetans Shot Dead in Kardze Protest,’’TCHRD Press Release, 18 March 2008. Also available on http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080316a.html

96 ‘‘One Shot Dead and Another in Critical Condition in DrangoProtest,’’ TCHRD Press Release; 24 March 2008. Also availableat http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080324a.html

97 “China fires gunshot on peaceful protester in Kardze” TCHRDPress Release, 29 May 2008, available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080529.html

98 “At least eight shot dead in Tongkor Monastery in Kardze”,TCHRD Press Release, 5 April 2008. Also available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080405a.html

99 ‘‘Tibetans Wounded in Sichuan Protest,’’ Radio Free Asia, 5April 2008; ‘‘Troops Settle Down in China’s Restive Sichuan,’’Radio Free Asia, 5 April 2008.

100 The Tibetans who died have been identified as follows: BhuBhu Delek, age 30, Druklo Tso, age 34, Khechok Pawo, age20, Tsering Dhondup(younger), Lhego (Pet name), age 35,Kunchok Sherab, age 30, Tseyang Kyi, age 23, LobsangRinchen, age 25, Sonam Tsultrim, age 22, Thupten Sangden,age 27, former chant master from Thongkor Monastery inKardze, Tsewang Rigzin, age 38, disciplinary master, TseringDhondup (elder) age 43, Tenlo, age 32 and Kelsang Choedon,age 35. “Pictures of Tibetans shot dead b Chinese armedpolice on 3 April 2008” TCHRD Press Release dated 17 April2008

101 “At least eight shot dead in Tongkor Monastery in Kardze”TCHRD Press Release, 5 April 2008. Also available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080405a.html

102 “Riot in Tibetan-inhabited Garze leaves one official injured”,Xinhua News, 4 April 2008. Also available on http://n e w s . x i n h u a n e t . c o m / e n g l i s h / 2 0 0 8 - 0 4 / 0 4 /content_7919956.htm

103 “At least eight shot dead in Tongkor Monastery in Kardze”,TCHRD Press Release, 5 April 2008

104 “Atleast three Tibetans shot dead in Kardze Protest;” TCHRDPress Release; 18 March 2008; http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080318f.html

105 “China arrest over 572 monks from Kirti Monastery in two-day raid” TCHRD Press Release, 1 April 2008; available athttp://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080401.html

106 “Eight dead bodies brought into Ngaba Kirtim Monastery”,TCHRD Press Release, 16 March 2008.

107 “At least seven shot dead in demonstration in Ngaba County”TCHRD Press Release, 16 March 2008. Also available on http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080316a.html

108 “Middle School Student shot dead in Ngaba County”, TCHRDPress Release, 19 March 2008.

109 “One shot dead and another in critical condition in DrangoProtest”, TCHRD Press Release, 24 March 2008. http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080324a.html

110 “A Tibetan nomad shot dead in Amdo Golog, hundredsarrested”, TCHRD Press Release, 29 April 2008.

111 “A Tibetan died of torture in Phenpo County”, TCHRD PressRelease, 02 May 2008

112 “China fires gunshot on peaceful protester in Kardze” TCHRDPress Release, 29 May 2008, available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080529.html

113 Article 2 of the International Convention for the Protectionof All Person from Enforced Disappearance. Find more on theconvention at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/disappearance-convention.htm

114 Declaration on the Protection of all Persons from EnforcedDisappearance, UN General Assembly resolution 47/133 of18 December 1992; Details of the resolution can be found athttp://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/(Symbol)/A.RES.47.133.En?OpenDocument

115 United Nations Working Group on Enforced and InvoluntaryDisappearances, Fact Sheet No 6 (Rev 2), Enforced orInvoluntary Disappearances (2006)

116 Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners;Adopted by the First United Nations Congress on thePrevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, held atGeneva in 1955, and approved by the Economic and SocialCouncil by its resolution 663 C (XXIV) of 31 July 1957 and2076 (LXII) of 13 May 1977. Available at http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_comp34.htm

118 CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BYSTATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 19 OF THECONVENTION, Concluding observations of the CommitteeAgainst Torture, CHINA, 41st Session, 3-21 November 2008,Geneva http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/CAT.C.CHN.CO.4.pdf

56



120 “More cases of Enforced and Involuntary Disappearancesurfaces from Tibet”, TCHRD Press Release, 25 September2008, also available on http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080925.html

121 “More cases of Enforced and Involuntary Disappearancesurfaces from Tibet” TCHRD Press Release, 25 September 2008,also available on http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080925.html

122 “Five Ramoche monks missing since April raid”, TCHRD PressRelease, 29 September 2008 also available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080929.html

123 “Chinese court sentences seven Tibetans between 8 years tolife Imprisonment;” TCHRD Press Release, 16 December 2008;http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20081216.html

124 “A Tibetan AIDS activist disappears in Tibet” TCHRD PressRelease, 9 October 2008. Also available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20081009.html

125 “More cases of Enforced and Involuntary Disappearancesurfaces from Tibet” TCHRD Press Release, 25 September 2008,also available on http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080925.html

126 “No tourists allowed on Mount Everest torch leg”; AssociatedPresse; 10 April 2008. Retrieved from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24050770/

127 “Lockdown in Lhasa as Olympic torch heads for the roof ofthe world”; TIMES Online; By Jane Macartney; 28 April 2008;http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article3828410.ece. Also “Tensions are High as the OlympicTorch Arrives in Lhasa;” TCHRD Press Release; 20 June 2008;http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080620.html

128 “Scores of Tibetans arrested for peaceful protest in Lhasa”TCHRD Press Release, 11 March 2008; available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080311.html

129 For Olympic Charter read at http://en.beijing2008.cn/spirit/symbols/charter/index.shtml

130 Ibid131 “Falling Short: As the 2008 Olympic approach, China falters

on Press Freedom”, A publication of the Committee to ProtectJournalist, available at http://www.cpj.org/Briefings/2007/Falling_Short/China/2.html

132 http://2008.huanqiu.com/top/2008-06/131632.html (InChinese language ) and ibid

133 “Tensions are High as the Olympic Torch Arrives in Lhasa;”TCHRD Press Release; 20 June 2008; http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080620.html

134 China condemns Dalai Lama in Tibet; Reuters; By ChrisBuckley; 21 June 2008; http://www.reuters.com/article/GCA-Olympics/idUSPEK19916620080621

135 “Beijing Olympic Tibet protests: Parents defend arrestedBriton” By Richard Spencer and Peter Foster, Telegraph, 6August 2008; http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/olympics/2510709/Beijing-Olympic-Tibet-protests-Parents-

defend-arrested-Briton.html. Beijing: Five US activistsdetained after lighting up “Free Tibet” LED Throwies bannernear Olympics site, By Xini Jardin, 19 August 2008; Read athttp://www.boingboing.net/2008/08/19/beijing-activists-de.html;

136 “Beijing’s Olympic Protest Parks Quiet, Activists Deported,Journalists Detained; By Daniel Schearf;” Voice of America; 13August 2008; http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2008-08/2008-08-13-voa27.cfm; Pro-Tibet activist to be deportedafter Olympic protest; AFP, 15 August 2008; http://a f p . g o o g l e . c o m / a r t i c l e / A L e q M 5 g Z F O x Z X jOsni2z3Ftela6d9EQQ0w

137 “Two months’ ultimatum issued to the Tibetan CommunistParty members and government employees to recall theirchildren studying in exile schools.” TCHRD Press Release, 15July 2008. for detail read at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080715.html

138 Ibid139 Office of the Tibetan Reception Centre based in Dharamsala.140 Nepal Puts Everest Off Limits During China’s Olympic Torch

Relay in May; By Somini Sengupta; New York Times; 15 March2008; http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/15/world/asia/15nepal.html

141 According to news given in http://sinchew.com.my/node/66337?tid=4 (In Chinese Language) dated 1 January 2009

142 ‘‘Tibetan Monks Still Held in Qinghai,’’ Radio Free Asia(Online), 28 August 08. ‘‘The remaining 57 monks fromoutlying areas were said to have been taken from smaller Lhasamonasteries.”

143 Ibid144 “Youtube: Jigme’s testimony of Chinese torture; Full text of

his testimony can be viewed at http://www.unmadeinchina.org/contStd.asp?lang=en&idPag=551

145 “An Appeal to the Chinese People”, Private office of HisHoliness the Dalai Lama; TCHRD Press Release, 27 March2008. Read at http://www.dalailama.com/news.220.htm

146 “UN human rights expert call for restraint and transparencyas mass arrests are reported in the Tibet Autonomous Regionand surrounding areas in China”. Press Release, United Nations,10 April 2008.

147 “12 monks of Dingri Shelkar Choedhe Monastery arrested foropposing the “Patriotic re-education” campaign” TCHRD PressRelease, 31 May 2008; available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080531.html; “Monks reveal concerns aboutChinese allegations on weapons caches, views on Olympics”International Campaign for Tibet (ICT) 17 April 2008;

148 ‘‘Police Seize Weapons, Ammunition in Southwestern ChinaMonastery,’’ Xinhua News, 29 March 2008. http://n e w s . x i n h u a n e t . c o m / e n g l i s h / 2 0 0 8 - 0 3 / 2 9 /content_7881679.htm

149 “Five Ramoche monks missing since April raid”, TCHRD PressRelease, 29 September 2008, also available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080929.html

150 “A former chief of Rong Gonchen Monastery in criticalcondition” TCHRD Press Release, 18 April 2008; Available athttp://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080418.html ‘‘ TheChinese authorities have issued terse warning to the monks


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about leaking the information to the outside world followingthe severe crackdown by the Chinese authorities.’’

151 “Tibet To Reopen to Tourists on May 1,’’ Xinhua News; 3April 2008. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-04/03/content_7912583.htm

152 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ‘‘Transcript of Regular NewsConference by PRC Foreign Ministry on 12 June 2008,Moderated by Spokesman Qin Gang,’’ 12 June 08 (OpenSource Center, 12 June 08). After MFA Spokesman Qin Gangstated that the Chinese government is ‘‘not to blame’’ for theclosure of Tibetan areas to journalists following the ‘‘ ‘3.14’serious violent criminal incidents,’’ a journalist asked, ‘‘Whois to blame, then? ’’ Qin replied, ‘‘Do you really have no idea?Of course, it is the Dalai clique.’’

153 “Crying monks disrupt China‘s Tibet media tour,” Telegraph,By Richard Spencer in Beijing,. Dated 29 March 2008;Available at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1583050/Crying-monks-disrupt-China%27s-Tibet-media-tour.html

154 “Monks Disrupt Media Tour in China” The New York Times,By Jim Yardley and Jake Hooker, 10 April 2008; available athttp://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/world/as ia/10tibet.html

155 “Foreign diplomats visit Tibet amid boycott debate” AFP. 28March 2008; For details read at http://www.france24.com/en/20080328-foreign-diplomats-visit-tibet-boycott-debate-china

156 “Diplomats unhappy over restrains during Lhasa trip”Rediff.com, Raghavendra in Beijing, 29 March 2008; availableat http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/mar/29tibetrow2.htm

157 ‘‘Full Transcript of Interview with the Dalai Lama,’’ FinancialTimes, 25 May 2008. ‘‘Then stop, inside Tibet, arresting andtorture. This must stop. And then they should bring propermedical facilities. And most important, international mediashould be allowed there, should go there, and look, investigate,so the picture becomes clear.’’

158 “China says not now to Arbour visit” Human Rights Tribune,11 April 2008. More details could be read atwww.humanrights-geneva.info

159 “UN human rights expert call for restraint and transparencyas mass arrests are reported in the Tibet Autonomous Regionand surrounding areas in China”. Press Release, United Nations,10 April 2008.

160 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for HumanRights, Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, Fact SheetNo. 26.

161 The ICCPR provides that the deprivation of an individual’sliberty is permissible only ‘‘on such grounds and in accordancewith such procedure as are established by law,’’ and that anindividual must be promptly informed of the reasons for hisdetention and any charges against him or her.

162 ‘‘Door of Dialogue Still Opens to Dalai: Premier,’’ Xinhuanews, 18 March 2008. ‘‘There are ample facts and plenty ofevidence to prove that the riot in Lhasa was organized,premeditated, masterminded and incited by the Dalai Lamaclique, said Wen.’’

163 “CTA’s response to Chinese government allegations” Part Four;

Central Tibetan Administration, 14 July 2008; http://www.tibet.net/en/index.php?id=61&articletype=press

164 “Radgi sees Lhasa riot cut-throat combat”; Xinhua, dated 20March 2008. available at http://eng.tibet.cn/news/today/200803/t20080320_37712.htm

165 http://chinatibetnews.com/xizang/fazhi/2008-06/02/content_104490.htm (China’s Tibet News in ChineseLanguage dated 2 June 2008)

166 Ibid167 China detains 59 over ‘Tibet rumours’; BBC News; 25

December 2008168 “Internet portals carry images of wanted Lhasa riot suspects”

Xinhua News, 21 March 2008; available at http://n e w s . x i n h u a n e t . c o m / e n g l i s h / 2 0 0 8 - 0 3 / 2 1 /content_7833165.htm

169 “Death toll mounts as Tibet Uprising Continues: TCHRDcalls upon UN to send a Fact Finding Mission” TCHRD PressRelease, 15 March 2008. Available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080315a.html

170 “Town silent amid Chinese build-up” BBC News, MichaelBristow, dated 20 March 2008. Available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7307223.stm

171 Arrest warrants issued against 24 criminal suspects in Lhasariot, Xinhua News, 20 March 2008; available at http://engl i sh.peopledai ly.com.cn/90001/90776/90785/6377656.html

172 “953 suspects in Lhasa riots detained;” Xinhua News; 9 April2008; http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-04/09/content_7945267.htm

173 Ibid174 CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY

STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 19 OF THECONVENTION, Concluding observations of the Committeeagainst Torture, CHINA, 41st Session, 3-21 November 2008,Geneva, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/CAT.C.CHN.CO.4.pdf

175 Media tour in Gansu interrupted, resumes soon; Xinhua News;9 April 2008; http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-04/09/content_7945941.htm

176 Ibid177 381 rioters in Aba county surrender to police; Xinhua News;

25 March 2008; as reported in China Daily http://w w w. c h i n a d a i l y . c o m . c n / c h i n a / 2 0 0 8 - 0 3 / 2 5 /content_6561974.htm

178 China Tibet News, 19 March 2008. Can be read at http://www.chinatibetnews.com/xizang/lasa/2008-03/19/content_121762.htm (In Chinese)

179 Official: more than 2,200 people surrender to police afterGannan riots; Xinhua News; 9 April 2008; Available at http:// n e w s . x i n h u a n e t . c o m / e n g l i s h / 2 0 0 8 - 0 4 / 0 9 /content_7949150.htm

180 CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BYSTATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 19 OF THECONVENTION, Concluding observations of the Committeeagainst Torture, CHINA, 41st Session, 3-21 November 2008,Geneva, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/CAT.C.CHN.CO.4.pdf. IN the report Mr. Li Baodong revealed

58


that a total of 1231 people were released.181 Ibid182 “China puts ethnic-Tibetan area of Sichuan under lockdown

after protest deaths” Jane Macartney in Beijing, TIMESONLINE, 26 March 2008; available at http://w w w. t i m e s o n l i n e . c o . u k / t o l / n e w s / w o r l d / a s i a /article3617551.ece

183 “China arrests four Tibetans for protesting against festival togreet Olympics” TCHRD Press Release, 30 July 2008.

184 “China arrests 55 nuns of Pang-ri Nunnery for protesting”TCHRD Press Release, 17 May 2008; available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080517.html

185 “China arrests a popular religious figure in Kardze County,”TCHRD Press Release, 19 May 2008; Also available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080519b.html

186 “Khenpo Jigme Phuntsok, Abbot of Serthar Buddhist InstituteDies,” TCHRD Press Release, 7 January 2004; available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2004/pr20040107.html

187 “Unjust Sentence: A Special report on Trulku Tenzin Delek,”Topical Report by TCHRD, 2004. For detail read at http://www.tchrd.org/publications/topical_reports/unjust_sentence-trulku_tenzin_delek-2004/trulku.pdf

188 “Death Sentence For Bangri Rinpoche Commuted to LifeImprisonment”, TCHRD Press Release, 16 December 2004;available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2004/pr20041216.html

189 “12 monks of Dingri Shelkar Choedhe Monastery arrested foropposing the “Patriotic re-education” campaign” TCHRD PressRelease, 31 May 2008; available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080531.html

190 “China detains 32 monks in Chushul County,” TCHRD PressRelease, 9 May 2008; Available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080509a.html

191 “A Tibetan nomad shot dead in Amdo Golog; Hundredsarrested,” TCHRD Press Release, 29 April 2008, also availableat http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080429.html

192 Ibid193 “China arrest over 572 monks from Kirti Monastery in two-

day raid” TCHRD Press Release, 1 April 2008; available athttp://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080401.html

194 ibid195 Ibid196 “In solidarity, Tibetans march with prayers in Tsolho” TCHRD

Press Release, 3 April 2008; available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080403a.html

197 Ibid198 h t t p : / / w w w. x z e d u . c o m . c n / d o n g t a i / p n e w s /

20080317173436.shtml (In Chinese language)199 “Judges and Lawyers: Rioters in Lhasa unrest receive fair trial.”

Xinhua, dated 1 May 2008 http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-05/01/content_8089222.htm

200 Translation of an official Chinese news report which gave detailsof 30 Tibetans sentenced at Lhasa City Intermediate People’sCourt.( Available at http://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/news/2008/04-29/1235410.shtml) “Following trial according to lawat Lhasa City Intermediate People’s Court, verdicts have beenissued on trials of the first instance finding Basang [Pasang]

and a total of 30 defendants guilty of the crime of arson,looting, the crime of stirring up criminality, the crime ofgathering others to attack organs of the state, the crime ofobstructing public duties and the crime of theft. The defendantsBasang [Pasang], Suolang Ciren [Sonam Tsering], and Ciren[Tsering] were sentenced to life imprisonment according tolaw; the defendants Jinmei [Jigme], Gesang Bazhu [KalsangBagdro], Gema Dawa [Karma Dawa], Duojue [Dorje], Mima[Migmar], Awang Quyang [Ngawang Choeyang] and Bazhu[Bagdro] were sentenced to fixed terms of 15 years and above;the defendants Yajie [Yargyal], Qupei Zhazi [Choephel Tashi],Duoji Dajie [Dorje Dargye], Awang [Ngawang], Gesang Ciren[Kalsang Tsering], Mima [Migmar], Suolang Ciren [SonamTsering], Luoang Sangdan [Lobsang Samten], Cidan [Tseten],Peisang Zhaxi [Palsang Tashi], Laba Ciren (Sr.) [Lhakpa TseringChewa (Sr.)], Luosang Zhaxi [Lobsang Tashi], Laba Ciren[Lhakpa Tsering], Taqing [Tharchin], Tudan Jiacuo [ThubtenGyatso], Zhaxi Jiacuo [Tashi Gyatso], Gesang Dunzhu [KalsangDhondup], Danzeng Jiancai [Tenzin Gyaltsen], Gesang Nima[Kalsang Nyima] and Yixi [Yeshe] were sentenced to differentfixed terms of between three years and 14 years.

201 Ibid202 “Judges and lawyers: Rioters in Lhasa unrest received fair

trial”, Xinhua, 1 May 2008. Available at xinhuanet.com orhttp : / /news .x inhuanet .com/engl i sh/2008-05/01/content_8089222.htm

203 “17 jailed for Lhasa Violence”; Xinhua news, 29 April 2008.Available at http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-04/29/content_8073067.htm

204 “No death penalty handed down so far over Lhasa violence”.Xinhua report, Lhasa, 11 July 2008. Available on http://n e w s . x i n h u a n e t . c o m / e n g l i s h / 2 0 0 8 - 0 7 / 1 1 /content_8527795.htm

205 “No death penalty handed down so far over Lhasa violence”.Xinhua report, Lhasa, 11 July 2008. Available on http://n e w s . x i n h u a n e t . c o m / e n g l i s h / 2 0 0 8 - 0 7 / 1 1 /content_8527795.htm

206 “China revises law to limit death sentence”, Xinhua News, 31October 2006, available at http://chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-10/31/content_721226.htm

207 “China jails 17 Tibetans in a “swift and quick” courtproceeding;” TCHRD Press Release; 29 April 2008; http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080429a.html

208 Ibid and http://cn.chinaviewnews.com/doc/1006/1/1/8/100611881.html?coluid=7&kindid=0&docid=1006611881(In Chinese language)

209 “China: Tibetan Protesters Denied Fair Trial”, Human RightsWatch, 29 April 2008. Also available on http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/04/29/china-tibetan-protesters-denied-fair-trial

210 “People’s Republic of China: Tibet Autonomous Region:Access Denied” Amnesty International, 18 June 2008, alsoavailable at http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,AMNESTY,,CHN,,485f48ec2,0.html

211 “China: Free prominent Tibetan cultural figure”; Human RightsWatch, Press Release, 5 December 2008. Available at http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/12/05/china-free-prominent-


59

tibetan-cultural-figure212 “Tibet at a Turning point: The Spring Uprising and China’s

New Crackdown”; A Report by International Campaign for Tibet,2008 Pp.82

213 Ibid214 “Unfair trial and a suicide of compulsion” Tibetan Solidarity

Committee, Press Release, 17 July 2008. Also available at http://www.stoptibetcrisis.net/pr170708.html

215 Adak Kalyam is sentenced for five years for “splittism”; TibetWatch, 19 July 2008. Available at http://www.freetibet.org/campaigns/ucs-190708-adak-kalgyam-sentenced-five-years-1

216 “Two Tibetans arrested in Lithang after Patriotic educationcampaign” TCHRD Press Release, 8 October 2007, available athttp://www.tchrd.org/press/2007/pr20071008.html

217 “Adak Kalyam is sentenced for five years for “splittism”; TibetWatch, 19 July 2008. Available at http://www.freetibet.org/campaigns/ucs-190708-adak-kalgyam-sentenced-five-years-1

218 “China sentences 14 Tibetans for March unrest in Tibet”.TCHRD Press Release, 3 November 2008, also available athttp://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20081103.html

219 Ibid220 Ibid. Tsering Nyima, 21: 10 years imprisonment

Trinley Wanggyal, 21: 5 years imprisonment221 “China jails Tibetan monks convicted in bomb blast”, The

Associate Press, Gillian Wong, 14 October 2008. Available athttp://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/10/14/asia/AS-China-Tibet-Monks-Jailed.php. Also “Eight Tibetan monkssentenced to lengthy prison terms for alleged bomb blast:;”Free Tibet Campaign; 14 October 2008; The Identities of theconvicts are Gyurmey Dhondup (Ch: Jinmei Dunzhu), 28:life imprisonment Kalsang Tsering, 20: life imprisonmentDorjee Wangyal (Ch: Duoji Wangjie), 31: 15 yearsimprisonment Rinchen Gyaltsan (Ch: Renqing Jiangcun), 27:10 years imprisonment Tsewang Yeshi (Ch: Ciwang Yixi): 9years imprisonment Kunga Phuntsok (Ch: Genga Pingcuo),19:10 years imprisonment

222 “Chinese court sentences five Tibetans between 3-10 yearsimprisonment for Kardze Protests”; TCHRD Press Release, 5November 2008. Also available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20081105.html

223 TCHRD November interview224 TCHRD November Interview No 7, 2008225 “Chinese court sentences seven Tibetans between 8 years to

Life imprisonment,” TCHRD Press Release, 16 December 2008.The details of their indictment can be read on Lhasa EveningNews (Ch: Lasa Wenbao) in Chinese Language dated 8November 2008; Available at http://www.lasa-eveningnews.com.cn/epaper/uniflows/02/20081108/02_30.htm

226 A batch of 1995 and former student of SOS Tibetan Children’sVillage School, Migmar Dhondup, who have gone missingafter the March protest in Lhasa until his trial on 27 October2008. Migmar Dhondup, a commerce student who graduatedin 1995 and was originally from Dingri County (Ch: TingriXian), Shigatse Prefecture, “TAR”. Like many exile Tibetanreturnees, Migmar Dhondup work in Lhasa as tourist guidebefore his disappearance during the March Lhasa protest.

227 “Chinese court sentences seven Tibetans between 8 years toLife imprisonment,” TCHRD Press Release, 16 December 2008.The details of their indictment can be read on Lhasa EveningNews (Ch: Lasa Wenbao) in Chinese Language dated 8November 2008; Available at http://www.lasa-eveningnews.com.cn/epaper/uniflows/02/20081108/02_30.htm

228 Article 110 of the Criminal Law of the PRC states; “ Whoeverendangers national security by committing any of thefollowing acts of espionage shall be sentenced to fixed-termimprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment;if the circumstances are minor, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not morethan 10 years: (1) joining an espionage organization or acceptinga mission assigned by the organization or its agent; or (2)directing the enemy to any bombing or shelling target.”

229 Article 111 of the Criminal Law of the PRC states, “ Whoeversteals, spies into, buys or unlawfully supplies State secrets orintelligence for an organ, organization or individual outsidethe territory of China shall be sentenced to fixed-termimprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10years; if the circumstances are especially serious, he shall besentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10years or life imprisonment; if the circumstances are minor, heshall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not morethan five years, criminal detention, public surveillance ordeprivation of political rights.”

230 Lhasa Evening News (Ch: Lasa Wenbao) dated 8 November2008; can be read at http://www.lasa-eveningnews.com.cn/epaper/uniflows/02/20081108/02_30.htm (In Chineselanguage); The translated version of the report can be found athttp://www.highpeakspureearth.com/2008/12/tibetan-ngo-worker-given-life-sentence.html

231 Australian aid group says Tibet worker has been missing sinceMarch; Associated Press, 22 December 2008; as given in theInternational Herald Tribune; http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/12/22/asia/23tibet.php

232 “A Tibetan AIDS activist disappears in Tibet”, TCHRD PressRelease, 9 October 2008; available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20081009.html

233 Sichuan Court Jails Tibetans; Radio Free Asia; 20 November2008; available at http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/dartsedo-11202008090026.html

234 Chinese Court Jails More Tibetans; Radio Free Asia, 22November. Available at http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/jail-12222008165412.html

235 Under the Criminal Procedural Law (CPL) the police shouldinform the family of a detainee about their detention, arrestand place of detention within 24 hours, except where it “wouldhinder the investigation” (article 64 and 71).

236 A reminder to China that the world has not forgotten Tibet;The Independent, By Clifford Coonan, Wednesday, 12 March2008. Lhasa Evening News (Ch: Lasa Wenbao) dated 8November 2008; can be read at http://www.lasa-eveningnews.com.cn/epaper/uniflows/02/20081108/02_30.htm (In Chinese language); The translated version ofthe report can be found at http://www.highpeakspure

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earth.com/2008/12/tibetan-ngo-worker-given-life-sentence.html

237 “Sentences for 55 people handed down so far over Lhasaviolence”, Xinhua report, 4 November 2008, Also available onhttp : / /news .x inhuanet .com/engl i sh/2008-11/04/content_10307184.htm

238 “No death penalty handed down so far over Lhasa violence”.Xinhua report, Lhasa, dated 11 July 2008. Available on http:// n e w s . x i n h u a n e t . c o m / e n g l i s h / 2 0 0 8 - 0 7 / 1 1 /content_8527795.htm


240 “No death penalty handed down so far over Lhasa violence”.Xinhua report, Lhasa, dated 11 July 2008. Available on http:// n e w s . x i n h u a n e t . c o m / e n g l i s h / 2 0 0 8 - 0 7 / 1 1 /content_8527795.htm

241 Bassang, a monk of Toelung Dechen County, and SonamNorbu, a driver of Lhasa real estate company were sentencedto life on 29 April 2008; “17 jailed for Lhasa Violence”; Xinhuanews, 29 April 2008. Available at http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-04/29/content_8073067.htm ; “Eight Tibetanmonks sentenced to lengthy prison terms for alleged bombblast:;” Free Tibet Campaign; 14 October 2008; The Identitiesof the convicts are Gyurmey Dhondup (Ch: Jinmei Dunzhu),28 and Kalsang Tsering, 20 sentenced to life imprisonment;Kalbah sentenced to life “Unfair trial and a suicide ofcompulsion” Tibetan Solidarity Committee, Press Release, 17July 2008. Also available at http://www.stoptibetcrisis.net/pr170708.html; Wangdu, HIV/AIDS activist sentenced tolife on 27 October 2008; “Chinese court sentences sevenTibetans between 8 years to Life imprisonment,” TCHRDPress Release, 16 December 2008.

242 “Death Sentence For Bangri Rinpoche Commuted to LifeImprisonment” TCHRD Press Release; 16 December 2004;Available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2004/pr20041216.html

243 Save Trulku Tenzin Delek; A Special Information brochure byTibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy. Availableat http://www.tchrd.org/publications/brochures/trulku_tenzin_delek-brochure.pdf

244 “Ronggye A’drak and others sentenced to lengthy prison termsbetween three to ten years” TCHRD Press Release; 20November 2007. Available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2007/pr20071120.html

245 Ibid246 Ibid247 “Chinese Lawyers suppressed for offering legal service to

Tibetans” www.tibet.net, Central Tibetan Administration,dated 12 May 2008

248 Ibid249 Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China, available at

http://www.china.org.cn/english/government/207320.htm250 “Committee Against Torture hears response of China”, United

Nations Office, Geneva, 10 November 2008. Also available at

h t t p : / / w w w. u n o g . c h / 8 0 2 5 6 E D D 0 0 6 B 9 C 2 E /(httpNewsByYear_en)/B2DAD5A2D673AA85C12574FD0049F039?OpenDocument

251 The Dalai Lama’s Special Envoy Lodi Gyari and Envoy KelsangGyaltsen met on May 4, 2008, in Shenzhen city, Guangdongprovince, for an ‘‘informal meeting’’; On July 1 and 2, 2008,the Dalai Lama’s envoys met in Beijing with UFWD officials,including UFWD Head Du Qinglin, for the seventh round offormal dialogue; The eight round of talk was held betweenOct. 31 to November 5 at Beijing with UFWD Vice MinisterSithar and Pema Triley, Executive Vice Chairman of the TibetAutonomous Region

252 “China says no progress in talks with Dalai envoys;” AFP; 9November 2008; available at http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jUGZTqBXFfsV6rpfIwZwF5MRXoxw. Also refer to“Dalai Lama accepts ‘failure’ over Tibet talks with China;” ByDanielle Demetriou, Telegraph; 3 November 2008, Availableat http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/3370349/Dalai-Lama-accepts-failure-over-Tibet-talks-with-China.html

253 ‘‘Statement by Special Envoy of His Holiness the Dalai Lama,Kasur Lodi Gyaltsen Gyari,’’ Tibetan Government-in-Exile, 8May 2008

254 “China says not now to Arbour visit” Human Rights Tribune,11 April 2008. More details could be read atwww.humanrights-geneva.info

255 “UN human rights expert call for restraint and transparencyas mass arrests are reported in the Tibet Autonomous Regionand surrounding areas in China”. United Nations Press Release,10 April 2008.

256 “China still open to Tibet dialogue: govt;” AFP; 12 December2008; Retrieved from http://www.google.com/hostednews/a fp/ar t i c l e /ALeqM5hCFbUYPAjzAfEQuHkvXKbHw6GK9Q

257 “Dalai Lama Calls for International Probe Into Tibet Protests;”By Anjana Pasricha, Voice of America News; 17 March 2008;http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2008-03/2008-03-17-voa15.cfm?CFID=83265219&CFTOKEN=96389444

258 Tibetan Solidarity Committee; The Tibetan Government inexile; Press Statement, 5 April 2008; http://www.stoptibetcrisis.net/pr050408.html

259 “UN human rights expert call for restraint and transparencyas mass arrests are reported in the Tibet Autonomous Regionand surrounding areas in China”. United Nations Press Release,10 April 2008; Amnesty International; 15 March 2008; http://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/tibet-protests-independent-un-investigation-needed-20080315

260 “Death toll mounts as Tibet Uprising Continues: TCHRDcalls upon UN to send a Fact Finding Mission” TCHRD PressRelease; 15 March 2008; available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080315a.html

61

Introduction

In opposition to the rights promised by the People’sRepublic of China’s (PRC) constitution and by theinternational community, freedom of informationis systematically restricted in China. While the PRCpromised to relax their usual control and censor-ship over various forms of communication in 2008,no such reform was introduced. China’s Olympicyear has passed and Chinese citizens remain with-out the basic human right to freely transmit infor-mation.

The PRC’s strict policing of information allows thegovernment to maintain control over thought inChina and Tibet. By preventing individuals frombeing able to freely investigate stories on Chinesesoil, the PRC stops information regarding their ille-gal and often inhuman practices from being discov-ered. By censoring what information citizens canreceive, the PRC is able to promote pro-Chineseviewpoints and to repress reports critical of theiradministration. By preventing citizens from airingtheir own opinions, the PRC is better able to por-tray Chinese citizens as faithful to the communistregime.

In all, this control allows the PRC to manipulateinformation so that the government’s rule in Tibetseems both legitimate and supported by Tibetans.Those who support the PRC and the PRC’s prac-tices are made to look more numerous while dissi-dents are portrayed as a few ‘splitists’ who are at-

tacking an ideal government. This section of thereport will aim to highlight the practices used byChina to turn information into propaganda, willexpose specific instances of these practices being putinto action, and will address the legality of such ac-tions.

International and DomesticStandards for the Right toInformation

Establishing the importance of the right to infor-mation, the United Nations passed a resolutionduring the first General Assembly which stated that“freedom of information is a fundamental humanright and is the touchstone of all the freedoms towhich the United Nations is consecrated.”1 Indeed,it is a fundamental right because only through thefree flow of information can citizens be aware oftheir rights and of the issues to which these rightsapply.

The importance of free information was furtherfortified on 10 December, 1948 when the UnitedNations adopted the Universal Declaration of Hu-man Rights (UDHR). Article 19 of the declarationexplicitly grants individuals “the right to freedomof opinion and expression,” a right which includesthe “freedom [...] to seek, receive, and impart infor-mation and ideas through any media and regardlessof frontiers.”2 This definition of freedom of infor-mation was also made legally binding for the mem-

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ber states of the International Covenant on Civiland Political Rights (ICCPR) which contains its ownarticle 19, an essential replica of article 19 of theUDHR.

An additional list of demands on freedom of infor-mation regimes was put forth in the United Na-tions Educational, Scientific and CulturalOrganization’s (UNESCO) “Declaration on Fun-damental Principles concerning the Contribution ofthe Mass Media to Strengthening Peace and Inter-national Understanding, to the Promotion of Hu-man Rights and to Countering Racialism, Apart-heid and Incitement to War.”3 Among this list arethe principles that:

Access by the public to information should be guar-anteed by the diversity of the sources and means ofinformation available to it.Journalists must have freedom to report and thefullest possible facilities of access to information.It is essential that journalists and other agents of themass media, in their own country or abroad, be as-sured of protection guaranteeing them the best con-ditions for the exercise of their profession.

These precedents have clearly defined the right toinformation. By contrasting these principles againstthe reality in China today, it is clear that China’scitizens lack freedom of information for which thePRC’s stringent policies are to blame.

The PRC has outwardly accepted the importanceof freedom of information by supporting interna-tional standards regarding the right (China is a mem-ber state of UNESCO and has signed, but not rati-fied, the ICCPR).4 Section 35 of Constitution ofthe People’s Republic of China further promises that“citizens of the People’s Republic of China enjoyfreedom of speech, of the press, of assembly of as-sociation of procession and of demonstration.”5

Clearly, both the International community andChina recognize that citizens should have the rightto freedom of information. In practice, however,formal and informal censorship techniques (justi-fied by a liberal interpretation of national security)are used to limit freedom of information in Chinain each of the three areas recognized by the Univer-sal Declaration of Human Rights to constitute free-dom of information:

1. The right to seek information;2. The right to receive information;3. The right to impart information.

The combination of various policies work to effec-tively impose restrictions in these three areas.Whereas the right to seek information includes therights of journalists and citizens to have access togovernment documents and the right to conductinvestigations, the PRC allows embodies little trans-parency and frequently restricts journalists’ move-ments. Whereas the right to receive informationmeans the right to freely access factual information,the PRC scrambles radio transmissions from non-Chinese sources and utilizes a sophisticated censor-ship system to prevent access to the Internet.Whereas the right to impart information entails thefreedom to print or broadcast without without priorpermission, the PRC utilizes a complex bureaucraticcensorship hierarchy to hold journalists accountablefor following predetermined, state held positionson news events, and prevents individuals from dis-seminating information by jamming cellular phones,cutting phone lines, and confiscating computers.

National Security and StateSecrets

Chinese national and state security laws are essentialto repressing freedom of information as they oftenserve as the legal basis for arresting dissidents andcensoring information; however, a little analysis suf-

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fices to show that the Chinese interpretations ofnational security and state secrets are illegal.

As explained in a report published by the US Con-gressional-Executive Commission on China(CECC), China commonly exploits national secu-rity and state secrets laws to punish those who man-age to overcome the restrictions placed on freedomof information:

Prosecuting individuals for national security viola-tions, in particular subversion, is currently the mostcommon method used by Chinese authorities forsilencing those who, in spite of the legal, political,psychological, and technological barriers that au-thorities have erected to prevent Chinese citizensfrom expressing their opinions, nevertheless attemptto exercise their right to publish their political views.6

The legal basis for the PRC’s interpretation of its“national security” comes from articles 102 through112 of Chinese Criminal Law.7 Of these 10 ar-ticles, article 105 (which criminalizes “subversionof the national regime”) and article 111 (whichcriminalizes “providing state secrets or intelligenceto an organization, institution, or personnel out-side the country”) are most commonly used as a le-gal base to imprison dissenters.8

The PRC relies on a broad interpretation of “sub-version” and “state secrets” to be able to apply theaforementioned aspects of Chinese Criminal law toa boundless number of citizens and situations. Allopinions, expressed or held, which contradict theofficial PRC position on any issue are viewed as sub-versive, and any information which directly or indi-rectly concerns the PRC’s governing (regardless ofthe content of that information) is viewed as a statesecret. The implications of these overly wide inter-pretations of “subversion” and “state secrets” are againexplained by the Congressional-Executive Commis-sion on China:

Chinese laws require that anyone intending to dis-close information relating to state secrets, nationalsecurity, or the nation’s leaders must get prior gov-ernment authorization. The law then defines theseterms to encompass all forms of information per-taining to politics, economics, and society. The gov-ernment therefore has the right to censor any infor-mation on these topics, and anyone who publishessuch information without prior authorization hasviolated the law, regardless of the actual contents oftheir writings.9

The ability to prosecute individuals for communi-cating such a wide range of information is essentialto China’s ability to more completely limit freedomof information.

While the ICCPR cemented a State’s right to im-pose limitations to the free flow of information byrecognizing that the right could “be subject to cer-tain restrictions,” exploration of when these restric-tion may be legally imposed illustrates that the PRC’sapplication of exemptions stands in direct opposi-tion to accepted international standards.10

The question of what constitutes a legal freedom ofinformation restriction for national security reasonswas outlined in the Johannesburg Principles, a docu-ment produced “by a group of experts in interna-tional law, national security, and human rights” andendorsed by the UN Special Rapporteur on the pro-motion and protection of the right to freedom ofopinion and expression. Among these principles arethe tenets that :

Any restriction on expression or information mustbe prescribed by law. The law must be accessible,unambiguous, drawn narrowly and with precisionso as to enable individuals to foresee whether a par-ticular action is unlawful.11

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Any restriction on expression or information that agovernment seeks to justify on grounds of nationalsecurity must have the genuine purpose and demon-strable effect of protecting a legitimate national se-curity interest.12

The enumerable and undefined actions that the PRCconsiders to pose a threat to Chinese national secu-rity are neither unambiguously prescribed by lawnor have a genuine purpose of protecting nationalsecurity. Rather, the PRC uses national security lawsas a means to prosecute any individual who upsetsthe PRC’s totalitarian regime. This reality degradesthe state of freedom of information in China andoffers the PRC an effective, albeit illegal, tool insuppressing Chinese citizens’ expression.

The Right to Seek Information

The right to seek information entails that journal-ists are allowed to gather information through theirown investigations and that individuals have accessto government records. The PRC denies citizensthe right to seek information by both preventingforeign and national journalists from conductingobjective reporting and by avoiding transparency inits governing. These restrictions allow the PRC topromote an image of their government as a humanebody which does not have to rely on force to gov-ern Tibet.

Restrictions on Domestic Journalists

Domestic journalists in China do not have the free-dom to conduct objective investigations which areensured by a general freedom to information. Asnoted by Reporters Without Borders, The Propa-ganda Department in China recently released a glos-sary to explain to domestic journalists how to com-ply with “the rules of discipline set up for news.”Among the defined terms are “Reporting banned,”

which means “it is forbidden to write a report onthis subject and “Don’t send a reporter,” which meansjournalists only have “permission to publish thestandard article from the Xinhua agency or to copythe reports [...] from a local media”.13 This pub-lished report demonstrates that far from support-ing freedom of information, China systematicallyrestricts a reporter’s freedom.

An unfortunate array of stories have been off limitsto domestic reporters under these reporting bans.These reporting bans, however, are only a secondlevel restriction when compared to other censorshiptechniques in place in the PRC. Regardless of if anews story is off limits to Chinese reporters, anyinvestigation (whether sanctioned or not) will havenegative consequences for the journalist if the re-search leads to a publication that China findstroublesome.

Emphasizing this fact is the case of Tsering Woeser,an important Tibetan writer and blogger who wasdetained in Lhasa for eight hours on 21 August fortaking pictures of the police presence in the city.14

Woeser’s husband, speaking on his wife’s behalf,explained that the police required Woeser to deleteall of the photographs she had taken despite the factthat the pictures were taken legally and of publicspaces. Woeser’s detainment shows that regardlessof what official position regarding journalism ex-ists, regulations can be ignored and the right to seekinformation can be eroded.

Restrictions on Foreign Journalists

While reporting bans have a measured significancefor domestic reporters who are controlled by a vastand often overlapping system of freedom of infor-mation repression, foreign journalists (who are lesssubject to Chinese criminal law) are subject to agreater degree to China’s treatment of journalists.Unfortunately, while China has outwardly commit-


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ted itself to relaxing restrictions on foreign journal-ists, obstacles still remain for those who want totravel in China and report freely.

Demonstrating their promise to promote openness,in October 2008, the PRC transformed temporaryrules set up during the Olympics to foster betterflow of information into permanent laws. Makingit easier for foreign journalists to travel and reportin China, journalists are no longer required to regis-ter for permission to conduct interviews and nolonger need to be accompanied on these interviews.In addition, journalists need permission to travel toa smaller number of areas in China; although, they“still need to ask for permission to do reporting inTibet and other areas that are off-limits to foreignreporters.”15

These policies, however, did little to improve thesituation for foreign journalists during the Olym-pics and have proved to have little value now thatthey have been made into law. As reported by Hu-man Rights Watch, during the Olympics, foreignjournalists were subjected to “systematic surveillance,obstruction, intimidation of sources, and pressureon local assistants.”16 These realities made the open-ness promised by the Chinese during the Olympicselusive.

The PRC continues to use similar tactics to repressfree reporting. A July 2008 survey conducted bythe Foreign Correspondents Club of China foundthat forty percent of 163 reporters had experiencedsome form of interference since the new press regu-lations were put into place, “including intimidationof sources, detentions, surveillance, official repri-mands, and even violence against foreign correspon-dents, their staff and sources”.17

These restrictions on foreign press freedoms wererepeatedly put into place during 2008. Following abloody attack on paramilitary forces in the Uighur

populated region of Kashgar, foreign journalists inthe area were harassed and prevented from seekingobjective information and evidence. The AFP re-ported that the “police entered an AFPphotographer’s hotel room and forced him to de-lete photos he had taken of the scene.”18 The samejournalists, as also reported by AFP, were followedby plainclothes police as they moved around the area,a tactic often used by China to keep reporters awarethat their presence is unwelcome.

In limiting the freedom to seek information, thePRC also relies on intimidating sources so that theywill be less likely to speak with foreign correspon-dents. Demonstrating the specific consequences thatsources face, a foreign correspondent in Beijing ex-plains:

When I returned to Beijing, I was told by my sourcethat she had been fired because of [local] govern-ment pressure [because] it had gotten angry withthe [international poverty relief group] and it was [achoice] of either firing her or closing down their[operations]. The problem for me now is that inthis case we did ask for [official] permission [forinterviews] and it was granted…and they told meclearly that regulations allow foreign journalists tointerview whomever they want, if the other sideconsents. But for this woman, [that interviewmeans] she has lost her job.19

Sources are also threatened with charges of subver-sion and divulging national secrets if they are quotedas saying anything that the PRC finds unflatteringto its regime. Often, the interviews themselves areused as evidence to land the sources in prison.

The possible consequences that sources face forspeaking freely also encourage conscientious report-ers to practice self-censorship in order to protect theirinterviewees. As one correspondent in Beijing de-scribes:

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Sources aren’t secure at all… [the authorities] cantake out [their revenge] on the people who workfor you, who show you the way. Those potentialreprisals set the bar for [television] reporting uncom-fortably high because it’s very hard to assess beforeyou go in whether or not a story is ‘worth it’ [interms of risk to sources]. In order for me to do astory, I need to individualize it, to focus on one per-son who tells a story which can resonate with people,but under the current circumstances I can no longerdo that.20

Intimidating sources is effective in both preventingcitizens from granting interviews and in discourag-ing reporters from publishing the interviews theyare granted. It is another method used by the PRCto to create comprehensive restrictions to the free-dom to information and degrades the existence of abasic human right in China.

In all, the Foreign Correspondents Club of China(FCCC) has reported 178 cases of journalist inter-ference from 1 January to 2 December, 2008.Coupled with the even harsher climate for domes-tic journalists in the country, journalists are barredfrom freely seeking information in China and thePRC is therefore more able to limit the freedom ofinformation within its borders.

Restrictions on Foreign Journalists inTibet

The climate for foreign journalists has been evenless welcoming for reporters who want to travel toTibet. While journalists are officially allowed totravel in China without special permits, travel tothe TAR requires permission from the Ministry ofForeign Affairs (MOFA). Applying for a permit isa cumbersome process and is therefore used to pre-vent journalists from conducting research in Tibet.

Even when permits are granted, however, foreignjournalists cannot report freely. During their re-search, journalists with official permission from theMOFA to report in Tibet have been “blocked attimes by local officials and correspondents, [...] facedmicro-managed schedules which interfered with in-dependent reporting, and the constant presence ofofficial guides or minders who intimidated poten-tial local sources.”21

These methods of obstructing foreign investigationswere utilized after protests broke out in Lhasa on10 March. Two days after the demonstrationsstarted, China stopped issuing “TAR” travel permitsto journalists and expelled over 25 correspondentswho were already in the area.22 The methods ofexpulsion included confining Hong Kong based tele-vision crews to their hotels in Lhasa until they couldbe flown out of the “TAR” and threatening otherjournalists with the revocation of their official pressaccreditation if they did not leave Lhasa on theirown accord.23

James Miles, a China correspondent for the Econo-mist, was on a state sanctioned visit to Lhasa at thetime and was allowed to stay until the scheduledend of his trip; however, Miles believes he was al-lowed to stay because the Chinese enjoyed his re-ports of Tibetan violence against Han Chinese anddid not want the bad press associated with expellingan officially permitted journalist.24

Once Miles left Lhasa, it was not until 26 Marchthat foreign reporters were able to re-enter the area,but they were only allowed to enter as part of a gov-ernment arranged, three-day trip. The reporters wereescorted around the city by official PRC representa-tives and, although not directly barred from leavingtheir hotels at night, they were “discouraged” fromspending time on their own in Lhasa. As one re-porter on the trip describes, the journalists were notallowed to report freely and were instead shown a


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carefully planned view of Lhasa which followed theparty line:

Everything we’ve been shown is isolated to fit a nar-rative that [the Chinese authorities] have con-structed. We all came in here with our eyes open.We know there’s an attempt to use us to convey aparticular representation.25

Since then, access to the “TAR” for foreign journal-ists has consisted mainly of a few state-organizedtrips. During these trips, the presence of securityofficials intimidated possible sources into withhold-ing their accounts of Chinese violence and preventedjournalists from freely seeking information.26

Beyond the restrictions within Lhasa, the Ministryof Foreign Affairs closed areas “including the TibetAutonomous Region (TAR), about half of Sichuanprovince, and parts of Qinghai, Gansu, and Yunnanprovinces.”27 Reporters were stopped when board-ing flights to these various areas in Western Chinaand turned back at checkpoints along roads into re-gions where uprisings had taken place.28 When askedabout the restrictions to correspondents’ travel inChina, Foreign Ministry Spokesman Qin Gang’responded vaguely:

Given the circumstances in some areas, Chinese law-enforcement authorities have the right to take spe-cial measures in line with the law. And I hope thepress and journalists would understand this and co-operate with them. You just said that the Regula-tions allow free reporting by foreign journalists inChina, however, there is no absolute freedom any-where in the world. Besides, Article One of the Regu-lations stipulates that these Regulations are formu-lated to facilitate reporting activities by foreign jour-nalists in China in accordance with the laws of thePeople’s Republic of China. We hope foreign jour-nalists abide by Chinese laws and relevant regula-tions.29

For reporters who did manage to make it into Ti-betan areas deemed “sensitive,” Public Security Bu-reaus in those regions restricted movement by ex-plicitly mandating where taxi drivers could take for-eigners and by intimidating personal drivers to en-sure that they would not take their passengers any-where they could gather relevant information from:

“Police in these provinces also openly pressured sometaxi drivers to limit the destinations to which theywould take foreign correspondents. A Beijing-basedforeign correspondent who successfully traveledoverland from Lijang to Zhongdian in Yunnan prov-ince discovered that police who had waved himthrough a checkpoint into Zhongdian had instructedthe driver to ignore the correspondent’s destinationrequests, and instead drop him off at the local head-quarters of the Public Security Bureau.30

The FCCC reported 30 instances of reporting ob-structions in the nine days following the TibetanUprising alone.31 These cases of interference includedbarring ABC News crews from filming Tibetanneighborhoods in Chengdu and turning multiplereporters away at checkpoints into areas such as Xiaheand Linxia. Some of these journalists had their foot-age confiscated and reviewed, had their passport in-formation recorded, and were trailed after their en-counters with Police.

When Stephanie Sy, one of the journalists who en-countered such interference, informed the police ofthe rules set up for the Olympics which gave for-eign reporters permission to report freely, the police“simply shrugged and hailed [them] a taxi.”32

The limitations posed by the PRC coupled withgeographical challenges present harsh challenges toreporting in Tibet. Jonathan Watts of the U.K.newspaper The Guardian summarizes the difficul-ties nicely:

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[The] trouble has been breaking out hundreds ofmiles apart in an area roughly the size of WesternEurope. Chasing the incidents is like racing fromLondon to Zurich to Lisbon, while trying to dodgethe police and avoid putting sources in danger atthe same time. In the past seven days, we have takenseven flights, been driven for 30 hours and covereda distance roughly equivalent to 10 times the lengthof Britain. Security restrictions haven’t helped. I havetwice woken-up before dawn to avoid checkpointson six-to-eight hour journeys that ultimately endedin failure, when the police stopped me, found I wasa journalist and sent me back.33

Foreign Journalists were also barred from reportingabout events unrelated to the Uprisings to ensurethat the information blockade was comprehensive.This included banning correspondents from Tibetanregions of Sichuan after an 8.0 magnitude earth-quake occurred in the province in 2008.34 Whilejournalists were able to freely report in the Chineseregions, the Tibetan areas remained closed so thatmedia could not learn about the human rights abusesthat occurred in the region following the MarchUprising:

The government is allowing the foreign media aremarkable and unprecedented level of freedom inSichuan,” Reporters Without Borders said. “Itshould be extended to the Tibetan regions whichthe international press has not been able to visit freelysince the Lhasa riots on 14 March. The governmentis clearly trying to prevent the foreign media fromconfirming the few reports emerging about arrestsof Tibetans and reeducation campaigns being car-ried out since then.35

As noted by Amnesty international, “The sealingoff of Tibetan-populated areas of Western China bythe authorities makes it impossible [...] to confirmthe details of reported human rights violations.”36

This commitment to preventing the internationalcommunity from discovering what occurred in Ti-

betan regions of China following the March pro-tests ultimately prevented foreign journalists frombeing able to investigate the extent of damage causedby the earthquakes in Tibetan areas of China. Con-sequently, estimates of the number of Tibetan liveslost in the quakes range from 100 – 2871.37

China also forbade journalists from covering theOlympic torch’s passage through Lhasa to preventinformation regarding the Uprisings from reachingforeign audiences.38 The army presence in Lhasawas stepped up in preparation for the passage andindividuals, including foreign tourists, were confinedto their homes during the ceremony and ordered tokeep their windows shut and covered.39 Accordingto Lhasa residents, the restrictions were put in placebecause “the level of security in the streets and theabsence of an audience along the route made it tooembarrassing to show.”40 Like the Sichuan Earth-quake, the Olympic torch coverage was limited toensure the foreign journalists remained barred fromentering Lhasa.

Surely, if the situation for foreign journalists report-ing in China is bad, the situation in Tibet is worse.Reporters who covered the March rioting in the“TAR” received death threats from Chinese citizenswho were angered by “biased” western reporting andwere presented by the PRC with a host of previ-ously discussed obstacles to conducting their dutyas journalists.41 The willingness of the MOFA toignore Chinese regulations regarding foreign report-ing is highly unfortunate and a legitimate freedomto seek information in the area cannot exist untilChina abides by their own laws and regulations.

Open Government Systems

Beyond providing journalists with a positive envi-ronment to conduct investigations, freedom to seekinformation also entails that governments be trans-parent and that citizens have access to public docu-


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ments. The PRC outwardly recognized the impor-tance of government transparency by passing “TheOpen Government Information Regulation” onMay 1, 2008; however, only time will tell if theregulation has any true positive effect.

The regulation calls for local governments to bothrelease information on their own accord and to es-tablish systems to make information available tocitizens by request. The scope of what informationshould be available to the public is broad and in-cludes “information that involves the vital interestsof citizens, legal persons or other organizations.”42

Unfortunately, the definition of what informationshould not be disclosed is equally broad. Article 8of the regulation prohibits disseminating any infor-mation that may endanger “state security, public se-curity, economic security and social stability.”

If the past is any indication of how broad defini-tions of state security can be used to limit the freeflow of information in China, the Open Govern-ment Information Regulation will have little realeffect. Indeed, the consequences of broad restric-tions on open government systems have been notedby the special rapporteur on the promotion and pro-tection of the right to freedom of opinion and ex-pression, a position established by the UN as awatchdog for freedom of information abuses.

The rapporteur has endorsed a set of principles re-garding freedom of information among which isthe principle that:

A refusal to disclose information may not be basedon the aim to protect Governments from embar-rassment or the exposure of wrongdoing; a com-plete list of the legitimate aims which may justifynon disclosure should be provided in the law andexceptions should be narrowly drawn so as to avoidincluding material which does not harm the legiti-mate interest.43

The Chinese system encompasses no list of “legiti-mate aims which may justify non disclosure,” andthe exceptions to freedom of information are farfrom “narrowly drawn.” While the choice can al-ways be made to apply a liberal interpretation ofwhat should constitute an exception, until the Chi-nese freedom of information system more closelyadheres to the principles advocated for by the spe-cial rapporteur, individuals’ abilities to seek infor-mation from the government will remain limited.

By placing limitations on foreign and domestic jour-nalists, and by utilizing an open government infor-mation system which allows information to be re-stricted under broad definitions of state security, thePRC prevents individuals from having the genuine-ness to seek information in China. Limiting theright to seek information serves to keep the PRC’sdisregard for human rights from being seen by theinternational community. Therefore, China is bet-ter able to portray itself as a legitimate governmentwhich is supported by the people rather than themilitary. Without the right to both conduct inde-pendent investigations and to have access to gov-ernment records, a right to seek information can-not exist. As long as this reality exists, the PRC willcontinue to manipulate information to present it-self as the rightful ruler of Tibet.

The Right to ReceiveInformation

As recognized by the United Nations Special Rap-porteur on the right to freedom of opinion and ex-pression, true freedom of information also entailsthat citizens have the right to receive objective in-formation through any medium. To prevent indi-viduals in China from enjoying this right, the Chi-nese government jams radio programs that are broad-cast in Tibetan and utilizes the world’s most com-plex censorship system to prevent free access to the

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Internet. This media embargo – combined withthe efficacy of the Government’s media monopoly– prevents individuals throughout the TAR andmainland China from having access to various formsof information. It is a degraded freedom to receiveinformation which allows the PRC to present itscitizens solely with information that is favorable toits regime and which promotes its political goals.

Radio in Tibet

For many Tibetans who are either illiterate or lackaccess to a television, radio broadcasts are an essen-tial source of news and information. Unfortunately,stations such as Radio Free Asia (RFA), Voice ofAmerica (VOA), and Voice of Tibet (VOT), whichbroadcast in the Tibetan language, are routinelyjammed in cities in the “TAR” and throughoutmainland China.

Ngabö Jigme, the director of the RFA Tibetan Ser-vice, explains the censorship of RFA in an interviewwith a correspondent from Phayul.com:

Since about 1999 China started jamming radio sig-nals and then it was difficult to listen to our radioin many parts of Tibet, particularly in big towns.Many people informed us, we tried to change fre-quencies and add frequencies but the obstructionwas also becoming bigger and so we were losingmany listeners.44

Voice of America, like RFA, is also subject to jam-ming in China. In a statement to the Congressional-Executive Commission on China, Joan Mower, (thecommunications coordinator for the agency whichoversees both VOA and RFA) attributed 25% ofthe cost of broadcasting to China to measures aimedat overcoming Chinese jamming.45 As recognizedby Mower, the frequency jamming is an obstacle to“getting through to the Chinese people” which makesit difficult to accomplish their mission to “promote

and sustain freedom and democracy by broadcast-ing accurate and objective news and information.”46

In line with the general commitment to relax cen-sorship for the 2008 Olympics, China promised tostop jamming radio signals; however, the countryfailed to live up to it’s promise. Voice of Tibet ac-tually saw a decrease in it’s availability due to jam-ming during the Olympics. The Norway based sta-tion reports that around 100 antennae were installedin Tibet to jam the three short-wave frequencies thatare internationally registered by VOT, a measurewhich supplemented the eight jamming-broadcastswhich are already in use throughout China to makethe station inaudible.47

Indeed, although they promised to respect the freeflow of information during the Olympics, severalradio stations remained inaccessible in China due towhat the PRC has labeled “technical problems.” Inreality, China further proves a lack of commitmentto establishing freedom of information by its suc-cessful attempts to prevent several radio stationsfrom broadcasting in China.

Internet Censorship

While China has faced little criticism for jammingradio stations, the complex Internet censorship sys-tem dubbed “the Great Firewall of China” that thePRC uses to restrict free access to information onthe web has sparked international concern for thestate of human rights in China. In addition to tech-nologically based Internet restrictions, the PRC alsorelies on business partnerships and vague definitionsof state security to suppress the right to receive in-formation via the Internet that is enjoyed by freecitizens. As China ranks second to the US in thenumber of Net-using citizens with 210 millionInternet users, these restrictions affect an unfortu-nate number of individuals.48


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Internet service in China is provided by nine state-run Internet Access Providers (IAPs) which connectthe Internet in China to the global Internet back-bone. These connections are bought by InternetService Providers (ISPs) who then sell the Internetaccess to individual Internet users. The connectionsbetween IAPs and ISPs, and between ISPs and indi-vidual users, are established through a system of rout-ers. It is at the router level that censorship first takesplace.49

The same technology that is used to block certainURLs (websites) to prevent the spread of viruses canalso be used to block information that is deemed tobe “subversive” from passing through IAP routers.Furthermore, the Ministry of Information Indus-try (MII), which oversees all ISPs in China, ensuresthat the Internet Service Providers block sensitiveinformation by holding the ISPs legally responsiblefor any information they display. Any ISP that doesnot follow the MII regulations risks having theiroperating license revoked and possible imprisonmentof its staff.50

This system enables China to block thousands ofURLs which are related to issues such as Tibetanindependence, human rights, and democracy. In astudy conducted by the OpenNet Initiative, Chinawas found to be blocking nearly 2000 websites in-cluding the websites for Amnesty International,CNN, and several blog hosting sites.51 The samereport found the censorship to be so severe thatwebsites which do not contain any sensitive mate-rial are also restricted due to “over-blocking” (forexample, falu.com, a website selling machines whichmanufacture cotton swabs, was censored for havinga similar name to the Falun Gong movement, abanned religious group).52

Again, in preparation for the Beijing Olympics, theChinese government promised to relax these restric-tions and to give citizens true access to the WorldWide Web; unfortunately, this didn’t happen. Af-ter foreign journalists in Beijing reported not beingable to access Amnesty International’s website as wellas several news websites, IOC press commissionchairman Kevan Gosper admitted that IOC offi-cials agreed to let let the PRC to censor certainwebsites during the Olympics on 30 July 2008.53

By meticulously documenting Internet users’ behav-ior, the PRC further limits what information is avail-able to citizens in China as Internet users must con-duct self censorship to avoid being punished forbreaking vague Internet laws. The documentationof Internet usage begins at the ISP level: ISPs arerequired by law to “record a customer’s accountnumber, phone number, and IP address” and tomaintain these records for sixty days.54

Cybercafes (known as “wangba” in China) are alsoinvolved in tracking Internet usage. All cybercafesare required by law to keep records of their patrons’identities for sixty days and must regularly reportwhat sites Internet users visited to local Public Se-curity Bureaus.55 Wangba owners must also dis-

Chinese Security Personnel policing the internet

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connect users who attempt to access any blockedwebsite and report them to the appropriate offi-cials.56 Failure to comply with any of these regula-tions can result in fines or imprisonment. IndividualInternet users must also register with their local po-lice bureau within 30 days of signing up with anISP so that they can be held accountable if theirInternet Service Provider reports that they have at-tempted to visit any banned sites.57

Through this system of tracking Internet users, websurfers are held highly accountable for adhering tolaws regarding appropriate Internet Behavior. Theselaws, as established by the Computer InformationNetwork and Internet Security Protection and Man-agement Regulations, mandate that “no unit or in-dividual may use the Internet to harm national se-curity, disclose state secrets, harm the interests ofthe State, of society or of a group.”58 As no expla-nation for what constitutes harming “national secu-rity” or “interests of the State” is given in Chineselaw, authorities can use these vague definitions toessentially punish any action they wish to punish.This threat offers real encouragement for individu-als to censor their own Internet browsing and pre-vents citizens from enjoying their right to receiveinformation.

Internet Content Providers (ICPs) must also con-duct self censorship as they are subject to equallyvague laws regarding state security, and they risk los-ing their operating licenses if they fail to complywith these regulations. Article 15 of the Adminis-trative Measures on Internet Information Services(a document which outlines the laws which ICPsmust adhere to), forbids ICPs from disseminating“content that impairs national security, divulges Statesecrets, subverts State sovereignty or jeopardizes na-tional unity.”59 This prevents ICPs from postingnews from non-sanctioned sources or any other in-formation that could possibly be deemed to threaten“national security”60

ICPs that provide search engines must also ensurethat Internet users are not able to use their searchengines to access restricted information. These re-sponsibilities also apply to foreign companies whowish to obtain profitable Chinese ICP operating li-censes and have to the much publicized, self-im-posed censorship techniques of companies like Ya-hoo! Inc., Microsoft, and Google.

A study conducted by Human Rights Watch foundthat these companies’ search engines restrict the free-dom to receive information through website de-list-ing and keyword blocking nearly as often as Chi-nese search engines do.61 That is, to abide by Chi-nese Internet law, these companies prevent searchesfor specific URLs and sensitive keywords from turn-ing up any results. These restrictions prevent Internetusers in China from enjoying a meaningful right toreceive information.

When criticized for their compliance in providingservices which restrict free access to the world wideweb, Michael Samway, V.P. & Deputy GeneralCounsel for Yahoo! Inc. replied, “Failure to complyin China could have subjected Yahoo! China and itsemployees to criminal charges, including imprison-ment.”62 As ICP operating licenses in China areextremely valuable, Yahoo! was willing to abide byChinese laws.

The restrictions on ICPs in China combine withrouter-based technological censorship and a crimi-nal system that encourages self-censorship to pre-vent free access to the Internet in China. ChineseInternet users are unable to access a wide range ofURLs which deal with topics that are perceived tobe harmful to the PRC, are prevented from freelysearching the world wide web due to search enginecensorship, and must limit what information theyattempt to access because of the ever present threatof being convicted for breaking vague Chinese crimi-nal law. These policies are effective in ensuring that


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individuals in China cannot use the Internet to re-ceive access to fair information and as such furtherlimit the freedom to information in China.

Misinformation

Essential to a true right to receive information is theright to access accurate information. Contrastingly,in place of the internationally based informationsources that China blocks, state approved news agen-cies offer intentionally inaccurate information whichpromotes specific political agendas. In 2008, thisincluded using the media to portray largely peacefulprotests in Tibet as violent uprisings and China’sviolent crackdown on protesters as peaceful riot con-trol. This premeditated presentation of the riotsserved to discourage Chinese citizens from sympa-thizing with the Tibetan cause and instead they triedto garner support for the PRC.During the 2008 Tibetan Uprising, China blockedaccess to YouTube and other information sources toprevent non-sanctioned news from being acces-sible.63 When general access to YouTube andwebsites such as BBC.com was restored, videos andarticles about the protests remained inaccessible.64

In place, the PRC sponsored news company,Xinhua, supplied China with its only informationregarding the demonstrations.65 Xinhua under-re-ported the number of Tibetan deaths by over one-hundred and accused the Dalia Lama, a longtimenon-violence advocate, of inciting the Uprising.66

Despite claiming to have “proof” that the riots wereinstigated by the Dalai Lama, the PRC refuses toshare their sources with the international commu-nity. The PRC has also continuously discreditedthe confirmed death tolls published by internationalagencies like TCHRD and instead insisted that only18 Tibetans and one police officer were killed inTibet during the protest.67

Xinhua further propagated misinformation duringthe Tibetan Uprising by relabeling peacefully march-ing monks as a “lawless mob” and by misreportingthe number of deaths.68 While western media de-scribed an event in which “paramilitary police openedfire on hundreds of monks, nuns and Tibetans whotried to march on a local government office in West-ern China” leaving two dead and about 6 wounded,Xinhua, reporting on the same incident, simply saidthat “one officer was killed when police confronteda ‘lawless mob’ in Luhuo.”69

Examples of Xinhua reports which conflict withforeign reports of the same event abound. On 4April 2008, the International Campaign for Tibetreported that 8 Tibetans were killed while protest-ing against a “Patriotic Re-Education” campaignwhich forced monks to denounce the Dalai Lama.Xinhua, reporting on the same event, wrote only ofa “riot” in Kardze and reported no deaths.70

Because information published by Xinhua (or otherstate agencies) is the most widely accessible form ofinformation in China, it has a tremendous role ininforming citizens. Individuals cannot access newssources that conduct objective reporting and mustinstead base their understandings of domestic andworld events on stories which promote a clear, pro-Chinese agenda. The inaccurate information that ispropagated by the Chinese government to replaceinformation offered by free media sources degradesthe state of freedom of information in China. Ul-timately, while obstacles to freely receiving infor-mation exist, the PRC will be able to continue itsuse of information to meet political goals within itsborders.

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The Right to ImpartInformation

The freedom to impart information entails that in-dividuals have the right to freely express themselvesvia any medium. Limiting this right, China hasconstructed a media monopoly by utilizing a com-plex bureaucratic structure to control what is said inthe Chinese media and has taken away citizens’ free-dom of expression by prosecuting individuals whospeak freely under the as aforementioned Chinesecriminal law. China also poses physical barriers toimparting information by further censoring theInternet, jamming cellular phones, cutting phonelines, and confiscating computers and other com-munication devices. In all, preventing individualsfrom speaking freely allows the PRC to make dissi-dents appear less common and using the state-con-trolled media to present dissidents as criminals makesthem appear less rational.

Bureaucratic Control of Chinese Media

The coordination of Chinese media is orchestratedby the Communist Party’s Central Propaganda De-partment (CPD), which determines how sensitivestories should be covered and which topics shouldbe ignored completely.71 The policies set by theCPD are relayed to the General Administration ofPress and Publication (GAPP) and the State Ad-ministration of Radio, Film, and Television(SARFT) which then must ensure that the mediasources under their control follow CPD positions:GAPP has authority over publishers and writtenpublications (including those on the Internet) whileSARFT has authority over radio, television, film,and Internet broadcasts.72

To enforce compliance with media regulations, au-thorities fine or shutdown outlets which do notcomply with the CPD, demote or dismiss the lead-ership of rogue media sources, or imprison the in-

dividuals involved in distributing “sensitive” mate-rial.73 Tibetan newscasters are particularly vulner-able to these punishments as the Communist Partyseems willing to prosecute Tibetans more often –and with less reason – than their Chinese counter-parts.

Jamyang Kyi, a popular Tibetan TV presenter,singer, and producer, was seized from her office at aQinghai TV station on 1 April 2008 and held in-communicado for a month before being placedunder house arrest.74 Although police have givenno reason for arresting Kyi, she is thought to havebeen targeted for her past efforts to preserve Tibetanculture.”75 Unfortunately, Jamyang Kyi’s impris-onment is not a lone occurrence among Tibetanmembers of the media. Others – such as the Ti-betan newscaster Washu Rangjung (who has recentlybeen released) was arrested in September 2008 forundisclosed, media related reasons.76

Because of only state agencies being qualified to ownmedia in China, all domestic sources of informa-tion are subject to the standards set by the CPD.These regulations mandate that the members of theChinese media limit their own freedom to impartinformation to ensure that they are not imprisoned.Combined with the previously-discussed systems ofcensorship which often prevent internationally basedreporting from reaching China, these limitations onfree speech enable the PRC to control all legal me-dia in China.

Bureaucratic control of the media in China also al-lows the PRC to use information to achieve politi-cal goals. By focusing on the Tibetan violence aimedat the Han Chinese and Muslim populations ofLhasa, the PRC was able to downplay the presenceof peaceful protests during the Uprising and reducethe movement to a small number of violent events.


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This careful portrayal of the Uprising serves to bothportray Tibetans as a violent and dangerous com-munity and to foster ill will towards the group. TheDalai Lama expressed his concern with this factwhen he said, “The state media’s portrayal of therecent events in Tibet, using deceit and distortedimages, could sow the seeds of racial tension withunpredictable long-term consequences. This is ofgrave concern to me.”77

Using state-run news sources to disseminate propa-ganda is unfortunately common. Chinese coverageof the Uprising portrayed cases of rioting and arsonas acts of violence while ignoring the root causes ofthe actions. CPC-approved media ignored issuesof Tibetan independence and instead portrayed theUprising as “criminal acts orchestrated by separat-ists.”78 Ignoring over half a century of human rightsabuses was, in the end, an effective propaganda tac-tic and was made possible by the bureaucratic con-trol of Chinese media.

By strictly controlling the media, China was able todownplay their responsibility for the unrest and toweaken the Tibetan independence movement. Itwas a portrayal that contradicted foreign accountswhich reported that the Uprising began as monkspeacefully protesting in Lhasa and only escalated afterChinese troops began using violent methods of re-pression. It was a misrepresentation which benefitedthe PRC’s political control and highlighted why free-dom of information is limited in China.

Internet Based Barriers to ImpartingInformation

Besides prosecuting individuals for not adhering tostrictly coordinated media regulations, China alsoutilizes technological barriers to prevent individualsin China from transmitting information freely. Thisincludes blocking E-mails, chat transmissions andsensitive blog posts.

Just as the Internet Content Providers that offersearch engines must conduct self censorship, ICPswhich provide E-mail services scan and censor themessages that are sent over their servers. Messagesthat contain sensitive terms in the subject line orbody of the text are not transmitted and their send-ers are reported.79 Because this system of E-mailfiltering is conducted by the individual service pro-viders and is not centralized, what specific informa-tion gets blocked varies; however, E-mail censor-ship, although inconsistent, prevents individualsfrom imparting information via the Internet.

China also limits the right to impart informationby blocking messages sent through Tom-Skype (theChinese version of the Internet based voice and chatclient Skype). When users download Tom-Skypein China, they are also forced to unknowingly down-load files which give Tom-Skype censorship capa-bilities.80 Banned words are not transmitted to theintended recipient during chats and informationabout the sender of the banned word is recorded.81

China further limits the right to impart informa-tion by controlling blog content. Tests of three largeChinese blog hosting sites (BlogCN, Blogbus andBlogdriver) conducted by the OpenNet Initiativeshowed that when authors attempted to uploadposts which contained certain banned key words,censorship technology kicked in and “prevented theuser from completing the post and issued a pop-upalert.”82

Tsering Woeser has also experienced the controls puton bloggers first hand. Following the 10 MarchUprising, Woeser (who has published several booksthat are now banned in China) was immediatelyplaced under house arrest in Beijing. Despite thisphysical restriction, Woeser remained capable ofblogging about the Uprisings until her Blog washacked.83 Woeser then switched to a Blog hostedby a foreign server and reported “that three town-

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ships in Luhuo (Draggo) County, Ganzi (Kardze)Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (TAP), Sichuanwere surrounded by military police and phone callscould not get through to those townships follow-ing protest activity in the area.”84 Three days later,on 27 March, she further reported “that phone callsand other means of communication are only ableto intermittently get through to the Sera andDrepung monasteries in Lhasa.”85 Unfortunately,due to the strict Internet censorship in China, thisinformation was inaccessible to many in China.

By preventing Internet users from imparting infor-mation through E-mails, Skype chats, and blogs,China reduces the Internet’s value as a tool for com-munication. These communication restrictions al-low China to control what information about Chi-nese practices is available both domestically and in-ternationally and prevents citizens from using theweb as a platform to discuss issues which could erodethe PRC’s control.

Other Barriers to ImpartingInformation

The PRC also attempts to limit individuals’ rightto impart information by imposing barriers to com-municating via telephone or computer. As reportedby Human Rights Watch, the phone lines going intoGanden monastery near Lhasa were cut after thePeople’s Armed Police surrounded the monasteryfollowing a pro-independence protest on 12March.86 Amnesty International also reports thatfollowing the outbreak of the Tibetan Uprising,Police and security forces were “reported by reliablesources to have confiscated mobile telephones, com-puters, and other electronic communication equip-ment in hundreds of raids on monasteries, nunner-ies and private homes.”87

Indeed, many sources have confirmed reports ofcommunication being impeded into and out of Ti-

betan areas during the unrest. During a raid on amonastery, the Tibetan Center for Human Rightsand Democracy reports “ monks with modern com-munication gadgets such as mobile phones, cam-eras, computers or MP3 players in their residenceswere known to have been arrested under suspicionof having communicated with the exile Tibetancommunities.”88 Similar actions were confirmedby Xinhua, the state-run news agency, which re-ported police as saying that “communication facili-ties including satellite phones, receivers for overseasTV channels, fax machines and computers wereconfiscated” following a raid on another monas-tery.89

Another source also reported that private telephoneand mobile phone lines were either blocked or cutthroughout Tibet.90 One interviewee, describing thecommunications black out, said:

“I have been staying home and have not been ableto keep in touch with my friends. My cell phonehas no signal. When people call me, the messagesays it’s turned off. But in fact I never turned it off.”91

Similar communication difficulties were noted bya reporter in an RFA article who described encoun-tering “failed connections to land line phones andcalls to cell phones that were immediately cut off ”when trying to contact sources in Daofu (Tawu)County, Ganzi TAP, and Sichuan.92 The same jour-nalist reported that calls to previous sources wereanswered with either busy signals or Tibetan mu-sic.93

Foreign students at Lhasa University were also tar-geted and had their mobile phones and computersconfiscated. They were also banned from leavingthe campus’s premises unless they received a permitwhich granted students between one to two hoursto buy personal items.94


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These communication restrictions were meant toprevent information about the repression of theUprising from reaching foreign audiences. By pre-venting individuals in China from imparting infor-mation, and by preventing foreign journalists fromseeking information, the PRC ensured that it wasfree to handle the largely peaceful Tibetan Uprisingwith as much brutality as desired. The number ofTibetans killed while the international human rightscommunity remained shut out of China clearly in-dicates the importance of freedom of information.

Freedom of Expression

Although freedom of expression is promised by thePRC constitution, it is not a freedom that is sup-ported by Chinese policies or criminal law. Previ-ously discussed restrictions offer physical obstaclesto expression while the enforcement of vague statesecurity laws effectively makes expression a punish-able crime. These two conditions combine to limitfreedom of expression and, therefore, the right toimpart information in China.

The risks associated with freely imparting informa-tion became never more apparent than during theMarch 2008 Uprisings when journalists were unex-pectedly greeted by a group of monks during a state-planned visit to the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa’s oldcity. Attempting to break the communicationsembargo that China was enforcing, the monksshouted, “Do not believe them” and “Tibetans haveno freedom,” before Chinese handlers rushed thejournalists to their buses.95 It was an effort to prac-tice their right to free expression which will havesevere consequences for the monks’ welfare.96

The monks were certain that they would be pun-ished for their comments as it is common for Ti-betans to be arrested for practicing their right tofreely express themselves. Those who manage to

communicate with foreign sources despite the ob-stacles in place are often arrested. The United Na-tions High Commissioner for Refugees reported that“Nyima Drakpa was detained late April 19 in Tawu[in Chinese, Daofu] county in Sichuan” for alleg-edly sending photos of protests and passing infor-mation to reporters in Hong Kong.97

Tibet post also reports that two monks, Choejorand his brother Dorje Tashi, were unexpectedly ar-rested on charges of passing information to outsidesources in early July 2008.98 In addition, the Inter-national Campaign for Tibet reports that WalzaNorzin Wangmo, a Tibetan Cadre in her thirtiesfrom Kyungchu township of Ngaba Tibetan Au-tonomous Prefecture, (“TAP”) was sentenced to fiveyears for passing information about the Uprisingover the telephone to a foreign source. Her exactwhereabouts, like those of the two before mentionedmonks, are unknown.99

Dhondup Wangchen and Jigme Gyatso were alsoarrested for relaying information to foreign audi-ences. These two individuals created a documen-tary entitled “Leaving Fear Behind” which containedinterviews with Tibetans from the Amdo region ofTibet who were unhappy with the Chinese rule.100

Shortly after the film-makers sent the documentaryto safety in Switzerland, they were arrested. JigmeGyatso was recently released after seven months oftorture and interrogation while in prison. Describ-ing Jigme Gyatso’s torturous experience, the Swisscompany which produced the film said, “The in-terrogators beat him continuously and hanged himby his feet from the ceiling for hours and kept himtied for days on the interrogation chair.”101 DhondupWangchen is still reported to be in a prison inQinghai province in Eastern Tibet.

Not only do individuals in China not have the rightto freely impart information, the PRC has also maderefusing to hold PRC-supported beliefs a punish-

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able offence. Illustrating this fact, twelve monkswho refused to denounce the Dalai lama during a“Patriotic Re-Education” campaign were imprisoned.According to a source contacted by TCHRD:

Ven. Khenrab Tharchin, a member of so-calledDemocratic Management Committee (DMC) ofShelkar Choedhe Monastery stood up while thecampaign was in session by openly opposing the“patriotic re-education” and even told the visiting“work team” that he could denounce the Dalai Lamaas required under the campaign. Another elevenmonks of the same monastery stood up in supportof Ven. Khenrab Tharchin and adamantly opposedthe campaign in unison.102

Following the incident, the monastery was blockedoff and the monks’ cellular phones were confiscatedto prevent them from further practising their rightto impart information. The twelve monks werethen taken to an unknown location where they re-main to date.103

Besides being punished for passing informationabroad or for refusing to submit to PRC-promotedbeliefs, individuals are also punished for impartingseemingly benign information within China’s bor-ders. As reported by Amnesty International, Dabe,a well-known Tibetan comedian and singer, wasdetained on 31 March and held for one month be-fore being released. The founder of a Tibetan schoolfor nomads and a teacher at the school have alsobeen arrested.104 No reasons were given for thesearrests and it is likely that these individuals were tar-geted simply because their expressions strengthenedTibetan culture.

Wangdue (one name only) was also seemingly ar-rested for being an independent-minded Tibetan.Known for the HIV-Aids education work that heconducted in Lhasa, Wangdue’s expression shouldhave been applauded by Chinese authorities.105

Rather, Wangdue was held at an unknown locationfor several months after being seized from his homein Lhasa on 14, March 2008 and has since been givena life sentence on charges of espionage and divulg-ing state secrets.106

As these arrests illustrate, it is not safe to freely im-part information in Tibet. Anything that is said ordone can effectively become a cause for arrest andencourages Tibetans to say and do less. There is nobetter, evident example of the risks associated withfree expression than the sheer number of protesterswho were arrested during the 2008 Unrest. ThePRC relies on this risk to discourage anti-PRC ex-pression and portrays those who do resist in a nega-tive way so that it can present its rule as a legitimategovernment supported by the Tibetan population.

Conclusion

Following the 10 March Uprising, foreign newssources such as CNN and BBC were criticized formislabeling photographs taken in Nepal as beingtaken in China. While this misinformation wascertainly objectionable, it was a symptom of the stateof information in China. Because journalists wereunable to go into China to collect information andbecause individuals inside China were preventedfrom sending information out of China’s borders,foreign journalists had little solid information toconvey to international communities.

This lack of internationally available information isthe very purpose of the PRC’s freedom of informa-tion controls. If the government had shown for-eign audiences that they were relying on horrificpractices to suppress the Tibetan Uprising, theywould not be able to continue asserting that Tibetis a happy piece of the “Motherland.” Instead, thePRC prevented the free flow of information regard-ing the riots so that it could manipulate reality.


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Physically restricting the flow of information andencouraging self censorship by prosecuting citizensindiscriminately and harshly allowed China topresent the Uprising as a faction of criminal ‘splitists’who did not convey the general sentiment.

To avoid international criticism for these restrictionsto freedom of information, China institutes lawsthat are common among freedom of informationregimes (such as the Open Government Informa-tion Regulation and the laws set up during theOlympics for foreign reporters). The PRC, how-ever, then often disregards these regulations by ei-ther relying on broad and illegal definitions of statesecurity to skirt criminal law or by simply ignoringthe regulations.

This system of operation has granted the PRC somedeniablity in its practices; however, as this reporthas shown, information which does manage to makeits way out of China’s borders clearly indicates thatfreedom to information does not exist in China.Until the PRC makes a real commitment to givecitizens access to free flowing information, the Chi-nese government will continue to use informationas a political tool rather than an enabler of humanrights.

EndNotes

1 United Nations General Assembly Resolution 59 (I), 14 December1946; Available at http://daccessods.un.org/TMP/1873478.html.

2 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 217 A (III), Article19, 10 December 1948, Available at http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html.

3 Declaration on Fundamental Principles concerning theContribution of the Mass Media to Strengthening Peace andInternational Understanding, to the Promotion of HumanRights and to Countering Racialism, apartheid and incitementto war, 28 November 1978; Available at http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.phpURL_ID=13176&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_ SECTION=201.html.

4 TCHRD Annual Report 2007, Appendix 5.5 Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, 4 December 1982;

Available at http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/constitution/constitution.html.

6 ECC, “Silencing Critics by Exploiting National Security and StateSecrets Laws,” 5 April 2006; Available at http://www.cecc.gov/pages/virtualAcad/exp/expsecurity.php.

7 Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China, Part II SpecialProvisions; Available at http://www.com-law.net/findlaw/crime/criminallaw2.html.

8 CECC, “Silencing Critics by Exploiting National Security andState Secrets Laws,” 5 April 2006; Available at http://www.cecc.gov/pages/virtualAcad/exp/expsecurity.php.

9 Ibid.10 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Mar. 23,

1976; Available at http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/b3ccpr.htm.

11 The Johannesburg Principles on National Security, Freedom ofExpression and Access to Information, 1996; Available at http://www.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/johannesburg.html#12.

12 Ibid.13 Reporters Without Borders, “China Annual report 2008;” http:/

/www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=2565014 “China: Tibet‘s most famous woman blogger, Woeser, detained

by police,” The Times Online. 26 August 2008; Available athttp://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4607454.ece

80


15 “China issues new rules giving foreign journalists morefreedom,” People’s Daily Online, 18 October 2008; Available athttp://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/6517161.html

16 Human Rights Watch, “China: Olympics Media FreedomCommitments Violated,” 2 July 2008; Available at http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/07/03/china19250.html

17 Foreign Correspondents Club of China, “FCCC 2007 Survey:Press Release,” 3 August 2007; Available at http://www.fccchina.org/when/FCCCSURVEYAUG2007.PDF

18 “Clampdown in China Muslim region after bloody attack onpolice,” Agence France-Presse, 3 August 2008; Available at http:// a f p . g o o g l e . c o m / a r t i c l e / A L e q M 5 i w k S 6 E F L s 3 gL5UDYWVQB1aDSrYUA

19 Human Rights Watch, “China‘s Forbidden Zones,” 6 July 2008;Available at http://thinkweb.hrw.org/en/node/62149/section/6

20 Ibid.21 Human Rights Watch, “China‘s Forbidden Zones,” 6 July 2008;

Available at http://thinkweb.hrw.org/en/node/62149/section/6

22 Reporters Without Borders, “Crackdown in Tibet away from theeye of the media in new violation of Olympics pledge,” 17March 2008; Available at http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article= 26248


24 Ibid.25 International Campaign for Tibet, “Jokhang monks’ peaceful

protest changes Beijing propaganda offensive,” 27 March 2008;Available at http://www.savetibet.org/news/newsitem.php?id=1255


27 CECC, “China Blocks Foreign Reporters From CoveringTibetan Protests,” 16 April 2008; Available at http://w w w. c e c c . g o v / p a g e s / v i r t u a l A c a d / i n d e x . p h p d ?showsingle=104496


29 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China“Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Qin Gang’s Regular PressConference,” 20 March 2008; Available at http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/2511/t417074.htm


31 “Foreign Journalists Denied Access to Tibet,” Interesting Times,19 March 2008; Available at http://wpfc.org/blogs/2008/03/foreign-journalists-denied-access-to.html

32 Ibid.33 Jonathan Watts, “Dispatches: Reporting from China:

Mountain roads are a greater risk than the police,” The

Guardian (London), March 24, 2008.34 Amnesty International, “People’s Republic of China: Tibet

Autonomous Region: Access Denied,” June 2008; Available atAvailable at http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA17/085/2008/en/815a7bd6-3d33-11dd-a518-c52d73496467/asa170852008eng.html

35 Reporters Without Borders, “Tibet still closed to foreign pressdespite “unprecedented” post-quake openness in Sichuan,”30 May 2008; Available at http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article= 27254

36 Amnesty International, “People’s Republic of China: TibetAutonomous Region: Access Denied,” June 2008; Available athttp://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA17/085/2008/en /815a7bd6-3d33-11dd-a518 - c52d73496467/asa170852008eng.html

37 Central Tibetan Administration, “Tibet Aspect of China Quake,”19 June 2008; Available at http://www.tibet.net/en/index.php?id=219&articletype=flash

38 Macartney, Jane, “Olympic Flame Reaches Lhasa but Tibetansare Kept in Dark,” Times Online, June 23, 2008; Available athttp://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/spor t/olympics/article4193065.ece

39 Ibid.40 Ibid.41 Human Rights Watch, “China‘s Forbidden Zones,” 6 July 2008;

Available at http://thinkweb.hrw.org/en/node/62149/section/7

42 Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on OpenGovernment Information, 5 April 2007; Available at http://www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/Intellectual_Life/Ch_OGI_Regualtions_Eng_Final_051607.pdf

43 Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative “Right toInformation: International;” Available at http://www.humanrights initiative.org/programs/ai/rti/international/intl_standards.htm

44 “Interview: Radio Free Asia – a Tibetan Media Force,” Phayul,7 November 2006; Available at http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?c=5&t=1&id=14602&article=Interview%3A+Radio+Free+Asia+%E2%80%93+a+Tibetan+Media+Force

45 CECC, “Statement of the Broadcasting Board of Governors,”9 December 2002. Available at http://www.cecc.gov/pages/roundtables/120902/mower.php?mode=print&PHPSESSID=a88e47930de37de29325cab0f8c8adf9&PHPSESSID=a88e47930de37de29325cab0f8c8adf9

46 Ibid.47 Reporters Without Borders, “China continues to jam international

radio stations during Olympic Games,” 19 August 2008;Available at http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_ article=28222

48 “210 Million Internet Users in China,” Peaple’s Daily Online,21 January 2008; Available at http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90781/90877/6341926.html

49 OpenNet Initiative, “Internet Filtering in China in 2004-2005:A Country Study;” Available at http://opennet.net/studies/china#52


81

50 International Centre for Human Rights and DemocraticDevelopment, “Review of China‘s Internet Regulations andDomestic Legislation;” Available at http://www.ichrdd.ca/e n g l i s h / c o m m d o c / p u b l i c a t i o n s / g l o b a l i z a t i o n /legislationInternet ChinaEng.pdf.


52 Ibid.53 Human Rights Watch, “China: International Olympic

Committee Abets Censorship,” 30 July 2008; Available atht tp : / /www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/07/30/china-international-olympic-committee-abets-censorship


55 Human Rights Watch, “Freedom of Expression and the Internetin China;” Available at http://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/asia/china-bck-0701.htm.

56 “China and Internet Censorship,” CNN; Available at http://edition.cnn.com/interactive/world/0603/explainer.china.internet/frameset.exclude.html.

57 Regulations on the Administration of Internet Access Service BusinessEstablishments [Internet Cafés], 29 September 2002; Availableat http://www.cecc.gov/pages/virtualAcad/exp/explaws.php.

58 Computer Information Network and Internet Security,Protection and Management Regulations, Article 4, 11December 1997; Available at http://www.fas.org/irp/world/china/netreg.htm.

59 Administrative Measures on Internet Information Services, 25September 2000; Available at http://www.chinaitlaw.org/?p1=print&p2=050306173518


61 Human Rights Watch, “Race to the Bottom: CorporateComplicity in Chinese Internet Censorship,” 9 August 2006;Available at http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2006/08/09/race-bottom.

62 Ibid.63 Nystedt, Dan “Update: Google News, YouTube blocked in

China amid Tibet riots,” IDG News Service, 17 March 2008;Available at http://www.infoworld.com/article/08/03/17/Google-News-YouTube-blocked-in-China-amid-Tibet-riots_1.html

64 Williams, Jon, “Denied Access,” BBC News, 18 March 2008;Available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/theeditors/2008/03/18/index.html

65 “10 dead in violent protests in Tibet capital,” USA Today, 15March 2008; Available at http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-03-14-china-tibet_N.htm

66 “Police Search Door to Door in Lhasa,” CNN, 17 March2008; Available at http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/15/tibet.unrest/index.html

67 “Questions, answers about casualties, damages of recent riots,”Xinhua News, 26 March 2008. Available at http://eng.tibet.cn/

news/today/200803/t20080326-371196.htm68 “Paramilitaries Open Fire on Hundreds of Monks and Nuns

at Tibet Rally,” Times Online, 25 March 2008; Available athttp://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article3612661.ece

69 Ibid.70 International Campaign for Tibet , “Eight Tibetans Killed in

Kardze,” 4 April 2008; Available at http://newsblaze.com/story/20080405003632nnnn.nb/topstory.html

71 Council on Foreign Relations, “Media Censorship in China,”18 March 2008; Available at http://www.cfr.org/publication/11515/.

72 Ibid.73 Ibid.74 Amnesty International, “One thousand protesters unaccounted

for in Tibet lock-down,”20 June 2008; Available at http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/report/china-one-thousand-protesters-unaccounted-tibet-lock-down-20080620

75 Ibid.76 TCHRD, “Tibetan journalist whereabouts still unknown week

after arrest,” October 2008; Available at http://tchrd.org/publications/hr_updates/2008/hr200810.html#journalist.

77 Hutzler, Charles, “Police Close of Lhasa’s Muslim Quarter,”Associated Press, 28 March 2008; Available at http://www.usatoday.com/news/topstor ie s /2008-03-28-172085298_x.htm

78 Ibid.79 OpenNet Initiative, “Internet Filtering in China in 2004-2005:

A Country Study;” Available at http://opennet.net/studies/china#52

80 Villeneuve, Nart “Tom-Skype Filtering in China,” 15 June2006; Available at http://www.nartv.org/2006/06/15/tom-skype-filtering-in-china/.

81 “Skype’s China Spying Sparks Anger,” Reuters, 3 October 2008;Available at http://www.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idUSTRE49238X20081003


83 PEN American Center, “China: Tsering Woeser;” Available athttp://www.pen.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/1919/prmID/174

84 CECC, “China Human Rights and Rule of Law Update: TibetItems from the June 2008 CECC Newsletter,” 26 June 2008;Available at http://www.cecc.gov/pages/virtualAcad/newsletterListing. phpd?NLdate =20080625&show=TIBET

85 Ibid.86 Human Rights Watch, “China, India, Nepal: Free Tibetan

Protesters,” 13 March 2008; Available at http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/03/13/china-india-nepal-free-tibetan-protesters.

87 Amnesty International, “People’s Republic of China: TibetAutonomous Region: Access Denied,” June 2008; Available athttp://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA17/085/2008/en/815a7bd6-3d33-11dd-a518-c52d73496467/asa

82


170852008eng.html88 TCHRD, “China arrest over 572 monks from Kirti Monastery

in two-day raid,” 1 April 2008; Available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080401.html.

89 “Police seize weapons, ammunition in SW China monastery,”Xinhua, 29 March 2008; Available at http://news.xinhuanet .com/engl ish/2008-03/29/content_7881679.htm

90 TibetNet, “Marshall Law Situation in Tibet, All but in Name,”15 March 2008; Available at http://www.tibet.net/en/flash/2008/0308/150308.html.

91 Ibid.92 CECC, “China Human Rights and Rule of Law Update: Tibet

Items from the June 2008 CECC Newsletter,” 26 June 2008;Available at http://www.cecc.gov/pages/virtualAcad/newsletterListing. phpd?NLdate =20080625&show=TIBET

93 Ibid.94 TibetNet, “Marshall Law Situation in Tibet, All but in Name,”

15 March 2008; Available at http://www.tibet.net/en/flash/2008/0308/150308.html.

95 Macleod, Collum “Monks Disrupt Tibet Media Tour,” USAToday, 28 March 2008; Available at http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-03-27-tibet_N.htm

96 International Campaign for Tibet, “Jokhang Monks’ PeacefulProtest Changes Beijing Propaganda Offensive,” 27 March2008; Available at http://www.savetibet.org/news/newsitem.php?id =1255

97 UNCHR, “Tibetan Detained for Media Contact,” 27 May2008; Available at http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,RFA,,, 48491296c,0.html

98 “Tibetan Arrested for Conveying Grievances,” The Tibet PostInternational, 11 July 2008; Available at http://www.tibetpost.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=690&Itemid=26

99 International Campaign for Tibet, “Disappearances continueacross Tibet: Tibetan woman sentenced for talking ontelephone,” 27 March 2008; Available at http://www.savetibet.org/news/newsitem.php?id=1387

100 Reporters Without Borders, “Two Tibetan documentaryfilmmakers held for past six months in Tibet,” 16 September2009; Available at http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=28572

101 Reporters Without Borders, “Monk who helped make Tibetdocumentary says he was tortured while in prison,” 20 October2009; Available at http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=29020

102 TCHRD, “12 monks of Dingri Shelkar Choedhe Monasteryarrested for opposing the “Patriotic re-education” campaign,”31 May 2008; Available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080531.html

103 Ibid.104 Amnesty International, “People’s Republic of China: Tibet

Autonomous Region: Access Denied,” June 2008; Available athttp://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA17/085/2008/en /815a7bd6-3d33-11dd-a518 - c52d73496467/asa170852008eng.html

105 TCHRD, “A Tibetan Aids Activist Disappears in Tibet,”October 2008; Available at http://tchrd.org/publications/hr_updates/2008/hr200810.html.

106 TCHRD News Release

83

RELIGIOUS FREEDOM

Introduction

The Year 2008 was a year of protest and chaos in-side Tibet, the year in which China’s persecution ofreligious beliefs and practice in Tibet had reached anunprecedented scale.

This year saw two important developments inChina: the hosting of 2008 Beijing Olympics, whichwas widely hailed as a “coming out party” for Chi-nese people and the outbreak of the protests in Ti-bet. Amidst all the glitz and glitter, Tibet eruptedinto a series of massive demonstrations and protestsas a dark reminder to the Chinese leadership that allwas not well in Tibet. The scale of protests, agita-tions and demonstrations throughout Tibet madeit the largest popular uprising against the Chineseoccupation since 1950.

Unfortunately, old habits die hard. In the 21st cen-tury, China still prefers to crackdown on all peace-ful demonstrations and protests without the slight-est hesitation and remorse. The people’s uprisinginside Tibet was dealt with the same cruelty andapathy as was witnessed in 1959, 1987, 1988 and1989.

Since the beginning of the Third Tibet Work Fo-rum, the communist Party’s most consistent policytowards Tibetan Buddhism has been the strict andstringent regulation of Tibet’s religious institutionsand of “separatist” elements in the Tibetan societyunder the campaign slogan of “patriotic education”,

coined as early as 1996. It gave enormous powersand legal immunity to the government law enforc-ing agencies to carry out political and “legal” strikesagainst the monasteries, stupas, temples and othercultural learning centres, which were periodicallyvisited, inspected and ransacked to uncover “anti-China and splittist materials” such as history books,pamphlets and literature from the government-in-exile.

The other face of China’s campaign against the DalaiLama has been consistently implemented in Tibet.The Dalai Lama’s photos were banned from dis-play, be it in monasteries or the homes of the ordi-nary Tibetan people. Under the “anti-Dalai” cam-paign, the Buddhist monks and devout Tibetanswere forced to denounce the Dalai Lama and writelengthy criticism essays. Those of the monks whorefused to comply with this political and ideologi-cal requirement were expelled and in some casesawarded harsh sentences.

In the past, this kind of “anti-Dalai” campaign hasbeen restricted to prominent Buddhist learning cen-tres; however, in recent times, it has penetrated al-most all parts of Tibetan society, including lay com-munities. In the schools, the students were taught“patriotic education” and “loyalty to Party” as partof their academic curriculum. At times, “patriotic”sessions and meetings were conducted in public forswearing allegiance to the Communist Party and tofight the “Dalai splittist” groups and the “hostilewestern forces”.

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However, during and after the Tibetan uprisingmovements inside Tibet, the fundamental humanrights of Tibetan people have been severely violated.The Chinese government has committed illegal ar-rests, unlawful sentencing, tortures and killings inorder to contain the protest.

Since the March 14 protests, the Chinese govern-ment has renewed on an unprecedented scale of anideological struggle against the Tibetans under thebanner of “patriotic education” campaign. As a re-sult, this year, Tibet saw its severest attacks on herreligious identity and culture. It was not just a vio-lation of the freedom of worship and practice but asystematic crackdown on the Tibetan Buddhist cul-ture and way of life. In this chapter, TCHRD hasdocumented the consequences of the “patriotic edu-cation” campaign in Tibet in 2008. Amongst hun-dreds of cases of religious persecution during theyear, a few of the prominent ones are highlightedand discussed here in a most objective and dispas-sionate manner.

China’s Conflict With TibetanBuddhism and the Dalai Lama

The late 1980s were the most turbulent times inChina, both inside mainland China as well in therestive region of Tibet. The power structure of theCommunist echelons in Beijing had undergone asea change, those of moderate and progressive lead-

ers like Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang having beenpurged from their positions. Moderate and liberalpolicies were replaced by hardline thinking.

Deng personally questioned his ‘soft’ approaches toTibet and ordered the revision of policies on Tibet.The revival of Tibetan nationalism and conscious-ness directly challenged the legitimacy of the Chi-nese rule in Tibet. The solution for the resurgentand restive Tibet was to issue hardline policy and tocounter mounting international criticism on China’srule in Tibet. The new approach in Tibet directlyaffected the Tibetan cultural sentimentalism, iden-tity and subtle expression of Tibetan nationalism orconsciousness. The era of China’s hardline policy onTibet has been often described as the “second Cul-tural Revolution” by Tibetan people inside Tibet.

The first imminent sign of the coming of the ultraleftist rule in Tibet became clear when Yi national-ity “TAR” Party Secretary Wu Jinghua was replacedby little known Hu Jintao, an ultra leftist leader,who had earlier governed the minority region ofInner Mongolia with iron clad rule. Hu Jintao owedhis dramatic ascendancy to China’s national politicsto his hardline and repressive crackdowns in Tibetafter the Lhasa demonstrations. Although, his lead-ership in Tibet was marked by iron clad rule, how-ever, no major repressive policies were pronouncedduring his leadership tenure in Tibet.

In 1992, he was replaced by Chen Kuiyuan, yet an-other leader with notorious reputation for hishighhanded clampdown on the minority regions,who was accredited with the success of crackingdown on resurgent and pro-independence forces inthe western restive region of Xinjang or formerlyknown as East Turkestan. He was widely believedto be responsible for introducing a policy of demo-graphic aggression in Xinjang, turning the majorityUighurs people into a minority in their region. Inthe light of his past track record, Chen’s leadership

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role in Tibet had a profound implication for Tibetand its cultural survival.

Earlier during the decade of liberal polices and re-forms in Tibet, there were a generation of leaderswho favoured “Tibetanised” approach to develop-ment and reforms in Tibet, giving paramount im-portance to cultural characteristics of Tibet. Aboveall, the most important positions in Tibet were heldby Tibetan national cadres and officials, who hadpreferred a soft approach towards preserving thecultural identity of Tibet.

All those changed with the coming of Chen Kuiyanas “TAR” Party Secretary. Chen Kuiyuan was bornin 1941 in Kangping, in the north eastern provinceof Liaoning. He became a member of the Commu-nist Party in 1965 after he completed his gradua-tion from the political education department of theInner Mongolia teacher’s college in 1964. He laterbecame the Regional Standing Committee mem-ber of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regional PartyCommittee. He was assigned with the task of look-ing after higher education and was appointed as thevice-chairman of the autonomous region’s govern-ment.

It was during his leadership in Tibet that China’snew tough line policy policy on Tibet became evi-dent. Deng Xiaoping issued two dictums, “stabil-ity” and “the fast track economic development” as asolution to the Tibet problem. In other words, toensure “stability” or “absolute rule of Party in Ti-bet”, it was necessary for the Party and China tostrengthen its battle against international criticismand to launch an ideological campaign against theDalai Lama. The second dictum calling for “the fasttrack economic development” was to entice and si-lence the “discontented” Tibetan people within Ti-bet, to remind them that their fate and prosperitywas inevitably linked with the Party and China’s bigbrotherly protection.

However, the “stability” and “the fast track economicdevelopment” were not clearly defined as to what itmeant and how it was to be implemented. Then inJuly 1994, the Third Forum for Work in Tibet wasconvened in Beijing. The Tibet Work Forums wereimportant meetings where key policy decisions anddirections were proposed and adopted. The thenreformist leader Hu Yaobang convened the first twoTibet Work Forums in April 1980 and in 6 March1984. During those two Tibet Work Forums, sweep-ing reforms were carried out in Tibet, the leftist ap-proach to Tibet’s problem and rule was replaced bymore pragmatic, Tibetan oriented, Tibetan culturecentric policies and reforms, which were graciouslywelcomed by the Tibetans.

However, the Third Tibet Forum was to reverse thereforms and concessions earlier in place in Tibet. Itmade a clearly defined shift in terms of China’s deal-ings with Tibet.

“ [...it provided a central mandate for theshift away from policies of positivediscrimination in favour of an increasing rolefor Tibetans in government and the economyand Tibetan culture and language in generalProponents of policies taking into account the“special characteristics” of Tibet that had beenintroduced during the 1980s ad encouragedby moderate leaders like Hu Yaobang werenow attacked at a central level, reaffirmingthe position that Chen and other hardlinersin Tibet had taken in 1992. Economic andsecurity policies, which had been pursued since1992, were now given official sanction fromthe centre and moved beyond criticism.”1

By this time, in early 1990s, the paramount leaderDeng retired from Party’s central stage but wieldedimmense power behind the scenes until his death inFebruary 1997. He was succeeded by his own cho-sen man Jiang Zemin, a man with dubious back-

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ground, who masterminded the crackdown on theFalung Gong spiritual movement in China in mid1990s. Jiang Zemin provided full political backingto Chen Kuiyuan in implementing his economicpolicies in Tibet.

“The drive to open up to and integrate theTAR into the Chinese state was initiated inline with Deng Xiaoping’s “spring offensive”in 1992, which called for the introductionof high-speed economic reforms. Economicpolicies first implemented by Chen in 1992and officially endorsed by the Third Forumin 1994 created commercial incentives andremoved administrative obstacles for Chinesemigrants to come to Tibet to set up privatebusinesses or to work as labourers on thenumerous construction projects beinglaunched. Lhasa in particular experienced amassive transformation in its ehtnic balance.By the end of his time in power, as JiangZemin’s Western Development campaign wasgetting underway, official statistics wereshowing a considerable expansion in the TAReconomy.”2

On the surface, the Third Forum stressed “stability”and “fast track economic development of Tibet” asa way forward to resolve the Tibet problem. How-ever, in reality its main mission was to root out po-litically unreliable Tibetan cadres and to step up thecontinued import of the Chinese national cadres intoTibet. Chen’s role in Tibet was to adhere to the cen-tral Party line’s “struggle” against the Dalai Lamaand to test the faith and loyalty of Tibetan cadresand officials in Tibet. It had been the case that theTibetan cadres and officials were not trusted by theChinese leadership in Beijing.

For the Tibetans, Chen Kuiyuan’s leadership in Ti-bet was a death blow to their religious and culturalsurvival. During his tenure in Tibet, Chen presided

over the three major campaigns that oversaw thepersecution of Tibet’s religious and cultural life toits sad fate. The three notorious campaigns were“Spiritual Civilisation”, “Patriotic Education” and“Strike Hard”. Those campaigns later made Cheninto something like an anti-Buddha figure in Tibet.He was immensely resented and detested by the Ti-betans.

“Chen Kuiyuan’s unpopularity amongstTibetans was based largely on his hardlinestance on Tibetan religion and culture. InJuly 1997 he made an extraordinary speechin which he stated that Buddhism was a“foreign import” into Tibetan culture(Buddhism was first introduced in the mid-seventh century) and that it is “utterlyabsurd” to describe Tibetan culture asBuddhist. The Chinese authorities, whoconstantly portray Tibetans as “backward”,usually attribute this to Tibetan culture andreligion - both of which are significantlyunderpinned by the Tibetan language. Chen’scomments were attacking the notion ofTibetan culture as expressed by the DalaiLama and other leading Tibetan figures, andhe was setting the context for a newideological defines outside - primarily Chinese- influence as essential to ensuring thestrengthening of the culture.”3

On 5 April 1996, an announcement on Tibet Dailycalled for a drive to conduct the “Patriotic Educa-tion” in Tibet’s religious institutions. The aim ofthe campaign was to “thoroughly eradicate the Dalaisplittist forces influences.”4

In the same article in the Tibet Daily, the ban on thedisplay of the photographs of the Dalai Lama wasordered. Earlier, the ban on the photograph of theDalai Lama was only restricted to government of-fices and departments.

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On 14 May 1996 during the 4th plenary session ofthe 6th CPPCC Tibet Regional Committee meet-ing, Chen Kuiyuan made the most important speechon the campaign against the religious institutionsand the Dalai Lama. In the speech, he said that: “themost important task in maintaining social stabilityin the TAR was the struggle against the “sabotageactivities of the Dalai clique” of using “religion tosplit the country.”5

Chen in his speech accused the Dalai Lama and hisfollowers of the crime of “sabotaging” China. Heelaborated:

“Maintaining social stability is one of the twomost important matters in our region. Inmaintaining stability, the most common,prominent task is to struggle against thesabotage activities of the Dalai clique. In thepast few decades, ever since the Dalai cliquefirst turned against the motherland, theirdestructive activities in planning to split themotherland have never stopped. Therefore,the political and class struggle in oppositionto the Dalai’s splittist clique has also neverstopped. The basic conditions if we are goingto discuss development, discuss improving thepeople’s livelihood, discuss the establishmentof a unified, prosperous, cultured, socialist,new Tibet, are to resolutely resist the sabotageactivities of the Dalai clique and create asocial environment which concentrates itsefforts on carrying out economicconstruction.”6

The opposition to and launching criticism againstthe Dalai Lama had been the broad policy formula-tion adopted by the leadership in Beijing. The strat-egy was to discredit the Dalai Lama of his moralauthority and as the legitimate leader of the Tibetanpeople. Since China maintained a rigid system ofinformation blockage and embargo on Tibetan

people inside Tibet, the Chinese leadership presumedthat tarnishing the image of the Dalai Lama couldwin over the hearts and minds of the Tibetan people.However, it was not to be. Chen while deliveringhis speech mentioned the views of a senior centralParty leader as under:

“Comrade Liu Ruihuan spoke very clearly,the Dalai is the head of a splittist politicalclique which is plotting the independence ofTibet he is a faithful tool of the internationalpowers which oppose China, he is the mainsource of all the social unrest in Tibet, he isthe greatest obstruction thwarting theestablishment of normal order in TibetanBuddhism. How can a Communist Partymember pay homage to such a person? If wegive up the struggle against the Dalai,stability cannot be realised in Tibet. Everytrue member of the Communist Party musthave a correct understanding of the natureof the Dalai clique. The Dalai clique willrisk death to carry out splittist and sabotageactivities and panders forces in containingChina.”7

The part of the strategy to fight any form of spiri-tual devotion and allegiance to the Dalai Lama wasdirected against the Tibetan members of the Com-munist Party, particularly those of cadres and offi-cials holding government positions. Chen in hisspeech, emphasised on the need to tackle the “influ-ence” of the Dalai Lama within in the Tibetan com-munist party members:

“Some Party members think that to criticsethe Dalai is a religious offence that willoffend the people, and not only do they notparticipate in the struggle themselves, theyalso reproach the Party and the people forparticipating in the struggle. This is completelyincorrect. Communists are atheists. If you

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take the Dalai as a religious idol and in theanti-splittist struggle avoid criticising theDalai, then in your political life you cannotlead the people to struggle resolutely andeffectively against the splittist clique whichis headed by him. We do not recognise himat all as a religious authority.”8

An ideological campaign in the religious institutionswas to be launched. Chen called for direct supervi-sion and regulation of the religious learning centres.He accused the Dalai Lama and his followers of us-ing religion to “split” the country.

“The enemy is clearly using religion to splitthe country, how can we then sit back andwatch them take control of our monasteriesand subvert the political rights of the peopleand do nothing about it? In order to beatthe splittist and saboteur activities of theDalai clique and protect the normal religiouslife of the masses of religious devotees, we mustcarry out a carefully differentiatedrectification of the monasteries within outregion. Resolutely support the patriotic,devout and law-abiding monks and nuns,those monasteries which have beenmanipulated by the Dalai clique and wherethe monks and nuns frequently cause trouble,protect the true holy and pure nature of themonasteries and the canons and doctrines ofBuddhism, and do not allow them to bemanipulated or used by hostile elements.”9

Similarly, during the 4th session of the CPPCC 6thTibet Regional Committee on maintaining stabil-ity and initiating development in Lhoka prefecture,a Tibetan official, Jampa Losel from Lhoka prefec-ture, called on the Tibetan cadres to step up the regu-lation and management of the monasteries. Hespelled out three ways to fight “splittist” elementsin the religious monasteries.

The first step was to carry out a serous implementa-tion of a firm and long term policy on religion. JampaLosel remarked that there was a need to restrict reli-gion as a mere belief or practice solely confinedwithin the monasteries. He remarked that TibetanBuddhism had “many ills” and so should be keptaway from the general society:

“Religious freedom’ implies the freedom tobelieve in Buddhism or not believe inreligion. It implies the right to believe inreligion as well as the obligations of citizenship,and it is protected by the Constitution. Noone is allowed to misuse religion to opposethe Party’s leadership and socialism, to splitthe motherland and to sabotage the solidarityof the nationalities, to damage people’s healthand the good traditions of the community,or to offend against the law by committingcrimes. We emphasise that religion is notallowed to interfere with administration,law, education and marriage. Monasteriesare not allowed to restore their old jurisdictionrelationship.”10

The Case Studies

Tibetans arrested duringMonlam Festival in AmdoRebkong

On 21 February 2008, over 200 Tibetans Chineseauthorities in Rebkong [Ch: Tongren] County,Malho, “Tibet Autonomous Prefecture” (“TAP”),Qinghai Province, mostly monks were arrested inAmdo Rebkong after the Chinese authorities or-dered to stop the gathering and celebration ofMonlam Chenmo, The Great Prayer Festival. Chi-nese police tried to question a Tibetan man whichprovoked and agitated Tibetans around him and ledto a major clash. The Tibetans started shouting slo-

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gans calling for the “Independence of Tibet” andprayed for the “Long Life of the Dalai Lama”, whichlasted until 10 p.m.

The Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democ-racy (TCHRD) documented the arrest of Tibetansduring the Monlam festival in Amdo Rebkong.

“According to one report, a protest eruptedwhen police tried to question one man, otherTibetans gathered around him, and a groupof Tibetans outside a restaurant beganshouting slogans and attacking police withsticks and stones. As reinforcement to theexisting police forces, more police forces weresent and around 200 people-mostly monks-were detained although most have since beenreleased. According to one source, during theclash and protests, many Tibetans raisedslogans for the independence of Tibet andprayed for the long life of His Holiness theDalai Lama and the demonstration wenton until about 10 p.m. The protest gainedintensity when police detained some monksand took them away. However, under thepressure of a massive Tibetan demonstration,the local government was forced to releaseall of those who were arrested.”11

Simultaneously, the agitated Tibetans started attack-ing the police men with sticks and stones. Momentsafter the clash three truckloads of armed police cameto the spot to bring the situation under control. Oneeye witness reported to Radio Free Asia “Many ofthe monks who were detained were participating ina masked dance performance, which is a major eventin the Monlam Festival.”12

“When police tried to question one man,other Tibetans gathered around him, and agroup of Tibetans outside a restaurant beganshouting slogans and attacking police with

sticks and stones, witnesses said. Under thepressure of a massive Tibetan demonstration,the local government had to release all thosewho were arrested on the first day of protest.Many of them were severely beaten andtortured. Other protests erupted around thesame time, and the crowds damaged sevenChinese government vehicles, they said.Authorities sent in more police, and around200 people—mostly monks—were detained.Most have since been released, they said. [...]When police detained some monks and tookthem away, [the people] protested moreintensely. Under the pressure of a massiveTibetan demonstration, the localgovernment had to release all those who werearrested on the first day of protest. Many ofthem were severely beaten and tortured. Twoof them who were really serious were takenaway to Xining for treatment.”13

In Tibetan Buddhism, Monlam Chenmo is one ofthe important religious festivals. The festival wasstarted in the 14th century by the founder of theGelug sect of Tibetan Buddhism. The festival cel-ebrates the Buddha’s spiritual victory over the forcesof ignorance, anger, and greed and his attainment ofenlightenment. For centuries, the annual two-weeklong festival of prayer, auspicious rituals, teachingsand celebrations has attracted hundreds of thousandsof pilgrims to the capital city of Lhasa from all partsof Tibet. Monlam Chenmo endured a ban by theChinese government in 1959, when the Dalai Lamaand his followers fled to India. However, theMonlam Festival was revived in 1985 but was againbanned in 1987 following major demonstrationsin Lhasa. It was revived again in 2004.

In Gelug sect of Tibetan Buddhism, MonlamChenmo has been an important religious event.During this annual religious festival thousands ofmonks from the three centres of learning, Drepung,

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Sera and Ganden assemble to recite texts and offerfervent prayers and eulogy to the Lord Buddha whois the source of all lineage teaching. It was on cassionwhere monks prayed for the well being of all sen-tient beings and universal peace. Examinations forthe highest ‘Lharampa Geshe’ degree, the highestdegree in Buddhist philosophy in the Gelug tradi-tion, would also be held during the week-long fes-tival.

In July 2004, Chinese authorities permitted the re-sumption of the Lharmapa Geshe examinations af-ter 16 years of ban imposition. The participants ofthe Geshe Lharampa exam complained of poor qual-ity and standard compared to the past tradition.Unrelated contents such as political propaganda ofCommunist Party were prerequisite for the passingof the test. Moreover, the candidates and theinvigilators of the Geshe Lharampa exam were notfit and eligible. Wide restrictions on religious stud-ies, ban on travels to different monasteries to re-ceive oral and explanatory teachings were impossibleunder the present regulation. Hence, without properguidance, scholarship, knowledge on texts, experi-ential teachings, it has been impossible for monksto receive the level of instruction necessary to passthe Geshe Lharmapa exam in strict adherence to itstrue tradition.

While the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) alwaysasserts a claim that the freedom of religious practiceand worship is respected in Tibet, however, the casesof bans, limitations and restrictions on MonlamChenmo and other major religious celebrations ac-tually demonstrate a violation of religious freedomin Tibet.

The Chinese government has always been fearful ofa large gatherings of Tibetans during any of the majorreligious celebrations, since the trends in the pastshow that the Tibetan people moved by sentimentsand nationalism tend to erupt into demonstrations.

Large scale demonstration took place in 1959, 1987,1988, 1989 and 2008. Hence major religious cel-ebrations continue to be held under the nose of heavysecurity presence and vigilance.

Religious teaching stopped inGolog, Amdo

On 17 March 2008, the Tibetan devotees consistedof lay and clergy receiving a religious sermon by alocal religious teacher, Tulku Tenzin Pai Wangchukin Chigdril County (Ch: Juizhi Xian), Golog “Ti-betan Autonomous Prefecture” (“TAP”), QinghaiProvince. Suddenly around 6 p.m. Beijing Time,the security police by force aborted the religiousteaching against the wishes of the Tibetan devoteesin Amdo Golog.

“The Tibetan Centre for Human Rights andDemocracy (TCHRD) in monitoring thesituation learned that around 200 Tibetandevotees consisting of lay people and clergyreceiving a religious sermon from a localreligious teacher, Trulku Tenzin PaiWangchuk in Chigdril County (Ch: JuizhiXian), Golog “Tibetan AutonomousPrefecture” (“TAP”), Qinghai Province thisafternoon were disrupted suddenly with theChinese security personnel demandingimmediate stoppage of the religious sermonleading local Tibetans to protest. In a shortduration, the Chinese security personnelsurrounded and blocked the Tibetanprotesters.”14

This was yet another example of the high-handed-ness of Chinese authorities in enforcing their willand command on the Tibetan people without anyregard for the feelings and aspirations of Tibetanpeople. The Chinese government continues to re-main blind to the importance of the Buddhist reli-gion in the every day life of the Tibetan people.

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“Patriotic education” inThangkya Monastery

On 10 March 2008, a large “patriotic education”work team comprising of Religious Affairs Bureau(RAB) of the Township and County levels encircledthe Thangkya Monastery (Ch: Tong Xia) in Gyanbe(Ch: Xianpi), Gonjo County (Ch: Congjue Xian),Chamdo Prefecture, “TAR” with the support of thePeople’s Armed Police (PAP).

The Thangkya Monastery monks15 were kept un-der close vigilance preventing them from escapingfrom the monastery premises while the “patrioticeducation” session was taking place inside the mon-astery. Anyone found crossing the bridge betweenthe monastery and the town was stopped, searchedand summoned for “patriotic education” sessionswhere they were forced to sign a paper denouncingthe Dalai Lama.Tension between local township authorities andThangkya monks had been high since last year whensimilar “patriotic education” campaign was con-ducted for the monks, forcing them to vilify theDalai Lama. The monks and nuns were forced tosign papers denouncing the Dalai Lama, which sev-eral monks refused to do.

The local authorities conducted “patriotic education”when they learnt that the monks of Thangkya Mon-astery had given up eating pork out of respect forthe Dalai Lama (who was born in the Year of thePig according to Tibetan Lunar Calendar). Whenthe Chinese “work team” returned weeks later tothe monastery, monks refused to cooperate and in-stead, put up ‘Free Tibet’ posters in and around themonastery. During the last winter, at the conclu-sion of the “patriotic education” in 2007, ThangkyaMonastery monks threw snowballs at the “patrioticeducation” work team. The monks even wrote “FreeTibet” messages in the snow as reported by Free Ti-bet Campaign (Free Tibet Campaign, 2008).

For years, the implementation of the “patriotic edu-cation” campaign has been to tighten party’s con-trol over religious institutions and to undermine theinfluence of the Dalai Lama amongst the Tibetanpeople. It is known in Tibetan as “rgayl khces ringlugs bsam blo’I slob gso”, literally meaning “love yourcountry, love your religion”, which sends the basicmessage that loyalty to the state is a prerequisite tobeing a good monk or nun. Refusal to sign theChinese language anti-Dalai Lama documents,which most Tibetans do not understand, results invarious forms of punishment, from evictions frommonasteries and nunneries to torture and imprison-ment. In 2007, the Chengdu Prefecture Commu-nist Party Committee stated (translated from theoriginal Chinese language document):

“Chamdo Prefecture both deepened patrioticeducation in monasteries as well as graspedthe guidance of education for the massesthereby setting a strong and thoroughfoundation for the anti-splittist struggle, andfor strengthening legal discipline and respectfor the law among representatives from legalcircles and knowledge of loving the countryand loving religion.”16

Chinese police pulled down aBuddhist flag in NgabaCounty

On the morning of 16 March 2008, two trucksfull of armed police arrived at the Gomang Monas-tery near Ngaba Township, Ngaba Prefecture (Ch:Aba), Ngaba Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture(“TAP”), pulled down a Buddhist flag from the topof the monastery and raised a Chinese flag in itsplace. The monks were chanting inside the prayerhall of the monastery when the Chinese police werehoisting the Chinese national flag. The monks im-mediately rushed to the scene and requested the

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Chinese police to stop hoisting a Chinese nationalflag in place of a Buddhist flag. However, the monks’appeals were simply ignored. When the Chinesepolice left the monastery, the monks pulled downthe Chinese flag and marched straight to NgabaTownship to protest over the police insult and vio-lation of religious freedom.

Thousands of monks from Kirti Monastery gath-ered at a place two kilometers away from NgabaTownship for a Mani Tantra Prayer Ceremony. Themonks were later joined by lay Tibetans. Whilemarching towards the County Court, the protest-ers shouted slogans calling for the “return of the DalaiLama”, “freedom for Tibet”, and “Chinese leave Ti-bet”. The protest grew more intense as they werejoined by students from the Ngaba County MiddleSchool. Together, the protesters marched into thetown, broke the gate of the local police station andentered the compound. The police hurled tear gasshells and fired live ammunition at the protesters,killing and wounding an unknown number of Ti-betans on the spot.17 Local residents also said “amassacre had occurred”18 during the clashes in NgabaCounty on that day.

On 20 March 2008, local officials accompanied byarmed police conducted a search at Kirti Monasteryand began conducting “patriotic education” cam-paign, forcing monks to sign a statement of guiltand of loyalty to the Party and State, an initiativewhich gained intensity in the following days. Thou-sands of soldiers surrounded the monastery whilemilitary aircraft hovered above as systematic house-to-house searches in Tibetan homes around the areawere conducted. “Over 500 Tibetans were arrestedfor possessing photos of the Dalai Lama, commu-nication equipments and other politically sensitivematerials”.19 The police confiscated and burned pho-tos of the Dalai Lama and defaced religious objectsin the monasteries.20

The “detainees were told that they will be detaineduntil the end of the Olympics, and once the Olym-pics are over, court proceedings will then begin”.21

By early April, “patriotic education” campaign wasbeing extended beyond the monasteries into thecommunity of lay Tibetan society in rural areas ofNgapa County. “patriotic education” “work teams”arrived in homes and ordered Tibetans to condemnthe recent protests, denounce the Dalai Lama andpledge allegiance to the Communist Party. Eightpoints were to be reiterated in front of a camcorderand those who refused to cooperate were threatenedwith imprisonment. The points were as follows:

1. I oppose the Dalai Lama;2. I will not keep photos of Dalai Lama in my

house;3. My thinking is not influenced by the Dalai

Clique;4. I will not follow splittism;5. The conspiracy to split nationalities cannot

succeed;6. I love the Communist Party;7. I will follow the Party no matter what;8. I recognize the Party’s great kindness.22

Two monks commit suicide inNgaba County

Two Tibetan monks in Amdo Ngaba Monastery,unable to bear the severe repression and presence ofthe Communist Party in their monastery, commit-ted suicide. On March 27 2008, Lobsang Jinpa, amonk from Kirti Monastery took his life, leavingbehind a suicide note which ended with a line, “I donot want to live under the Chinese oppression evenfor a minute, leave aside living for a day.” Threedays later, a 75-year old monk named Legtsok, ac-companied by two other monks were on their wayto perform prayer rituals at a house of a Tibetanfamily when they encountered a large contingent of

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Chinese security forces heading towards NgabaGomang Monastery to quell the protesting monksat the monastery. The police brutally beat Legtsokand detained him for a few days. After his releasefrom the detention, he returned to his monasterywhere he took his own life.

“On 27 March 2008, a monk Lobsang Jinpa ofNgaba Kirti Monastery committed suicide. Hehailed from Ngasib Village in Amdo Ngaba. In hissigned suicide note, Lobsang stated, “the Chinesegovernment has leveled false allegations against themonks of Kirti Monastery for leaking State Secretsto the outside world, leading and organizing the pro-tests and for keeping the dead bodies of Tibetanprotesters shot dead by the Chinese security forces.However, all the charges leveled by the Chinese gov-ernment were not committed by anyone in KirtiMonastery, but carried out solely by me”. The notefurther stated “I led the peaceful protest, and I amsolely responsible for the protest”. The suicide notecarried a poignant end line, it reads, “I do not wantto live under the Chinese oppression even for aminute, leave aside living for a day. “ [...] Just mo-ments before his suicide, he sent two of his disciplesto return the money owned by his other disciplesand relatives that was kept with him for safe keep-ing. Minutes after his disciples’ departure, he com-mitted suicide. When his disciples returned, theyfound him dead. He repeatedly told his two dis-ciples that “he can’t bear the oppression anymore”.Those words served as a premonition of his immi-nent death.”23

According to TibetanBuddhist teaching, tak-ing ones life is one of thegravest forms of sinsviolating the cardinalprecepts of the doctrine.Tibetan Buddhistmonks have been

known for their patience and resilience in the faceof adversity. The case of suicide is a clear evidence ofTibetan monks pushed to the extreme limits ofhuman endurance and helplessness in the face ofoppressive Chinese rule.

Chinese security police raidsKirti Monastery

In the aftermath of the days of protests in NgabaCounty since 15 March 2008, the Chinese People’sArmed Police (PAP) and Public Security Breau(PSB) forces arrested over a hundred monks fromNgaba Kirti Monastery in a raid on 28 March 2008.

“At around 12 noon (Beijing Standard time),PAP and PSB forces stormed into NgabaKirti Monastery, in Ngaba County (Ch: AbaXian), Ngaba “TAP” Sichuan Province. Atfirst the PAP and PSB forces barred themonks of Ngaba Kirti Monastery fromventuring out of their rooms, followed by asudden raid carried out in each and everymonk’s room, ransacking any portraits of theDalai Lama and looking for anyincriminating documents. At around 5:00PM (Beijing Standard Time) at least ahundred monks were known to have beenforcibly taken away by the armed forces toNgaba County PSB Detention Centre afterthe raid. The current atmosphere inside theKirti Monastery is known to be very tenseand volatile.”24

Three days later, a total of 57225 monks, as youngas ten years old, from Ngaba Kirti Monastery werearrested following a two-day raid on monks’ resi-dence on March 28 and 29 2008. The People’sArmed Police (PAP) and Public Security Bureau(PSB) forces came in hundreds to Ngaba KirtiMonastery, dispersed monks and lay visitors, sur-Lobsang Jinpa

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rounded the monastery compound and ordered sur-rounding shops to shut down. Each and everymonk’s rooms were ransacked for portraits of theDalai Lama, mobile phones, cameras, MP3 players,computers and other ‘incriminating’ and ‘politicallysensitive’ documents which may have indicated com-munication with the exile Tibetan communities. Inan attempt to damage the religious sentiments ofthe Buddhist monks, the PAP and PSB officialsforced monks to step over the portraits of the DalaiLama found in monks’ residences. The securityforces also took photographs of monks who werecoerced to hold the banned Tibetan national flagand portrait of a Dalai Lama to use as evidence oftheir crimes.

“As reported earlier by the Centre, moreinformation on the number of monks arrestedfollowing two days of raids in Ngaba KirtiMonastery in Ngaba County (Ch:Aba Xian),Ngaba “ Tibet Autonomous Prefecture”(‘TAP’), Sichuan Province, is surfacing fromthe area. According to several credible sources,a total of 572 monks including novice asyoung as ten years old from Kirti Monasterywere known to have been arrested in twodays’ raid at the monastery by PAP and PSBofficials. Before the launch of raids in themonastery on 28 March, hundreds of PAPand PSB reached the monastery, dispersedpeople, mostly devotees and visitors gatheredaround the monastery compound, andordered surrounding shops to be shutdown.”26

During the raid, sandbag barricades were erected byPAP forces around Kirti Monastery and the sur-roundings area to curb any fresh outbreak of pro-test by the local residents of Ngaba County, SichuanProvince. At the same time, around 30 Tibetans,including two senior monks, Lobsang Tenzin andLobsang Chodhar of Kirti Monastery, who had beenarrested days earlier, were paraded around the streets

of Ngaba County in a military truck to intimidatelay protesters from participating in any further dem-onstrations.

In the days following, similar raids took place onmonasteries across Ngapa County, including NgatoeAdue Monastery, Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery(a branch of Amdo Ngaba Kirti Monastery) inDzoge County (Ch:Ruanggui/Zoige Xian), GomangMonastery, Ngamey Dongri Monastery (a branchof Ngaba Kirti Monastery). There is no clear infor-mation on the exact number of monks arrested orabout officials finding any incriminating documentsafter the raid on the monasteries.

Patriotic education inmonasteries across MachuCounty

On 16 March 2008, a peaceful protest broke out inMachu County, Kanlho (Ch: Hannan) TibetanAutonomous Prefecture “TAP”, Sichuan Province.Over 1,500 local Tibetans protested in front of theCounty government headquarter calling for “Inde-pendence for Tibet” and “Long Live the Dalai Lama”.Immediately the Chinese authorities curtailed themovements of the Tibetan people in Machu Countyand dispatched “work teams” to monasteries to carryout “patriotic education” campaign.27

The local Tibetans were not allowed to travel fromone village to another by any means. The Chineseauthorities divided a total of 11928 local Chineseand Tibetan officials into task groups. It includedpolice and Public Security Bureau (PSB) officers.They were then directed to nine monasteries in seventownships across the entire Machu County to con-duct massive ‘patriotic eduction” campaign.

The “patriotic education” sessions in the monaster-ies concerned with teaching the constitution of theCommunist Party of China (CCP), the freedom of

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religious beliefs being stipulated in the ChineseConstitution, and the importance of denouncingthe Dalai Lama, the Tibetan government-in-exileand separatist ‘Dalai Cliques’, referring to Tibetanorganizations based in Dharamsala and InternationalTibet Support Groups. During the sessions, monksand nuns were made to condemn the Dalai Lamaand Tibet groups as “common enemies of the moth-erland”. The monks were taught “correct politicalviews and behaviors” as in the framework of theChinese Communist Party (CCP) since the major-ity of monks in those monasteries were believed tohave been involved in the March anti-China pro-tests and agitations, except for two monasteries inthe Machu County.29

The local authorities ordered the Democratic Man-agement Committees (DMC) in the monasteriesto amend and enforce rules for the monks to par-ticipate in compulsory weekly “patriotic education”sessions or classes held three times a week. Each “pa-triotic education” class or session lasted about morethan two hours at a stretch. Within days of “patri-otic education” sessions, the situation in MachuCounty became uneasy and repressed. As a result, alarge number of monks left or were forced to vacatethe monasteries due to their unwillingness to de-nounce and condemn the Dalai Lama. A Tibetanmonk from the Machu area spoke over a telephone,in which he said, “It is a real disaster for monks whatis going on in the monasteries today. The ‘PatrioticRe-education Campaign’ is a very big obstacle forus in the monasteries in Tibet to practice traditionalTibetan Buddhism.”30

Study topics as outlined in the Patriotic Educationfor Monasteries Propaganda Handbook No. 2:Handbook for Education in Anti-Splittism, issuedby the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) Commit-tee for Patriotic Education in Monasteries, includedthe following (translated from the original Chineselanguage document):

Section One: Ours is a country of many nation-alities united as one1. Our Motherland is a sacred nation.2. Our Motherland is a country of many

nationalities united.3. Our country’s nationalities have built the great

family of China’s nationalities together.4. The Tibet region is an inalienable part of China.

Section Two: “Tibet Independence” is a plothatched by Imperialists old and new1. How imperialists invaded Tibet and put up the

deception of “Tibet Independence”.2. The villainous support by international anti-

China forces for the Dalai Clique’s attempt tosplit the Motherland.a) Local separatists encouraged by international

anti-China forces promoted the splitting ofthe Motherland and put obstacles in the pathof the PLA advance into Tibet.

b) The violent uprising staged by the reactionaryupper class and Tibet local government.

c) The attempts by the exiled Dalai Clique tosplit the Motherland.

d) International anti-China forces led by the U.S.step up support for the Splittist activities ofthe Dalai Clique.

SECTION THREE: The real goal behind inter-national anti-China forces’ support for the DalaiClique (International Campaign for Tibet. (2004).When the Sky Fell to Earth: The New Crackdownon Buddhism in Tibet. Washington DC: ICT)

Portraits of the Dalai Lamadestroyed in Ngaba KirtiMonastery31

On 28 March 2008, a strong contingent of thePeople’s Armed Police (PAP) and the Public Secu-rity Bureau (PSB) forces stormed the Ngaba Kirti

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Monastery in Ngaba (Ch: Aba) County, Ngaba“TAP”, Sichuan Province and raided the livingrooms and residences in the monastery. During theraid the Chinese security forces ransacked, harassedand insulted the monks of Kirti Monastery.The pictures and portraits of the Dalai Lama insidethe prayer wheel hut were torn apart, pierced,scrubbed and removed during the raid. This is anextreme violation of the right to worship and prac-tice as laid down in the Chinese constitution whichprovides for the right to religious belief and prac-tice.

China conducted “patrioticeducation” in Ratoe Monastery

On 14 March 2008, China conducted “patrioticeducation” campaign32 in Ratoe Moanstery inNyethang Township, Chushul County, LhasaMunicipalty, “Tibet Autonomous Region” (“TAR”).The aim of the “patriotic education” conducted wasto fight “inroads made by the Dalai Clique and sepa-ratist forces”. During the “patriotic education” cam-paign, the authorites repeatedly pressed the monksto surrender “items, objects and materials” relatedto “separatism” and “splittism”. Apparently not asingle monk surrendered anything to the Chineseauthorities in the monastery.

Earlier China detained 32 monks of Ratoe Monas-tery for staging a peaceful demonstration on 14March 2008. The protest was first led by the Ratoemonks and later joined by the ordinary Tibetans.The protesters called for “freedom in Tibet” and“Long live the Dalai Lama”. On 16 April 2008, theChinese security forces surrounded the monasteryand raided the monks’ residence and living roomsfor “weapons” and other “incriminating materials”.

Ironically, amongst the detainees was 38-year-oldThupchok, a member of the “Democractic Man-agement Committee (DMC) “work team” ap-pointed in the monastery- the very people the Chi-nese authorities relied upon in “beating separatistforces” in the monasteries and Tibetan society. Itonly showed the mockery of China’s senseless “pa-triotic education” campaign in the religious institu-tions of Tibet.

The Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democ-racy (TCHRD) is yet to receive information abouttheir present condition and whereabouts.

Monks arrested for refusing todenounce the Dalai Lama

On 2 April 2008, the Chinese authorities came toBa-Chodae Monastery to conduct “patriotic educa-tion”. The Ba-Chodae Monastery situated inBathang County (Ch: Batang), Kardze (CH: Ganzi)Tibet Autonomous Prefecture (“TAP”) housedaround 250 monks. The “work team” of the Demo-cratic Management Committee (DMC) ordered themonks to gather for a meeting, stating that it wasan order from the government authorities.

In the “patriotic education” session, there weretwenty seven People’s Armed Police (PAP) person-nel who addressed the meeting and ordered themonks to sign off documents denouncing the Dalai

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Lama. The document apparently in Chinese lan-guage contained statements which stated that it wasthe Dalai Lama who organized and encouraged therecent protests in Tibet. Also during the “patrioticeducation” session, four monks, including two se-nior scholars from the monastery, Ngonro Yeshe andJigme Dorjee, refused to sign the document. Theywere immediately arrested by the People’s ArmedPolice (PAP). The identities of two other monksare still yet to be known. The four monks werebranded as counterrevolutionaries and detained inthe Bathang Police Station. The monks of Ba-Chodae Monastery33 were reported to be under tightsecurity imposed by the Chinese authorities, at thetime when this information came out of Tibet.

In another similar incident on 2 April 2008, theChinese authorities came to Tongkhor Monastery,home to approximately 370 monks to conduct a“patriotic education” session to denounce the DalaiLama as “splittist” leader. The chant master of themonastery, Lobsang Jamyang, also the head inchargeof the monastery refused to co-operate with theChinese “work team” stating that he would ratherdie than denounce the Dalai Lama under the “patri-otic education” campaign.

On the following day, during a religious ceremonya monk named Yeshi Nyima, along with LobsangJamyang announced their refusal to denounce theDalai Lama or to be part in any of the propagandasessions even at the cost of their lives. Not long af-ter, around 3,000 armed police burst into the mon-astery, raided rooms and the monks’ living rooms.The Chinese police found photos of the Dalai Lamain the rooms of Geshe Sonam Tenzing, aged 74,and Tsultrim Phuntsok, whereupon they were in-stantly arrested.

On the evening of 3 April 2008, around 370 monksand 400 ordinary Tibetans marched to the Countyheadquarter where they shouted slogans such as

“Long live His Holiness the Dalai Lama”, “we don’thave freedom”, “we want freedom”34 and demandedthe immediate release of Geshe Sonam Tenzing andTsultrim Phuntsok. In the backdrop of the Tibet-ans’ agitations, the Tongkhor Township authoritiesfinally agreed to release both of them within a fewhours. However when the Township authoritiesfailed to release them, the local Tibetans and monksonce again marched to the Township office to de-mand their release. This time, hundreds of armedpolice had already barricaded the road to the Town-ship office. Soon, in the heat of the moment, a clashbroke out between Tibetans and the Chinese po-lice. The security police in order to suppress the pro-testers fired machine guns indiscriminately into thecrowd, killing at least eight people and injuring anunknown number of Tibetan protesters. The Chi-nese soldiers maintained a tight control over themonastery for several months after the incident.

Hundreds of Tibetans, including monks, nuns andlay people had been imprisoned in Kardze for tak-ing part in peaceful protests against the Chinese rulesince the demonstrations broke out across the Ti-betan plateau on 10 March 2008. Tibetans in Kardzehave been known for their strong sense of Tibetanidentity and nationalism. Hardline Chinese cam-paigns against the Dalai Lama, imposition of “pa-triotic education” in monasteries, discriminatoryeconomic policies have led to the loss of their landand livelihoods instilling deep resentment in the re-gion towards the Chinese authorities.35

Ban on Buddhist ritual prayerin Kardze

On 5 April 2008, the local Tibetans led by monksof Nyitso Monastery in Tawu County (Ch: Daofu),Kardze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (“TAP”),Sichuan Province assembled to perform TibetanBuddhist rituals following massive protests across

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the entire Tibetan plateau. Soon, the Chinese localauthorities came to know about such religious ac-tivity at Nyitso Monastery, posted warnings to thelocal Tibetans to remain indoors or risk being shotat.

However, despite the warnings of the local authori-ties, the monks and lay Tibetans braved odds andassembled at Nyitso Monastery to perform theBuddhist ritual. This time, the local authoritieswarned Tibetans that the entire ritual instrumentsand tools would be confiscated if they continueswith the activity.

Next day, on 6 April 2008, despite the massive de-ployment of hundreds of Chinese armed police, localTibetans somehow managed to gather at NyitsoMonastery. Soon at the gathering, the monastery’ssenior monks announced to the public that theBuddhist ritual and the candlelight vigil was in ac-cordance with the Dalai Lama’s non-violence prin-ciples.

Later, around noon, monks and lay Tibetans leftthe monastery but they were blocked by more than400 armed police on the main road. At the time,the local authorities also told the crowd that onlymonks would be allowed to proceed with the ritualperformance. It was at that point of time, that thelay Tibetans grew agitated and shouted, “We don’thave freedom in our own land, we want completefreedom”, “we must invite His Holiness to Tibetimmediately”, “Chinese should return to China” and“Tibet and China should be separate countries”.

In response, the Chinese police fired live ammuni-tion36 to disperse the crowd. Ten Tibetan protesterswere shot dead and the five of the injured protesterswere detained. Later the demonstrators once againgathered at the monastery, announcing that theywere ready to sacrifice their lives if the authorities

did not release five detained Tibetans. They told thecounty head that they were ready to die if he didnot release the five detained Tibetans. The local au-thorities released the detained protesters immedi-ately for fear of massive demonstrations.

Kardze, one of the 18 counties in the prefecture,has been the site of more known political deten-tions of Tibetans by Chinese authorities than anyother county outside the Tibet Autonomous Re-gion (TAR) since the late 1980s.37

Monastic School closed by theChinese authorities

In the aftermath of the Tibetan protests across NgabaCounty, (Ch: Aba Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture(“TAP”), Sichuan Province, on 8 April 2008, theChinese authorities indefinitely closed down aschool run by Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery.

The primary reason for the closure of the schoolwas that a number of students from the school par-ticipated in the 15 March protest alongside othermonks of the Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery (abranch monastery of Amdo Ngaba Kirti Monas-tery), Dzoge County County, (CH: Zoige) Ngaba“TAP”. More than 500 students, both novice monksand children from surrounding areas were sent backto their respective places after the closure of theschool.

The school was established in 1986 by TaktsangLhamo Kirti Monastic School. It educated prima-rily the novice monks below 18 years of age andchildren from surrounding nomadic areas in Tibetanlanguage, literature and Buddhist philosophy. Theschool was immensely useful for the young monksbelow the age of 18, since it was the only viablemeans by which they received elementary educationon Buddhist philosophy before entering a Monas-

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tery to study formal scriptural doctrine and treatise.Hence the closure of the school was a blatant viola-tion of religious freedom by the Chinese authori-ties. It is often the case in Tibet that there are veryfew schools in rural areas. Hence the closure of sucha school only adds to deprivation from basic educa-tion and aggravating illiteracy crisis in Tibet.

“The school was not free of any officialinterference in the past. In 1998, the Chineseauthorities forcibly took over the governanceof the monastic school from Taktsang LhamoKirti Monastery two years after itsestablishment. However, irrespective of takingover governance by the authorities, themonastic school has been run and manageddirectly by Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monasteryuntil its closure on 8 April 2008. TaktsangLhamo Kirti Monastic School caters toeducating primarily novice monks below 18years of age and children from surroundingnomadic areas, on Tibetan language,literature and Buddhist philosophy. At thetime of its closure, the school housed 504novice monks and lay children fromneighboring areas. Almost all of its studentswere from poor rural and nomadic areaswhere there is no education facility. Themonastic school was a boon for the poorfarmers and nomads who subsist on dailyearnings and can not provide for theirchildren’s education.”38

At the time of its closure, the school housed 504novice monks39 and lay children from neighboringareas of Amdo Ngaba. Almost all of its studentswere from poor rural and nomadic areas where therewas no schools and educational facility. The mo-nastic school was a boon for the poor farmers andnomads who subsisted on daily earnings and hencecould not provide for their children’s education.

In recent times, there is an ideological and policydrive in various parts of Tibet to discourage schoolsrun by Tibetan societies and monasteries. The Chi-nese authorities often pressure parents, especiallythose who are the members of the Chinese Com-munist Party (CCP) or government employees towithdraw their children from monasteries in theirhome towns, private schools attached to monaster-ies, and Tibetan schools in India. This year alone,there are few cases of the Tibetan students in Tibetforced to return to Tibet due to the Chinese pres-sure on their parents, who if fail would face direconsequences, most probably losing jobs, positionsin the local government and the membership in theCommunist Party of China. In some cases the localauthorities even confiscated identity documents ofparents with children in Tibetan schools in India asa means of forcing the parents to make their chil-dren return home. 40

Monastic schools have long been the primary sourceand backbone of education in Tibet. Such schoolscatered to the need of education to Tibetans whocould not pay exorbitant school fees laid down bythe government. The Chinese government has beentargeting monastic schools as they are deemed to beteaching “splittist” ideologies when in reality thecurriculum in monastic schools is based on Tibetanculture and Buddhist philosophy.

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China detained 70 monks ofRamoche Temple in midnightraid

The Chinese government launched a series ofclampdowns on Tibet’s religious institutions aftermassive demonstrations gripped Lhasa city for days.In what has been an indication of strengthening ofcontrol and regulation of the religious institutions,which were historically the bastion of Tibetan na-tionalism, the Chinese authorities resorted to pre-emptive moves to raid monasteries and monks’ resi-dences. The Tibetan Centre for Human Rights andDemocracy (TCHRD) learnt about a midnight raidat Ramoche Temple, Lhasa city, Tibet AutonomousRegion “TAR” on 7 April 2008. During the mid-night raid, about 70 monks were arrested and sincethen TCHRD had no information about their cur-rent whereabouts.

“On 7 April 2008, around 70 monks fromRamoche Temple were detained by thePeople’s Armed Police (PAP) and PublicSecurity Bureau (PSB) officials during themidnight raid carried out on monks’residences. The detained monks were takenaway to an unknown location, according toreliable sources. At present only a few monksare left in the Ramoche Temple, whichpreviously housed around a hundred monks,with scores detained and taken away in themidnight raid. There is no immediateinformation on the condition andwhereabouts of those detained. TheChairman of the “Tibet Autonomous Region”government, Qiangba Puncog, said at a pressbriefing of the State Council informationoffice, that police had detained 953 suspectsinvolved in the ’14 March violence’ in Lhasa.

Severe restrictions have been imposed on themovement of the monks of Ramoche Templesince 14 March protest in Lhasa. Credible

sources confirmed the case of one monk,Thokmey, committing suicide in Ramochetemple following massive crackdowns by thePAP and PSB on 22 March 2008.

A similar restriction was imposed on all themajor monasteries of Tibet includingDrepung, Gaden and Sera, with all accessto these monasteries severely restricted with24X7 monitoring by a heavy presence of PAPand PSB officials since the demonstrationbroke out on 10 March in Lhasa and otherparts of Tibet. “

Ramoche Temple was one of the important religiouscentres in Lhasa; it housed a few hundreds monksin it. The imposition of stringent regulations onreligious institutions and learning centres was a bla-tant violation of the right to pursue religious studyand worship in an environment of peace, freedomand stability. The arrest of religious practitioners andworshipers in midnight raids goes on to show howthe Chinese government respects and honours theTibetan clergy. In the name of security and stability,not for the Tibetan people but for the one partyrule of the Communist Party, all sorts of religiouspersecution and crimes are currently being commit-ted in Tibet.

Drepung monks detainedduring “patriotic education”

On 12 April 2008, a number of monks fromDrepung Monastery in Lhasa, Lhasa City, TibetAutonomous Region (“TAR”) were detained by theChinese security officials following monks’ protestagainst the Chinese “work team” in the monasteryto conduct “patriotic education”. This time a “workteam” group called ‘Legal Information EducationWork Team’ was sent to the monastery to conductlegal education. However, it was not successful since

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scores of monks opposed and protested against theindoctrination.

In the light of the monks’ protest, additional secu-rity forces were soon deployed in the monastery tocontrol the agitated monks. As a result, a numberof monks were immediately detained by the secu-rity forces for interrupting and blocking “patrioticeducation” on ‘Legal Information Education’. Tilltoday there is no information about the conditionand whereabouts of the monks of Drepung Mon-astery detained on 12 April 2008.

Additional security forces in Drepung Monasterywere deployed to contain the protest inside themonastery. All roads leading to Drepung Monas-tery were sealed off. The movements of monks inthe monastery were severely restricted with securitypersonnel curbing access to outside including thedevotees.

“According to reliable sources, a new “WorkTeam” on “Legal and InformationEducation” arrived in Drepung Monasteryto start “Patriotic Education” campaign tothe Drepung monks. However, the monksprotested in unison against the campaign.Later, security forces were called into themonastery by the “Work Team” to control theprotesting monks. A number of Tibetanmonks were immediately detained forinterrupting and protesting the campaignand taken away to an unknown location bythe security forces. There is no informationon the condition and whereabouts of thosedetainees.

The “Patriotic Education” campaign whichwas reinvigorated across various monasticinstitutions in Tibet requires monks todenounce the Dalai Lama and to oppose theongoing protests in addition to usual politicalindoctrination sessions. The new ‘work team’

of “legal and information education” wasprimarily aimed at informing the monasticinstitutions about the legal and otherconsequences of taking part in politicalactivities as most of recent protests across Tibetwere led by the monastic community.”41

The “patriotic education” campaign, which was in-tensified across various monastic institutions acrossTibet in the post March protests, required monksto criticize the Dalai Lama, to oppose the proteststhat were sweeping other parts of Tibet and to dili-gently follow the political indoctrination sessions.The new “work team” dispatched to Drepung Mon-astery primarily aimed at informing members of themonastic institution about the legal consequencesof involvement in political activities. In fact, a scoreof Drepung monks who first sparked off the Marchprotests inside Tibet were arrested. It has been alsothe case that most protests and anti-China agitationswere led by monks and nuns. At the 2007 RegionalUnited Front Nationalities Work Conference, theLhasa City Communist Party Committee reported(translated from the original Chinese language docu-ments):

“The government smoothly managed themonasteries according to law…Patrioticeducation and propaganda on the legalsystem for the broad masses of monks andnuns42was broadened, hard strikes weremade against an extremely small minorityof stubborn elements and a system wasestablished for ensuring monks can receive allrules and regulations for religious work toproceed in a regulated way.”

The Lhasa City Communist Party also outlined thefollowing plans for prefectural-level tasks to be car-ried out for 2008:

· Persist in maintaining the guide for religiouswork of protecting and respecting for the law,

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stopping any breaking of the law, resistinginfiltration and striking hard against crime;

· Isolate and attack to the greatest possible degreethe extremely small minority of splittists;

· Unify to the greatest possible degree the broadmasses of patriotic monks, nuns and religiousmasses;

· Thoroughly implement the ‘Regulations onReligious Affairs’ and the ‘TAR Measures forImplementing the Regulations for ReligiousAffairs’;

· Strengthen management according to law;· Protect the regular order of religion and ensure

the masses’ freedom of religious belief;· Deepen a step further, patriotic education in the

monasteries by extending the scope of training;· Create professional religious personnel which is

politically reliable, with religious attainments andwith moral standards;

· Ensure that leadership powers at monasteries arein the highest hands of people in religious circleswho love the country and abide by laws.(International Campaign for Tibet, 2007)

Amdo Labrang Monasteryreeled under repression

On April 15 2008, over 160 monks of AmdoLabrang Monastery, Sanchu County, (Ch: Xiahe)Kanlho Prefecture (Ch: Gannan Tibet AutonomousPrefecture), Gansu Province were arrested by theChinese People’s Armed Police (PAP), days after 15brave monks had protested and testified in front ofa group of Western journalists about lack of free-dom of belief, worship and human rights in Tibet.

In a blitzkrieg move, armed troops burst into themonastery ransacking the monks’ quarters, smash-ing shrines and tearing the photos of the Dalai Lama.It was reported that after the ransacking of theLabrang Monastery, children on their way to school

were collecting fragments of torn up photos of theDalai Lama and carrying them in their hands. Theauthorities also looted valuable Buddhist statues,prompting Geshe Akhu Jamyang Gyatso43 to launchan immediate complaint to the central governmentin China. No legal action was taken by Kanlho Pre-fecture authorities against those responsible for thepillaging and ransacking of the monastery’s treasuredrelics. The Chinese soldiers encircled the monasteryprohibiting anyone to enter or leave the monastery’spremises. The exact number of monks detainedduring the raid, their current whereabouts, condi-tion and charges have remained unknown till date.

In an attempt to discretely gather intelligence onthe remaining monks at Labrang and to identifypotential ‘troublemakers’ in future, the Chinese lo-cal authorities created a new set of questionnaire forLabrang monks to fill. The monks were required towrite down their true answers. The questionnaireincluded questions about the monks’ main com-munication with the outside world and whether ornot the recent violent riots that took place in Lhasacity such as “smashing, looting and burning” goagainst the cardinal precepts of the Buddhist teach-ings. According to the person who leaked the ques-tionnaire to the outside world, many Labrangmonks simply returned the questionnaire sheet with-out answering any question, while a few of monkswrote comments. The questionnaire, translated be-low also created an atmosphere of unease and suspi-cion among the monks after the mass arrests andbrutal crackdown on Labrang monks.

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Questionnaire44

The purpose of this questionnaire is to understandthe purpose of staying at a Tibetan Buddhist mon-astery in our country. You do not have to provideyour name and your answers’ confidentiality will bekept. We request you to be truthful and choose theoption that is true to the best of your knowledge.You can write suggestions on the above line. Wethank you for your support.

1 Why did you wish to join the monastery?! Your own wish ! Your parents, relatives or

friends asked you to ! Other

2 What is the most important issue that has beenovercome [since your admittance] to themonastery?! The issue of getting and education ! The

issue of finding a livelihood ! The issue offinding a profession ! Other

3 Who influenced you the most in themonastery?! Your teacher !The reincarnate lama in your

monastery ! Your monk mate ! Headof management committee

4 Who do you regularly communicate with?! Your family ! Your teacher! Your religious mate ! Other

5 Were you present at a mass gathering? Yes orno.! If yes, once a month ! Once every six

months ! Once a year

6 What is your main communication methodwith foreign countries?! By internet ! By phone ! By mobile

phone ! By letter post ! By voice post(note: unclear what this is) ! By letter post

7 What is your most common news avenue?! Through phone ! Through mail! Through television ! Through radio

8 Do you listen to news channels from withinthe country?! Never ! Occasionally ! Always

9 Do you listen to news channels from outsidethe country?! Never ! Occasionally ! Always

10 What is your primary source of income?! Family ! Direct sponsor! Sponsor through the monastery! Religious payment from the monastery! Help from the government ! Other

11How would you rate the facilities andenvironment for Buddhist study?! Very good ! Good! Normal ! Very bad

12 Where did you study Buddhism?! Buddhist school ! Dialectics school! From my teacher

13 What is your biggest worry in a day?! Livelihood ! Education

14 Do you think you enjoy all the rights andresponsibilities given to a normal humanbeing?! Yes ! No ! Don’t know

15 Have you ever been to other countries to studyBuddhism?! Yes ! No

16 If yes, how long did you stay in foreigncountry?! 1 year ! 1 year to 3 years! 3 years to 5 years ! More than 5 years

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17 This year a few monks and nuns have carriedout activities of smashing, looting, andburning. Do you think these activities goagainst Buddhist teachings?! Yes ! No ! Don’t know

18 In which areas do reincarnate lamas excel?! Religious teaching ! Monastic management! Publicizing the monastery! Financial management of the monastery! Political affairs

19 How would you rate the performance of themonastic Democratic ManagementCommittee?! Good ! Poor! Needs improvement ! Difficult to say

20 What is religion’s influence on economy andsocial development! More harm than good ! More good than

harm ! Equal ! Difficult to say

Labrang Monk Testified toTCHRD about crackdown onreligious freedom

Lodoe Khunkyab, a 20-year-old monk who recentlycame into exile testified to TCHRD about the crack-down on religious practice in Labrang Monastery,Sangchu County (Ch: Xiahe), “TAP”, Gansu Prov-ince.

According to Lodoe Khunkyab45, the “work teams”of the “patriotic campaign” were permanently sta-tioned in his Labrang Monastery and carrying outperiodic “patriotic education” sessions, once everyweek. There were about 1500 monks in AmdoLabrang Monastery currently undergoing “patrioticeducation” campaign. He testified to TCHRD thatLabrang monks were forced to denounce and criti-cize the Dalai Lama and made to sign a statement,

which stated that “the Dalai Lama and the hostilewestern forces” organized and orchestrated theMarch 14 “riots” in Lhasa this year.

Every week the “work team” came to the monasteryto conduct “patriotic education” during which theywere taught about “the Dalai Clique and the hostilewestern forces undermining and obstructing theChinese government’s developmental projects andgreat strides they were making in Tibet. The Dalaialways claimed that the Chinese government wasalways undermining and destroying Tibet’s cultureand heritage to the outside world. This was all but alie”.

The monks were issued strict instruction not to lis-ten to the Dalai Lama’s teachings and speeches. The“work team” officials issued a strict warning to themonks that, “All of you are not supposed to followhis actions. All of you are patriotic and devout Bud-dhist monks and obedient citizens of China. Youmust understand that to oppose the Dalai is notabout an issue of human rights and religious free-dom. It is a political struggle, a struggle against the“splitism” and “separatism”. Therefore, all of youmust study the legal framework of the Chinese con-stitution, be a loyal and good citizen of China. Makethe best use of the economic policies and prosperityin Tibet.”

One aspect of the “patriotic education” in the mon-astery was to identify the Dalai Lama as a potentthreat to Tibet and the territorial integrity of China.The “work team” officials said, “ The Dalai is not areligious leader; he misleads a few people and cre-ates trouble and havoc in our country. All of youmust not be misled by him; instead we must fightagainst his “separatist activities”.

The Labrang monks were then advised to give up“old thinking” and “bring changes to their ideologyand views”, which were described as a stumbling

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block against China’s transformation of Tibet intoa developed, stable and prosperous region. The“work team” officials told the monks that, “The fiststep is this, all of you who wear Buddha’s robes arestruck in old thinking and ways, holding a stub-born attitude to change and holding on to old ide-ology and attitude. Instead, all of you must culti-vate new ideas and be liberal in thinking and atti-tude. Cultivate and inculcate firm loyalty and faithin the Communist Party of China”.

Lodoe also said that raids and examination ofmonks’ residences and living rooms were routineexercises by the “work team” officials to look forthe books, speeches, CDs and DvDs containing theteachings of the Dalai Lama and other “incriminat-ing” materials. If anyone is found to have possessed,then a monk would be immediately arrested andexpelled from the monastery. In addition, he wouldface serious legal consequences such as detention andimprisonment under the campaign.

Head Lama of Rong GonchenMonastery hurt

An instance of how the Chinese authorities treat andrespect important religious figures inside Tibet, thereligious head of Rong Gonchen Monastery inRebkong County (Ch: Tongren Xian), Malho (Ch:huangnan) “Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture”,Qinghai Province was hurt during a protest on 17April 2008.

On 17 April 2008, a group of 22 monks from RongGonchen Monastery in Rebkong carried out pro-test in Rebkong County market. On that very af-ternoon, over one hundred protesters were arrestedby the Chinese security forces. In following mo-ments, the situation in Rong Gonchen Monasteryand in Rebkong County became tense and volatile.Soon confrontation between the Chinese security

forces and the local Tibetans erupted causing the 80-year-old head Lama of Rong Gonchen AlakKhasutsang46 to intervene and diffuse the tension.

However, during the crackdown by the Chinese se-curity forces, the head Lama sustained sever headwounds and injuries. Various reports claimed thathe was in a critical condition and was hospitalizedin Xining City for medical treatment. Moreover, hewas known to be suffering from a high blood pres-sure and till date there has been no information onhis present whereabouts and health condition. It onlyhighlighted the fact that the Chinese governmentdidn’t discriminate between important religiousleaders and ordinary monks.

On the evening of the same day, 17 April 2008,scores of Chinese armed forces burst into the monks’quarters in Rong Gonchen and raided them. Themonks were flushed out of their living rooms, madeto kneel down with hands behind their head in amonastery courtyard. The Chinese security forcesthreatened the monks at gun point. Incidents likethese and many others witnessed during this year’scrackdown on Tibetan people serve as grim remind-ers of what the Chinese government can do in theglare of international world. For a decade, Tibet hadnot witnessed religious persecution and crackdownof such a scale.

Panchen Lama marks his 19TH

birthday under house arrest

Gedhun Choekyi Nyima, recognized by the DalaiLama as the 11th reincarnation of the Panchen Lamaof Tibet marked his 19th birthday on April 25th,2008 following more than a decade in Chinese cus-tody. He has been missing for the past thirteen yearsalong with his parents. After repeated attempts tolocate and visit the boy, not one international agencyor human rights organization has been allowed to

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meet with Gedhun Choekyi Nyima or his family,while their condition remains uncertain.

In September 2005, Chinese authorities informedthe United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedomof Religion and Belief that Gedhun Choekyi Nyimawas “in good health and just like any other chil-dren, leading a normal, happy life and receiving agood cultural education”. In 2006, Chinese authori-ties refused repeated requests to arrange meetingsbetween Gedhun Choekyi Nyima and internationalnews agencies, stating that it was purely out of re-spect for the family’s wishes to not be ‘disturbed’by outsiders and that they are being kept in ‘protec-tive custody’47

Historically, the Panchen Lama, whose title means‘Great Scholar’, has been one of Tibet’s most highlyrevered religious figures with a distinct relationshipto the Dalai Lama. Tibetans speak of the elder ofthe two as the ‘spiritual father’ of the younger andrefer to the Dalai Lama as the ‘sun’ and the PanchenLama, as the ‘moon’. In the past, Panchen Lamashave played deciding roles in the recognition andeducation of the Dalai Lama, and vice versa. TheChinese historian, Ya Hanzhang, in his official bi-ography of the Panchen Lamas said, “By Tibetantradition, a reincarnation of the Panchen could notbe religiously legal without the Dalai’s recognition,and the same was the case with the Dalai”, which iswhy control over the institution of the PanchenLama is regarded as crucial for China (InternationalCampaign for Tibet. (2004). When the Sky Fell toEarth: The New Crackdown on Buddhism in Tibet.Washington DC: ICT.)

Khen Rinpoche Lobsang Tseten, the abbot of TashiLhunpo Monastery in south India, the PanchenLama’s monastic seat in exile, confirmed that at thisstage in his studies, the Panchen Lama should havecompleted the second of the five major subjects ofTibetan Buddhism known as Madhyamaka, in ad-

dition to texts on the Perfection of Wisdom. Heldunder house arrest for more than a decade, GedhunChoekyi Nyima has been denied the traditionalmonastic training his predecessors received, severelyhindering the development of his intellectual capacityfor Buddhist logic and debate.

The abduction of the Panchen Lama recognized bythe Dalai Lama and the subsequent arbitrary selec-tion of another boy exemplified the Chinese gov-ernments’ systematic approach towards undermin-ing both the authority of the Dalai Lama and thecore belief system of the Tibetan Buddhism. SinceBeijing realizes the close affinity of Tibetan Bud-dhism and Tibetan nationalism, it continues to ex-ert its iron clad crackdown on religious practice as ameans to prevent ‘separatism’. By controlling theselection, installation and education of reincarnatelamas, the Communist Party aims to groom ‘po-litically correct’ monastic leaders, as seen in the caseof the Chinese appointed Panchen Lama or PanchenZuma (fake Panchen) as referred to by the ordinaryTibetans. The authoritarian measures imposed onTibet’s centuries old monastic practices wholly con-tradict China’s claim of freedom of religion. LodiGyari, Special Envoy of the Dalai Lama explained:

“The system of reincarnation is one of thecore beliefs of Tibetan religious tradition.China’s state custody of Gedhun ChoekyiNyima and imposition of its own candidateis nothing less than a violation of this corebelief system, one of the fundamental tenetsof Tibetan religious life. It is a source of deepresentment among Tibetans that an atheiststate has claimed the legitimacy to reside overa century-old religious practice.”(International Campaign for Tibet, 2007)

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Background information about the 11th

Panchen Lama, Gedhun ChoekyiNyima

· May 14th, 1995 – The Dalai Lama announcedthe six-year old Gedhun Choekyi Nyima asthe 11th reincarnation of the Panchen Lama.

· May 17th, 1995 – Gedhun Choekyi Nyimaand his parents disappeared from their homeand have never been seen again.

· May 17th, 1995 – Chadrel Rinpoche, theformer abbot of Tashi Lhunpo Monastery (thetraditional seat of Panchen Lama) who servedas the chairman of the Search Committee forthe Reincarnation of the 11th Panchen Lamaand Champa Chungla, his assistant in thesearch committee disappeared from theChengdu Airport.

· May 24th, 1995 – The government of thePeople’s Republic of China issued a statementdescribing the Dalai Lama’s proclamation ofGedhun Choekyi Nyima as the Panchen Lamaas ‘illegal’ and ‘invalid’.

· November 29th, 1995 – China proclaimedanother six year old boy, Gyaltsen Norbu, tobe the real incarnation of the Panchen Lamaby the Chinese tradition of drawing lots froma golden urn.

· April 21st, 1997 – the Shigatse IntermediatePeople’s court sentenced Chadrel Rinpoche tosix years of imprisonment with the charge of“plotting to split the country” and “leakingstate secrets” for conveying a message to theDalai Lama about the recognition process.Although his sentence ended on May 13th,2001, his current whereabouts and state ofhealth remain unknown.

Article 34 and 37 of the Chinese Constitution stipu-late that any person who has reached the age of 18 isentitled to fundamental rights such as the right toreligious belief, education and occupation. There-fore, the continuing Chinese custody of the Panchen

Lama is a gross violation of the fundamental rightsenshrined in the Chinese Constitution.

Since the Panchen Lama has turned 19 this year, heis now no longer a minor to be kept under protec-tion according to both domestic and internationallaw. Therefore, regardless or whether he is PanchenLama or not, the Chinese government must releasehim from “protective shelter” or house arrest thathe has been under for the past 15 years. He has aright to live as a normal citizen under the Constitu-tion of China. Since he is widely regarded by a largeportion of Tibetan people as the true incarnation ofthe charismatic Tenth Panchen Lama, it is a mustfor the Chinese government to allow him to be whohe is and what Tibetan people think of him. China’scontinuing detention of Panchen Lama is the mostexplicit proof its government undermining and vio-lating the freedom of religious worship and practicein Tibet.

China arrested 16 monks inMarkham “patrioticeducation”

Since early May 2008, the Chinese authorities hadbeen conducting “patriotic education” in MarkhamCounty, particularly in two major monasteries,Woeser and Khenpa Lungpa Monasteries inMarkham County (Ch: Mangkang) Chamdo Pre-fecture (Ch: Qamdo) “Tibet Autonomous Prefec-ture” (“TAR”) for some duration of time, under abroad “patriotic education” drive.

The stepping up of the “patriotic education” hadnot gone well with the Tibetan people in the area.On 10 May 2008, a bitter and heated exchange ofarguments took place between the annoyed monksand the “work team” members of the DemocraticManagement Committee (DMC). As a sign of to-tal defiance, none of the monks of the monasteries

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signed the document or wrote essays denouncingthe Dalai Lama, the spiritual leader of Tibet.

The Chinese authorities responded to the defiantstance of the monks by arresting them. On 12 May2008, 10 monks of Khenpa Lungpa were arrested.Similarly on 13 May 2008, 6 monks of WoeserMonastery were arrested by the Chinese securityforces.

“The “Patriotic re-education” campaign wasintroduced in 1996 in Tibet to undermineTibetan people’s loyalty to the Dalai Lama.It was also intended to win over the “heartsand minds of Tibetan people on the side ofthe Chinese government. But on the contraryit has earned notoriety for its brazen attackson the religious and cultural sentiments ofthe Tibetan people. The Woeser and KhenpaMonasteries each housed fewer than ahundred monks on regular basis. In thebackdrop of the arrests of monks of WoeserMonastery, the remaining monks left themonastery which brought much sadness tothe local Tibetan devotees who were unableto come to terms with the sudden closure ofsacred monasteries.”48

What remained of the scene at Woeser Monasterywas a palpable silence and a desolate outlook. Theempty monastery greeted the devotees when theycame to offer prayers and pujas.

“[...] Sources told TCHRD that the fewremaining monks left the monasteries andreturned to their respective homes in a solemnact of protest. On usual days hundreds ofdevotees flock to the monasteries to offer theirprayers and carry out religious rituals.Unfortunately, these days the devotees havenone to turn to and a visible pall of silencelooms over the monasteries and its

surrounding premises, in a desolate andforlorn state.”49

The people detained under the “patriotic education”were:

1. Ngawang Tenzin, age 40,2. Tenphel, age 19, Woeser Monastery3. Rigyang , age 21, Woeser Monastery4. Choegyal , age 23, Woeser Monastery5. Lobsang Gyatso, age 19, Woeser Monastery6. Tsangpa , age 17, Woeser Monastery7. Lodoe , age 15, Khenpa Lungpa Monastery8. Namgyal , age 18, Khenpa Lungpa Monastery9. Butuk , age 13, Khenpa Lungpa Monastery10. Jamyang Lodoe , age 15, Khenpa Lungpa

Monastery11. Tsepak Namgyal, age 15, Khenpa Lungpa

Monastery12. Kalsang Tashi, age 17, Khenpa Lungpa

Monastery13. Jangdrup , age 21, Khenpa Lungpa

Monastery14. Wangchuk , age 22, Khenpa Lungpa

Monastery15. Tenpa Gyaltsen, age 26, Khenpa Lungpa

Monastery16. Passang Tashi , age 3o, Khenpa Lungpa

Monastery17. Dhargye Garwatsang, age 19 (lay)18. Kunchok Tenzin, age 21 (lay)?

China arrested 55 Pang-rinuns in Kardze County

On 14 May 2008, 55 nuns of Pang-ri nuns in Su-ngo Township, Kardze County (Ch: Ganzi), Kardze“TAP”, Sichuan Province protested against the Chi-nese authorities for forcibly subjecting them to “pa-triotic education”. The Pang-ri Nunnery is locatedaround 2 kilometers from the Kardze County head-quarter.

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Pang-ri nuns were deeply hurt and angered by themanner in which the Chinese government handledthe March 14 protests across the Tibetan plateau.The nuns were particularly offended and agitatedby the Chinese government’s accusation that theDalai Lama masterminded the protests across allparts of Tibet. The continuous implementation of“patriotic education” in Tibet’s religious institutionsand forcing monks and nuns to denounce the Dalailama was the principle factor that drove them toprotest.

The nuns made a proclamation amongst themselvesstating that: “It is better to die than to denounce,criticize and attack the Dalai Lama, to sign off docu-ments denouncing the Dalai Lama, if there is no placefor us to worship and live, let us go somewhere else ordie, if the Chinese authorities kill us, let us be killed,we have no regrets”.50

A little while after the end of the meeting, on 14May 2008, around 5 p.m. defying guns and crack-down, they marched to the County governmentheadquarter to protest against China’s repression andreligious persecution. However, on the way, theywere bundled up and arrested by the Chinese secu-rity forces in a ruthless fashion. One eyewitness de-scribed the scene to TCHRD.

“When the protesting nuns neared theCounty government headquarter, thepersonnel of Public Security Bureau (PSP)and People’s Armed Police (PAP)immediately arrested the protesting nuns,bundled up and threw them into policevehicles and took them into custody withinminutes. More than 55 nuns were arrestedon the spot and their torn and fallen robesand clothes were reportedly scattered onroads. No one picked up the nuns’ robes forfear of being arrested by the security forces.Eyewitnesses say the nuns shouted slogans and

threw pamphlets into the air while beingtaken away in police vehicles for detention.”51

It was reported that in the aftermath of the protest,the nunnery was kept under intense restriction andvigilance. The movements of the nuns were moni-tored by the Chinese authorities. The blockade wasso severe that nuns must procure permission fromthe Chinese authorities to attend hospital for medi-cal treatment. TCHRD did not receive follow upinformation about what happened to those detainednuns and as to their current whereabouts.

China detained Drakar andGanden Choeling Nuns inKardze

During the height of “patriotic education” in themonth of April and May 2008, the nuns of Drakarand Ganden Choeling Nunneries in KardzeCounty52, (Ch: Ganzi) Kardze “TAP”, SichuanProvince were arrested by the Chinese authoritieswhen the nuns protested against the implementa-tion of the “patriotic education” in the nunneries.The nuns particularly protested against the denun-ciation of the Dalai Lama.

During their protest, the nuns chanted slogans suchas “we want religious freedom”, “stop patriotic edu-cation campaign”.

On 11 May 2008, two Drakar nuns were arrestedafter they protested against the Chinese authoritiesin Kardze. They were:

1. Sonam Lhamo2. Thupten Dolma.

A day later on 12 May 2008, a group of nuns againprotested in Kardze County and were immediatelyarrested by the Chinese security forces. The detain-ees were:

1. Tashi Gha

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2. Thinely3. Sonam Yangzom4. Tamdin Choekyi5. Yangkyi6. Lhamo Choekyi7. Jampa Lhamo8. Dickyi9. Nyima10. Bhuti

On 14 May 2008, scores of the Ganden Choelingnuns protested against the Chinese authorities inKardze County (Ch: Ganzi), Kardze “TAP”, SichuanProvince. However, the nuns were immediately ar-rested by a 300 strong Chinese security force. Thereis no information about their present status.

Tulku Phurbu TseringRinpoche arrested in Kardze

On 18 May 2008, at dawn the Chinese authoritiesarrested Tulku Phurbu Tsering Rinpoche, a highlyrevered religious figure in Kardze County, KardzePrefecture (Ch: Ganzi) Tibetan Autonomous Pre-fecture, Sichuan Province. No explanation was givenabout his sudden arrest as he was simply lifted fromhis residence by the Chinese authorities. As a char-ismatic Tulku (reincarnated being) of Tehor KardzeMonastery, he was a source of inspiration, deeplyrevered for his religious vocation. Incidentally, hewas the chief spiritual preceptor of Pang-ri and Ya-tseg Nunnery in Kardze. He also initiated commu-nity service and social welfare programs in Kardzeregion, which included the establishment of an oldage orphanage and two chemist shops.

His arrest was preceded by arrest of the 55 nunsfrom Pang-ri Nunnery which he headed for pro-testing against the implementation of “patriotic edu-cation” in religious institutions. It reinforces thepopular view that the influence and presence of char-

ismatic Buddhist religious figures inside Tibet wereseen as a potent threat to the power and influenceof the Communist Party in Tibet. As it had beenthe case in the past, renowned Buddhist teachers andheads were deemed as the special opponents of andthreats to China’s rule in Tibet since they commandedenormous influence and loyalty from ordinary Ti-betans. In the past years, charismatic religious fig-ures like the late Khenpo Jigme Phuntsok, thefounder of Lalung Gar hermitage, Tulku TenzinDelek, the founder of Kham Nalanda Monasteryand Bangri Rinpoche, the founder of Gyatso Or-phanage School in Lhasa were persecuted by theChinese government. Tulku Tenzin Delek andBangri Rinpoche were currently serving life impris-onment in the Chinese administered prisons for noreason and offense.

“The arrest of Tulku Phurbu TseringRinpoche serves as a dark reminder of China’scampaign against prominent religious figuresinside Tibet who are feared as individualswith the potential to mobilize Tibetans inchallenging Party authority. In the past,many esteemed Tibetan religious figures havebeen arrested under false and fabricatedcharges, including Khenpo Jigme, the founderof famed Sertha Buddhist Institute, TulkuTenzin Delek, the founder of Kham NalandaMonastery, who also championed the welfareof Tibetan people and Bangri Rinpoche, thefounder of Gyatso Orphanage School inLhasa were also arrested under false andfabricated charges.”53

Still there has been no information about their re-lease from detention or about their current where-abouts and well being.

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Dingri monks arrested fordefying “patriotic education”campaign

On 19 May 2008, the Chinese security forces ar-rested twelve monks from Dingri Shelkar ChoedheMonastery in Tingri County (Ch: Dingri Xian),Shigatse “TAP”, Tibet Autonomous Region “TAR”.The twelve monks were arrested during a night raidfor opposing “patriotic education” session on 19 May2008.

The raid and the arrest of Dingri Shelkar Choedhecame in the light of an intense “patriotic education”drive which had intensified since early April 2008across the Tibet Autonomous Region (“TAR”) andother ethnic Tibetan areas in neighboring regionsfor a stipulated two-month period. The main callof the “patriotic education” campaign was to de-nounce the Dalai Lama and “splittist” forces alsoreferred to as “Dalai clique”.

On 19 May 2008, a senior monk KhenrabTharchin, a member of the Democratic Manage-ment Committee (DMC) of Shelkar ChoedheMonastery (as a senior monk, who was relied uponand appointed by the Chinese officials to carry outthe “patriotic education” in his monastery, but how-ever was the first person to stand up and object tothe “patriotic education” session in the monastery)stood up while the “patriotic education” session wasin progress and openly opposed the “patriotic edu-cation” session stating to the visiting “work team”members that he could denounce the Dalai Lama asdemanded by the campaign.

“During one of those campaigns re-launchedsince 1 April 2008, the Chinese “work team”visited Shelkar Choedhe Monastery in TingriCounty (Ch: Dingri Xian), ShigatsePrefecture, “Tibet Autonomous Region”(‘TAR’) on 19 May 2008, to conduct the“Patriotic re-education” campaign which

resulted in a bitter and heated argumentbetween the monks and the Chinese “workteam”. According to the source, Ven. KhenrabTharchin, a member of so-called DemocraticManagement Committee (DMC) of ShelkarChoedhe Monastery stood up while thecampaign was in session by openly opposingthe “patriotic re-education” and even told thevisiting “work team” that he could notdenounce the Dalai Lama as required underthe campaign. Another eleven monks of thesame monastery stood up in support of Ven.Khenrab Tharchin and adamantly opposedthe campaign in unison. According to a source,after the incident, entry to the monastery wasclosed for faithful devotees and visitors.Monks were barred from leaving theirmonastery compound, even cell phones wereknown to have been confiscated to curb thereport of the incident from leaking to theoutside world. The monks were threatenedwith dire consequences if found ‘leaking’ theinformation to the outside world.”54

At the same time, another eleven monks stood upduring the “patriotic education” in support of theview expressed by monk Khenrab Tharchin. In onesingle voice they opposed the implementation of“patriotic education” in a fierce manner. Later theShelkar Choedhe Monastery was closed after themonks’ protest. The monastery remained closed tothe local devotees and visitors alike.

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The monks were locked inside the monastery andprohibited from leaving their monastery’s com-pound. Viable communication instruments like cellphones were confiscated to prevent the informationfrom reaching the outside world. The monks werethreatened with dire consequences if found ‘leak-ing’ information to Tibetan exile communities.

On that very night of 19 May 2008, scores ofPeople’s Armed Police (PAP) forces and Public Se-curity Bureau (PSB) officials stormed into the mon-astery and forcibly took away the twelve monks whohad opposed “patriotic education”. Since then therehas been no information about their current where-abouts and condition.

China launched massive“Patriotic Education”campaign in Tibet

The stipulated two-month “patriotic education”campaign launched in the beginning of April 2008had been preceded by unprecedented protests acrossthe Tibetan plateau since 10 March 2008. This timethe “patriotic education” permeated every section ofTibetan society, not just religious institutions. TheApril two-month “patriotic education” drive in-cluded government employees, security forces, farm-ers, nomads, private entrepreneurs and educationalinstitutions. The principle slogan of the campaignwas to fight and oppose the “Dalai clique”. It alsocalled upon the Tibetan people to expose those who“masterminded the March 14 riots”, referring to theDalai Lama and the Tibetan government-in-exile.

“Under the three themes, the renewed“patriotic education” campaign aims to‘educate’ the masses about ‘opposing splittism’,‘protecting stability’ and ‘backingdevelopment’, by holding meetings, invitingexperts to give speeches, teaching and

discussing the contents of the ‘patrioticeducation’ campaign, holding denunciationsession of the Dalai Lama and screeningpropaganda shows and teaching Chinese lawsand regulations.

According to the state run newspaper, TibetDaily, dated 18 April, a two-month‘patriotic education’ campaign was launchedin Zangri County in Lhoka Prefecture,“TAR”, for government employees, peasants,retired government employees and partymembers across all townships under ZangriCounty, pledged and reaffirmed the workethics for the party cadres. The Zangri CountyPeople’s Armed Police (PAP) and securityforces were told that it was the right time tostruggle and protest against the ‘splittist’forces. The heads of townships and PAPunder those townships were ‘educated’ aboutsecuring stability and further improvingnational security. In various educationalinstitutions, students were indoctrinatedwith communist ideology and taught howTibet has flourished under its rule anddenounced the old and backward Tibetansociety by showing films from the period ofthe Cultural Revolution. Peasants, nomads

Patriotic Education session in Chamdo[picture: Xinhua]

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and private enterpreneurs were told aboutthe economic development achieved and thehappy life enjoyed by the Tibetans under thepatronage and policy of the Communist party.For the monastic institutes, under thiscampaign monks and nuns are ‘educated’ tobe patriotic towards the nation and one’sreligion and oppose ‘splittist’ forces, to helpmaintain social stability, social legal institutesand to restore religious order.At the beginning of this month, alongsideintensification of security, the Chineseauthorities ordered more stringent ideologicaleducation and ramped-up propaganda inTibet “to build anti-separatist sentiment”,according to the Tibet Daily, a state runnewspaper of 3 April 2008. Under thiscampaign, “work teams” are especially sentto monastic institutes on a regular basis toundertake this campaign no matter whetherthe monastic populace is willing to attend ornot however, they are compulsorily made toattend. The “TAR” Communist Party chief,Zhang Qingli ordered harsh punishments forlocal party officials found lacking in theircommitment to Beijing’s official line. “Weabsolutely will not condone violations ofpolitical and organizational discipline andwill definitely find those responsible and meteout harsh punishment”. He even told thatefforts should be made to focus on negativeportrayals of Tibet prior to the Communistinvasion in 1950, and continued vilificationof what Beijing calls the Dalai Lama’s secretcampaign to split Tibet from China andsabotage the Olympics, according to the staterun newspaper Tibet Daily.

On 3 April, more than eight people includingmonks, were shot dead and dozens leftinjured after fellow monks of TongkorMonastery in Kardze County, staged a

peaceful demonstration calling for the releaseof two monks arrested earlier on 2 April forobjecting the Chinese “Patriotic Education”campaign in the monastery.

On 11 April, the “TAR” authorities sent the“Legal information Education” “work team”as a part of the “patriotic education”campaign in Drepung Monastery. They wereconfronted by the monks of the monasteryobjecting to the visit of the “work team” toconduct the campaign. These monks werelater detained by the authorities. There isno information on the condition andwhereabouts of the detainees. However,according to the Chinese official mouthpiece,Xinhau, dated 11 April, reported that apatriotic education group has arrived at themonastery “to help maintain social stability,socialist legal institutions” and “restorereligious order” but suppressed the protest anddetention of monks in its report and cited“TAR” government as saying the officialsinvolved in the “patriotic education”campaign throughout Tibet “have receivedthe understanding and support of monks andreligious followers”. Mr. Zhang Qingli, the“TAR” Communist Party chief visited theDrepung Monastery on 18 April 2008.

On the same day on 18 April 2008, the“TAR” Communist Party chief Zhang Qinglivisited Sera Monastery giving assurance tothe monks that “the Communist Partycommittee and government of Tibet wouldprotect the legal rights and interests ofpatriotic and devout monks and nuns”. TheXinhua reported that the Buddhist servicehad resumed after being suspended due toLhasa ‘riot’ but the official mouthpiececompletely skipped the report of the detentionof around four hundreds monks of the

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monastery in an early morning raid on SeraMonastery. There is no information on thecondition and whereabouts of those detainedfrom the monastery.

On 12 April, a special meeting was convenedof the representatives of the various monasticinstitutions under all the eighteen countiesof Kardze “Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture”(“TAP”) at Dartsedo and they wereinstructed to commence the “patrioticeducation” campaign immediately across allreligious institutions in Kardze.

According to official media reports, thecampaign was reinvigorated across Lhasa city,educational departments in Lhasa and, inLhoka and Chamdo Prefecture. On 3 April,monks of Wara Monastery in Jomda County,Chamdo Prefecture “TAR” confronted andchallenged the “work team” from carrying on‘patriotic education’ campaign by saying ‘evenat the cost of our lives we will never defameand denounce our religious leader, the DalaiLama”.

On 14 April 2008, the PAP forces ransackedthe residences of monks of Tsang Monasteryin Kawasumdo County (Ch: Thunde Xian),Tsolho “TAP” Qinghai Province and,confiscated pictures of the Dalai Lama.

On 21 April, Dorjee Tsering, Lhasa CityMayor, has told that the “Patriotic education”campaign would be a standard litmus testfor the party cadres.

With the launch of renewed “Patrioticeducation” campaign especially in themonastic institutions, which were originallyset up for providing religious practitioners witha conducive environment for meditation on

religious contents and for achieving innerpeace, are being forcibly re-functioned to servethe Party as a production machinery of loyalpolitical followers. Freedom of religion forTibetan Buddhists would mean thatauthorities cease not only with their controlsand restrictions in Tibetan Buddhistinstitutes but most importantly cease mixingup the party’s ideological messages withreligious traditions. Any attempts, the violentand destructive ones well as the nearlyunperceivable ones that operate throughindoctrination and manipulation, anyattempts to assimilate politics and religioninto a political version of religion are a grossviolation of the people’s right to freedom oftheir religion.”55

Labrang monks forced tomemorize new patrioticbooklet

On 7 July 2008, the “work team” arrived at AmdoLabrang Monastery in Sanchu County (Ch: Xiahe),Kanlho (Ch: Gannan) Tibetan Autonomous Pre-fecture “TAP” to conduct fresh education on “pa-triotism” to the monks. Apart from the usual exer-cise, this time a small booklet (not more than tenpages) was distributed to the monks for study. Thesmall booklet contained new campaign regulations.

In addition to studying the booklet on “patrioticeducation”, the monks must memorize its contents.This kind of exercise pushed the campaign to a newheight. Making mockery out of the solemn monas-tic tradition where a monk memorize and recite textsin front of his beloved teachers, this time the monkswere made to memorizes the booklet and then re-cites in front of the “work team” officials. Suchbizarre acts of humiliation and degradation of themonastic way of life were not just a violation of

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religious beliefs but in fact a direct assault on thecultural heritage of Tibetan Buddhism.

Those of the monks who passed the recitation examof the booklet were allowed to resume their “nor-mal” daily religious routine in the monastery. Thebooklet had six points in it: These are as follows:

1. Be aware of the Communist constitution2. Welcome the Olympic Torch Relay in Tibet3. Do not listen to rumors from abroad4. Be aware of the rules of religious freedom5. Denounce the separatists6. Practice patriotic re-education in the monastery

The security environment at Labrang Monastery hadbeen strengthened and tightened since 10 March2008. The monks were strictly prohibited from leav-ing the monastery without permission from theDemocratic Management Committee officials(DMC) appointed inside the monastery after 9 p.m.In addition to the curfew, over 60 paramilitary per-sonnel had been permanently stationed in the mon-astery. The Chinese security guards had also builtsix new checkpoints to keep a close watch on monks’activities and movements inside the monastery. Thephone lines had been cut off and cell phones wereconfiscated from the monks to prevent the leakingof information to the outside world. During the“patriotic education” meeting, the “work team” of-ficials and security personnel issued a terse warningagainst the dissemination of information to theoutside world.

“All monks in the monastery should notcontact abroad or accept phone calls fromabroad. Monks who go against this rule willbe fined a minimum of 15,000 ChineseYuan. Rumors spread from outside causeinstability to the minds of monks and themonks’ community.”

New measures reveal renewedattacks on Tibetan Buddhism56

On 18 July 2008, new measures were introduced inKardze County, Kardze Prefecture (Ch: Ganzi Ti-betan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province topurge monasteries and restrict religious practice. Themeasures reveal a renewed systematic attack on Ti-betan Buddhism, at times reminiscent of attacks andrhetoric used during the Cultural Revolution era inTibet. The new measures, which were enforced inhundreds of monasteries, were aimed at the core ofTibetan religious tradition and identity.

The official edict was titled as, Measures for Deal-ing Strictly with Rebellious Monasteries and In-dividual Monks and Nuns57 (an order from thePeoples Government of Kandze Tibetan Autono-mous Prefecture No.2) states that monks and nunswith ‘attitude problems’, or those who refuse tochange their thinking in line with Communist Partyideology, will be expelled from the monasteries orjailed. Abbots and other monastic leaders who failto carry out Party orders on “patriotic education”and “attitude transformation” will be replaced bygovernment appointed abbots and leaders.

On 18 July 2008, the orders were posted in the Ti-betan language on China’s Tibet informationwebsite. The order was signed by Li Zhangping, thehead of Kardze Prefecture. The document stated thatthe measures are aimed at “dealing clearly with par-ticipants in illegal activities aimed at inciting the di-vision of nationalities, such as shouting reactionary slo-gans, distributing reactionary writings, flying andpopularizing the ‘snow lion flag’ and holding illegaldemonstrations”.58

The new measures issued by the prefecture levelgovernment describe how monasteries with “10-30% of monks or nuns participating in disturbances”were “sealed off, searched, detained under suspicion

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according to law. It also stated how the hidden banneditems were handed over [to the authorities]. All reli-gious activities will be suspended, inmates will be pro-hibited from leaving the premises, and they will becleaned up and rectified in the proper manner.”59

The ruling also stated, “Monks and nuns returningto the monastery who cannot give a clear reason forhaving gone outside, who cannot make a clear standwith respect to the unification of the Motherlandand rejection of the separation of nationalities willbe expelled, and their cells demolished.”

Strong emphasis was also placed on the public ‘rec-tification’ of senior lamas and religious figures, andstates that those “who fail to make their attitude clearor take a two-faced stance will not only be strictlywarned, but will have to give a detailed examina-tion of their behavior in front of a general assembly ofthe monastic community, and a written guarantee,and the giving of this examination and written guar-antee will be shown repeatedly in newspapers and ontelevision.”60

The new edict shows the most detailed picture yetof the harshest crackdown on religion in Tibet indecades. A translation of the ruling follows below:

Measures for dealing strictly withrebellious monasteries and individualmonks and nuns–Order from the People’sGovernment of Ganzi TAP, No. 2

These measures were decided by the third workmeeting of the standing committee of the prefec-ture Peoples Government and are effective from theday of their promulgation.Head of prefecture: Li Zhangping, June 28, 2008.

In order to defend social stability, socialist law andthe basic interests of the people, the measures listedbelow have been resolutely drafted for dealing clearlywith participants in illegal activities aimed at incit-

ing the division of nationalities, such as shoutingreactionary slogans, distributing reactionary writings,flying and popularizing the “snow lion flag” andholding illegal demonstrations are listed below.

ONE: Dealing strictly with monk and nuntroublemakers.

1. In cases where those who have committedminor offences, show a good attitude inadmitting their mistakes and submit a writtenstatement of guilt, their head of householdshould be guarantor (that they commit nofurther offence), should keep them inside andensure that they strictly follow re-education.

2. Those whose offences are greater but who areready to admit them should, after undergoingre-education, make a sincere confession ofguilt, give a voluntary account of the mainpoints in their case and submit a writtenstatement of guilt. Until they have done so,they will be held in custody doing re-education.

3. Those guilty of serious offences who show astubborn attitude will be counseled strictly,given a warning, stripped of their rights asreligious practitioners and expelled from theirmonasteries, and held in custody doing re-education.

4. Those involved in instigating splittism anddisturbances, hatching conspiracies, formingorganizations and taking a leading role willnot only be strictly punished according to law,but will have their rights as religiouspractitioners annulled, be expelled from theirmonasteries, and henceforth not be able toserve as religious practitioners, no monasterywill be allowed to take them in, and shouldthey do so, the heads of that monastery’s

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management committee will be heldresponsible for supporting and harboringsplittists and dealt with severely.

TWO: Dealing strictly with trouble making mon-asteries.

1. Those monasteries with 10%-30% of monksor nuns participating in disturbances will besealed off, searched, suspect persons detainedaccording to law and any banned items theyhave hidden shall be confiscated. All religiousactivities will be suspended, inmates will beprohibited from leaving the premises, andthey will be cleaned up and rectified in theproper manner.

2. Monastery management committees withofficials participating in disturbances will berectified in a timely manner, and in cases wherean overt incident has occurred, or where thereare no suitable personnel available, the localgovernment will depute officials to assumecontrol of management. During the periodof cleansing and rectification, the monastery’sfinancial control and all other managementfunctions will be suspended.

3. During the period of rectification, thosemonks or nuns who do not assist the work ofthe committee, who do not agree to beregistered and photographed, who leave themonastery premises as they please and refuseto correct themselves despite repeatedreeducation, will be completely expelled fromthe monastery, will have their rights asreligious practitioners annulled, will be sentback to their native places, and their residentialcells will be demolished. Monks and nunsreturning to the monastery who cannot givea clear reason for having gone outside, whocannot make a clear stand with respect to the

unification of the Motherland and rejectionof the separation of nationalities will beexpelled, and their cells demolished.

4. Monks and nuns at monasteries involved indisturbances must re-register, and their cellsin the monastery must be collectivelynumbered. The limit on the number ofmonks or nuns allowed to join the monasterymust be reduced in accordance with thenumber who participated in the disturbancesand the number expelled. Monks and nunswho continue to profess splittism, whocovertly assist or participate in disturbances,or refuse to comply with reeducation will beexpelled.

5. The management committees of monasteriesthat do not improve following rectification,where monks and nuns go out again and maketrouble, will be investigated, and in due course,according to law, they will be removed fromthe list of registered religious institutions andclosed down.

THREE: Strict checking that the managementcommittees fulfill their responsibilities.

Monks, Tulkus, Khenpos, Geshes and so on in themanagement committees of monasteries that, al-though not directly involved in disturbances, do nottake a clear stand on the issue, do not fulfill theirmanagement responsibilities, are lax or implicatedin instances of poor management, or fail to investi-gate and discipline monks and nuns who go outsideand participate in disturbances must be subjected tocareful scrutiny of their mistakes while undergoingcriticism and re-education.

1. Management committee officials, Tulkus,Khenpos and Geshes who fail to make theirattitude clear or take a two-faced stance will

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not only be strictly warned, but will besubmitted to a detailed examination of theirbehavior in front of a general assembly of themonastic community, and obliged to give awritten guarantee, and the giving of thisexamination and written guarantee will beshown repeatedly in newspapers and ontelevision.

2. Management committee officials, Tulkus,Khenpos and Geshes who send secret reportsor collude with foreign separatists, assist indisturbances, tolerate them, or incite otherswill be severely punished by law. In accordancewith legal provisions, their political right ofparticipation in government bodies, People’sCongresses, People’s Political ConsultativeConferences and Buddhist Associations willbe annulled, and all salaries paid for theperformance of such various functionsterminated. They will not be allowed toparticipate in religious activities with the rightsof religious practitioners, and in the case ofTulkus, they will be stripped of the right tohold the incarnation lineage, andsimultaneously the finances and financialmanagement of monasteries under theircontrol will be frozen and inspected, allinstances of misappropriation of monasteryfunds or financial management contraveningthe regulations will be examined and dealtwith according to law, as well as broadcast inprefectural newspapers and on television.

Obituary

Geshe Sonam Phuntsok passes away

This year saw the passing away of Geshe SonamPhuntsok61, one of the most well known defendersof human rights and religious freedom inside Tibet.He was a popular and well known religious teacherand practitioner in Kardze, Kham region. He wasan outright follower of the Dalai Lama and stoodfor the rights and the freedom of Tibetan people.He was arrested by the Chinese government in Oc-tober 1999 under the charges of “clandestine con-tacts” with the Tibetan government-in-exile in In-dia.

He was a daring religious practitioner with firmbeliefs and convictions who openly conducted andinitiated “Life Long prayer for the Dalai Lama”,advising the Tibetan people to follow the teachingsof the Dalai Lama and his spiritual guidance. Aftercoming under the radar of the Chinese governmentfor some time, he was later arrested on flase andfabricated charges. TCHRD pays sincere homage toGeshe Sonam Phuntsok for defying the Chineseregime in protecting and defending the freedom ofworship and practice inside Tibet.

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Geshe Sonam Phuntsok a former political prisonerwho spent five years in prison for his religious ac-tivities and for conducting a long life prayer cer-emony for the Dalai Lama in October 1999, passedaway on 5 April 2008 in Kardze after a prolongedbattle with multiple illnesses following lengthy im-prisonment and maltreatment in prison.

As per the earlier information received by theTCHRD, Geshe Sonam Phuntsok, popularlyknown as Kardze Geshe, was in poor health for along period of time since his release fromChuandong no. 3 Prison in Tazhu County in Oc-tober 2004. Geshe Sonam Phuntsok, 57, was ahugely popular religious figure particularly inKardze. Since his release from prison in October2004, Geshe Sonam Phuntsok was put under vir-tual house arrest as movements outside his residencewere severely restricted and Geshe had to seek offi-cial permission even for any medical treatment. Hisactivities particularly in religious spheres were un-der constant surveillance by the authorities.

TCHRD mourns the death of Geshe SonamPhuntsok, a popular religious figure of Kardze andconsiders his untimely demise as a direct result ofhis lengthy imprisonment, maltreatment in prisonand lack of timely medical attention after releasealong with constant mental harassment which hefaced till his last breath.

ProfileGeshe Sonam Phuntsok was born in 1951 inChoesa Village, Shusar Township, Rongbatsa Dis-trict, Kardze County, Kardze “Tibet AutonomousPrefecture” (‘TAP’), Sichuan Province. Early in hischildhood, he was ordained as a monk and at theage of 18 he received sacred initiation and other re-ligious teachings from eminent Buddhist masters.In the 1980s he taught Tibetan literature to monksfrom 35 different monasteries. He also recordedhistorical descriptions of 13 monasteries in Kardze

“TAP”. Geshe was based at Dhargay Monastery inRongbatsa District but often traveled to monaster-ies and remote villages throughout Kardze Countyto conduct religious ceremonies and teachings. In1996, Geshe travelled to India to visit holy placesfor pilgrimage. He met with the Dalai Lama as partof his pilgrimage during that time. Geshe SonamPhuntsok returned to Tibet and continued to con-duct religious ceremonies for nearly three years there-after.

ArrestGeshe Sonam Phuntsok, along with two othermonks, Sonam and Agya Tsering of Kardze DargayMonastery, was arrested at gunpoint on 25 Octo-ber 1999 by a team of around 20 Kardze CountyPublic Security Bureau (PSB) suspicious on suspectof having “clandestine contacts” with the exile Ti-betan Government. Geshe was barely clothed andbarefooted at the time of arrest. He had prior to hisarrest, initiated a long-life prayer offering for HisHoliness the Dalai Lama. In an address he madearound that time, he praised His Holiness the DalaiLama and advised the people to follow his teach-ings. Aware of the consequences for such an action,he even told the public that he did not regret any-thing.

On 31 October 1999, around 3000 local Tibetansgathered in front of Rongbatsa Government Officeand demanded his immediate and unconditionalrelease. A large crowd comprising of Tibetans fromneighbouring counties also demanded the release ofGeshe. About 600 PSB officers and People’s ArmedPolice (“PAP”) threw tear gas shells and fired indis-criminately into the crowd to quell the protest. ManyTibetans were detained and some received impris-onment terms and other monetary fines for theiracts. Tsering Wangchuk, a protester, died while inpolice custody.

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SentenceIn March 2001, after a year and five months deten-tion in Dartsedo Prison in Dartsedo County, Kardze“TAP”, Kardze People’s Intermediate Court sen-tenced Geshe to a five year imprisonment term oncharges of “Inciting splittist activities among themasses”, “travelling to India on an illegal documentprocured from Lhasa, for seeking audience with theDalai Lama and for taking photographs with him”,“illegally conducting religious ceremony on severaloccasions within Kardze County”, and “for conduct-ing long-life prayer ceremony for the Dalai Lama inRongbatsa”.

Ill health in prisonDuring two separate visits to the prison, Geshe’sfather and a relative were shocked to see him in frailhealth. His father, Agya Phuntsok, described thatGeshe was lean, semiconscious and could not moveproperly. In December 2001, Geshe, suffered fromhigh fever, diarrhea, dizziness and lethargy. Although,Geshe was taken to a nearby military hospital ontwo occasions, kept on three IV drips andhospitalised for seven hours, it did not bring aboutmuch improvement to his health. In June 2002, itcame to be known that Geshe had ulcer and lowblood pressure but not life threatening.

ReleaseGeshe Sonam Phuntsok was released after complet-ing his five year prison sentence. On 26 October2004, Chinese Public Security Bureau (PSB) Offi-cials brought Geshe in a government vehicle to hisnative Rongbatsa District in Kardze County, KardzeTibet Autonomous Prefecture (“TAP”), Sichuan.He had earlier arrived in Dartsedo County on 24October 2004 after release from Chuandong no 3Prison in Tazhu County and underwent medicaltreatment before arriving at Rongbatsa District.

After his release from the Chinese prison in Octo-ber 2004, he had been virtually living under a stateof house arrest until his death on 5 April 2008, atthe age of 57.

Conclusion

The Tibetan protesters and demonstrators whocalled for ‘freedom’ and ‘religious freedom’ in Tibetwere silenced by iron clad crackdown. Their aspira-tions and feelings were not addressed. This high-lights the fact that China has not changed, as far asits dealings with Tibet are concerned. This colonialmentality of the Chinese government is the root ofthe on-going crisis in Tibet.

In this sense, the feelings and aspirations of Tibetanpeople have not subsided. Instead, they are boilingand lurking beneath a thin veil of superficial nor-malcy. As has been seen in the past, protests willerupt again and again. There is no end to this vi-cious cycle of tyranny and rebellion.

The only way to address and resolve the Tibetanissue is to accept and respect the fundamental aspi-rations and feelings of the Tibetan people in a hu-mane and democratic manner. This year the Tibetanpeople in Tibet demanded “freedom”, “freedom ofreligous belief and practice” and the “Dalai Lama’sreturn to Tibet”. These demands were not by gunsand bullets by a totalitarian regime.

Have the Tibetan people achieved their objectivesthrough this the popular uprising? There is no clearand immediate answer to the question. Nonethe-less, it has raised three fundamental questions re-garding China’s rule of Tibet. First, such widespreaddemonstrations have dismissed China’s claim thatthe “issue of Tibet” was one conjured up by a fewpeople under the inspiration of the Dalai Lama.Secondly, the people’s protests and slogans for free-

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dom and independence validated the criticism thatChina’s policies inside Tibet had failed Tibetans,miserably, leading to their deep-seated resentmentagainst their rule. Thirdly, the Tibetan people havehad tremendous expectations from the stalledDharamsala-Beijing dialogue. China has never beensincere with the Dalai Lama’s envoys and has nevertaken the dialogue seriously. China’s policy to pro-long the resolution of the Tibetan issue has shownhow dangerous it can be to play with the sentimentsof the Tibetan people.

The credible way forward to resolve the Tibet issueis to honour and respect the ‘voice’ of the Tibetanpeople. By doing so, the Tibet issue will be resolvedonce for all. There is no other substitute. Under thepresent dialogue process, the Dalai Lama is puttingforward ‘Genuine Autonomy’ as opposed to “Inde-pendence”. China must seize this historic opportu-nity and must respond positively. It is only underthe self governed entity of ‘Genuine Autonomy’ thatTibetan Buddhism and culture can be most com-fortable and best preserved.

The Chinese government should not view the DalaiLama as a separatist, instead he should be seen as aunifying person. He has consistently maintained the“middle way approach” for over more than twentyyears. Still there hasn’t been a single conciliatory re-sponse from the Chinese side. In fact, for millionsof Tibetans, he is first and foremost, the spiritualleader and teacher of immense knowledge and wis-dom. Therefore, the Chinese should allow the DalaiLama to return to Tibet and be united with hispeople without any pre-conditions.

As for the day to day situation inside Tibet, Chinamust first respect and honour the fundamental hu-man rights and the right to self-determination ofthe Tibetan people. It is also mandatory that all kindof control, regulation and government interferencein Tibet’s religious institutions must be put to an

end. Since the Dalai Lama is a spiritual teacher ofincomparable persona for ‘this life and beyond’ forthe Tibetan people, according to Tibetan Buddhistbeliefs, all kinds of malicious and baseless personalattacks against him must be stopped forth with asthese goes against the sentiments of the Tibetanpeople.

As a first course of action, China must put an endto the “patriotic education” campaign currently be-ing implemented in Tibet. It is also necessary to dis-mantle the “work teams” and the Democratic Man-agement Committees (DMC), a political instru-ment through which the violation of religious free-dom inside Tibet is currently taking place. Only thencan the Chinese government ensure religious free-dom and fundamental human rights for the Tibetanpeople in Tibet.

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EndNotes

1 TIN, News Review: Reports from Tibet, No. 29, 2001, 10.2 TIN, News Review: Reports from Tibet, No. 29, 2001, 10.3 TIN, Background Briefing Papers: Political Campaigns (1996-

1997), No. 30, pg 2.4 Ibid.5 TIN, Background Briefing Papers: Political Campaigns (1996-

1997), No. 30, pg 26 Ibid.7 Ibid.8 TIN, Background Briefing Papers: Political Campaigns (1996-

1997), No. 30, pg 39 Ibid.1 0 TIN, Background Briefing Papers: Political Campaigns (1996-

1997), No. 30, pg 31 1 “Tibetans arrested in Rebkong during Monlam Chenmo”,

Human Rights Update, TCHRD, February 2008,www.tchrd.org

1 2 “Tibetans, Chinese Police Clash at Festival”, Radio Free Asia,22 February 2008, Available at http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet_clash-20080222.html

1 3 Ibid.1 4 “Hundreds of Tibetan devotees protest in Amdo Golog: 17

March 2008”, TCHRD Press Release; 17 March 2008,www.tchrd.org

1 5 Tibet Watch (2008). Uprising in Tibet - 10 March to 30 April.London: Tibet Watch

1 6 “Tibet at a Turning Point: The Spring Uprising and China’sNew Crackdow”, Washington DC: International Campaignfor Tibet, 2008). www.savetibet.org

1 7 Uprising in Tibet - 10 March to 30 April. London: Tibet Watch,2008

1 8 “2,000 Tibetans Defy Crackdown as China Admits Shooting”,20 March 2008, Radio Free Asia, Availabke at http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet_protests-20080320.html

1 9 Ibid.2 0 “Raid on Labrang Monastery”, International Campaign for

Tibet, 18 April 2008, Available at http://www.savetibet.org/news/newsitem.php?id=1287

2 1 “2,000 Tibetans Defy Crackdown as China Admits Shooting”,Radio Free Asia, 20 March 2008, Available at http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet_protests-2008320.html

2 2 “Tibet at a Turning Point: The Spring Uprising and China’sNew Crackdow”, Washington DC: International Campaignfor Tibet, 2008. www.savetibet.org

2 3 “Two monks commit suicide in Amdo Ngaba”, TCHRD PressRelease; 4 April 2008, www.tchrd.org

2 4 “Over hundred of monks arrested after a raid in Ngaba KirtiMonastery”, TCHRD Press Release; 28 March 2008,www.tchrd.org

2 5 “China arrest over 572 monks from Kirti Monastery in two-day raid”, TCHRD Press Release; 1 April 2008, www.tchrd.org

2 6 Ibid.2 7 “Protest in Amdo Machu”, Human Rights Update, TCHRD,

Uprising in Tibet, March 2008, http://www.tchrd.org/publications/hr_updates/2008/hr200803.html#UPRISING

2 8 Uprising in Tibet - 10 March to 30 April. London: TibetWatch, 2008

2 9 Ibid.3 0 Ibid.3 1 “Portraits of the Dalai Lama in Ngaba Kirti Monastery

destroyed by Chinese authorities”, TCHRD Press Release; 9May 2008, Press Release, www.tchrd.org

3 2 “China detains 32 monks in Chushul County”, TCHRD PressRelease; 9 May 2008, www.tchrd.org


3 4 Ibid.3 5 “Tibet at a Turning Point: The Spring Uprising and China’s

New Crackdown”, Washington DC: ICT, InternationalCampaign for Tibet, 2008. www.savetibet.org


3 7 U.S. Department of State. (2008, September 19). InternationalReligious Freedom Report 2008. Retrieved from U.S. Departmentof State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor:http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108404.htm#tibet

3 8 “China closes down Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastic School”,TCHRD Press Release; 17 April 2008, www.tchrd.org


4 0 U.S. Department of State. (2008, September 19). InternationalReligious Freedom Report 2008. Retrieved from U.S. Departmentof State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor:http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108404.htm#tibet

4 1 “Monks of Drepung Monastery detained during PatrioticEducation campaign”, TCHRD Press Release; 14 April 2008,www.tchrd.org

4 2 “2007 Regional United Front Nationalities Work Conference”,International Campaign for Tibet Press Release, www.savetibet.org


4 4 “Tibet at a Turning Point: The Spring Uprising and China’sNew Crackdown”, Washington DC: International Campaignfor Tibet 2008. www.savetibet.org

4 5 “Crackdown on Amdo Labrang Monastery”, TCHRD PressRelease; Kathmandu Interview No. 6, Dated: 7 December 2008

4 6 “A former chief of Rong Gonchen Monastery in criticalcondition”, TCHRD Press Release; 18 April 2008,www.tchrd.org

Religious Freedom

123

4 7 “Panchen Lama spends his 19th birthday under house arrest”,25 April 2008, TCHRD Press Release; www.savetibet.org

4 8 “China arrests 16 monks for defying “patriotic re-education”,TCHRD Press Release; 15 May 2008, www.tchrd.org

4 9 Ibid.5 0 “China arrests 55 nuns of Pang-ri Nunnery for protesting”,

TCHRD Press Release; 17 May 2008, www.tchrd.org5 1 Ibid.5 2 “China detains Drakar and Ganden Choeling Nuns in Kardze”,

TCHRD Press Release; 17 May 2008, www.tchrd.org5 3 “China arrests a popular religious figure in Kardze County”,

TCHRD Press Release; 19 May 2008, www.tchrd.org5 4 “12 monks of Dingri Shelkar Choedhe Monastery arrested for

opposing the “Patriotic re-education” campaign”, TCHRDPress Release; 31 May 2008, www.tchrd.org

5 5 “China launches renewed “Patriotic Education” Campaignacross all sections in Tibet”, TCHRD Press Release; 24 April2008, www.tchrd.org

5 6 “New Measures Reveal Government Plan to PurgeMonasteries and Restrict Religious Practice”, InternationalCampaign for Tibet, 20 July 2008, http://www.savetibet.org/media-center/behind-news/new-measures-reveal-government-plan-purge-monasteries-and-restrict-buddhist-practice

5 7 Ibid.5 8 “New Measures Reveal Government Plan to Purge

Monasteries and Restrict Religious Practice”, InternationalCampaign for Tibet, 20 July 2008, avialable at http://www.savetibet.org/media-center/behind-news/new-measures-reveal-government-plan-purge-monasteries-and-restrict-buddhist-practice

5 9 Ibid.6 0 Ibid.6 1 “A popular Tibetan religious figure, Geshe Sonam Phuntsok,

passes away in Kardze”, TCHRD Press Release; 15 April 2008,www.tchrd.org

124


List of Known Current Political Prisoners of 2007

TCHRD STATUS NAME Lay Name SEX AGE AFFILIATION ARREST PRISON TERM ORIGIN

07-002 DET Adruk Lopoe Unknown M 45 Lithang Monastery 8/21/2007 Dartsedo PSB DC 10 yrs Youruma, Lithang Kardze, TAP

99-046 DET Bangri Rinpoche Jigme Tenzin M 40Kongpo Bangri

Monastery26/08/99 Chushul Prison 18 yrs

07-021 DET? Bhu Tenkay Unknown M 18Monk, Bekar

Monastery00/11/2007 Driru PSB DC Driru County, Nagchu TAR

07-018 DET? Bhunchung Norbu Unknown M 32Monk, Bekar


94- 077 DET Chemi Dorjee Unknown M 26 Serwa Monastery 29/03/94 Chushul Prison 15 yrs Chamdo Pashoe

05-025 DET? Chemi Gonpo N/A M 30 Kardze 21/06/2005 Kardze DC Kardze, Sichuan TAP

04-001 DET? Choedhen Rinzin Unknown M 25 Gaden Monastery 12/2/2004 Gutsa DC Meldrogungkar County

01-026 DET ? Choenga Tsering Gyaltsen M 18 Karze Monastery 00/04/01 Ngaba Prison 8yrs Kardze

07-011 DET? Chopa Kyab Unknown M 15 Student 9/6/2007 Sangchu PSB DC Sangchu County, Kanlho, TAP

05-006 DET? Chung Tsering Unknown M 28 Pangsa Monastery 00/04/05 Gutsa Medrogongkar TAR

96-224 DET Dawa Dorjee N/A M 31 Bank Employee 00/00/96 Chushul Prison 16 yrs Nagchu

98-030 DET Dawa Tsering Unknown M 54 Farmer 00/09/98 Chushul Prison 15 Yrs Markham, Chamdo TAR

06-009 DET Dolma Kyap Unknown M` 30 Teacher, Writer 9/3/2005 Xiling Prison 10 yrs Tsochang,TAP Qinghai

07-017 DET ? Drakpa Gyaltsen Unknown M 28Monk, Bekar


07-013 DET? Drolma Kyab Unknown M 14 Student 9/6/2007 Sangchu PSB DC Sangchu County, Kanlho, TAP

05-018 DET Gedhun Lobsang Gedhun M Yulung Monastery 2/4/2005 Chabcha DC 4 yrs Tsolo TAP,Qinghai ?

95-005 DET ?Gedun Choekyi

yimaUnknown M 6

Tashi Lhunpo

Monastery17/05/95 Beijing ? Nagchu, Lhari

02-005 DET? Gendun Unknown M Bank Employee 21/12/02 ShigatseDC Ngamring County,Shigatse

04-017 DET Gyalpo Unknown M 26 00/02/04 Ngapa Prison 11yrs Kardze County, TAP Sichuan

06-012 DET Gyaltsen Namdak Unknown M 24 Sera Monastery 00/05/2006 Chushul Prison 5 Yrs Shigatse, TAR

00-008 DET Gyurmey Unknown M 28Sog TsedhenMonastery

17/03/00 Chushul Prison 10 yrs Sog.Sogrongmi

02-038 DET Jampa Namgyal N/A M 40 N/A 00/01/02 Ngaba Prison 9yrs Kardze County

07-005 DET Jamyang Tenzin Unknown M 33Youru GeydenlingMonastery

10/3/2007 Lithang PSB DC Youru Sakhor, Lithang, Kardze TAP

96-259 DET Jigme Gyatso N/A M 34Amdo LabrangMonastery

30/03/96 Chushul Prison 18 Yrs Kanlho Sangchu

07-006 DET? Kalgyam Adruk Kyalgyam M 26 Farmer 10/3/2007 Lithang PSB DC 5 yrs Youru Kharshul, Lithang Kardze, TAP

07-022 DET? Kalsang Gyatso Unknown M 27 Achok Monastery 11/16/2007 Sangchu PSB DC Sangchu County, Kanlho, TAP

07-015 DET? Kalsang Rigsel Unknown M 28ChoekorlingMonastery

9/25/2007 Driru PSB DC Tsachu, Driru County, Nagchu TAR

07-025 DET? Kham Lama Unknown M Monk, Ngari Darchen 00/10/2007 N/A Kardze, Sichuan TAP

96-165 DET? Kunchok Dhondup Unknown M 24 Gaden Monastery 10/5/1996 Chushul Prison 10 yrs Meldrogungkar TAR

07-016 DET? Kunchok Samphel Unknown M 33 Farmer 9/25/2007 Driru PSB DC Tsachu, Driru County, Nagchu TAR

07-003 DET Kunkhen Jacmyang Goinqen M 32Teacher, LithangMiddle School

8/22/2007 Dartsedo PSB DC 9 yrs Lithang,Karze TAP

95-136 DET? Legshe Phuntsok Sonam Dhundup M 23 Nalanda Monastery 5/3/1996 Chushul Prison 12 yrs Phenpo Lhundup County

07-008 DET? Lhakdon Lhakpa Dhondup M 31 Teacher 00/08/2007Khangmar PSBDC

Khangmar County, Shigatse TAR

07-012 DET? Lhamo Tseten Unknown M 15 Student 9/6/2007 Sangchu PSB DC Sangchu County, Kanlho, TAP

97-053 DET Lobsang Dorjee Unknown M 19 Drongsar Monastery 7/01/1997 Chamdo DC 14 yrs Chamdo Pashoe

94-076 DET? Lobsang Jinpa Pema Tsering M 23 Serwa Monastery 29/03/94 Chushul Prison 15 yrs Chamdo Jojugyabdo

04-016 DET Lobsang Khedrup Unknown M 22 00/02/04 Ngapa Prison 11yrs Kardze County, TAP Sichuan

06-006 DET? Lobsang Palden Unknown M 22 Kardze Monastery 00/08/2006 Kardze DC Kardze TAP, Sichuan

APPENDIX 1

Appendices

125

TCHRD STATUS NAME Lay Name SEX AGE AFFILIATION ARREST PRISON TERM ORIGIN

07-007 DET? Lobsang Phuntsok Unknown M 30 Lithang Monastery 9/15/2007 Lithang PSB DC Lithang,Karze TAP

96-157 DET Lobsang Tenpa Jampa Lodroe( Poloe) M 23 Gaden Monastery 5/7/1996 Chushul Prison 15yrs Drigung Meldro

06-013 DET Lobsang Thoesam Unknown M 23 Kundelling Monastery 00/08/2006 3 yrs Tsongon, TAP

94-079 DET Lobsang Tsegyal M 28 Serwa Monastery 29/03/04 Chushul Prison 15 yrs Chamdo Pashoe

95-118 DET Lobsang Tsering Bushow M Drongsar Monastery 8/11/1995 Chamdo DC 14yrs Chamdo Pashoe

93-240 DET Lodroe Gyatso N/A M 33 Sog Drama Association 17/01/93 Chushul Prison 21yrs Sog,Sogrongmi

07-004 DET Lothok Lobsang Thokmey M 36 Farmer 8/19/2007 Dartsedo PSB DC 5 yrs Lithang,Karze TAP

00-006 DET? Luzi Tashi Phuntsok N/A M 29 Othok Monastery 00/04/02 Yakraphug 7 yrs Kardze

07-024 DET? Nening Unknown M 30 Bekar Monastery 11/20/2007 Driru PSB DC Driru County, Nagchu TAR

97-085 DET? Ngawang Geyser Ngawang Gyalsey M 21 Sog Tsendhen Monastery 18/08/97 Disappear Sog Ya- Ngashang

07-010 DET? Pempa Unknown M 40 Business 00/06/2006 Ngari Prison 3 yrs Tsakor Village, Dingri, Shigatse, TAR

07-009 DET? Phuntsok Gyaltsen Unknown M 33 Village Staff 00/08/2007 Pelgon PSB DC Pelgon County, Nagchu TAR

94-092 DET? Phuntsok Tsering Unknown M 24 Dhargayling Monastery 21/12/04 Nyari DC Lhatse Shigatse

04-011 DET Phuntsok Wangdu Unknown M 29 Gaden Monastery 2/7/1997 Chushul Prison 14 yrs Taktse Drushi

07-001 DET Ronggye A'drak Unknown M 52 Farmer 8/1/2007 Darstsedo PSB DC 8 yrs Youruma, Lithang Kardze, TAP

97-063 DET Sey Khedrup Unknown M 27 Sog TsendhenMonastery 19/03/00 Chushul Prison life Sog Yognashang

02-023 DET Shethar Unknown M 35 Khangmar Monastery 00/01/03 Ngaba DC 12 yrs Marthang County

92-175 DET Sonam Gyalpo Unknown M 43 Business 28/08/05 Chushul Prison 12 yrs Lhoka Prefecture TAR

05-001 DET Tashi Gyatso M 37 5/5/2001 Xiling 12 yrs Amdo Golok Machen County

95-085 DET Tashi Tsering Unknown M Damshung 00/00/95 Chushul Prison 15 yrs Damshung County, Lhasa, "TAR"

01-045 DET Tashi Topgyal M 50 Carpentar 00/08/02 Chushul Prison 6 yrs Ngamring County,Shigatse

07-023 DET Tenphel Unknown M 28 Bekar Monastery 11/20/2007 Driru PSB DC Driru County, Nagchu TAR

07-020 DET? Tenzin Unknown M 26 Monk, Bekar Monastery 00/11/2007 Driru PSB DC Driru County, Nagchu TAR

99-001 DET Tenzin Dorjee Unknown M 23 Shabten Monastery 00/00/97 Chushul Prison 10 yrs Nagchu

97-006 DET Tenzin Gelek Penpa M 23 Gaden Monastery 05/09/1996 Chushul Prison 12 yrs Taktse Lamo Chawa

96-169 DET Tenzin Khedup Unknown M Tsampung Monastery 18/07/01 Chamdo DC Life Tengchen County

05-002 DET Thupten Thabkai Unknown M Tsampung Monastery 18/07/01 Chamdo DC Life Tengchen County

00-032 DET Trakru Yeshi M 48 Electrical employee 19/03/00 Chushul Prison 12 yrs Sog County Nagchu TAR

92-156 DET Trinkar Unknown M 33 Farmer 00/00/1992 Chushul Prison 22 yrs Sog County, Nagchu TAR

04-007 DET TrulkuTenzin Delek Ah-Nga-Tashi M 54 Lithang Monastery 4/7/2002 Chuandong Life Lithang,Karze TAP

07-014 DET Tsekhu unknown M 14 Student 9/6/2007 Sangchu PSB DC Sangchu County, Kanlho, TAP

02-018 DET Tsepal Unknown M 64 Serwa Monastery 00/00/97 Chushul Prison 16 yrs Chamdo Pashoe

02-020 DET Tsering Lhagon N/A M 40 N/A 19/03/00 Chushul Prison 15 yrs Sog Yaklashang

02-017 DET? Tseten Gyatso Unknown M 35 N/A 00/07/2001 Chushul Prison 8 yrs Amdo, Qinghai TAP

07-019 DET? Tsokchoe Unknown M 22 Monk, Bekar Monastery 00/11/2007 Driru PSB DC Driru County, Nagchu TAR

00-79 DET Tsokphel Unknown M 31 Khangmar Monastery 00/01/03 Ngaba DC 12 yrs Marthang County

95-074 DET Voesel Jamyang Woeser M 30 Khangmar Monastery 00/01/03 Ngaba DC 8 yrs Marthang County

93-148 DET Yeshi Rabgyal Bhagdro M 28 Gaden Monastery 5/7/1996 Chushul Prison 15 yrs Meldro Gyama Trikhang

96-136 DET Yeshi Tenzin Unknown M 32 Sog Tsedhen Monastery 17/03/00 Chushul Prison 15 yrs Sog,Sogrongmi

05-021 DET? Yonten Drolma Unknown F Gaden Tengyeling Nunnery 00/05/2005Gansu Women'sPrison

1yrs6months

Thunde County, Tsolo TAP

03-011 DET Zoepa aka Soepa Unknown M 33 Khangmar Monastery 00/01/2003 Ngaba DC 12 yrs Marthang County, TAP

List of Known Current Political Prisoners of 2007

APPENDIX 1

126

Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008 APPENDIX 2

TCHRD STATUS NAME SEX AGE AFFILIATION ARREST PRISON TERM ORIGIN

08-0001 DET Aa Dhonyoe M Gonsar Monastery 6 Yrs Derge County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0002 REL Aa Namgyalo M 28 26-27/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0003 DET Aache Tare 20-21/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0004 REL Aadom Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0005 DET Aaho M 33 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0006 REL Aajar Kelsher 44 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0007 DET? Aaka M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0008 DET Aakun M 60 22/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0009 DET Aakya M 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0010 DET Aalak Dudul M Ngaba Kirti Monastery 19/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0011 DET? Aanam Nyima M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0012 REL Aanyi M 14 Tsenshab Gyatso Ling Monastery 18/03/2008 Pelbar County, Chamdo Prefecture, "TAR"

08-0013 DET Aaru Thaya M 17 Dringwa Sumdo Monastery 19/04/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0014 REL Aasang 22 20/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0015 DET Aatak M 19 00/04/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0016 DET Aaten Gyang M Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0017 DET Aati M 11-4-2008 3 Yrs Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0018 DET Aati M 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0019 DET Aatruk Phuntsok M 8 Yrs Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0020 DET Aba Bhumo F 54 18/03/2008 Lithang County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0021 DET Achoe F Dargay Nyagey Nunnery 20/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0022 DET Achok Jamyang Jinpa M 15/05/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0023 DET Achok Pasang Gegokar M Labrang Monastery Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0024 DET Achok Thinley M Gyume Monastery 15/05/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0025 REL Achung F Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0026 DET Adrel M 20/05/2008 Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0027 DET Ago Tselo M 17/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0028 DET Aka M 25/03/2008 Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0029 DET Akhu Nyi M 28 Gyalmo Gedhen Dhargyal Monastery 28/03/2008 Tsoe City, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0030 DET Akor Jigme M 38 22/03/2008 Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0031 DET Aku Ako M Mindroling Monastery 3-5-2008 Nyagchuka County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0032 DET Aku Sangay M 2-4-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0033 DET Akun M 44 22/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0034 DET Alo Chime F 30 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0035 DET Angyok M 41 31/06/2008 Jomda County, Chamdo Prfecture, "TAR"

08-0036 DET Asang M 22 20/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0037 DET Asang Bersatsang M 21 26/07/2008 Nangchen PSB DC Nangchen County,Jyekundo "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0038 DET Aten M 20 00/08/2008 Sertha County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0039 DET Aya M Thangsar Monastery 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0040 REL Bado 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0041 DET Bagdro M 00/03/2008 15 Yrs + Lhasa, "TAR"

08-0042 DET Bakula M 23/09/2008 1Y&2M

08-0043 DET Baluk Kyab M Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0044 DET Bamo F Dragkar Nunnery 24/03/2008 3 Yrs Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0045 DET Barchung Lopo M 42 15/03/2008 Lithang County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0046 DET Basang ( Passang) M Dingkha Monastery Life Toelung Dechen County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

08-0047 REL Bashul Dortrok M 25/03/2008 Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0048 DET Baywang(Pemo) F 27 Yarteng Monastery 18/06/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0049 DET Bende Gyal M 20/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0050 DET Bende Khar M 20/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in theaftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008

Appendices

127


08-0051 REL Bende Tsering M 25 29/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0052 DET Bendetsang Yangchen F 40 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0053 REL Bhelsul M Maima Tsendrag Monastery 22-23/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0054 DET Bhen Thekar M 21/03/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0055 REL Bhogya Tsang Wangchen M 32 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0056 REL Bhomo Puri Moma F 25/03/2008 Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0057 REL Bhomu Muni F 18/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0058 REL Bhu Bayli M 25/03/2008 Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0059 DET Bhu Gonpo M 16/06/2008 Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0060 REL Bhu Jigme M Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0061 DET Bhu Khepa M 16/06/2008 Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0062 DET Bhu Soegha M 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0063 DET Bhu Tashi M 25/03/2008 Drongo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0064 DET Bhu Tengay M Benkar Monastery 00/08/2008 8Yrs Driru County, Nagchu Prefecture "TAR"

08-0065 DET Bhu Thapkey M 15/05/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0066 DET Bhuchung M Ramoche Temple 26/05/2008 Lhasa "TAR"

08-0067 DET Bhuchung Norbu M Benkar Monastery 00/08/2008 8Yrs Driru County, Nagchu Prefecture "TAR"

08-0068 REL Bhuchung Tsering M 13 Tsenshab Gyatso Ling Monastery 18/03/2008 Pelbar County, Chamdo Prefecture, "TAR"

08-0069 DET Bhugha M 6 Yrs Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0070 DET Bhumo Khando F 25 18/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0071 DET Bhumo Lhaga F 32 Dragkar Nunnery 23/04/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0072 DET Bhumo Palmo F 17 Beri Monastery 22/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0073 DET Bhumo Pema F Dragkar Nunnery 7-5-2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0074 DET Bhumo Sho Min Min F 18/03/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0075 DET Bhumo Tengha F Nyimo Gaysey Nunnery 22/05/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0076 DET Bhumo Tsega F 27 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0077 DET BhurjamTsang Choephel M 33 22/03/2008 4 Yrs Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0078 DET Bhuten M 25/03/2008 Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0079 DET Bhuti F Dragkar Nunnery 12-5-2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0080 REL Boli M 19/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0081 DET Botho M 25/03/2008 Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0082 DET Botsu F Dragkar Nunnery 12-5-2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0083 DET Bumga M 22 14/04/2008 6 Yrs Sertha County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0084 DET Butuk M 13 Khenpa Lung Monastery 12-5-2008 Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-0085 REL Chacho 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0086 REL Chagdo Tsering M 40 29/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0087 REL Chagpo Thar M 33 30/03/2008 15 D Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0088 DET Chambu Gudrup M 52 14/04/2008 Rawa Township,Sog County, Nagchu Prefecture "TAR"

08-0089 REL Che Gemo F 31 15/03/2008 Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0090 REL Chemi F 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0091 DET Cheno Khedup M 40 Labrang Monastery Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0092 DETChewa KunchokDhargyal

M Taksang Lhamo Kirti Monastery 29/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0093 DET Chignyin M 16 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0094 REL Chigsam M 25/03/2008 Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0095 DET Chime Dolma F 32 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0096 DET Chime Gonpo M 18/03/2008 Drongo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0097 DET Chime Lhamo F 19 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0098 DET Chimey Lhazom F 20 20/03/2008 Shigatse County, Shigatse Prefecture,"TAR"

08-0099 DET Cho Gyatso M 41 A-Khor Monastery 23/03/2008 Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0100 DET? Chodak M Shetsang Monastery 14/04/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

APPENDIX 2List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the

aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008

128



08-0101 DET Choden M 2 Yrs Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0102 DET Choe Gyatso M 19 A-Khor Monastery 23/03/2008 Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0103 REL Choe Lak F 00/03/2008 Lhasa "TAR"

08-0104 REL Choedak M 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0105 DET Choedar M 20/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0106 DET Choeden M 23 A-Khor Monastery 23/03/2008 Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0107 DET Choeden M Gur Monastery 14/04/2008 Chentsa County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0108 DET Choeden F 18 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0109 DET Choedon F 25/03/2008 7 Yrs Chogri, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0110 DET Choedrub M 25 Gonsar Monastery 24/05/2008 Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-0111 DET Choegong M 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0112 DET Choegyal M 23 Woeser Monastery 13/5/2008 Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-0113 REL Choegyal Tso F 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0114 DET Choeley M 15/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0115 DET Choelha F 40 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0116 DET Choenga F 17/05/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0117 REL Choenyi Gyatso M 22 25/04/2008 Machen County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0118 REL Choenyi Sangpo M Thupten Yongdueling Monastery 31-02/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0119 DET Choepa Kyap M 17/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0120 DET Choepa Tashi M 30/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0121 DET Choephak M 24 10-3-2008 Pema County Prison Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0122 REL Choephel M Visiting Student of Drepung 22/07/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0123 REL Choephel M 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0124 REL Choephel M 23 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0125 DET Choephel M 20 17/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0126 DET Choephel M 17/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0127 DET Choephel F 19 17/05/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0128 DET Choephel M 17/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0129 REL Choephel M 19 18/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0130 DET Choephel M 19 18/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0131 DET Choephel M 26 23/03/2008 Ngaba County,Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0132 DET Choephel M 33 4 Yrs Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0133 DET Choephel Gyatso M 16 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0134 DET Choephel Tashi M 00/03/2008 3-14 Yrs Lhasa "TAR"

08-0135 DET Choephel Wangpo M Drepung Monastery 00/04/2008

08-0136 DET Choephel Wangpo M Drepung Monastery 00/04/2008

08-0137 REL Choepo M 00/04/2008 Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0138 REL Choetse M 30/04/200/8 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0139 DET Choetso F 25 Gaden Choeling Nunnery 14/5/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0140 DET Choeyang Gyatso M Rongpo Thosam Monastery 17/04/2008 Rebkong County, Melho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0141 DET Choeyang Kyab M 30 Gomang Monastery 30/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0142 DET Choeying Tashi M 33 20/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0143 DET Choezin M 20 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0144 REL Choezin M 20/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0145 DET Chogri Yeshi M 19/04/2008 Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0146 DET Chokdup M 21 31/06/2008 Jomda County, Chamdo Prfecture, "TAR"

08-0147 DET Chokey F 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0148 DET Chokey Dolma F 25/03/2008 Chogri, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0149 DET Chokpo M 20/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0150 REL Chokyab M Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province


Appendices

129


08-0151 DET Cholo M 14 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0152 REL Cholung Tholo 30/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0153 DET Choney Khedup M 40 Labrang Monastery 30/06/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0154 REL Chonga F 26-27/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0155 RELChorul TsangThupgyal

M 29 11-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0156 DET Chosang M 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0157 DET Choyang M 24 10-3-2008 Pema County Prison Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0158 DET Choyang Tashi M 33 20/03/2008 1 Yrs Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0159 REL Choze F 27 18/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0160 DET Chukpo Tsering M 21/03/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0161 DET Chuyang F 23 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0162 REL Dabe M 31/03/2008 Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0163 DET Dadul M 42 18/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0164 DET Dagul M 37 21/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0165 DET Dakpa M 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0166 DET Damchoe M 29 Mishi Thangsar Monastery 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0167 DET? Damchoe M Shetsang Monastery 14/04/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0168 DET Damchoe M 22 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0169 DET Damchoe M 24/03/2008 Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0170 DET Damdul M Ramoche Temple 26/05/2008 Lhasa "TAR"

08-0171 DET Damdul M 42 18/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0172 DET Dangdrung F Shugseb Nunnery 28/04/2008 Chushul County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

08-0173 REL Dapay M Matoe County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0174 DET Darchen M Lhasa, "TAR"

08-0175 REL Dati M 31-02/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0176 DET Dawa M Rongwo Monastery 20/04/2008 Rebkong County, Melho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0177 REL Dawa M 25 18/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0178 DET? Dawa M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0179 REL Dechen Tso F 25/03/2008 Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0180 DET Dechen Wangmo F 38 3-8-2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0181 DET Dekyi F Dragkar Nunnery 12-5-2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0182 DET Dekyi F 25/03/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0183 DET Deleck M 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0184 DET Denden M 40 18/03/2008 Kardze County, Kardze, "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0185 DET Denden M 25/03/2008 Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0186 DET Depa Tenpa M 14/04/2008 Tewo County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0187 DET Deyang F 31 Gaden Choeling Nunnery 14/5/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0188 DET Deyang F Ngangong Nunnery 3 Yrs Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0189 DET Deyang Tashi M Drepung Monastery 00/04/2008

08-0190 DET? Dhaden M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0191 DET? Dhak Tso M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0192 REL Dhamchoe Gyatso M Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0193 DET? Dhamchoe Norbu M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0194 DET? Dhargon M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0195 DET Dhargyal M 20 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0196 REL Dhargyal MTaksang lhamoKirtimonastery

12-3-2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province





08-0199 DET Dhargyal M 4-20-2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0200 REL Dhargyal M 27 18/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province


130



08-0201 DET Dhargyal F 43 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0202 DET Dhargyal M 26 24/04/2008 5 Yrs Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0203 REL Dhargyal M Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0204 DET Dhargyal M 19/03/2008 Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0205 DET Dhargyal Garwatsang M 19 14/5/2008 Markham County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-0206 DET Dhari F 16/03/2008 Ngaba Prison Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0207 DET? Dharyak M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0208 REL Dhechok F 37 11-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0209 REL Dhodho M 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0210 REL Dhogtho M 35 22/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0211 DET Dhola M 15/03/2008 15 Yrs Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

08-0212 REL Dhole M 25 22/04/2008 10 D Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0213 REL Dhonchoe M 30/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0214 DET Dhonden M 18/03/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0215 REL Dhondup M 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0216 DET Dhondup M 10-3-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0217 DET Dhondup M 25/03/2008 Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0218 REL Dhondup M 19 26-27/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0219 REL Dhondup Tsering M 23 11-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0220 DET Dhondup Wangchen M 00/03/2008 Qinghai Province

08-0221 REL Dhondup Woeser M 25/03/2008 Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0222 DET Dhonyoe M Mishi Thangsar Monastery 23/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0223 REL Dhonyoe M 26 18/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0224 REL Dhor Ngon Tsang Tsa Lu Ma F 30 11-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0225 DET Dhorga M 21/03/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0226 DET Dhorga Chungwa M 21/03/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0227 DET Dhorlo M 25/03/2008 Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0228 REL Dhukar M 11-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0229 DET Dhungtso F 20 Geyma Drak Nunnery 18/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0230 DET? Dhusang M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0231 DET Dickyi F Dragkar Nunnery 12-5-2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0232 DET? Dochoe Sonam M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0233 DET? Dok Chopo M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0234 REL Dolkar Kyab M 32 20/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0235 DET Dolkar Kyab M 15 20-21/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0236 DET Dolkyab Tsang Lama Kyab M 19 11-4-2008 15 Yrs Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0237 DET Dolma F Dragkar Nunnery 24/03/2008 3 Yrs Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0238 REL Dolma F 19/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0239 REL Dolma Dhondup M 32 30/03/2008 15 D Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0240 DET Dolma Kyab M 21/03/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0241 REL Dolma Kyap M 34 30/03/2008 15 D Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0242 REL Dolma Kyi F 34 29/04/2008 Machen County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0243 DET Dolma Tsering F North-West Nationalities University Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0244 DET Dolma Tsering M 24 18/03/2008 Mari Township,Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0245 REL Dolma Tsering F 26 19/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0246 DET Dolma Tsering F 21/03/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0247 DET Dolma Yangtso F Ngangong Nunnery 25/03/2008 7 Yrs Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0248 DET Dolma Yangtso F 34 10-8-2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0249 DET Dondrub M 19/05/2008 Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR"

08-0250 DET Donga F 21 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province


Appendices

131


08-0251 REL Dongo M 20/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0252 REL Donkar F 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0253 DET Donyang 25/03/2008 3 Yrs Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0254 DET Dorjee M Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0255 DET Dorjee M 30 11-6-2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0256 DET Dorjee M 30 11-6-2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0257 DET Dorjee M 20-21/03/2008 4 Yrs Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0258 DET Dorjee Chuk M 21 00/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0259 DET Dorjee Dhargyal M 00/03/2008 3-14 Yrs Lhasa, "TAR"

08-0260 DET Dorjee Dhondup M 21/03/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0261 DET Dorjee Dolma F 15/03/2008 5-14 Yrs Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

08-0262 REL Dorjee Dolma F 19/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0263 DET Dorjee Drakpa M Sang Lung Monastery 3-5-2008 Dzamthang County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0264 DET Dorjee Gyaltsen M 19/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0265 DET Dorjee Khando F Gaden Choeling Nunnery 14/05/2008 7 Yrs Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0266 DET Dorjee Khando F 30 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0267 DET Dorjee Kundup M 20/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0268 DET Dorjee Lorig M 23 15/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0269 DET Dorjee Rabten M 21/03/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0270 DET Dorjee Rinchen M 25 00/04/208 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0271 DET Dorjee Rinchen M 55+ 23/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0272 DET Dorjee Rinchen M 25 29/03/2008 1M Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0273 DET Dorjee Tashi M 00/07/2008 Pelbar County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-0274 DET Dorjee Tashi M 18 15/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0275 DET Dorjee Tashi M 18 18/08/2008 So-Ngo Township, Kardze, "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0276 DET Dorjee Tashi M 20/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0277 DET Dorjee Tashi M 22/06/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0278 DET Dorjee Tashi M 28 29/03/2008 1M Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0279 REL Dorjee Tsering M 19 22/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0280 REL Dorjee Tsering M Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0281 DET Dorjee Tsering M 22 18/03/2008 Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture,"TAR"

08-0282 DET Dorjee Tseten M 20/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0283 DET Dorjee Tseten M 20/03/2008 Chentsa County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0284 DET Dorjee Wangyal M 31 Thanggya Monastery 1-4-2008 15 Yrs Gonjo County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-0285 DET Dorjor M 00/03/2008 15 Yrs+ Lhasa, "TAR"

08-0286 DET Dr. Yangzom F Lhasa People's Hospital 7-5-2008 Lhasa "TAR"

08-0287 DET Dragu M 21/6/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0288 DET Drakho M 31 22/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0289 DET Drakpa M 26 A-Khor Monastery 23/03/2008 Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0290 DET Drakpa M Gyutoe Monastery 00/05/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0291 DET Drakpa M 28 Rong Gonchen Monastery 13/4/2008 Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0292 DET Drakpa M 27 00/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0293 DET Drakpa M 18/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0294 DET Drakpa M 21/03/2008 Ngaba County,Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0295 DET Drakpa M 23/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0296 DET Drakpa M Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0207 DET Drakpa Chakdri M 15/05/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0298 DET Drakpa Dorjee M 19 22/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0299 DET Drakpa Gyaltsen M Benkar Monastery 00/03/2008 2Yrs Driru County, Nagchu Prefecture "TAR"

08-0300 REL Drakpa Gyatso M 11Tashi Chophel LingMonastery

1-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province


132



08-0301 REL Drangsong M 19/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0302 DET Drangyae Yen F 28 9-8-2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0303 DET Drashi Tso F Geyma Drak Nunnery 18/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0304 REL Drodhul M 26 18/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0305 DET Drokho M 30 22/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0306 DET Drongpo Rabten M 18 Jhangkar Monastery 00/03/2008 Bathang County, Kandze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0307 DET Dronkhoma M 20/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0308 REL Dronkyab M 34 19/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0309 REL Dronphu Thar M 19/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0310 DET Dronsep F Thangsar Monastery 21/03/2008 Sangchu County,Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0311 REL Drontse M 35 18/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0312 DET Drugthar M 33 17/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0313 DET Drukda M 42 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 1Y&4M Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0314 DET Drukgyal M 55+ 23/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0315 DET Drukgyal yak M 28 00/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0316 REL Drukpa M Maima Tsendrag Monastery 22-23/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0317 REL Drukpa Gyal M 27 29/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0318 REL Drukpa Gyal M 30 29/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0319 REL Drukpa Khar M 20 19/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0320 REL Drupchok M 19/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0321 REL Drutha Ye F 22 Machen County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0322 DET Dukar Tsering M 26 17/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0323 DET Dukhor M 20/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0324 DET? Dun Lak M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0325 DET Dungkar M 18/07/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0326 DET Dungtso F 20 Gewa Drak Nunnery 18/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0327 DET Dunlag M 25/03/2008 Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0328 DET Gadha Lhagyal M Drepung Monastery 00/04/2008 Phunpo Lhundup County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

08-0329 REL Gadhe M Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0330 DET Gadho M Unknown 26/07/2008 Nangchen PSB DC Nangchen County,Jyekundo "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0331 DET Gakhu M Thangsar Monastery 21/03/2008 Sangchu County,Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0332 DET Gari Karma Tsephel M 3 Yrs Tawu County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0333 DET Gatruk Dorjee M 41 Beri Monastery 24/6/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0334 DET Gawa M 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0335 DET Gawa M 24/03/2008 Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0336 DET Gechung Bhumo F 36 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0337 DET Geleg M Kathog Monastery 00/07/2008 Kardze, "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0338 DET Geleg Drakpa M 28 Bada Samdupling Monastery Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0339 DET Geleg Gyatso M 22 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0340 DET Geleg Gyurmey M 30 Labrang Monastery 1-4-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0341 DET Geleg Phel M 32 Sera Monastery 10-3-2008 Lhasa Golog,"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0342 DET Geleg Samdup M Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery 00/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0343 DET Geleg Thapkey M 27 Bada Samdupling Monastery 00/03/2008 Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0344 REL Gematsang Jamyang Thokmey M 23 11-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0345 REL Gendun Drakpa M Visiting Student of Drepung 22/07/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0346 DET Gendun Gyatso M aksang Lhamo Kirti Monastery 26/04/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0347 DET Gendun Gyatso M Gur Monastery 14/04/2008 Chentsa County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0348 DET Gendun Gyatso M 30 Labrang Monastery 1-4-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0349 REL Gendun Gyatso M Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0350 DET Gendun Gyatso M Mishi Thangsar Monastery 23/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province


Appendices

133



08-0351 DET? Gendun Gyatso M Shetsang Monastery 14/04/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0352 DET Gendun Gyatso M Thoesamling Monastery 15/05/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0353 REL Gendun Gyatso M 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0354 DET Gendun Gyatso M 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0355 REL Gendun Sonam M 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0356 DET Gengya Tsundue M 15/05/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0357 DET Geshe Namgyal Tsering M N/A Chogri Monastery 26/03/2008 Drango PSB DC Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0358 DET Geshe Sonam Gyurmey M N/A Chogri Monastery 26/03/2008 Drango PSB DC Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0359 DET Geshe Tenzin Choephel M 50 Qinghai University 17/04/2008 Xining City, Qinghai University

08-0360 DET Geshe Tsultrim Tenzin M 70's Tongkor Monastery 3-4-2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0361 DET Ghangde M 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0362 DET Ghayou M 19/06/2008 Sertha County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0363 DET Gheshor M 23-25/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0364 DET? Ghetse Dhorlo M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0365 DET Ghiling Lungtok M 1-5-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0366 REL Ghochen M 00/04/2008 Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0367 DET Ghoeso M 16/05/2008 Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0368 DET Gilu F 35 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0369 DET Ginike Tsulkho M 20-04-2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0370 REL Gochoe M 25/03/2008 Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0371 DET Goga M 18/03/2008 3 Yrs Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0372 DET Golok Jigme M Labrang Monastery Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0373 DET Gomchukgyal M 26 22/03/2008 Tsoe City, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0374 DET? Gonam M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0375 REL Gondak M 25/03/2008 Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0376 DET Gondon Sangay M 35 28/05/2008 Tawu Chang Yen Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0377 DET Gondrue M 30/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0378 REL Goney M 25 18/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0379 DET Gongkar Thinley M 17 Kardze Monastery 18/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0380 DET Gongpa Yak M 23/03/2008 Tewo County,Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0381 DET Gonpa M 40 Dargay Monastery 18/03/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0382 REL Gonpa Thar M 67 19/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0383 DET Gonpa Tsering M 23 00/03/2008Dzoge DetentionCentre

Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0384 REL Gonpa Tsering M 52 19/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0385 DET Gonpo M 20 Gonsar Monastery 24/05/2008 Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-0386 REL Gonpo M 30 Triyang Monastery 16/04/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0387 REL Gonpo M 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0388 DET Gonpo M 18/03/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0389 DET? Gonpo M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0390 DET Gonpo Gyaltsen M 18/03/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0391 REL Gonpo Kyab M 18/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0392 DET Gonpo Lhamo M 00/04/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0393 DET Gonpo Namgyal M 20/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0394 DET Gonpo Namgyal M 20/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0395 DET Gonpo Tashi M 20/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0396 DET Gonpo Tsekho M 30 14 Yrs Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0397 DET Gonpo Tsering M 1-5-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0398 DET Gonpo Tsering M 17/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province



134




08-0402 DET Gonpo Tseten M 20/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0403 DET Gonpo Wangyal M 20/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0404 DET Gosoe M 21/03/2008 2 Yrs Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0405 REL Gotsoi Topden M Maima Tsendrag Monastery 22-23/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0406 DET Gudrak M Larung Ngarik Nangten Lobling 8-7-2008 Sertha County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0407 REL Gur Kyab M Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0408 REL Gur Tse 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0409 REL Gurbhe Khangtse Tsang M 22-23/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0410 REL Gurbhe Takgham Tsang M 22-23/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0411 DET Gure M 20/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0412 DET Gurgon Kyap M 38 29/03/2008 1 M Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0413 DET Gurkyi M 25/03/2008 Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0414 DET? Gurten M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0415 DET Guru M 36 22/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0416 DET Guru Dorjee M 28/03/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0417 DET? Gya Bha M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0418 REL Gyachen M Maima Tsendrag Monastery 22-23/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0419 DET Gyachuk Wangchuk M Nubsur Monastery 28/06/2008 Sertha County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0420 DET Gyade 20/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0421 REL Gyaga F 49 19/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0422 DET Gyahor Lhamo F 54 Gaden Choeling Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0423 DET Gyalbha M 26/03/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0424 DET Gyalgha Lhamo F 54 Gaden Choeling Nunnery 14/5/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0425 DET Gyalpo M 21/03/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0426 DET Gyalri Tsang Lama Tsering M 18 16/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0427 DET Gyaltsen M 40 14/03/2008 Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0428 REL Gyatso M Maima Tsendrag Monastery 22-23/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0429 DET Gyatso M Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0430 REL Gyatso M 28 18/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0431 DET Gyayul Seyang F 11-5-2008 Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0432 DET Gyayul Shachotso Bodze F 11-5-2008 Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0433 DET Gyayul Thinley F 11-5-2008 Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0434 DET Gyobhu Thar M 26 17/03/2008 Lushoe Township,Kanlho, "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0435 DET Gyurmey M 40 Labrang Monastery 1-4-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0436 REL Gyurmey M 49 00/05/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0437 REL Gyurmey M 30 18/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0438 DET Gyurmey Dhondup M 28 Thanggya Monastery 1-4-2008 Life Gonjo County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-0439 DET Gyurmey Thinley M 10 Yrs Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0440 DET Hega M 39 23/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0441 REL Horpo M 30/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0442 REL Jamche Dorjee M 19/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0443 DET Jamchu M Horshul Monastery 18/03/2008 Sertha County,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0444 DET Jamdon F 31 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0445 DET Jamdrup M 21 Khenpa Lung Monastery 12-5-2008 4 Yrs

08-0446 DET Jamga Dolma F 26 Nyimo Gaysey Nunnery 22/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0447 DET Jamga Phuntsok M 18 Khangmar Monastery 9-6-2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0448 DET Jamgha M 25/03/2008 Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0449 DET Jamgha M 28/03/2008 Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0450 DET Jamlha Yang F 23 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province


Appendices

135


08-0451 DET Jampa F Dargay Hardu Nunnery 23/05/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0452 REL Jampa 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0453 DET Jampa 20/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0454 DET Jampa M 35 24/04/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0455 REL Jampa 25/03/2008 Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0456 DET Jampa Choephel M 25 Beri Monastery 21/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0457 DET Jampa Chokey F 25/03/2008 Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0458 DET Jampa Dekyi F 20 Tehor Kardze Temple 31/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0459 DET Jampa Dorjee M Kardze Monastery 18/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0460 DET Jampa Dorjee M 18 Khangmar Monastery 9-6-2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0461 DET Jampa Gendun M Jammey Monastery 25/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0462 DET Jampa Gyatso M 36 Namtso Monastery 24/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0463 DET Jampa Kalsang M 20 Ramoche Temple 14/03/2008 Lhasa "TAR"

08-0464 DET Jampa Lhamo F 30 Dargay Hardu Nunnery 23/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0465 DET Jampa Lhamo F Dragkar Nunnery 12-5-2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0466 DET Jampa Sangpo M 41 14/03/2008 Machen County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0467 DET Jampa Tashi M 24 14/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0468 DET Jampa Tsundue M 28 Beri Monastery 18/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0469 DET Jamphel M 28 11-8-2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0470 REL Jamphel Dorjee M 33 19/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0471 DET? Jamphel Gyatso M Shetsang Monastery 14/04/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0472 DET Jamphel Tenzin M 20/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0473 DET Jamphel Wangchuk M 45 Drepung Monastery 00/04/2008

08-0474 DET Jamsang M Unknown 26/07/2008 Nangchen PSB DC Nangchen County, Jyekundo "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0475 DET Jamyang M 18 A-Khor Monastery 23/03/2008 Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0476 DET Jamyang M 18/03/2008 Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0477 DET Jamyang M 19/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0478 DET Jamyang M 20/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0479 REL Jamyang M 30/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0480 DET Jamyang M Mishi Thangsar Monastery 23/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0481 DET Jamyang (Chewa) M 33 A-Khor Monastery 23/03/2008 Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0482 DET Jamyang Choephel M 21 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 1Y&3M Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0483 DET? Jamyang Dhondup M Shetsang Monastery 14/04/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0484 REL Jamyang Dorjee M 21 19/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0485 REL Jamyang Gyatso M Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery 9-4-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0486 DET Jamyang Gyatso M Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery 00/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0487 DET? Jamyang Gyatso M Shetsang Monastery 14/04/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province



08-0490 REL Jamyang Gyatso M 12 Tashi Chophel Ling Monastery 1-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0491 DET Jamyang Gyatso M 33 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0492 DET? Jamyang Jinpa M Shetsang Monastery 14/04/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0493 DET Jamyang Jinpa M 15/05/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0494 DET Jamyang Lodoe M 15 Khenpa Lung Monastery 12-5-2008 3 Yrs Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-0495 DET? Jamyang Losel M Shetsang Monastery 14/04/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0496 DET Jamyang Nyima M 30 Kirti Dongri Monastery 30/03/2008 2 Yrs Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0497 DET Jamyang Sherab M Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery 00/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0498 REL Jamyang Soepa M 32 Sogtsang Monastery 21/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0499 DET? Jamyang Tenpa M Shetsang Monastery 14/04/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0500 DET? Jamyang Tenpa M Shetsang Monastery 14/04/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province


136



08-0501 DET? Jamyang Tenzin M Shetsang Monastery 14/04/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0502 DET Jamyang Tenzin M 21 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0503 DET Jamyang Toetin M Achog Tsenyi Monastery 20/03/2008 Marthang County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0504 DET Jamyang Tsering M 19 Za-Samdup Monastery 18/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0505 DET Jamyang Tsering Momotsang M 46 31/06/2008 Jomda County, Chamdo Prfecture, "TAR"

08-0506 DET Jamyang Tsultrim M 29 Gyalmo Gedhen Dhargyal Monastery 28/03/2008 Tsoe City, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0507 DET Jamyang Tsultrim F 37 Mamai Nunnery 21/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0508 REL Jamyang Tsultrim M Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery 9-4-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0509 DET Jamyang Tsultrim M Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery 00/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0510 DET Jamyang Tsundul M Achog Tsenyi Monastery 20/03/2008 Marthang County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0511 DET Jamyang Yeshi M 30 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0512 DET Jangdrup M 21 Khenpa Lung Monastery 12-5-2008 Markham County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-0513 DET Jangsem Nyima M 22 6-6-2008 3 Yrs Dzatoe County, Jyekundo "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0514 DET Jawoe M 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0515 REL Jigche M 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0516 DET? Jigchoe M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0517 DET Jigme M 30 A-Khor Monastery 23/03/2008 Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0518 DET Jigme M 26 Dingkha Monastery 17/03/2008 15 Yrs + Toelung Dechen County,Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

08-0519 DET Jigme M Labrang Monastery Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0520 DET Jigme M Mishi Thangsar Monastery 23/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0521 DET? Jigme M Shetsang Monastery 14/04/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0522 DET Jigme M Wangchen Ponkar Monastery 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0523 REL Jigme M 5/4/2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0524 DET Jigme M 22 11/8/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0525 DET Jigme M 30 20/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0526 DET Jigme M 15 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0527 DET Jigme M 16 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0528 DET Jigme M 22/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho"TAP",Gansu Province

08-0529 DET Jigme M 27 24/03/2008 Shigatse County, Shigatse Prefecture,"TAR"

08-0530 DET Jigme M Sogtsang Monastery 21/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0531 DET Jigme (Chungwa) M 23 A-Khor Monastery 23/03/2008 Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0532 DET Jigme Choephel M 42 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0533 DET Jigme Dawa M 40 Rongwo Monastery 20/06/2008 Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0534 DET Jigme Dhargyal M Thangsar Monastery 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0535 DET Jigme Goril M Gyutoe Monastery 22/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0536 DET Jigme Goril M Labrang Monastery Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0537 REL Jigme Gyatso M 30 Sok - Tsang Monastery 21/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0538 DET Jigme Gyatso(Jigme Guri) M Labrang Monastery 11/04/2008

08-0539 REL Jigme Jinpa M Maru Monastery 4/4/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0540 REL Jigme Jinpa M Maru Monastery 4/4/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0541 DET Jigme Lotsa M Ragtram Monastery 23/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0542 REL Jigme Nyima M 13 Tashi Chophel Ling Monastery 1/4/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0543 DET? Jigme Tenzin M Shetsang Monastery 14/04/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0544 DET Jigme Tsenphel M 40 Mishi Thangsar Monastery 23/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0545 DET? Jigthren M 17/04/2008 Sithren Prison Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0546 DET Jigtrin Tsang Namse M 38 00/03/2008 4 Yrs Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0547 DET Jigtsoe M 25/03/2008 Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0548 DET Jimpa M Thangsar Monastery 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0549 REL Jimpa Gyatso M Je Kumbum Monastery 16/04/2008 Kumbum County, Qinghai Province

08-0550 DET Jinpa M 35 A-Khor Monastery 23/03/2008 Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province


Appendices

137


08-0551 REL Jinpa M Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery 14/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0552 DET Jinpa M Rongpo Monastery 1Y&6M Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0553 REL Jinpa M 00/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0554 REL Jinpa M 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0555 DET Jinpa M 22 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0556 DET Jinpa M 37 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0557 DET Jinpa M 31 24/04/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0558 DET Jinpa Gyatso M 25 Gaden Chokorling Monastery 23/03/2008 Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0559 DET Jinpa Gyatso M 40 Gyalmo Gedhen Dhargyal Monastery 28/03/2008 Tsoe City, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0560 REL Jinpa Gyatso M Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery 9-4-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0561 DET? Ju- Tsewang M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0562 DET Jungney M 30 Mishi Thangsar Monastery 00/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0563 DET Jutse M 25/03/2008 Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0564 DET Kadam Tsering M 55+ 23/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0565 DET Kagthar M 18/03/2008 Sertha County,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0566 DET Kal Nyima M Kardze Monastery 19/06/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0567 DET Kalbar M 23 16/03/2008 15 Yrs Ngaba County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0568 DET Kalbha M 23 17/03/2008 life Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0569 REL Kalden M 27 18/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0570 DET Kalden Chodak M 15/03/2008 5-14 Yrs Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

08-0571 REL Kali F 30/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0572 DET Kalsang M 25 A-Khor Monastery 23/03/2008 Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0573 DET Kalsang M Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0574 REL Kalsang 31 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0575 DET Kalsang Bakdo M 28 Dingkha Monastery 17/03/2008 15 Yrs + Toelung Dechen County,Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

08-0576 REL Kalsang Chodak M Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0577 DET Kalsang Choedup M 30 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0578 DET Kalsang Choephel M Thangsar Monastery 21/03/2008 Sangchu County,Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0579 DET Kalsang Dawa M 25/03/2008 Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0580 REL Kalsang Dhondup M Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0581 REL Kalsang Dhondup M Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0582 DET Kalsang Dhondup M 49 Mishi Thangsar Monastery 20/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0583 DET Kalsang Dhondup M 22 10-3-2008 3-14 Yrs Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture,"TAR"

08-0584 DET Kalsang Dhondup M 18 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0585 DET Kalsang Dorjee M 39 25/03/2008 3 Yrs Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0586 REL Kalsang Egnyie M Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0587 REL Kalsang Geleg M Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0588 DET Kalsang Gyatso M 36 A-Khor Monastery 23/03/2008 Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0589 REL Kalsang Gyatso M Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0590 REL Kalsang Gyatso M Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0591 REL Kalsang Gyatso M Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery 9-4-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0592 DET? Kalsang Gyatso M Shetsang Monastery 14/04/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0593 DET Kalsang Gyatso M 10-3-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0594 DET Kalsang Gyatso M 25 22/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0595 DET Kalsang Jampa M Jammey Monastery 25/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0596 REL Kalsang Jampa M Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0597 REL Kalsang Jamyang M Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0598 REL Kalsang Jamyang M Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0599 REL Kalsang Jigme M Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0600 DET Kalsang Jinpa M 28 Gyalmo Gedhen Dhargyal Monastery 28/03/2008 Tsoe City, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province


138



08-0601 REL Kalsang Jinpa M Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0602 REL Kalsang Khedup M Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0603 DET? Kalsang Khedup M Shetsang Monastery 14/04/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0604 REL Kalsang Kyab M 9-4-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0605 REL Kalsang Kyab M 32 11-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0606 REL Kalsang Kyab M 33 22/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0607 REL Kalsang Lekshe M Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0608 DET Kalsang Lochok M 20 Tarmo Monastery 18/06/2008 Driru County,Nagchu Prefecture "TAR"

08-0609 DET Kalsang Nyima M 28 Kardze Monastery 9-6-2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0610 DET Kalsang Nyima M 00/03/2008 3-14 Yrs Lhasa, "TAR"

08-0611 REL Kalsang Phuntsok M Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0612 REL Kalsang Phuntsok M Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0613 REL Kalsang Samten M Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0614 REL Kalsang Shakya M Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0615 DET Kalsang Sherab M 00/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0616 DET Kalsang Sherab M 25/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0617 REL Kalsang Sonam M 14 Tashi Chophel Ling Monastery 1-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0618 DET Kalsang Sonam M 17 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0619 DET Kalsang Tashi M 17 Khenpa Lung Monastery 12-5-2008 Markham County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-0620 REL Kalsang Tashi M Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0621 REL Kalsang Tenzin M Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0622 DET Kalsang Tenzin M 17 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0623 REL Kalsang Thapkey M Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0624 REL Kalsang Topden M Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0625 DET? Kalsang Topden M Shetsang Monastery 14/04/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0626 DET Kalsang Tsering M Thanggya Monastery 1-4-2008 Life Gonjo County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-0627 REL Kalsang Tsering M 9-4-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0628 DET Kalsang Tsering M 00/03/2008 3-14 Yrs Lhasa "TAR"

08-0629 DET? Kalsang Tsultrim M Shetsang Monastery 14/04/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0630 REL Kalsang Tsundue M Je Kumbum Monastery 16/04/2008 Kumbum County, Qinghai Province

08-0631 DET? Kalsang Tsundue M Shetsang Monastery 14/04/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0632 DET Kalsang Yeshi M 27 Beri Monastery 24/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0633 REL Kalsang Yonten M Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0634 REL Kalsang Yonten M Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0635 DET Kangtsuk M 22 20/03/2008 Lhasa "TAR"

08-0636 REL Karbho M 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0637 DET Karbho M 23/03/2008 Chentsa County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0638 DET Kardru M 40 22/03/2008 Chentsa County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0639 DET Kardu M Mishi Thangsar Monastery 23/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0640 DET Kargyam M 1 Yrs Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0641 REL Karma M 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0642 REL Karma 11-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0643 DET Karma Choejor M 27 Jhangkar Monastery 00/03/2008 Bathang County, Kandze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0644 DET Karma Dawa M 27 Dingkha Monastery 18/03/2008 15 Yrs+ Toelung Dechen County,Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

08-0645 DET Karma Gyaltsen M 30 20/03/2008 3 Yrs Riwoche County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-0646 DET Karma Wangchuk M 29 Beri Monastery 22/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0647 DET Kathup Thar M 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0648 REL kathup Tsering M 21 9-4-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0649 DET Katum M 23/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0650 DET Kel Tson M 23 Trosik Monastery 2 Yrs Ngaba County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province


Appendices

139


08-0651 DET Kelba M 23 16/03/2008 Life Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0652 DET Kelden M Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery 00/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0653 DET Kelden M 00/03/2008 20 Yrs Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

08-0654 REL Kelkyab Tsang Jamphel M 22 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0655 REL Kelrab Tsang Kalsang Kyab M 26-27/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0656 REL Keltse M 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0657 DET Khagha F 32 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0658 DET Khagong Tsang Choedron F 43 24/03/2008 Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0659 DET Khakbey M 64 20/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0660 DET Kham Kho M 28 Soe Monastery 11-06-2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0661 DET Khamgo M Ngaba Zongse Monastery 11-06-2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0662 DET Khando F 25 18/06/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0663 REL Khando F 15 20/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0664 DET Khando Choetso F 35 Pangrina Nunnery 18/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0665 DET Khando Lhamo F Ngangong Nunnery 25/03/2008 7 Yrs Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0666 DET Khando Tsering F 14 00/04/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0667 DET Khardo M 15 18/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0668 REL Kharmo Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0669 REL Khartruk M 9-4-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0670 DET Khechok M 23 A-Khor Monastery 23/03/2008 Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0671 REL Khechok M 36 11-4-2008 13 Yrs Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0672 DET Khedup Gyatso M Tsang Monastery 13/4/2008 Tsolho PSB DC Gepa Samdo County,Tsolho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0673 DET Khedup Gyatso M Tsang Monastery 10 Yrs Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0674 REL Khenpo M 27 22/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0675 DET Khenrab Nyima M 19/05/2008 Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR"

08-0676 DET Khenrab Tashi M 19/05/2008 Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR"

08-0677 DET Khenrab Tharchin M 32 19/05/2008 Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR"

08-0678 REL Khepa Tsang Dhargyal M 24 Thupten Yongdueling Monastery 31-02/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0679 REL Khepo M 10-3-2008 Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0680 DET Khetsun M Chokri Monastery 25/03/2008 Drongo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0681 REL Khigu Thar M 42 29/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0682 REL Kirpey M 30 18/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0683 REL Kole M 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0684 DET Konbha M 23/03/2008 Chentsa County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0685 REL Konchok Samten M Je Kumbum Monastery 16/04/2008 Kumbum County, Qinghai Province

08-0686 DET Kopa Tseten M 20 22/03/2008 Chentsa County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0687 DET Kovo Bhu M 17/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0688 DET Kunbo M 20 Makur Namgyaling Monastery 23/03/2008 Chentsa County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0689 DET Kunchok M 20 A-Khor Monastery 23/03/2008 Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0690 DET Kunchok F 28 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0691 DET Kunchok M Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery 00/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0692 DET Kunchok M Sang Lung Monastery 9-4-2008 Dzamthang County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0693 DET Kunchok M 16 Tsendrak Monastery 11-4-2008 10 Yrs Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0694 REL Kunchok M 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0695 DET Kunchok M 20-21/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0696 REL Kunchok Dhargyal M Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery 29/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0697 DET Kunchok Dhondup M Taksang Lhamo Kirti Monastery 26/04/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0698 DET Kunchok Dhondup M 27 Bhumsar Monastery 10-3-2008 Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture, "TAR"

08-0699 DET Kunchok Dorjee M 20/03/2008 Chentsa County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0700 DET Kunchok Drakpa M 21 Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery 29/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province


140



08-0701 REL Kunchok Gyatso M Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0702 DET Kunchok Jamphel M 33 Aadu Monastery 16/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0703 REL Kunchok Jigme M 27 Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery 29/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0704 DET Kunchok Jinpa M Taksang Lhamo Kirti Monastery 26/04/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0705 REL Kunchok Jinpa M 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0706 DET Kunchok Lhundup M 21 18/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0707 DET Kunchok Nagdo M 15/05/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0708 DET Kunchok Nyima M Drepung Monastery 00/04/2008

08-0709 DET Kunchok Nyima M 38 Lo Monastery 00/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0710 DET Kunchok Pelsang M 22 Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery 29/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0711 DET Kunchok Rabgyal M Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery 29/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0712 DET Kunchok Rabten M Taksang Lhamo Kirti Monastery 17/04/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0713 DET Kunchok Samten M Kumbum Monastery 16/04/2008 Kumbum County, Qinghai Province

08-0714 REL Kunchok Samten M 19 Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery 29/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0715 REL Kunchok Sangay M 30 Saru Monastery 12-3-2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0716 REL Kunchok Sangay M 33 Saru Monastery 12-3-2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0717 DET Kunchok Sangay M 14/04/2008 Tewo County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0718 REL Kunchok Sangpo M Saru Monastery 12-3-2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0719 DET Kunchok Sangpo M 17 Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0720 DET Kunchok Sangpo M 14/04/2008 Tewo County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0721 DET Kunchok Sherab M Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery 29/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0722 DET Kunchok Soepa M 17 Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery 29/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0723 REL Kunchok Tashi M Saru Monastery 12-3-2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0724 DET Kunchok Tenzin M 21 Unknown 14/5/2008 Markham County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-0725 DET Kunchok Thapkhey M Taksang Lhamo Kirti Monastery 17/04/2005 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0726 DET Kunchok Tsultrim M Gyupa Monastery 29/03/2008 4 Yrs Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0727 DET Kunchok Woser M Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery 29/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0728 REL Kunchok Yarphel M Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery 29/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0729 DET Kunga M 20 Gonsar Monastery 24/05/2008 Markham County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-0730 DET Kunga M Ngaba Kirti Monastery 23/05/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0731 REL Kunga M Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0732 DET Kunga M Drepung Monastery 00/04/2008

08-0733 DET Kunga Phuntsok M 19 Thanggya Monastery 3-4-2008 10 Yrs Gonjo County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-0734 DET Kunga Tenzin M 20 Thanggya Monastery 15Yrs

08-0735 DET Kunga Thinley M Kardze Monastery 18/05/2008 Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0736 DET Kungha M 23-25/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0737 DET Kungyang M 25/03/2008 Drongo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0738 DET? Kunlhek M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0739 REL Kunsang M Thupten Yongdueling Monastery 31-02/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0740 REL Kunsang M 25/03/2008 Drongo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0741 DET Kunsang Dorjee M 24/03/2008 3 Yrs Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0742 DET Kunsang Tsering M 22 Dargeyling Monastery 15/07/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0743 DET Kunsang Tsering M 20 Thanggya Monastery 3-4-2008 Gonjo County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-0744 REL Kuntey M 68 19/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0745 DET Kunyang M Khenpa Lung Monastery 3 Yrs

08-0746 REL Kusum 40 18/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0747 REL Kyab Kho M 20/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0748 DET Kyakha M 25/03/2008 Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0749 REL Kyapey Mara M 50 18/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0750 DET Kyaplo M 20/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province


Appendices

141


08-0751 DET? Kyara M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0752 DET Kyedhar M Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0753 DET? Kyegon M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0754 DET Kyi Jigme M 2-4-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0755 DET Kyi Kyi M 25/03/2008 Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0756 DET Kyipay M 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0757 REL Kyipo 30 16/04/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0758 DET Kyipo F 34 23/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0759 DET Kyong Kyap M 38 29/03/2008 1M Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0760 DET Lagha F 32 Dragkar Nunnery 23/04/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0761 DET Lama M 22 11-8-2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0762 DET Lama Kyab M 20 11-4-2008 15 Yrs Kardze, "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0763 DET Lama Kyap M 29 29/03/2008 1M Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0764 REL Lama Lekden M Do-gab-ma Monastery 25/03/2008 Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0765 DET Lama Phuntsok Lamchung M Drepung Monastery 00/04/2008 Damshul County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

08-0766 DET Lama Tagyal M Gonsar Monastery 3 Yrs Derge County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0767 REL Lamze M 19/03/2008 Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0768 DET? Lang Woesal M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0769 DET Lekshe M 23 Gaden Chokorling Monastery 23/03/2008 Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0770 REL Lektso M 38 18/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0771 REL Lerab M 20 18/03/2008 Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture,"TAR"

08-0772 DET Lha Thruk F Dragkar Nunnery 7-5-2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0773 REL Lhaden Gon M 11 Tashi Chophel Ling Monastery 1-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0774 REL Lhadon F Gaden Choeling Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0775 REL Lhador M 00/04/2008 Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0776 DET Lhadruk F Dragkar Nunnery 7-5-2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0777 DET Lhaga F 30 Dragkar Nunnery 23/04/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0778 DET Lhaga Chewa F 33 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0779 DET Lhagha F 26 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0780 REL Lhago Kyap M 29 15/04/2008 20D Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0781 DET Lhagon 15/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0782 DET Lhagyal M 36 15/07/2007 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0783 DET Lhakar F 33 14/05/2008 Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0784 DET Lhakdon F 15/03/2008 5-14 Yrs Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

08-0785 DET Lhakpa Choetso(lhatruk) F 24 Dragkar Nunnery 7-4-2008 4 Yrs Dartsedo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0786 DET Lhakpa Tsering M 27/04/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0787 DET Lhakpa Tsering (Chewa) M 00/03/2008 3-14 Yrs Lhasa "TAR"

08-0788 DET Lhakpa Tsering (Chungwa) M 00/03/2008 3-14 Yrs Lhasa "TAR"

08-0789 REL Lhalung M 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0790 DET Lhamo F 29 Yarteng Nunnery 18/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0791 DET Lhamo Choetso F 33 Dragkar Nunnery 4 Yrs Dartsedo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0792 DET Lhamo Chokey F Dragkar Nunnery 12-5-2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0793 DET Lhamo Kyab M 21/03/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0794 DET Lhamo Kyap M 25 17/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0795 REL Lhamo Tashi M 9-4-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0796 REL Lhamo Tashi M 38 30/03/2008 15D Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0797 REL Lhaphel M 19/03/2008 Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0798 DET? Lhekden M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0799 REL Lhekshe Tsang Namay Lodoe M 30 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0800 REL Lhekshe Tsang Samdup M 28 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province


142



08-0801 DET? Lho Yeshi M 25/03/2008 Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0802 REL Lhubhum M 34 19/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0803 DET Lhubhum Gyal M 21/03/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0804 REL Lhubhum Tashi M 9-4-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0805 DET Lhubhum Thar M 21/03/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0806 DET Lhubhum Tsering M 21/03/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0807 REL Lhubhum Yak M 19/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0808 DET Lhudrup Tendar M 43 Achog Tsenyi Monastery 3 Yrs Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0809 DET Lhumte M 37 17/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0810 DET Lhundup M 17 Nationality Middle School 20/10/2008 Kangtsa County, Tsochang "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0811 DET Lhundup M 32 24/04/2008 4 Yrs Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0812 DET Lhundup Yonten M Achog Tsenyi Monastery 20/03/2008 Marthang County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0813 DET Lhungo M 35 Tongkhor Monastery 3-4-2008 Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0814 DET Lilo M 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0815 DET? Ling Dapo M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0816 DET? Ling Kyikyi M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0817 DET? Ling Namgyal M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0818 DET? Lo Dhonyoe M Za Monastery 27/04/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0819 DET Lo Yeshi M 25/03/2008 Drongo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0820 REL Lobha Tsang Sonam Gyatso M Maima Tsendrag Monastery 22-23/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0821 REL Lobho M 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0822 DET Lobsang M 23 A-Khor Monastery 23/03/2008 Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0823 DET Lobsang M 15 Sera Monastery 10-3-2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0824 REL Lobsang M 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0825 REL Lobsang M 25 00/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0826 REL Lobsang M 25 18/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0827 REL Lobsang M 30 18/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0828 DET Lobsang M 20/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0829 DET Lobsang M 20 11-6-2008 Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0830 DET Lobsang M 23 00/03/2008 Dzoge Detention Centre Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0831 DET Lobsang M 00/03/2008 Dzoge Detention Centre Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0832 DET Lobsang M 18/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0833 DET Lobsang Chodar M N/A Kirti Monastery 26/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0834 DET Lobsang Choegen M 18 Kardze Monastery 13/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0835 DET Lobsang Choejor M Bhenkar Monastery 00/07/2008 Driru County,Nagchu Prefecture "TAR"

08-0836 REL Lobsang Choephel M 22 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 12-3-2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0837 REL Lobsang Choephel M 28 Sogtsang Monastery 21/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0838 REL Lobsang Choetso F 25/03/2008 Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0839 DET Lobsang Choezin F Shar Bumpa Nunnery 00/03/2008 Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

08-0840 REL Lobsang Damchoe M 23 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 12-3-2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0841 DET Lobsang Dawa M 00/03/2008 Chushul County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

08-0842 REL Lobsang Dhargyal M 28 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 12-3-2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0843 DET Lobsang Dhargyal M 35 Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery 29/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0844 REL Lobsang Dhondup M 20 Rong Gonchen Monastery 13/4/2008 Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0845 DET Lobsang Dhondup M 35 21/03/2008 Lithang County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0846 DET Lobsang Dhonyoe M Zakhog Monastery 26/04/2008 Derge County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0847 DET Lobsang Dorjee M Ngaba Kirti Monastery 23/05/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0848 DET Lobsang Drakpa M 24 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0849 DET Lobsang Drakpa Nag M 40 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0850 DET Lobsang Geleg M 26 Beri Monastery 18/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province


Appendices

143


08-0851 DET Lobsang Geleg M Drepung Monastery 00/04/2008

08-0852 DET Lobsang Geleg M 33 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0853 DET Lobsang Gendun M 38 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0854 REL Lobsang Gyaltsen M 24 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 12-3-2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0855 REL Lobsang Gyatso M Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province



08-0858 DET Lobsang Gyatso M 26 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0859 DET Lobsang Gyatso M 38 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0860 DET Lobsang Gyatso M 26 Ngaba Kirti Monastery Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0861 REL Lobsang Gyatso M 28 Sogtsang Monastery 21/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0862 REL Lobsang Gyatso M Thupten Yongdueling Monastery 31-02/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0863 DET Lobsang Gyatso M 19 Woeser Monastery 14/05/2008 5 Yrs Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-0864 REL Lobsang Gyatso M 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province



08-0867 DET Lobsang Jamyang M 35 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0868 DET Lobsang Jamyang M 32 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 1Y&9M Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0869 DET Lobsang Jigme M 34 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0870 DET Lobsang Jigme M 19/05/2008 Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR"

08-0871 DET Lobsang Jinpa M 34 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0872 REL Lobsang Jinpa M 36 Sogtsang Monastery 21/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0873 REL Lobsang Kalsang M 25 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 12-3-2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0874 DET Lobsang Khechok M 15/03/2008 5-14 Yrs Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

08-0875 DET Lobsang Khedup Tenpay Gyatso M 25 14/03/2008 Machen County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0876 DET Lobsang Khenrab M 35 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0877 DET Lobsang Khetsun M 25/03/2008 Drongo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0878 DET Lobsang Kunchok M 28 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0879 DET Lobsang Kunchok M 29 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0880 DET Lobsang Kunchok F 28 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0881 DET Lobsang Kyab M 19 16/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0882 DET Lobsang Lhamo F 28 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0883 DET Lobsang Lhundup M 33 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0884 REL Lobsang Monlam M 31-02/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0885 REL Lobsang Namgyal M Maru Monastery 19/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0886 REL Lobsang Namgyal M 19/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0887 DET Lobsang Ngawang M 20 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0888 REL Lobsang Ngodup M Dhargyaling Monastery 14/04/2008 Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0889 DET Lobsang Ngodup M 29 Sera Monastery 10-3-2008 Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0890 DET Lobsang Nyima M 29 Kirti Dongri Monastery 30/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0891 DET Lobsang Nyima M Sogtsang Monastery 21/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0892 DET Lobsang Palden M 26 Beri Monastery 18/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0893 DET Lobsang Palden M 34 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0894 DET Lobsang Palden M 39 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0895 DET Lobsang Palmo F 25/03/2008 Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0896 DET Lobsang Phuntsok M 19/03/2008 Lithang County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0897 REL Lobsang Rinchen M 27 Tongkhor Monastery 3-4-2008 Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0898 REL Lobsang Rinchen M 19/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0899 REL Lobsang Samdup M 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0900 DET Lobsang Samten M 38 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province


144



08-0901 DET Lobsang Samten M 23 Ngaba Kirti Monastery Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0902 REL Lobsang Samten M 14 Tashi Chophel Ling Monastery 1-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0903 DET Lobsang Samten M 00/03/2008 3-14 Yrs Lhasa "TAR"

08-0904 DET Lobsang Sherab M 29 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0905 DET Lobsang Sherab M 30 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0906 DET Lobsang Sherab M 24 Ngaba Kirti Monastery Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0907 REL Lobsang Soepa M 33 Sogtsang Monastery 21/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0908 DET Lobsang Sonam M 32 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0909 DET Lobsang Tashi M 43 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0910 DET Lobsang Tashi M 00/03/2008 3-14 Yrs Lhasa "TAR"

08-0911 DET Lobsang Tenpa M 20 Kardze Monastery 13/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0912 DET? Lobsang Tenzin M 37 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 23/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0913 DET Lobsang Tenzin M 37 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0914 DET Lobsang Tenzin M 37 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0915 DET? Lobsang Tenzin M Shetsang Monastery 14/04/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0916 REL Lobsang Thapkey M 32 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0917 DET Lobsang Thinley M 30 Kirti Dongri Monastery 30/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0918 DET Lobsang Thokmey M 34 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0919 DET Lobsang Thukjey M 19 Sera Monastery 10-3-2008 Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0920 DET? Lobsang Thupten M 25 Thangkar Monastery 17/03/2008 2 Yrs Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0921 DET Lobsang Tsemey M 15/03/2008 15 Yrs Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

08-0922 DET Lobsang Tsephel M Ratoe Monastery 9 Yrs Chushul County, Lhasa Municipality"TAR"

08-0923 REL Lobsang Tsering M Je Kumbum Monastery 16/04/2008 Kumbum County, Qinghai Province

08-0924 DET Lobsang Tsering M 24 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 12-3-2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0925 DET Lobsang Tsering M 29 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province



08-0928 REL Lobsang Tsewang M 30 19/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0929 DET Lobsang Tsultrim M 31 Kirti Dongri Monastery 30/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0930 DET? Lobsang Tsultrim M Shetsang Monastery 14/04/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0931 DET Lobsang Tsultrim M Sogtsang Monastery 5-4-2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0932 DET Lobsang Tsundue M 25 Kirti Dongri Monastery 30/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0933 DET Lobsang Wangchen M Chokri Monastery 25/03/2008 Drongo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0934 DET Lobsang Wangchuk M Drepung Monastery 00/04/2008 Lhoka Prefecture, "TAR"

08-0935 DET Lobsang Wangdak M 25 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0936 REL Lobsang Woeser M 33 Sogtsang Monastery 21/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0937 REL Lobsang Yangtso F 27 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0938 DET Lobsang Yarphel M 20 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0939 DET Lobsher M 20 Sera Monastery 10-3-2008 Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0940 DET Lochoe M 23 A-Khor Monastery 23/03/2008 Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0941 DET Lochoe M Sogtsang Monastery 21/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0942 DET Lochu Chopa Thar M 3 Yrs Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0943 DET Lodhak M 22 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0944 DET Lodoe M 15 Khenpa Lung Monastery 12-5-2008 Markham County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-0945 DET Lodoe M Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery 00/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0946 DET Lodoe M Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery 00/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0947 DET Lodoe M 19 Tsendrak Monastery 21/03/2008 12 Yrs Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0948 DET Lodoe M 21 24/04/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0949 DET Lodoe Rabten M 35 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0950 DET Lodoe Tenpa M 43 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province


Appendices

145


08-0951 REL Lodoe Wangpo M Samten Chokhor Ling Monastery 17/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0952 DET Lodoe Wangpo(shidey Gyatso) M 14/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0953 DET Lodrak M Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0954 DET Lodrup M 25 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0955 DET Lodrup Phuntsok M 23 Achog Tsenyi Monastery 20/03/2008 13 Yrs Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0956 DET Lodrup Yeshi M 33 Achog Tsenyi Monastery 20/03/2008 13 Yrs Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0957 DET Lodup M 22 19/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0958 DET Lodup Tendhar M Achog Tsenyi Monastery 7 Yrs Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0959 DET Logha M 18/03/2008 3 Yrs Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0960 DET Lokey M 42 22/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0961 REL Lokhe M 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0962 REL Lonag M 30/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0963 REL Loong Loong Sonam F 17/05/2008 Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0964 REL Lopon M Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0965 REL Lordroe M 30 Sera Monastery 10-3-2008 Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0966 DET Lori M 20/03/2008 Chentsa County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0967 REL Losam M 29 18/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0968 DET Loten M 6 Yrs Derge County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0969 REL Lotra Tsang Tenzin M Maima Tsendrag Monastery 22-23/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0970 DET Loyak M 25 20/03/2008 Lhasa "TAR"

08-0971 DET Loyang M 20 Tsitsang Monastery 20/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0972 DET Loyang M 18/03/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0973 DET Lu Lu 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0974 DET Lubhu Yak M 27 17/03/2008 Gyalmo Township,Kanlho, "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0975 DET? Lukom M 25/03/2008 Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0976 DET? Lukyi F 25/03/2008 Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0977 DET Lunglung Sonam M 17/05/2008 Thamey Village, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0978 DET Lungrig M 24 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0979 DET Lungrig M 18 A-Khor Monastery 23/03/2008 Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0980 DET Lungrig M 19/03/2008 Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0981 DET Lushoep Tenzin M Labrang Tashikyi Monastery 15/4/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0982 DET? Lu-shul Jamgha M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0983 DET Luthar M 9-4-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-0984 REL Luwa Lhundup M 28 25/04/2008 Machen County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0985 REL Luwa Sangden M 18/03/2008 Sertha County,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0986 DET Luwa Tamdin M 25 20/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0987 REL Maangtsi Tsang Sonam M 26-27/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0988 REL Mabho M 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0989 DET Magpa M 00/03/2008 16 M Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0990 REL Mahay M 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0991 DET Malle M 20's 27/3/2008 Tsigorthang County, Tsolho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0992 REL Mangtse Tsang Jamyang Gyatso M Maima Tsendrag Monastery 22-23/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0993 DET Mankyab M 21/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0994 DET Matok F 20 22/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0995 DET Meda 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0996 DET Mekang Tenpa M 39 24/04/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0997 DET Menkyap M 16/05/2008 2Y&6M Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-0998 REL Menshig 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-0999 REL Menthruk Tsang Samdup M Maima Tsendrag Monastery 22-23/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1000 DET Meri 20/03/2008 Chentsa County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province


146



08-1001 DET Meshi Dakpa M 15/05/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1002 DET Migmar M 00/03/2008 15 Yrs + Lhasa, "TAR"

08-1003 DET Migmar M 00/03/2008 3-14 Yrs Lhasa, "TAR"

08-1004 DET Migmar Dhondup M 14 Yrs Lhasa "TAR"

08-1005 DET Mikyang Tonpa M 20/04/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1006 REL Monlam M 23 22/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1007 DET Moti Tsang Samgha M 11-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1008 REL Namdhon 18/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1009 DET Namdol M 25 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1010 REL Namdol 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1011 DET Namgyal M 18 Khenpa Lung Monastery 12-5-2008 Markham County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-1012 DET Namgyal 15/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1013 DET Namgyal 21/03/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1014 DET Namgyal M 24/03/2008 Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1015 DET Namgyal Tsering M 40 Chokri Monastery 26/03/2008 Drongo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1016 DET Namgyal Tseten(Namtse) M 20-21/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1017 DET Namkar M 45 Ratoe Monastery 16/04/2008 Chushul PSB DC Chushul County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

08-1018 DET Namkha Choetso F 27 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1019 DET Namkha Tsering M 24/03/2008 2 Yrs Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1020 DET Namlo M 20-21/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1021 REL Namsey M 30/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1022 DET Namsey Lhamo F 30 11-6-2008 Kardze PSB DC Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1023 DET Namsi M 38 00/03/2008 Dzoge Detention Centre 4 YRS Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1024 DET Namtse M 21/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1025 DET Nangrin M 36 24/04/2008 11 Yrs Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1026 DET Nemay M Benkar Monastery 00/03/2008S 2Yrs Driru County, Nagchu Prefecture "TAR"

08-1027 REL Ngabho M 10 Tashi Chophel Ling Monastery 1-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1028 REL Ngag-Gha M 22/06/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1029 DET Ngakchung M 37 Larung Ngarik Nangten Lobling 8-7-2008 Sertha County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1030 DET Ngakho M 60 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1031 REL Ngapo M Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1032 DET Ngawang M 00/03/2008 3-14 Yrs Lhasa, "TAR"

08-1033 DET Ngawang Choeden M Drepung Monastery 00/04/2008

08-1034 DET Ngawang Choenyi M Drepung Monastery 00/04/2008

08-1035 DET Ngawang Choeyang M 00/03/2008 15 Yrs + Lhasa "TAR"

08-1036 REL Ngawang Dorjee M 23 10-3-2008 Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture,"TAR"

08-1037 DET Ngawang Gyaiten M 42 Tarmo Monastery 18/06/2008 Driru County,Nagchu Prefecture "TAR"

08-1038 DET Ngawang Jampa M 40 Tarmo Monastery 18/06/2008 Driru County,Nagchu Prefecture "TAR"

08-1039 DET Ngawang Lhundup M 29 Kardze Monastery 9-6-2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1040 DET Ngawang Lobsang M Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery 00/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1041 DET Ngawang Namgyal M 45 15/03/2008 Toelung Dechen County,Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

08-1042 DET Ngawang Phuntsok M 17 Gonsar Monastery 24/05/2008 Markham County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-1043 DET Ngawang Phuntsok M 30 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1044 DET Ngawang Phuntsok M 32 18/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1045 DET Ngawang Sange M 38 Tarmo Monastery 18/06/2008 Driru County,Nagchu Prefecture "TAR"

08-1046 DET Ngawang Serchen M Drepung Monastery 00/04/2008

08-1047 DET Ngawang Serthok M Drepung Monastery 00/04/2008

08-1048 DET Ngawang Tashi M 18 00/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1049 DET Ngawang Tenzin M 40 Woeser Monastery 13/5/2008 Markham County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-1050 DET Ngawang Tenzin M 20 Woeser Monastery 30/10/2008 Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture, "TAR"


Appendices

147


08-1051 DET Ngawang Tharchoe M 26 Dingkha Monastery 17/03/2008 Toelung Dechen County,Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

08-1052 REL Ngawang Tsultrim M 13 Tsenshab Gyatso Ling Monastery 18/03/2008 Pelbar County, Chamdo Prefecture, "TAR"

08-1053 REL Ngawang Yigney M 25 Dingkha Monastery 17/03/2008 Toelung Dechen County,Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

08-1054 REL Ngodup Phuntsok M 17 Tsenshab Gyatso Ling Monastery 18/03/2008 Pelbar County, Chamdo Prefecture, "TAR"

08-1055 REL Ngoesoe Konkyaptsang M 35 26/07/2008 Nangchen PSB DC Nangchen County,Jyekundo "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1056 DET Ngogha M 53 18/03/2008 8 Yrs Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1057 DET? Ngowang M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1058 DET Ngudup Dorjee M 25 23/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1059 DET Nikay F 40 24/04/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1060 REL Norbu M 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1061 DET Norbu M 22 24/04/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1062 DET Norbu M 25/03/2008 Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1063 DET Norbu Dolma F 42 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1064 DET Norbu Tsering M 49 18/03/2008 7 Yrs Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1065 DET Norzin Wangmo M County Court Official 5 Yrs Marthang County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1066 DET? Nyichung M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1067 REL Nyidol Tsang Jamphel M 26-27/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1068 DET Nyidor M 00/07/2008 Pelbar County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-1069 DET Nyigha F Dragkar Nunnery 12-5-2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1070 DET Nyilo 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1071 DET Nyilu 35 22/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1072 DET Nyima F Dragkar Nunnery 12-5-2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1073 REL Nyima Dorjee M 23 18/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1074 REL Nyima Drakpa M 41 Nyatso Monastery 29/04/2008 Bardzi Township,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1075 DET Nyima Drakpa M 19/04/2008 Tawu County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1076 DET Nyima Lhamo F 31 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1077 DET Nyima Tashi M 16 21/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1078 DET Nyima Tashi M 36 22/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1079 DET Nyima Wangchuk M 27 Thanggya Monastery

08-1080 REL Nyima Wangmo F 00/04/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1081 DET Nyindor M 00/07/2008 Palbar County,Chamdo Prefecture, "TAR"

08-1082 REL Nyingbhum M 25 19/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1083 REL Nyingchok Gyal M 40 31/03/2008 6 Yrs Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1084 DET Nyinkhar 26/03/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1085 DET Nyinkho M 35 19/03/2008 Lushoe Township,Kanlho, "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1086 DET? Nyipal M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1087 DET? Nyisar M 25/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1088 REL Nyngkar Chuk 45 19/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1089 DET O Tsi 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1090 DET Olo M Drepung Monastery 00/04/2008

08-1091 REL Ontha Gematsang M 11-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1092 REL Othog 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1093 DET Palchen M 38 31/06/2008 Jomda County, Chamdo Prfecture, "TAR"

08-1094 DET Palchen Kyab M 34 25/04/2008 Machen County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1095 REL Palchuk Penchen M 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1096 DET Palden M 30 Gonsar Monastery 24/05/2008 Markham County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-1097 DET Palden M 16/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1098 DET Palden M 19/03/2008 Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1099 DET Palden Choedak M 00/07/2008 Palbar County,Chamdo Prefecture, "TAR"

08-1100 DET Palden Chungwa M 25 Soe Monastery 11-6-2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province


148



08-1101 DET Palden Dawa M 20 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1102 DET Palden Gyatso M Ngaba Zongse Monastery 11-6-2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1103 DET Palden Lhatso F 25 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1104 DET Palden Migkar M 15/05/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1105 DET Palden Nyendak M 60 2-7-2008 Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1106 DET Palden Sherab M 25/03/2008 Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1107 DET Palden Thinley M Kardze Monastery 18/05/2008 7 Yrs Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1108 DET Palden Tsultrim M Kardze Monastery 13/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1109 DET Palden Wangyal M 20 18/06/2008 3 Yrs Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1110 REL Palgon M 00/04/2008 Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1111 DET? Palgon M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1112 DET Paljor M Sang Lung Monastery 3-5-2008 Dzamthang County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1113 REL Paljor M 28 18/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1114 DET Paljor Norbu M 81 31/10/2008 7 Yrs Lhasa "TAR"

08-1115 REL Palkyi F 23 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1116 DET Palmo F 17 22/06/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1117 REL Palsang M Taksang Lhamo Kirti Monastery 12-3-2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1118 REL Paltop M 00/04/2008 Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1119 REL Paltop M 25/03/2009 Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1120 REL Paltsel Kyab M 23 23/03/2008 Ngaba County,Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1121 DET Pangrina Rinpoche M 52 18/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1122 REL Panpal M 00/04/2008 Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1123 DET Pasang Dolma F 32 18/06/2008 Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1124 DET Passang Dhondup M Karma Kunsang,East Lhasa City "TAR"

08-1125 DET Passang Nyima F 32 18/06/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1126 DET Passang Tashi M 30 Khenpa Lung Monastery 12-5-2008 Markham County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-1127 DET Passang Tashi M Lhasa "TAR"

08-1128 DET? Patsi M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1129 REL Paykar F 18/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1130 REL Paykho M 30 00/04/2008 Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1131 DET Paylo F 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1132 REL Paythup M 25 19/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1133 REL Paytse F 16/04/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1134 REL Pechung F 31 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1135 DET Pelha F 45 20/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1136 DET Pema F Nyimo Gaysey Nunnery 22/05/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1137 DET Pema F 46 18/03/2008 Toelung Dechen County, Lhasa Municipality, "TAR"

08-1138 DET Pema M Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1139 DET Pema Choetso(pay pay) F Dragkar Nunnery 7-4-2008 4 Yrs Dartsedo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1140 DET Pema Dechen F 18/03/2008 Kardze Prison 3 Yrs Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1141 REL Pema Dhondup M 36 19/04/2008 10 D Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1142 DET Pema Dorjee M 9-4-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1143 DET Pema Garwang M 30 Sera Monastery 10-3-2008 Dharthang Monastery

08-1144 DET Pema Gyaltsen M 11-6-2008 Rabkar Village, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1145 REL Pema Gyatso M 28 00/04/2008 Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1146 DET Pema Kharwang M Palyul Tharthang Monastery 10-3-2008 Khormo Prison Gade County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1147 DET Pema Lhamo F Gaden Choeling Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1148 REL Pema Tashi M 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1149 REL Pema Tsering M 9-4-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1150 DET Pema Tsering M 21/03/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province


Appendices

149



08-1151 DET Pema Tsering MVisiting Studen Of DrepungMonastery

10/3/2008 Toelung Dechen County, Lhasa Municipality, "TAR"

08-1152 REL Pema Tseten M 24 29/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1153 REL Pema Yangchen F 16 17/05/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1154 DET Pema Yangtso F 33 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1155 DET Penkyi F 21 20/03/2008 Shigatse County, Shigatse Prefecture,"TAR"

08-1156 REL Penpa 25/03/2008 Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1157 REL Peygon M 23 18/03/2008Menthang Township, Chigdril County, Golog"TAP"Qinghai Province

08-1158 DET Peypey F Dragkar Nunnery 7/5/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1159 REL Phagpa Kyap M 27 27/03/2008 20 D Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1160 DET Phagpa Thar M 20/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1161 DET Phagpa Tsering M 20/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1162 REL Phakpa M Maru Monastery 19/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1163 REL Phakpa Tashi M 9/4/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1164 REL Phelgay M Taksang lhamo Kirtimonastery 12/3/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1165 DET Phelsam Tashi M 00/03/2008 3-14 Yrs Lhasa "TAR"

08-1166 REL Phendey Gyal M 65 19/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1167 Dead Phentok M 64 16/03/2008 Dzamthang County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1168 DET Phunga F 30 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1169 DET Phuntsok M Achog Tsenyi Monastery 00/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1170 DET Phuntsok F 33 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1171 DET Phuntsok M 20/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1172 DET Phuntsok M 2Y& 9M Chushul County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

08-1173 DET Phuntsok Chewa M 20 00/04/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1174 DET Phuntsok Chungwa M 19 00/04/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1175 REL Phuntsok Dorjee M 19/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1176 DET Phuntsok Dorjee M 9 Yrs Lhasa "TAR"

08-1177 DET Phuntsok Ngode M 21 24/04/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1178 DET Phuntsok Nyinpo M Drepung Monastery 11/6/2008 Toelung Dechen County,Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

08-1179 DET Phuntsok Tenpa M 3Y&9M Chushul County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

08-1180 DET Phuntsok Traden M 2Y&6M Chushul County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

08-1181 DET Phuntsok Tsewang M 00/04/2008 Lhoka Prefecture, "TAR"

08-1182 DET Phupo M 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1183 DET Phurden M 22 Sera Monastery 10/3/2008 Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1184 REL Phurdhar M 40 18/03/2008Menthang Township, Chigdril County, Golog"TAP"Qinghai Province

08-1185 REL Poechin Tsang Kunchok M Maima Tsendrag Monastery 22-23/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1186 DET Powang M 27 Yarteng Monastery 18/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1187 DET Pugang Dhargyal M 21 Dringwa Sumdo Monastery 19/04/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1188 DET? Pusu M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1189 DET? Ra Tsedhak M 31 22/03/2008 6 Yrs Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1190 REL Rabgyal M 5/4/2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1191 DET Rabgyal M 26/03/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1192 DET Rabsel M 28 Thangsar Monastery 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1193 REL Rabten M Visiting Student of Drepung 22/07/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1194 REL Rabten M 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1195 DET Rabten M 18 Trosik Monastery 16/03/2008 1Y&9MThangwama Village, Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP"Sichuan Province

08-1196 DET Rangdol M 24/05/2008 Sertha County Prison Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1197 REL Rangjung M 28 Sertha Telivision Station 11/9/2008Palshul Rongsa, Sertha County,Kardze "TAP",SichuanProvince

08-1198 DET Rasha Samten M 25/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1199 DET Rayab Choklo M 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1200 DET Rebtsa Gendun Nagdang M Tashi Kyil Monastery 15/04/2008

150



08-1201 DET Ribum Gyal M 28 24/03/2008 Tsigorthang County, Tsolho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1202 DET Rigdak M 16/05/2008 1 Yrs Sershul County, Kandze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1203 DET Rigdak M 21/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1204 DET Rigden Lhamo F 21 28/05/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1205 DET Rigdol M 30 Mishi Thangsar Monastery 30/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1206 DET Righa F 20 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1207 DET Rigtar M 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1208 REL Rigtho M Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1209 REL Rigyang M 21 Woeser Monastery 13/5/2008 Markham County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-1210 REL Rigzin M 25/03/2008 Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1211 DET Rigzin M 17 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1212 REL Rigzin 16 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1213 DET Rigzin Choetso F 23 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1214 REL Rigzin Chungwa M Thupten Yongdueling Monastery 31-02/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1215 REL Rigzin Wangdon F 20's Dargay Hardu Nunnery 23/05/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1216 DET Rigzoe M 13 20/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1217 DET Rin Gyalmo M 28 Visiting Student of Drepung 10-3-2008 Gade County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1218 REL Rinbhe M 41 22/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1219 DET Rinbum Gyal M 20's Unknown 26/03/2008 Tsigorthang County, Tsolho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1220 REL Rinchen M Getsul Monastery 22/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1221 REL Rinchen M 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1222 REL Rinchen M 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1223 DET Rinchen M 19/03/2008 Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1224 DET Rinchen Dhondup M 9-4-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1225 DET Rinchen Dhondup M 24 15/06/2008 Rabkar Village, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1226 DET Rinchen Dorjee M 16/06/2008 Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1227 DET Rinchen Gyaltsen M 28 Thanggya Monastery 1-4-2008 10 Yrs Gonjo County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-1228 DET Rinchen Jamatsang F Nyimo Gaysey Nunnery 22/05/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1229 REL Rinchen Pal M A-kuang-Ga Monastery 25/03/2008 Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1230 REL Rinchen Sangpo M 17/04/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1231 DET Rinchen Tsering M 20/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1232 DET Ringden Lhamo M 21 28/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1233 DET Ringen Jamcan M 27 Thanggya Monastery 12-4-2008 Gonjo County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-1234 DET? Ringthoe Gurkyab M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1235 DET Rinlo F 40 24/04/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1236 DET Rinpung Gya M 35 26/03/2008 Tsigorthang County, Tsolho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1237 DET Rinyang F 21 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1238 DET Rinzin Wangdon F 23 Dargay Hardu Nunnery 23/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1239 DET Rongchok Tsang Khechok M 30 11-4-2008 13 Yrs Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1240 DET? Rongwa Wangpo M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1241 REL Ruchung 24 18/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1242 DET Rugyu Tenzin M 1-5-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1243 REL Runag Dakpa M Maima Tsendrag Monastery 22-23/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1244 REL s M 27 00/03/2008 Lhasa "TAR"

08-1245 DET Sagey M Gyutoe Monastery 15/05/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1246 DET Sakor Guru M 24/03/2008 Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1247 DET Samdup M Drepung Monastery 00/04/2008

08-1248 DET Samdup M Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1249 DET Samdup M 16/03/2008 13 Yrs Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

08-1250 REL Samdup M 30 18/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province


Appendices

151


08-1251 REL Samdup M 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1252 REL Samdup Gyatso M Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1253 DET Samdup Yalo M 15/05/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1254 REL Samkho M 19/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1255 REL Samkho M 33 22/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1256 DET Samphel M Zahog Monastery 27/04/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1257 DET Samrup M Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1258 DET Samsang M 31 10-3-2008 Pema County Prison Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1259 DET Samten M 34 A-Khor Monastery 23/03/2008 Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1260 DET Samten M 32 Labrang Monastery 1-4-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1261 DET Samten M 25 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1262 DET Samten M Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1263 DET Samten M Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery 00/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1264 DET Samten M 17 Sera Monastery 10-3-2008 Lhasa Golog,"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1265 DET Samten M Drepung Monastery 00/04/2008

08-1266 DET Samten M Visiting Student Of Drepung Monastery 19/03/2008 Gormoy Prison Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1267 DET? Samten Gyatso M Shetsang Monastery 14/04/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1268 DET Sang Sang Lhe Lhe M Darlag Prison Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1269 DET Sangay M 40 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1270 DET Sangay M Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1271 DET Sangay M 15/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1272 DET Sangay M 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1273 DET Sangay M 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1274 DET Sangay M 20/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1275 DET Sangay M 24 22/03/2008 4 Yrs Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1276 DET Sangay M 30 22/03/2008 2 Yrs Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1277 DET Sangay M 21 24/04/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1278 REL Sangay M 9-4-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1279 REL Sangay M Taksang lhamo Kirtimonastery 12-3-2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1280 DET Sangay Bum M 00/08/2008 Dashi Village, Qinghai Province

08-1281 DET Sangay Dolma F 25 19/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1282 DET Sangay Dolma F 20-21/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1283 REL Sangay Gyatso M Taksang Lhamo Kirti Monastery 12-3-2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1284 DET Sangay Gyatso M 42 A-Khor Monastery 23/03/2008 Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1285 DET Sangay Gyatso M Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery 00/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1286 DET? Sangay Gyatso M Shetsang Monastery 14/04/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1287 DET Sangay Gyatso M 26 00/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1288 DET Sangay Gyatso M 13 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1289 REL Sangay Khar M 9-4-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1290 REL Sangay Khar M 17 19/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1291 DET Sangay Khar M 20/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1292 DET Sangay Khar M 32 21/03/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1293 DET Sangay Kyap M 32 17/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1294 DET Sangay Kyap M 20/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1295 DET Sangay Lhamo F 26 Dragkar Monastery 28/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1296 DET Sangay Rabten M 21/03/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1297 REL Sangay Tseten M 21 19/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1298 DET Sangay Wangchang M 25/03/2008 Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1299 REL Sangdak M 35 22/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1300 DET? Sangdak M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province


152



08-1301 DET Sangden M 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1302 DET? Sangdhak M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1303 DET Sangdok Lhawang M 38 Yarteng Monastery 17/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1304 DET? Sangdor M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1305 DET Sangha M 33 Tokden Mindrol Tashi Kyil Monastery 13/08/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1306 DET Sangi Bhu M 25/03/2008 Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1307 DETSangkhog JamyangJinpa

M Gyume Monastery 15/4/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1308 DET Sangkhog Thapkey M Labrang Monastery 22/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1309 REL Sangkyab M Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1310 DET Sangmo F 39 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1311 DET Sangnag M 22/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1312 DET Sangpo M Nangten School 00/04/2008 Dartsedo County,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1313 DET Sangpo M 18/03/2008 3 Yrs Tsangkha, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1314 DET Sangsang Lele M 28/04/2008 Darlag County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1315 DET Sangwang F 39 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1316 DET Sangzin Kyi F 20-21/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1317 DET Sanying M 30 Namtso Monastery 24/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1318 DET Sarbu M 20/03/2008 Chentsa County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1319 DET Sarpa Tsang Lodoe M Maima Tsendrag Monastery 22-23/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1320 DET Sashe M Nobsur Monastery 28/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1321 REL Sawang Tsang Maril M 34 11-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1322 REL Seigur Tsang Lota M Maima Tsendrag Monastery 22-23/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1323 DET Sekar Thrintse M 29 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1324 REL Selo F 50 16/04/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1325 REL Selpo M 37 16/04/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1326 DET Sengtop F Yatsek Nunnery 17/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1327 DET Sergha M 37 Khangmar Monastery 22/06/2008 1Y&9M Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1328 DET Serpo M 24/03/2008 Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1329 DET Setruk Lhamo F Yatsek Nunnery 17/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1330 REL Sha Nyi Kho M 37 22/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1331 DET Shavo Lhukyap M 24/03/2008 2 Yrs Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1332 DET Shavo Rinchen M 00/03/2008 2 Yrs Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1333 DET Shavo Tashi M 24/03/2008 1Y&6M Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1334 DET Shavo Tsering M 00/03/2008 1Y&6M Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1335 DET Shedup M 28 A-Khor Monastery 23/03/2008 Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1336 DET Shedup M 23 17/03/2008 1Y&4M Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1337 DET Shegha M 22 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1338 DET Shemo F 20 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1339 DET? Shepen M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1340 DET Shepo M 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1341 DET Sherab M Khangmar Monastery 00/03/2008 3 Yrs Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1342 DET Sherab M 40 Makur Namgyaling Monastery 23/03/2008 Chentsa County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1343 DET Sherab M Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery 00/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1344 DET Sherab M 26 18/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1345 DET Sherab M 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1346 DET Sherab M 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1347 DET? Sherab M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1348 DET Sherab M 25/03/2008 Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1349 REL Sherab M 30/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1350 DET Sherab Chakso M 30 18/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province


Appendices

153


08-1351 DET Sherab Gyaltsen M 36 22/05/2008 Kardze County, Kandze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1352 REL Sherab Gyatso M 33 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 12-3-2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1353 REL Sherab Gyatso M 27 Sogtsang Monastery 21/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1354 REL Sherab Gyatso M 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1355 REL Sherab Gyatso M 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1356 DET Sherab Sangpo M 26 Dongthok Monastery 26/03/2008 6 Yrs Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1357 DET Sherab Yangzo F 40 28/03/2008 Lhasa, TAR

08-1358 DET Sherde M 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1359 DET Shilok M Unknown 7-5-2008 Lhasa TAR

08-1360 REL Shinthruk M 00/04/2008 Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1361 DET Shitso F 26 Gewa Drak Nunnery 18/06/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1362 DET So Chokey F 27 Dargay Nyagey Nunnery 20/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1363 DET So Lhatso F 35 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1364 REL Soedhak F 30/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1365 DET Soedhon F 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1366 DET? Soedor M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1367 REL Soedor M 28 25/04/2008 Machen County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1368 DET Soega F 23 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1369 REL Soekho M 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1370 DET Soeku F 25 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1371 DET Soelo M 00/07/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1372 REL Soepa M Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery 14/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1373 DET Soepa M 30 Sera Monastery 10-3-2008 Mangye Monastery

08-1374 DET Soepa M 00/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1375 DET Soepa M 15/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1376 DET Soepa M 18/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1377 REL Soepa Gyatso M 42 Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery 9-4-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1378 REL Soepa Gyatso M Taksang lhamo Kirtimonastery 12-3-2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1379 DET Soga M 37 Khangmar Monastery 22/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1380 DET Sokar F 23 14/05/2008 Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1381 DET Solo M 5-6/07/2008 Sertha County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1382 DET Solu M 18 Khangmar Monastery 9-6-2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1383 REL Soma M 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1384 DET Sonam M Achog Tsenyi Monastery 00/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1385 DET Sonam M 37 Gyalmo Gedhen Dhargyal Monastery 28/03/2008 Tsoe City, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1386 DET Sonam M Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1387 DET Sonam F 28 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1388 REL Sonam M 23 Sogtsang Monastery 21/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1389 DET Sonam M 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1390 DET Sonam M 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1391 DET Sonam M 20/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1392 DET Sonam M 20/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1393 DET Sonam M 23/03/2008 Tewo County,Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1394 DET Sonam M 25/03/2008 Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1395 DET Sonam M 25/03/2008 Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1396 REL Sonam F 00/03/2008 Lhasa, TAR

08-1397 DET Sonam Choedon F Nangong Nunnery 25/03/2008 3 Yrs Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1398 DET Sonam Choedon F 22 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1399 DET Sonam Choedon F 36 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1400 DET Sonam Chokey F Nyagay Nunnery 20/05/2008 Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province


154



08-1401 DET? Sonam Deba M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1402 DET Sonam Dekyi F 30 Dragkar Nunnery 4 Yrs Dartsedo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1403 DET Sonam Dekyi F 30 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1404 DET Sonam Dhargyal M 39 31/06/2008 Jomda County, Chamdo Prfecture, "TAR"

08-1405 REL Sonam Dhondup M 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1406 REL Sonam Dorjee M 32 19/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1407 DET Sonam Drakpa M 10 Yrs Lhasa "TAR"

08-1408 REL Sonam Gyatso M 24 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 12-3-2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1409 REL Sonam Gyatso M Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery 9-4-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1410 DET Sonam Gyatso M 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1411 DET Sonam Gyon M 00/08/2008 Dashi Village, Qinghai Province

08-1412 DET Sonam Jigme M 33 Chokri Monastery 26/03/2008 Drongo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1413 REL Sonam Kyi F Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1414 DET Sonam Lhamo F Dragkar Nunnery 11-5-2008 3 Yrs Dartsedo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1415 DET Sonam Lhatso F 35 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1416 DET Sonam Norbu (Tsering) M Life Lhasa Real Estate Driver

08-1417 DET Sonam Nyima F 35 20/03/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1418 DET Sonam Nyima M 31/03/2008 Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1419 DET Sonam Paldon F 34 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1420 DET Sonam Sherab M 18/03/2008 Sertha County,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1421 REL Sonam Tashi M 23 22/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1422 DET Sonam Tsering M Life

08-1423 DET Sonam Tsering M 00/03/2008 3-14 Yrs Lhasa "TAR"

08-1424 DET Sonam Tseten M 10 Yrs Lhasa "TAR"

08-1425 DET Sonam Wangdue M 18 10-3-2008 Gonjo County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-1426 DET Sonam Wangmo F 22 9-8-2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1427 DET Sonam Wangyal M 31 15/06/2008 Rabkar Village, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1428 DET Sonam Yangtso F Dragkar Monastery 12-5-2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1429 DET Sonam Yangtso F 26 Pangrina Monastery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1430 DET Sonam Yarphel M 2-4-2008 Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1431 DET Sondon F 18/03/2008 Sertha County,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1432 DET Songkyap M 24/05/2008 Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1433 DET Sopay 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1434 DET Sothruk Lhamo M 35 Yarteng Monastery 17/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1435 DET Sumdor M Drepung Monastery 00/04/2008

08-1436 DET Sungdue Kyap M 20/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1437 DET Sungrab M 34 A-Khor Monastery 23/03/2008 Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1438 DET Sungrab M Maru Monastery 19/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1439 DET Sungrab M 1-5-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1440 DET Tabhe M 41 24/04/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1441 RELTabho Tsang WoeserYeshi

M Thupten Yongdueling Monastery 31-02/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1442 DET Tabo M 40 Makur Namgyaling Monastery 23/03/2008 Chentsa County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1443 DET? Tadhe M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1444 REL Tadhon Tsang Phurkyab M 27 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1445 DET Taga A.K.A Tashi Yangtso F Tehor Nyagay Nunnery 20/05/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1446 DET Tagha F Dragkar Monastery 12-5-2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1447 DET Takdon F Gaden Choeling Nunnery 14/5/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1448 DET Takho M 23 17/04/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1449 DET Takho M 35 22/03/2008 Ngaba County,Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1450 DET Taklha Dhondup M 20/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province


Appendices

155


08-1451 DET Taklha Thar M 20/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1452 DET Talo M 29 18/03/2008 10 Yrs Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1453 REL Tambhe M 36 22/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1454 REL Tamdin M 20 Triyang Monastery 16/04/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1455 REL Tamdin M 30/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1456 DET Tamdin Chokey F Dragkar Nunnery 12-5-2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1457 DET Tamdin Tashi M 14/04/2008 Tewo County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1458 DET Tamdin Tsekyi F 36 Pangrina Nunnery 11-5-2008 Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1459 DET Tamdin Tsering M 19 19/03/2008 Lushoe Township,Kanlho, "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1460 REL Tamdin Tsering M 25 22/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1461 DET Tamdin Tseten M 20 17/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1462 REL Tanor M 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1463 DET Tanor M 27/04/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichua Province

08-1464 DET Taphun M 44 Larung Ngarik Nangten Lobling 8-7-2008 Serthar County,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1465 DET Tari Akun M 14/04/2008 Tewo County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1466 REL Tashi M Maima Tsendrag Monastery 22-23/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1467 DET Tashi M Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1468 DET Tashi M Sogtsang Monastery 21/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1469 DET Tashi M 00/04/2008 Lhoka Prefecture, "TAR"

08-1470 REL Tashi M 9-4-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1471 DET Tashi Dolma F 30 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1472 DET Tashi Dorjee M 19 00/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1473 DET Tashi Gha F Dragkar Nunnery 11-5-2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1474 DET Tashi Gyal M Za Monastery 27/04/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1475 DET Tashi Gyal M 2 Yrs Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1476 DET Tashi Gyaltsen M Zakhog Monastery 26/04/2008 Derge County,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1477 REL Tashi Gyatso M Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1478 DET Tashi Gyatso M Mishi Thangsar Monastery 20/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1479 REL Tashi Gyatso M 29 Sogtsang Monastery 21/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1480 DET Tashi Gyatso M 14 10-3-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province



08-1483 DET Tashi Gyatso M 00/03/2008 3-14 Yrs Lhasa "TAR"

08-1484 DET Tashi Gyatso M 14 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1485 DET Tashi Lhawang F 37 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1486 REL Tashi Mardhang M 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1487 DET Tashi Nag M 23 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1488 DET Tashi Namgyal M 15/03/2008 5-14 Yrs Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

08-1489 DET Tashi Ngodup M 30 Beri Monastery 24/6/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1490 DET Tashi Palden M 18/03/2008 3 Yrs Woesang, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1491 DET Tashi Sangpo M Drango County,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1492 DET Tashi Sherab M 36 Khangmar Monastery 22/06/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1493 DET Tashi Sonam M 48 14/03/2008 Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1494 REL Tashi Tsering M Maru Monastery 19/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1495 DET Tashi Tsering M 21/03/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1496 DET Tashi Tso F 26 Gewa Drak Nunnery 18/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1497 DET Tashi Wangyal M 19/05/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1498 DET Tashi Woeser M 1 Yrs Chamdo County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAP"

08-1499 DET Tashi Yangtso F Nyagay Nunnery 20/05/2008 Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1500 DET Tashi Yarphel M 23 10-3-2008 Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture,"TAR"


156



08-1501 DET Tatse M 31 Gomang Monastery 30/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1502 DET Tatse M 24/03/2008 Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1503 REL Tawang M 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1504 REL Tenam M 25/03/2008 Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1505 DET Tendhar M Achog Tsenyi Monastery 00/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1506 DET Tendhar M Ratoe Monastery 00/03/2008 Chushul County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

08-1507 REL Tendhar M 31 15/07/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1508 DET Tenga M Getsul Monastery 22/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1509 DET Tenkar F Gesay Nunnery 22/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1510 REL Tenkho M 20 14/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1511 REL Tenkho M 26-27/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1512 REL Tenpa M Taksang Lhamo Kirti Monastery 12-3-2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1513 DET Tenpa M Drepung Monastery 00/04/2008

08-1514 REL Tenpa M Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery 9-4-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1515 DET? Tenpa M Shetsang Monastery 14/04/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1516 REL Tenpa M 17 20/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1517 DET? Tenpa Dhargyal M Shetsang Monastery 14/04/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1518 DET Tenpa Dhondup M 15/03/2008 5-14 Yrs Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

08-1519 DET Tenpa Gyaltsen M 26 Khenpa Lung Monastery 12-5-2008 Markham County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-1520 REL Tenpa Tsikli Tsang Kunsang M 18 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1521 DET Tenphal M 25 Sera Monastery 9-7-2008 Sertha County Prison Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1522 REL Tenphel M 30 Shul Monastery 22-23/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1523 DET Tenphel M 19 Woeser Monastery 14/05/2008 8 Yrs Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-1524 DET Tenzin M 25 A-Khor Monastery 23/03/2008 Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1525 DET Tenzin M 44 Gaden Chokorling Monastery 23/03/2008 15 Yrs Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1526 DET Tenzin M Kathog Monastery 00/07/2008 Kardze, "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1527 DET Tenzin M Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1528 REL Tenzin M 29 Sogtsang Monastery 21/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1529 DET Tenzin M 27 00/03/2008 Drayab County, Chamdo Prefecture, "TAR"

08-1530 DET Tenzin M 17 00/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1531 DET? Tenzin M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1532 REL Tenzin M 30/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1533 DET Tenzin M 23 Gaden Chokorling Monastery 23/03/2008 Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1534 DET Tenzin Chodak(tencho) M 20 13/04/2008 15 Yrs Lhasa "TAR"

08-1535 DET Tenzin Dhargyal M 32 11-6-2008 Kardze PSB DC Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1536 DET Tenzin Gyaltsen M Khenpa Lung Monastery 3 Yrs Lhasa "TAR"

08-1537 DET Tenzin Gyatso M 24 Gaden Chokorling Monastery 23/03/2008 13 Yrs Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1538 DET Tenzin Gyatso M Labrang Monastery 15/05/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1539 REL Tenzin Gyatso M 35 Sogtsang Monastery 21/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1540 DET Tenzin Gyatso M 37 00/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1541 DET Tenzin Gyephel M 19/05/2008 Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR"

08-1542 REL Tenzin Keyli 00/04/2008 Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1543 DET Tenzin Lhamo F 15/03/2008 10 Yrs Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

08-1544 DET Tenzin Namgyal M 37 Dargay Monastery 18/03/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1545 DET Tenzin Ngodup M 20's Tehor Tsitang Monastery 20/05/2008 Kardze PSB DC 3 Yrs Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1546 DET Tenzin Norbu M 19 Woeser Monastery 30/10/2008 Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture, "TAR"

08-1547 DET Tenzin Phuntsok M 17 Bada Samdupling Monastery 00/03/2008 Sershul County,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1548 DET Tenzin Rinchen M 17 Woeser Monastery 24/10/2008 Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture, "TAR"

08-1549 DET Tenzin Tsangpa M 19 Woeser Monastery 14/05/2008 4 Yrs Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-1550 DET Tenzin Tsepo M 20 Trosik Monastery 1Y&9 M Ngaba County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province


Appendices

157


08-1551 DET Tenzin Tsering M 19/05/2008 Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR"

08-1552 DET Tenzin Yeshi M 15/03/2008 14 Yrs Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

08-1553 DET Tenzin Yeshi M 19 25/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1554 DET Terzoed M 25 16/03/2008 15 Yrs Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1555 DET Thang-Nge M Beri Monastery 18/06/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1556 DET Thang-Ya M Thangsar Monastery 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1557 DET Thapkhey M 30 Labrang Monastery 1-4-2008 Sangchu County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1558 REL Thapkhey M Visiting Student of Drepung 22/07/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1559 REL Thapkhey M 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1560 DET Thapkhey M 45 20/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1561 DET Thapkhey M 31 24/04/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1562 DET Tharchin M 00/03/2008 3-14 Yrs Lhasa "TAR"

08-1563 DET Tharchin M 25/03/2008 Drongo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1564 DET Thayae M 17 Drengva Sumdo Monastery Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1565 REL Thekchok M 32 18/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1566 REL Thinbhey 33 11-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1567 DET? Thingam M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1568 DET Thinley F Dragkar Nunnery 11-5-2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1569 DET Thinley M 20-21/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1570 DET Thinley M 20-21/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1571 DET Thinley (Chewa) M 30 A-Khor Monastery 23/03/2008 Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1572 DET Thinley (chungwa) M 22 A-Khor Monastery 23/03/2008 Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1573 DET Thinley (Thintse) M 30 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 22/03/2008 9 Yrs Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1574 DET Thinley Dorjee M 16/06/2008 Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1575 DET Thinley Namgyal M 18/03/2008 Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1576 DET Thinley Wangyal M 21 Thanggya Monastery 5 Yrs

08-1577 DET Thoegha M 35 Soe Monastery 11-6-2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1578 REL Thoegha M 27 22/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1579 DET Thoekay M 21/03/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1580 DET Thoepa M 18/03/2008 Sertha County,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1581 DET Thoesam M 23 A-Khor Monastery 23/03/2008 Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1582 DET? Thoesam M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1583 DET Thokmey M 28 20/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1584 REL Tholo M 30/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1585 DET Thrukpa Khar M 9-4-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1586 DET Thrukpa Khar M 21/03/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1587 DET Thuma M 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1588 DET Thupa Kyab M 20 Trosik Monastery 18/03/2008 1Y &9M Ngaba County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1589 DET Thupchok M 38 Ratoe Monastery 16/04/2008 Chushul PSB DC Chushul County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

08-1590 DET Thupdon M 24 Sera Monastery 10-3-2008 Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1591 REL Thupgyam Chungwa M 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1592 DET Thupkho M 20/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1593 REL Thuprab M 16 Tsenshab Gyatso Ling Monastery 18/03/2008 Pelbar County, Chamdo Prefecture, "TAR"

08-1594 DET Thupten M 40's Dargay Monastery 10-7-2008 Kardze, "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1595 REL Thupten M Taksang lhamo Kirtimonastery 12-3-2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1596 REL Thupten M Taksang lhamo Kirtimonastery 12-3-2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1597 DET Thupten F 17/05/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1598 REL Thupten M 42 18/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1599 DET Thupten M 25 19/03/2008 Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1600 DET Thupten Dolma F 40 Dragkar Nunnery 11-5-2008 4 Yrs Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province


158



08-1601 DET Thupten Gyatso M 6-6-2008 4 Yrs Tawu County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1602 DET Thupten Gyatso M 00/03/2008 3-14 Yrs Lhasa "TAR"

08-1603 REL Thupten Jigme M 37 00/04/2008 Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1604 DET Thupten Namgyal M Bhumsar Monastery 00/03/2008

08-1605 REL Thupten Ngodup M Dhargyaling Monastery 14/04/2008 Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1606 DET Thupten Nyima M 30 Palyul Monastery 19/03/2008 6 Yrs Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1607 DET Thupten Phuntsok M 00/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1608 DET Thupten Tsering M 31 00/03/2008 Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1609 DET Thupten Tsering(thupkho) M 20-21/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1610 REL Thupten Yarphel M 17 Tsenshab Gyatso Ling Monastery 18/03/2008 Pelbar County, Chamdo Prefecture, "TAR"

08-1611 REL Thupten Yarphel (chungwa) M 15 Tsenshab Gyatso Ling Monastery 18/03/2008 Pelbar County, Chamdo Prefecture, "TAR"

08-1612 DET Thupwang M 30 Palyul Tharthang Monastery 10-3-2008 Khormo Prison Gade County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1613 REL Thutop M Visiting Student of Drepung 22/07/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1614 DET Tingha F 20/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1615 DET Topden M Jammey Monastery 25/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1616 DET Topden M 25/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1617 REL Topgyal M Taksang lhamo Kirtimonastery 12-3-2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1618 DET Topgyal M 19/05/2008 Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR"

08-1619 DET Troema M 18/03/2008 Sertha County,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1620 DET Trulku Gandun M Nobsur Monastery 28/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1621 DET Trulku Jangchup M Horshul Monastery 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1622 DET Trulku Khenpo M 32 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1623 REL Trulku Lobsang Kalden M Bhumchoe Monastery 14/04/2008 Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1624 REL Trulku Rig Ngak M 20 Triyang Monastery 16/04/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1625 DET Trulku Tenpa Rigsang M 26 Visiting Student Of Drepung Monastery 19/03/2008 Gormoy Prison Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1626 DET Trulku Thupten Nyima M Yangdhen Monastery 3-5-2008 Nyagchuka County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1627 DET Trungwang Drakpa M 5 Yrs Tawu County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1628 REL Tsampo M 40 16/04/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1629 DET Tsangpa M 17 Woeser Monastery 13/5/2008 Markham County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-1630 DET? Tsangpa Kyab M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1631 DET Tsangyang F 35 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1632 REL Tsebhe M 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1633 DET Tsechoen F 16/03/2008 15 Yrs Ngaba County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1634 REL Tsechu F Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1635 DET Tsedak M 31 22/03/2008 6 Yrs Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1636 REL Tsedak M 22 22/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1637 DET Tseden 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1638 DET Tsedon F 25 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1639 DET Tsedor Mardangma 00/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1640 DET Tsedup M Thangsar Monastery 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1641 DET Tsegyal Palbastsang M 74 29/06/2008 Jomda County, Chamdo Prfecture, "TAR"

08-1642 DET Tsegyam M 22 Sera Monastery 10-3-2008 Kashi Monastery

08-1643 DET Tsehog M Kardze Monastery 18/05/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1644 DET Tsekho M 27 17/03/2008 13 Yrs Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1645 DET Tsekho M 4 Yrs Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1646 DET Tsekyab M 22 10-3-2008Pema CountyPrison

Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1647 REL Tselha F 34 25/03/2008 Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1648 DET Tselu F 34 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1649 DET Tsenam M Ratoe Monastery 5 Yrs Chushul County, Lhasa Minicipality "TAR"

08-1650 REL Tsenden 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province


Appendices

159


08-1651 DET Tsensang M Drepung Monastery 00/04/2008

08-1652 DET Tsepak Kyap M 20/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1653 DET Tsepak Namgyal M 15 Khenpa Lung Monastery 12-5-2008 Markham County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-1654 DET Tsephal M 26 Trosik Monastery 1Y &9M Ngaba County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1655 REL Tsephel M Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1656 DET Tsephur M 26 Trotsik Monastery 16/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1657 DET Tsering M Life

08-1658 DET Tsering M Maru Monastery 22/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1659 REL Tsering M 26 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1660 REL Tsering M 24 29/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1661 DET Tsering M 17 Thanggya Monastery 10

08-1662 REL Tsering 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1663 DET Tsering Lhasa "TAR"

08-1664 DET Tsering M 22 31/06/2008 Jomda County, Chamdo Prfecture, "TAR"

08-1665 DET Tsering Dhondup M 20 17/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1666 REL Tsering Dhondup(tsebhe) M 27 22/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1667 DET Tsering Dorjee M 22 16/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1668 DET Tsering Dorjee M Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1669 DET Tsering Gurmey M Tsechang Monastery 18/03/2008 Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1670 DET Tsering Gyatso M 22 10-3-2008 Lhasa "TAR"

08-1671 DET Tsering Logya M 30 22/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1672 DET Tsering Nyima M 17 Thanggya Monastery 10 Yrs

08-1673 DET Tsering Phuntsok M 24 Khangmar Monastery 22/06/2008 2Y&6M Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1674 DET Tsering Tashi M Maru Monastery 22/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1675 DET Tsering Ten M 19 19/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1676 DET Tsering Tsomo F 27 Samtenling Nunnery 8-6-2008 Drango PSB DC 2 Yrs Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1677 DET Tsering Wangchuk F Dragkar Nunnery 26/06/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1678 REL Tsering Wangdu M 17 Thanggya Monastery 3-4-2008 Gonjo County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-1679 DET Tsering Yangtso F 26/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1680 DET? Tsesam M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1681 DET Tseten M 17 Thanggya Monastery 3-4-2008 Gonjo County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-1682 DET Tseten M 30 Thanggya Monastery 00/03/2008 3-14 Yrs Lhasa "TAR"

08-1683 DET Tseten Dolma F Dragkar Nunnery 4 Yrs Dartsedo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1684 REL Tseten Dorjee M 23 22/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1685 DET Tseten Phuntsok M 45 Dhargyal Monastery 18/03/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1686 DET Tseten Phuntsok M 27 Dargay Monastery 18/03/2008 Kardze County,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1687 DET Tseten Wangmo F 25 3-8-2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1688 DET Tsewang M Drepung Monastery 00/04/2008

08-1689 DET Tsewang M 36 24/04/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1690 DET Tsewang M 20's 26/03/2008 Tsigorthang County, Tsolho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1691 DET Tsewang M 20 Kardze Monastery 18/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1692 DET Tsewang Dhondup M 24/03/2008 Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1693 DET Tsewang Dorjee M 8 Yrs Lhasa "TAR"

08-1694 DET Tsewang Drakpa M 22 6-6-2008 5 Yrs Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1695 DET Tsewang Gyatso M 25/03/2008 Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1696 DET Tsewang Khando F 38 Dragkar Nunnery 28/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1697 DET Tsewang Tenzin M 19/05/2008 Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR"

08-1698 DET Tsewang Thapkey M 4-20-2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1699 DET Tsewang Tso F 38 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1700 DET Tsewang Yeshi M 20 Thanggya Monastery 3-4-2008 9 Yrs Gonjo County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"


160



08-1701 DET? Tsigpo M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1702 DET Tsoema F 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1703 DET Tsogneyi M 25/03/2008 Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1704 DET Tsokho M 40 22/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1705 DET Tsoknyi M 40 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1706 DET? Tsoknyi M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1707 DET Tsoknyi M Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery 00/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1708 REL Tsoknyi Gyatso M Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery 9-4-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1709 DET Tsolo M 6-7-2008 Sertha County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1710 DET Tsomo F 33 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1711 DET Tsondue F Shugseb Nunnery 28/4/2008 Chushul County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

08-1712 REL Tsori F 30 18/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1713 DET Tsulkho M 36 19/03/2008 6 Yrs Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1714 DET Tsulkho M 19/03/2008 Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1715 DET Tsulkho M 19 24/04/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1716 DET Tsultop M 30 20/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1717 DET Tsultrim M 26 A-Khor Monastery 23/03/2008 Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1718 DET Tsultrim M Mishi Thangsar Monastery 23/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1719 DET Tsultrim M Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery 00/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1720 DET Tsultrim M Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery 00/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1721 REL Tsultrim M 28 Shul Monastery 22-23/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1722 REL Tsultrim M Thupten Yongdueling Monastery 31-02//04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1723 DET Tsultrim M 26 Trosik Monastery 18/03/2008 1Y&9M Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1724 DET Tsultrim M 10-3-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1725 DET Tsultrim M 16 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1726 DET Tsultrim M 19 21/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1727 DET Tsultrim M Achog Tsenyi Monastery 21/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1728 REL Tsultrim Dolma F 36 20/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1729 DET Tsultrim Gothrak M 22/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1730 DET Tsultrim Gyatso M 42 Achog Tsenyi Monastery 9 Yrs Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1731 DET Tsultrim Gyatso M 37 Labrang Monastery Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1732 DET? Tsultrim Gyatso M Shetsang Monastery 14/04/2008 Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1733 DET Tsultrim Gyatso M Sogtsang Monastery 5-4-2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1734 DET Tsultrim Gyatso M 35 Sogtsang Monastery 17/03/2008 2 Yrs Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1735 DET Tsultrim Gyatso M Tsang Monastery 10 Yrs Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1736 REL Tsultrim Gyatso M 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1737 DET Tsultrim Gyatso M 20/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1738 DET Tsultrim Jugney M 29 Sogtsang Monastery 21/03/2008 2 Yrs Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1739 DET Tsultrim Lodoe M 23 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1740 DET Tsultrim Palden M 20 Sera Monastery 10-3-2008 Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1741 DET Tsultrim Phuntsok M 26 Zithang Township 3-4-2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1742 DET Tsultrim Sangpo M 19 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1743 REL Tsultrim Thampa M Visiting Student of Drepung 22/07/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1744 REL Tsundue M Maima Tsendrag Monastery 22-23/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1745 DET Tsundue M Maru Monastery 22/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1746 DET Tsundue F Shugseb Nunnery 28/04/2008 Chushul County, Lhasa Municipality"TAR"

08-1747 REL Tsundue M Taksang Lhamo Kirti monastery 12-3-2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1748 REL Tsundue M 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1749 REL Tsundue Gyatso M Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery 9-4-2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1750 DET Tsunma Guru F Drago Nunnery 8-6-2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province


Appendices

161


08-1751 DET Tulku Phurbu Tsering M Tehor Kardze Monastery 18/05/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1752 REL Urgen 18/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1753 DET Urgen Lhamo F 37 Watak Nunnery 8-6-2008 Drango PSB D C 2 Yrs Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1754 DET Urgen Tashi M 18 Tse-Tsang Monastery 22/05/2008 3 Yrs Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1755 DET Ven Choedhen M Shelkar Choedhe Monastery 19/05/2008 Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR"

08-1756 DET Ven Dhondup M Shelkar Choedhe Monastery 19/05/2008 Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR"

08-1757 DET Ven Jampa Lhamo F 30 Dargay Hardu Nunnery 23/05/2008 Kardze PSB DC Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1758 DET Ven Khenrab Nyima M Shelkar Choedhe Monastery 19/05/2008 Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR"

08-1759 DET Ven Khenrab Tashi M Shelkar Choedhe Monastery 19/05/2008 Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR"

08-1760 DET Ven Khenrab Tharchen M 32 Shelkar Choedhe Monastery 19/05/2008 Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR"

08-1761 DET Ven Lobsang Jigme M Shelkar Choedhe Monastery 19/05/2008 Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR"

08-1762 DET Ven Samten M Shelkar Choedhe Monastery 19/05/2008 Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR"

08-1763 DET Ven Sangay Lhamo F 26 Dhargyal Nunnery 28/05/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1764 DET Ven Tenpa M Shelkar Choedhe Monastery 19/05/2008 Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR"

08-1765 DET Ven Tenzin Gayphel M Shelkar Choedhe Monastery 19/05/2008 Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR"

08-1766 DET Ven Tenzin Tsering M Shelkar Choedhe Monastery 19/05/2008 Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR"

08-1767 DET Ven Tenzin Wangdon F 23 Dargay Hardu Nunnery 23/05/2008 Kardze PSB DC Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1768 DET Ven Tophgyal M Shelkar Choedhe Monastery 19/05/2008 Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR"

08-1769 DET Ven Tsewang Khando F 38 Dhargyal Nunnery 28/05/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1770 DET Ven Tsewang Tenzin M Shelkar Choedhe Monastery 19/05/2008 Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR"

08-1771 DET Ven Yeshi Lhadon F 24 Dhargyal Nunnery 28/05/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1772 DET Waelsa Norzin Wangmo F 5 Yrs Marthang County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1773 DET Wamo F Ngangong Nunnery 7 Yrs Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1774 REL Wang Tse M 40 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1775 DET Wangchen M 20/03/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1776 DET Wangchen M 22/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1777 DET Wangchen Gardro F 14/05/2008 Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1778 DET Wangchen Lhamo F 20 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1779 DET Wangchuk M 22 Khenpa Lung Monastery 12-5-2008 Markham County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-1780 REL Wangchuk M 14 Tsenshab Gyatso Ling Monastery 18/03/2008 Pelbar County, Chamdo Prefecture, "TAR"

08-1781 DET Wangchuk M 21 17/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1782 DET Wangchuk M 25/03/2008 Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1783 DET Wangchuk Dorjee M 39 Beri Monastery 24/6/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1784 DET? Wangdhak M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1785 DET Wangdue M 30 22/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1786 DET Wangdue M Life Lhasa "TAR"

08-1787 DET Wanglo M Tachok-Tsang Village 00/06/2008 Serthar County,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1788 DET Wangmo F 29 25/03/2008 3 Yrs Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1789 DET Wangpo M 25/03/2008 Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1790 REL Wangtop M 18/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1791 DET Wangtop M 32 20/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1792 DET Wangyal M 21 Thanggya Monastery 3-4-2008 Gonjo County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

08-1793 REL Wobardhang M 25/03/2008 Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1794 DET Wochung Kyi F 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1795 DET Woedon F 18/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1796 REL Woesal M 20 Machen County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1797 DET Woeser Thayai M 20 Gaden Chokorling Monastery 23/03/2008 Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1798 DET? Woethoe M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1799 REL Woeze M 00/04/2008 Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1800 DET Wokay M 40 22/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province


162



08-1801 DET Wotso F 26 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1802 DET Yakna F 20/03/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1803 DET Yangchen F 33 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1804 DET Yangchen Khando F 38 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1805 DET Yangchuk Gham M Nobsur Monastery 28/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1806 DET Yangdo M 32 20/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1807 REL Yangdup M 28 18/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1808 DET Yangha F 25/03/2008 Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1809 DET Yangkyi F 28 Dragkar Nunnery 12-5-2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1810 REL Yangrig 34 00/04/2008 Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1811 DET Yangtso F Dragkar Nunnery 24/03/2008 3 Yrs Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1812 DET Yangzom F 31 Yarteng Monastery 18/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1813 DET Yargay M 00/03/2008 3-14 Yrs Lhasa "TAR"

08-1814 REL Yarphel M Sogtsang Monastery 21/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1815 REL Yarphel M 26 Taksang Lhamo Kirti monastery 12-3-2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1816 REL Yarphel Gyatso M Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1817 REL Yarphel Gyatso M Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1818 DET Yebuk F Ngangong Nunnery 3 Yrs Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1819 DET Yelo F Yatsek Nunnery 17/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1820 DET Yelu M 34 Yarteng Monastery 17/06/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1821 DET Yephung M 25/03/2008 3 Yrs Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1822 DET Yeshe M 35 12 yrs Phenpo lhundup county, Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

08-1823 REL Yeshi M Maima Tsendrag Monastery22-23/03/200-8

Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1824 REL Yeshi M Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery 14/04/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1825 DET Yeshi M 00/03/2008 3-14 Yrs Lhasa "TAR"

08-1826 DET Yeshi M 00/04/2008 Drango County,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1827 DET Yeshi Choedon F 15 Yrs Lhasa "TAR"

08-1828 DET Yeshi Choetso F 36 Gaden Choeling Nunnery 14/5/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1829 DET Yeshi Dhargyal M 27 Khangmar Monastery 22/06/2008 3 Yrs Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1830 DET Yeshi Dorjee M 32 Khangmar Monastery 9-6-2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1831 DET Yeshi Dorjee M 43 Sera Monastery 20/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1832 REL Yeshi Gyatso M 15 Tsenshab GyatsoLing Monastery 18/03/2008 Pelbar County, Chamdo Prefecture, "TAR"

08-1833 DET Yeshi Gyurme M 17/05/2008 Thamey Village, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1834 DET Yeshi Jigme F 17/05/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1835 DET Yeshi Lhadon F 24 Dragkar Nunnery 28/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1836 DET Yeshi Lhamo F 26 Gaden Choeling Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1837 DET Yeshi Nyima M 26 Tongkor Monastery 3-4-2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1838 DET Yeshi Palden M 27 Khangmar Monastery 14/6/2008 Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1839 DET Yeshi Tso F 20 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1840 DET Yidor M Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1841 DET Yonden Tso F 19 17/07/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1842 DET Yonten M 34 Labrang Monastery 1-4-2008 Sangchu County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1843 REL Yonten M 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

08-1844 DET Yonten Gyatso M Sogtsang Monastery 21/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1845 REL Yonten Gyatso M Sogtsang Monastery 21/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1846 REL Yonten Shetruk M Sogtsang Monastery 21/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1847 DET Yonten Shitruk M Sogtsang Monastery 21/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1848 DET Youdon F 27 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1849 DET Youdon Lhamo F 18 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1850 DET Youdroom M Koi-Tsa Village 19/06/2008 Serthar County,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province


Appendices

163


08-1851 DET Yougam M in 20's 21/03/2008 Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1852 REL Yougyal M 30 18/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1853 DET Youmay M 17/03/2008 Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1854 DET? Youngdrung M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1855 REL Youngdup M 36 18/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

08-1856 DET Yumey M 25 23/03/2008 Ngaba County,Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1857 DET Zamba M 34 20/04/2008 4 Yrs Ngaba County,Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1858 DET Zambala M 15/05/2008 Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

08-1859 DET Zaru Jampa M Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery 29/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1860 DET Zaru Kunchok Drakpa M 25 Thoesamling Monastery 29/03/2008 4 Yrs Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1861 DET Zaru Kunchok Soepa M 16 Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery 29/03/2008 Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1862 DET Zaru Tenpa Gyatso M Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery 29/03/2008 5 Yrs Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

08-1863 DET? Zoedon M 24-27/03/2008 Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province


! The above list contains the names of political prisoners documented by TCHRD from various sources till 27December 2008, utmost care was taken while preparing the list.

! Despite scarcity in sources, TCHRD managed to enlist the names of some 2000 people out of estimated6500 who had been arrested, detained and released since March 2008, Tibetan People’s Uprising across “TAR’and Tibetan areas in Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu and Yunnan Provinces.

! The names of many Tibetan people are not available; TCHRD will try to unearth those names so as to bringforth to the attention of International Community.

! For rectification and information with regard to name, age, sex, affiliation, prison term and origin pleasecontact TCHRD.

Abbreviation:

DET: DetainedDET?: Detained but release status unknownREL: ReleasedPSB DC: Public Security Bureau Detention CentreD: DayM: MonthY: Year

Note:

164


APPENDIX 3

Table Listing Relevant International Human Rights Instruments Signedand/or Ratified by the People’s Republic of China

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Appendices

165

GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

“TAP” “Tibet Autonomous Prefecture” (Tib. Bod rang skyong khul); There are 10 ofthese administrative areas (below the level of a province or region) createdoutside “TAR” by the Chinese authorities, located in northern and easternTibet (in the Tibetan provinces of Kham and Amdo)

“TAR” “Tibet Autonomous Region” (Tib. Bod rang kyong lljongs, Ch. xizang Zizique);Formally created by China in 1965, this area of central and western Tibet,covering the area of west of the Yangtse River and south of the KunlunMountains, is the only area recognized by China as being “Tibet”

Barkhor (Tib) The old Tibetan quarter and market area around the Jokhang Temple inLhasa. In Tibetan it literally means the “middle circuit” or centralcircumambulation

Cadre (Tib. le che pa, Ch. gan bu) Technically applies to staff of the ChineseGovernment administration; also referred to those working on official projectsor in state enterprises

CAT United Nations Convention Against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman orDegrading Treatment or Punishment

CCP (Ch. Zhon Guo Gong Chan Dang) Chinese Communist Party; founded inJuly 1921

CEDAW United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms ofDiscrimination Against Women

Circumambulation A religious ritual circling clockwise around a holy place in order to accumulatemerit

County (Tib. dzong, Ch. xian) The Middle level administrative unit equivalent todistrict

CPL Criminal Procedure Law; the revised CPL came into effect on 1 January1997

CPPCC Chinese People’s Political Consultative CongressCultural Revolution (Tib. rigs-nas-gsar-brje); The campaign initiated in 1966 by Mao Zedong in

order to regain control of the Communist Party by ordering the youth to“bombard the headquarters” (purge opponents within the Party) and toeradicate the “four olds” (old ideas, old culture, old customs and old habits).The Chinese authorities no describe it as “Ten Bad Years”, referring to theentire period of 1966 to 1979.

Detention Centre (Tib. lta srung khang, Ch. kanshoushuo) Place where prisoners are held withoutcharge prior to sentencing

DMC (Tib. u-yon lhan khang, Ch. we yuan hi) Democratic ManagementCommittee; Administrative organs established in 1962 in religiousinstitutions in Tibet and reconstructed under the 1996 “patriotic re-education”campaign

APPENDIX 4

166


Drapchi prison Officially known as “Tibet Autonomous Region” PrisonEndangering State Security Charge introduced in the revised CPL to replace “counter-revolutionary”Floating population (Ch. liudong renkou) Term used to refer to Chinese migrants who are

unregistered permanent and temporary residents in TibetGeshe (Tib) Spiritual title and doctorate; monk or lama who has completed the highest

course in metaphysics and other academic monastic studies in the Gelugpaschool

Guanxi (Ch) Literally, “connection”; colloquially a connection to officialdom to acquirepreferential treatment

Gyama (Tib) Unit of measurement equivalent to 500 gramsGyama (Tib) Unit of measurement equivalent to 500 gramsHukou (Ch) Household Registration cardICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political RightsICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural RightsKhenpo (Tib) Literally abbot. In Nyingma and Kagyu tradition of Tibetan Buddhism,

Khenpo is analogous to the Geshe degreeLama (Tib) The Tibetan term for a respected religious teacher, equivalent to the Sanskrit

term guru. A lama is not necessarily a monk, although monasticism is preferredfor all lamas in the Gelugpa School. Chinese politicians use the term incorrectlyto refer to any monk

Mu (Tib) A measure of land equal to 67 square metersNPC National People’s CongressPAP People’s Armed PolicePatriotic re-education Initiated in 1996 in Tibet’s monasteries and nunneries, “patriotic re-education”

campaign was designed to purge the influence of the Dalai Lama, toindoctrinate the monks and nuns with political ideology and to crackdownon dissent activities.

Potala Palace Official winter residence of the Dalai Lama in LhasaPRC People’s Republic of ChinaPrefecture (Tib. sa khul, Ch. diqu) The administrative area below the level of province

or region and above the level of a countyProcuracy (Tib. zhib chu, Ch. jian chayan) A Chinese judicial agency responsible for

investigating and prosecuting criminal cases. It also handles complaints againstpolice, prison officials and other branches of the administration

Prostrate Buddhist practice of lying face down before any sacred bodyPSB (Tib. schi de chus, Ch. Gong An Ju) Public Security Bureau, local level police

force responsible for detaining and arresting suspects and for pre-trial custodyRe-education Indoctrination of Chinese Communist ideology and national unity; carried

out extensively in religious institutions and labour camps in TibetRukhag (Tib) One small unit within a prison, village, school, or military etcSaga Dawa (Tib) The month of Buddha’s birth, Enlightenment and Death

Appendices

167

Splittism (Tib. Khadral ringlugs) Party term for the movement for Tibetanindependence or any nationalist sentiments

Strike Hard (Tib. dungdek tsanen, Ch. yanda) A PRC campaign targeted at crushingcorruption and crime. Within Tibet, Chinese authorities are aiming thecampaign at “splittists”

Tsampa (Tib) Roasted barley flourTsongkhul (Tib) Detention AreaTsuglhakhang (Tib) Central Cathedral in LhasaUNWGAD United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary DetentionWork Team (Tib. las don ru khag, Ch. gongzuo dui) Specially formed units of government

personnel sent to conduct “patriotic re-education” in an institution or localityYartsa Gunbu (Tib) A Tibetan medicinal plant (Botanical name cordyceps sinensis)Yuan (Ch) Chinese currency (8 Yuan is equivalent to 1 dollar.)

Annual Report - TCHRD - 2008

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