Announcements Donations for our adopted family DUE by Dec 17 th ! Hw: Chapter 8 Worksheets (Due...
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Transcript of Announcements Donations for our adopted family DUE by Dec 17 th ! Hw: Chapter 8 Worksheets (Due...
Announcements
• Donations for our adopted family DUE by Dec 17th!
• Hw: Chapter 8 Worksheets (Due tomorrow) & bring one STANDARD sized NOTE CARD
• Chapter 8 Quiz tomorrow! • Apache Life Tuesday:
Skating @ the Rollercade
Chapter 8
Collapse, Corruption, and Reform in Europe
When Charlemagne’s Reign Ended
• Papal power between the East and West Collapsed
• The papacy = a strategic office to hold
PART I
The Carolingian World Collapses
Treaty of Verdun (843 AD)
• Divided the empire: East, West, and Middle
Papal Office Corruption (9th c. )
• Result of domestic hardships
• More corruption among popes than in any point in time of history
Popes of the 9th c.
• Lacked Leadership skills
• Corrupt • Abused their
power• Didn’t resist the
Emperor of Rome
Example of Abuse:
• Pope Stephen IV exhumed body of Pope Formosus
• Placed Pope Formosus on trial
Pope Formosus
• Was found guilty
• Three fingers were removed
• Body was thrown to the mob
Why was a DEAD pope placed on trial?
• Not worthy to be pope• Had sided with a king
against Pope John
Simony
• The selling of spiritual benefits and ecclesiastical positions for temporal gain
Pope John XII
• Pope at 18 • Crowned Otto I• Practiced simony• Gave bishop
positions as favors to wealthy families
The Rise of Feudalism
• Empire broken into 50 duchies
• Concern: How should the land be protected?
Feudalism
• The holding of a land for a fee and on the resulting relations between a lord and
vassal
Nepotism
• The Appointment of family members to important positions
• Increased with rise of Feudalism
Feudalism and the Church
Bishops: enjoyed more wealth allowed to marryallowed to have children gave own sons the title
they held
The Viking Invasions
• Prevented monastic reform• Unstoppable because of civil unrest in
territories• Destroyed monasteries
The Viking Invasions
• Weakened monasteries’ civilizing influence
• Learning was forgotten
• Abbots became brigands (bandits)
PART IIIThe New Temporal Orders
Otto I (936-973)
• Desired an alliance with the Church to secure own royal power
Ottonian Line’s Influence
• Lay Investiture • Power over
proprietary churches
• Gave ecclesiastical funds to royal coffers
Lay Investiture
• The appointment of bishops, abbots, and other church officials by feudal lords and vassals.
Otto II (988-1002)
• Appointed tutor (Gerbert) to be pope (Pope Sylvester II)
Pope Sylvester II & Otto II
• Relationship was foundation for the Lay Investiture controversy
PART IV
The Lay Investitures Controversy
Pope St. Gregory the Great VII
• Became pope b/c of enthusiastic crowds
• Relentless• Energetic• Iron Will • “Father of Canon
Law”• Dictatus Pape
Dictatus Papae
Specific powers rest on pope alone:Convene/ratify council Define tenets of the Faith Appoint, transfer, and remove bishops from officeDispose of temporal rulers
Pope St. Gregory the Great VII
• Excluded simony from Church Hierarchy
• Priests who practiced fornication barred from serving Mass
• Anyone who did not follow new rules were shunned by Clergy
Emperor Henry IV
• Appointed the Bishop of Milan
• Stripped of Crown (by pope)
• Excommunicated• Granted forgiveness• Appointed an anti-
pope
Concordat of Worms
• Spiritual Investiture = Church
• Civil Investiture = Civil
• Free election of Bishops
• Simony condemned• Veto power over
Church elections= King
Constitutions of Clarendon
• King controls abbeys, Episcopal sees, Church money, elections
• Any appeals to Rome have to be approved by the King
Pope Innocent III
• Church reached height of power
• “Vicar of Christ” • Power gives
power to Kings• Interfered to
keep balance of power
A VIKING INVASION
“From the Fury of the Northmen Deliver Us, O Lord.”
Round Towers
• Door placed one floor up
• Monks hid in them for safety
• Series of ladders inside kept Vikings away
Irish Round Towers
Round Towers: Other Theories
• Erosion • To absorb
energy • Bell towers• To support
the structure
High Crosses
• Unmovable• Practical• Illustrated Bible
stories• Gravestone
High Crosses
PART II
Cluny and the Monastic Reform
Among the Chaos …
• Reform arose in Cluny: Universal Church within a political framework Dignity of the human person
Founding of Reform (909/910)
• Land donated by William the Pious
• Donated for monastery to be built
New Monastery in Cluny
• New Commitment to the Benedictine Rule
• Had only one Abbot
• St. Berno was the first Abbot
St. Berno
• Settled Cluny with 12 companions
• Renewed commitment to Benedictine rule
• Placed all energies into glorifying God
Cluny
• Had only one Abbot
• Benedictine Rule• Decreased
manual labor
Other Monasteries
• Had one abbot above each individual monastery
• Increased manual labor (feudalism)
Cluny Monks
• Strict rule• Emphasized
spiritual life • Reinstated
Divine Office
Benedictine Monks
• Relaxed rule• Emphasized
working life• No Divine
Office
PART V
The Cistercians and Carthusians
The Cistercians
• White Monks • St. Robert of
Molesme• Emphasized
farming and simplicity of lifestyle
• Converted Slavic tribes
The Cistercians
St. Bernard of Clairvaux
• Second founder of Cistercians
• Had a classical education• Focused on the
Scriptures and the Fathers of the Church
• Debated Peter Abelard • “Age of St. Bernard” • Rejected promotions • Divine life communicated
to the world in the person Jesus Christ
The Carthusians • St. Bruno • Did not live
together (had own private cells)
• Bring life of desert hermit into context of monastery
• Revived Christian devotion to prayer and simplicity
The Carthusians