Annotatedbibliography(of(waste(minimisation,(recycling ... ·...

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1 DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL SCIENCE FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCE Annotated bibliography of waste minimisation, recycling and reuse issues in the construction industry. This document is an annotated bibliography that provides a list of relevant publications, focusing on North American documents which address various aspects of material resource use and disposal in construction. The aim is to provide a list of important documents sorted into the following categories: 1. Why Zero Waste? 2. Policy and Initiatives 3. Deconstruction Documents 4. Case Studies 5. Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle 6. Products 7. Best Practice Some documents appear in more than one category where they have a wider relevance This document has been prepared by Deniz Ergun and Joe Earle MASc candidates in building science at Ryerson University under the supervision of Dr Mark Gorgolewski. 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3 Tel 416-979 5360 Fax 416 979 5353 E-mail [email protected] www.ryerson.ca

Transcript of Annotatedbibliography(of(waste(minimisation,(recycling ... ·...

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL SCIENCE FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCE

 

Annotated  bibliography  of  waste  minimisation,  recycling  and  reuse  issues  in  the  construction  industry.  

This  document  is  an  annotated  bibliography  that  provides  a  list  of  relevant  publications,  focusing  on  North  American  documents  which  address  various  aspects  of  material  resource  use  and  disposal  in  construction.  The  aim  is  to  provide  a  list  of  important  documents  sorted  into  the  following  categories:  

1.   Why  Zero  Waste?  2.   Policy  and  Initiatives  3.   Deconstruction  Documents  4.   Case  Studies  5.   Reduce,  Reuse,  and  Recycle  6.   Products  7.   Best  Practice    

Some  documents  appear  in  more  than  one  category  where  they  have  a  wider  relevance  

This  document  has  been  prepared  by  Deniz  Ergun  and  Joe  Earle  MASc  candidates  in  building  science  at  Ryerson  University  under  the  supervision  of  Dr  Mark  Gorgolewski.  

350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3 Tel 416-979 5360 Fax 416 979 5353 E-mail [email protected] www.ryerson.ca

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1. Why  Zero  Waste?  Blacksmith  Institute  (2011).  The  World’s  Worst  Toxic  Pollution  Problems,  Report  2011.    

Retrieved  from  http://www.worstpolluted.org/files/FileUpload/files/2011/Worlds-­‐Worst-­‐Toxic-­‐Pollution-­‐Problems-­‐2011-­‐Report.pdf  

This  report  discusses  the  top  ten  annual  toxic  pollution  problems  in  the  world.  It  attempts  to  quantify  the  human  health  impact  of  source  industries  and  the  specific  pollutants  that  they  create.  The  goal  is  to  create  awareness  of  the  economic  and  societal  impact  of  pollution,  and  to  encourage  the  funding  and  implementation  of  clean-­‐up  activities.  This  paper  is  relevant  to  the  goals  of  zero  waste  because  it  addresses  the  primary  pollution  caused  by  the  extraction  of  materials  for  other  processes.  It  attempts  to  open  the  eyes  of  those  not  witnessing  firsthand  the  pollution  created  by  modern  lifestyle  demands.  

Metro  Vancouver,  (2011).  National  Zero  Waste  Marketing  Council:  Zero  Waste  Challenge,  Executive  Summary.    

Retrieved  from  Metrovancouver.org    

  This  document  outlines  the  goals  of  the  Metro  Vancouver  council  to  organize  a  national  campaign  for  all  municipalities  to  increase  the  amount  of  reuse  and  recycling  within  their  municipalities.    By  combining  resources  amongst  municipalities  they  aim  to  improve  the  overall  effectiveness  of  such  campaigns  and  also  increase  the  exposure  across  all  regions.    Solutions  include  national  campaigns  that  are  consistent  across  the  country,  have  one  united  voice  and  effectively  communicate  the  importance  of  waste  reduction.  Reducing  waste  in  municipalities  will  reduce  costs,  enhance  the  environment,  and  help  to  achieve  the  goals  of  a  zero  waste  campaign.    

Waste  Online.  History  of  Waste  and  Recycling  Information  Sheet.    

Retrieved  from  http://dl.dropbox.com/u/21130258/resources/InformationSheets/HistoryofWaste.htm  

This  webpage  provides  a  brief  chronology  of  waste  from  3000  BC  to  pre-­‐industrial  times  and  into  the  present,  highlighting  important  historical  events  including  regulations  and  laws  around  the  world.  The  page  discusses  the  history  of  waste  from  individual  waste  bins  from  the  late  1800’  to  the  present,  and  how  this  changing  content  of  waste  bins  has  changed  the  world.    It  finishes  with  various  references  for  further  information  and  a  section  titled  “what  you  can  do”  with  some  guidance  on  how  to  make  an  impact  on  personal  waste  creation.    

Lynch,  K.  (1990).  Wasting  Away.  Sierra  Club  books,  San  Francisco.  

  This  book  provides  a  brief  history  of  waste  and  how  the  human  impact  plays  a  major  role  in  the  environment.    It  also  provides  a  brief  outline  of  where  humanity  is  going  and  the  potentials  that  exist  for  both  eliminating  the  amount  of  waste  and  ultimately  the  idea  of  waste  as  we  know  it.  The  author  defines  pollution:  "pollution  occurs  when  the  nutrient  cycle  is  disturbed:  when  waste  products  are  introduced  that  by  their  type,  or  their  rate  of  production,  cannot  be  used  by  the  organisms  that  are  present."  They  go  on  to  say  that  "man  is  unique  because  he  makes  substances  that  are  poisonous  to  all  living  things."  It  is  an  excellent  book  for  

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understanding  the  dominant  ideas  of  waste  and  providing  inspiration  and  ideas  for  changing  the  mindset  of  our  wasteful  ways.    

Alberta  Environment,  (No  date).  Construction  &  Demolition  Waste  Reduction  Program.    

http://environment.alberta.ca/documents/Construction-­‐Demolition-­‐program-­‐backgrounder.pdf    

This  is  a  report  on  the  proposal  for  the  Alberta  provincial  construction  and  demolition  waste  reduction  program.  The  proposal  includes  three  main  components:  government  leadership,  disposal  bans  on  certain  materials,  and  a  deposit-­‐refund  program.  Representatives  from  the  commercial  and  residential  construction  industries,  non-­‐governmental  organizations,  and  municipal  and  provincial  government  organizations  collaborated  to  form  the  concepts  for  the  proposal.    

 

2. Policy  and  Initiatives  City  of  New  York  Department  of  Design  and  Construction,  (2003).  Construction  and  Demolition  Waste  Manual.    

Retrieved  from  http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/waste.pdf  

This  document  has  the  goal  of  aiding  builders  and  designers  in  the  reduction,  recycling  and  reuse  of  construction  and  demolition  waste  and  the  diversion  of  such  waste  from  landfills.  It  is  another  example  of  a  major  North  American  city  attempting  to  guide  and  adapt  the  resource  management  policies  and  actions  of  its  citizens  and  companies  that  operate  within  their  jurisdiction.  The  document  provides  a  general  overview  of  waste  management  pathways  in  NYC,  as  well  as  strategies  for  implementation  for  designers,  builders  and  the  Department  of  Design  and  Construction  to  affect  change  in  these  avenues.  This  is  relevant  to  the  goals  of  net  zero  waste  in  construction  because  it  provides  best  practice  guidelines  for  various  stakeholders  attempting  to  address  the  problem  of  construction  and  demolition  waste  in  one  of  the  largest  cities  in  the  USA.  

Metro  Vancouver,  (2011).  National  Zero  Waste  Marketing  Council:  Zero  Waste  Challenge  Executive  Summary.    

Retrieved  from  Metrovancouver.org  

  This  document  outlines  the  goals  of  the  Metro  Vancouver  council  to  organize  a  national  campaign  for  all  municipalities  to  increase  the  amount  of  reuse  and  recycling  within  their  municipalities.    By  combining  resources  amongst  municipalities  they  aim  to  improve  the  overall  effectiveness  of  such  campaigns  and  also  increase  the  exposure  across  all  regions.    Solutions  include  national  campaigns  that  are  consistent  across  the  country,  have  one  united  voice  and  effectively  communicate  the  importance  of  waste  reduction.  Reducing  waste  in  municipalities  will  reduce  costs,  enhance  the  environment,  and  help  to  achieve  the  goals  of  a  zero  waste  campaign.    

Ontario  Electronic  Stewardship,  (2011).  End-­‐of-­‐Life  Technology:  Do  Policies  and  Plans  on  E-­‐waste  Make  a  Difference  to  Your  Business?    

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Retrieved  from  http://recycleyourelectronics.ca/Office/Library/WhitePapers/OP-­‐1009_FSI-­‐White-­‐Paper-­‐Report-­‐June29_web.pdf  

This  paper  was  prepared  by  Ontario  Electronic  Stewardship  to  demonstrate  that  E-­‐waste  planning  helps  businesses  save  money,  creates  more  environmentally  responsible  organizations,  and  helps  create  jobs.  It  includes  a  survey  of  more  than  400  Ontario  businesses  that  addressed  the  issues  of  e-­‐waste  and  the  growing  societal  and  environmental  challenge  that  it  poses.    It  provides  information  on  how  to  appropriately  deal  with  this  type  of  waste,  best  practices  and  a  list  of  electronics  that  can  be  recycled  within  the  province  of  Ontario.  This  paper  addresses  a  key  resource  that  contributes  major  amounts  of  waste  to  landfill  each  year  that  could  potentially  be  recycled  or  reused.    

Alberta,  (no  date).  Too  Good  to  Waste:  MAKING  CONSERVATION  A  PRIORITY    

Retrieved  from  http://environment.gov.ab.ca/info/library/7822.pdf  

This  article  outlines  the  reasons  and  activities  and  outcomes  of  the  province  of  Alberta  moving  towards  the  goal  of  zero  waste.  Alberta,  at  the  time  of  this  report  and  based  on  2004  data  from  Stats  Canada,  had  the  highest  kg/capita  of  waste  disposed  of  all  Canadian  provinces.    The  report  features  three  main  outcomes  and  a  variety  of  actions  that  broadly  describe  how  the  government  of  Alberta  expects  change  to  occur  within  the  province  over  time.  This  is  important  because  it  demonstrates  how  governments  of  all  sizes  recognize  the  importance  of  waste  reduction  and  wasted  products  as  a  resource  with  the  target  of  zero  waste  as  the  ultimate  goal.    

Ontario  Ministry  of  the  Environment,  (2009).  From  Waste  to  Worth:  The  Role  of  Waste  Diversion  in  the  Green  Economy.    

Retrieved  from  http://www.downloads.ene.gov.on.ca/envision/env_reg/er/documents/2009/WDA%20Ministers%20Report.pdf  

This  report  outlines  the  review  that  was  done  of  Ontario’s  Waste  Diversion  Act  2002.  Various  recommendations  from  industry  and  government  are  considered  based  on  stakeholder  meetings  and  consultations  that  led  to  the  production  of  the  report.    The  report  makes  recommendations  for  the  way  forward  to  enable  industry  to  thrive  from  the  diversion  of  waste  and  to  not  be  hindered  by  extensive  regulations.    They  emphasize  the  need  for  strong  regulations  but  with  freedom  of  variation  within  different  industries.  It  is  an  overview  of  all  waste  diversion  in  the  province  and  not  construction  specific  but  it  provides  a  valuable  resource  for  understanding  how  and  why  the  province  of  Ontario  is  where  it  is  with  waste  diversion  and  3R  (reduce,  reuse,  recycle)  programs.    

Jeffery,  C.  (2011).  Construction  and  Demolition  Waste  Recycling:  A  Literature  Review.    

Retrieved  from  http://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sustainability/Construction_Demolition_Waste_Recycling.pdf  

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This  literature  review  outlines  a  wide  variety  of  policies  and  practices  from  North  America  and  Europe.    It  focuses  on  the  products  that  are  being  dealt  with  successfully  and  highlights  successful  initiatives  that  are  transferable  to  other  regions.    It  has  a  particular  focus  on  the  Halifax  region  since  the  paper  was  written  at  Dalhousie  University  and  the  authors  strive  to  implement  the  changes  as  much  as  possible  to  the  local  region.    This  is  an  excellent  and  up  to  date  resource  for  finding  more  information  on  policy  and  practices  with  construction  and  demolition  waste  around  the  western  world.    

Recycing  Council  of  Ontario  (2005).  Let’s  Climb  Another  Molehill  –  An  Examination  of  Construction,  Renovation  &  Demolition  (CRD)  Waste  Reduction  in  Canada  &  Associated  Greenhouse  Gas  Emission  Impacts.    

Retrieved  from  https://www.rco.on.ca/uploads/File/projects/completed/Molehill/RC_Projects-­‐Molehill-­‐Rpt.pdf  

The  “Molehill”  project  examined  the  composition,  generation  and  management  practices  of  construction,  renovation  and  demolition  (CRD)  wastes  and  activities,  as  well  as  the  regulations  and  markets  that  affect  them.  Research  was  completed  in  collaboration  with  project  and  site  stakeholders  from  fifteen  case  studies  in  the  Toronto  region.  Objectives  included  testing  the  application  of  on-­‐site  Waste  Management  Action  Plans  to  determine  their  effects  on  project  management,  specifically  relating  to  waste  diversion.  The  key  outcome  of  the  project  was  progress  towards  development  of  an  “on-­‐site”  tool,  targeted  at  stakeholders  involved  in  managing  CRD  activities.  

Envionmental  Careers  Organization,  (2010).  Solid  Waste  Management:  Labour  Market  Research  Study  2010.    

Retrieved  from  http://www.eco.ca/pdf/solid_waste_report_NOV2010.pdf  

Environmental  Careers  Organization  (ECO)  labour  market  research  study  investigates  current  environmental  skill  and  labour  trends  within  the  environmental  profession  and  provides  up-­‐to-­‐date,  timely  and  relevant  insights  that  can  be  applied  in  policy,  business,  and  educational  contexts.  This  report  addresses  the  size,  scope  and  general  industry  profile  and  outlook  for  the  solid  waste  management  industry  within  Canada.  Challenges  of  the  future  and  opportunities  for  leadership  and  development  are  discussed  in  terms  of  how  to  improve  on  waste  management  practices  and  policies  from  both  an  employer  and  employee  perspective.    

Canadian  Home  Builders  Association,  (2010).  CHBA  Policy  Position  on  Construction  and  Demolition  Waste  Management  and  Extended  Producer  Responsibility.    

Retrieved  from  http://www.chba.ca/uploads/policy%20archive/2010/epr&wastemanagementpolicyposition-­‐mar3-­‐10.pdf    

This  report  outlines  the  position  of  the  Canadian  Home  Builders  Association  on  strategies  and  regulatory  mechanisms  needs  to  increase  waste  diversion.  The  issues  of  construction,  renovation/retrofit,  and  demolition  waste  from  residential  buildings  and  communities  are  the  focus  of  this  report.    As  well,  this  report  comes  as  a  response  to  the  2009  approval  for  the  Canadian  Council  of  Ministers  of  the  Environment’s  (CCME)  to  develop  a  Canada-­‐Wide  Action  Plan  for  Extended  Producer  Responsibility,  offering  consultation  for  the  

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development  and  execution  of  effective  waste  management  policies.      

Saotome,  T.(2007).  Development  of  Construction  and  Demolition  Waste  Recycling  in  Ontario.    

Retrieved  from:  http://msep.mcmaster.ca/epp/publications/Development_of_C&D_recycling_in_Ontario.pdf    

A  research  report  for  the  School  of  Engineering  Practice,  McMaster  University,  this  paper  aims  to  identify  the  barriers  for  recycling  gypsum  in  Ontario,  Canada.    Critical  barriers  outlined  in  this  report  include  the  ineffectiveness  of  Ontario’s  3R’s  Regulation  and  low  landfill  tipping  fees.  The  Ontario  regulatory  framework  for  gypsum  is  compared  to  the  Japanese  framework  to  give  context,  comparison,  and  recommendations  to  increase  recycling  rates.    

Sinclair,  R.  Natural  Resources  Canada,  (2006).  An  Analysis  of  Resource  Recovery  Opportunities  in  Canada  and  the  Projection  of  Greenhouse  Gas  Emission  Implications.    

Retrieved  from:  http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca.minerals-­‐metals/files/pdf/mms-­‐smm/busi-­‐indu/rad-­‐rad/pdf/rrd2-­‐eng.pdf    

Funded  by  the  Enhanced  Recycling,  Action  Plan  2000  this  reports  quantifies  and  characterizes  materials  in  Canada  that  are  disposed  of  but  can,  in  fact,  be  recycled.  The  second  primary  focus  of  this  report  is  to  develop  recovery  projects  and  their  associated  positive  environment  implications.  This  report  highlights  statistics  on  construction,  renovation,  and  demolition  waste,  examining  disposal  and  diversion  patterns  by  province  and  territory.    

Sonnevera  International  Corporation,  (2006).  Construction,  Renovation  and  Demolition  Waste  Materials:  Opportunities  for  Waste  Reduction  and  Diversion.    

Retrieved  from:  http://www.environment.gov.ab.ca/info/library/7703.pdf    

This  report  analyzes  a  variety  of  tools  that  can  be  applied  in  the  province  of  Alberta  to  shape  the  province’s  construction  and  demolition  waste  reduction  program.  The  report  provides  extensive  review  of  five  waste  related  categories:  Voluntary  mechanisms,  mechanisms  that  Influence  Design,  Financial  mechanisms,  and  Regulatory  mechanisms.  The  conclusions  of  this  report  provides  recommendations  on  the  most  relevant  and  critical  areas  to  form  the  framework  for  new  regulatory  mechanisms.    

Alberta  Environment.  (No  date).  Construction  &  Demolition  Waste  Reduction  Program.    

Retrieved  from:  http://environment.alberta.ca/documents/Construction-­‐Demolition-­‐program-­‐backgrounder.pdf    

This  is  a  report  on  the  program  proposal  for  the  Alberta  provincial  construction  and  demolition  waste  reduction  program.  The  proposal  includes  three  main  components:  government  leadership,  disposal  bans  on  certain  materials,  and  a  deposit-­‐refund  program.  Representatives  from  the  commercial  and  residential  construction  industries,  non-­‐governmental  organizations,  and  municipal  and  provincial  government  organizations  collaborated  to  form  the  concepts  for  the  proposal.    

Steward,  C.,  &  Baum,  S.  S.,  (2011).  Structuring  Research  for  “Design  for  Deconstruction”.    

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Retrieved  from:  http://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=structuring%20research%20for%20“design%20for%20deconstruction”.&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCMQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fdownload%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.195.573%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&ei=NHFrUJmoLpT0qwGV0YDwDw&usg=AFQjCNGgUfzg6NTPCpqSUGvRl72lk7uSaw    

This  paper  is  a  conference  proceeding  from  the  Deconstruction  and  Building  Materials  Reuse  Conference  in  2011.  It  outlined  the  proposal  for  the  Nebraska  Center  for  Sustainable  Construction  (NCSC)  regarding  their  goals  to  promote  deconstruction  as  a  sustainable  alternative  to  demolition.  This  proposal  looks  at  making  deconstruction  mainstream  at  a  national  level,  indicating  the  structure  of  further  research  strategies  that  will  allow  for  the  development  of  ideas  in  deconstruction.      

AECOM  Canada  Ltd.,  &  SCRD  Infrastructure  Services  Department,  (2011).  Solid  Waste  Management  Plan  –  The  Foundation  for  Zero  Waste  Plan  –  Final  Draft.    

Retrieved  from:  http://www.scrd.ca/files/File/Infrastructure/Solid%20Waste/SWMP%20Final%20Report%20Proofed%2010-­‐31-­‐11%20w%20AppB%20WEB.pdf    

The  Sunshine  Coast  Regional  District  included  zero  waste  into  their  2009  development  of  a  new  Regional  Solid  Waste  Management  Plan.  The  plan  sets  to  out-­‐do  the  regions  2005  achievement  of  50%  waste  reductions  by  outlining  a  strategy  that  works  towards  zero  waste  in  the  next  five  years  (by  2016,  it  is  projected  to  divert  69%  of  waste  from  landfill).    Although  this  report  draws  on  a  broader  scope  of  waste,  it  provides  an  excellent  source  for  information  on  zero  waste  management  plan  development  and  implementation  in  Canada.    

3. Deconstruction  Documents  Falk,  B.  &  Guy,  B.  (2007).  Unbuilding:  Salvaging  the  Architectural  Treasures  Unwanted  Houses.  Taunton  Press.,  Newton,  CT.  

This  book  is  an  excellent  resource  for  understanding  how  and  why  to  salvage  buildings  which  are  slated  for  demolition.  Companies  that  are  doing  this  work  are  profiled  and  project  success  stories  are  demonstrated  throughout.    This  is  an  important  and  valuable  service  since  there  are  many  buildings  torn  down  before  they  are  required  and  even  those  that  need  to  be  destroyed  can  provide  valuable  materials  and  components  to  new  construction  projects.  Unbuilding  outlines  how  and  why  to  dismantle  a  building  into  its  individual  components  and  also  what  is  being  done  and  how  more  can  be  done  with  these  materials  once  they  are  salvaged  and  separated.      

Institute  of  Civil  Engineers.  (2008).  Demolition  Protocol.    

Retrieved  from:  http://www.ice.org.uk/getattachment/eb09d18a-­‐cb12-­‐4a27-­‐a54a-­‐651ec31705f1/Demolition-­‐Protocol-­‐2008.aspx    

This  a  report  from  the  global  organization  of  Institute  of  Civil  Engineers  aimed  at  policy  makers.  It  is  a  follow  up  to  the  2003  ICE  Demolition  Protocol,  with  more  emphasis  and  guidance  to  reducing,  reusing  (building  and  materials),  recycling,  and  creating  waste  from  energy  from  

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materials  used  in  buildings.  This  report  offers  a  framework  to  develop  waste  diversion,  outlining  stakeholders  roles,  verification  techniques,  justification,  and  process-­‐driven  strategies.      

Guy,  B.,  Shell,  S.  (2002)  Design  for  Deconstruction  and  Material  Reuse.    

Retrieved  from:  http://www.deconstructioninstitute.com/files/downloads/75508728_DesignforDeconstructionPaper.pdf    

This  paper  is  the  introduction  into  designing  buildings  so  that  they  promote  deconstruction  at  the  end  of  their  lifetime.  It  is  a  proceeding  from  the  2002  CIB  International  Council  for  Research  and  Innovation  in  Building  Construction,  Meeting  on  Design  for  Deconstruction  and  Materials  Reuse.      Examples  and  ‘lessons  from  the  site’  are  used  to  provide  practical  tips  and  guidance  so  that  building  and  product  designers  consider  the  whole  life  cycle  or  the  building  or  product  at  the  early  design  stages.      

Guy,  B.,  &  Gibeau,  E.  (2003).  A  Guide  to  Deconstruction.    

Retrieved  from:  http://www.deconstructioninstitute.com/files/learn_center/45762865_guidebook.pdf  

  A  Guide  to  Deconstruction  is  a  comprehensive  overview  of  best  practices  and  strategies  in  regards  to  deconstruction.  This  guide  is  published  by  the  Deconstruction  Institute,  a  United  States  based  resource  and  education  focused  initiative.  It  is  aimed  at  professionals  involved  in  a  deconstruction  project  or  in  the  reclaimed  and  reselling  of  building  materials.    

Falk,  R.  (2002)  Wood-­‐Framed  Building  Deconstruction  -­‐  A  Source  of  Lumber  for  Construction?  

 Retrieved  from:  http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2002/falk02a.pdf        

  In  this  brief  paper,  Falk  provides  an  overview  of  the  wood  resources  available  in  residential  building  in  the  United  States.  Falk  argues  that  the  reclamation  of  wood  is  a  sustainable  alternative  to  harvesting  and  processing  virgin  resources  and  that  deconstruction  is  the  best  tool  for  salvaging  wood  resources.    Falk  also  discusses  the  financial,  practical,  and  technical  limitations  and  barriers  of  the  current  reuse  industry,  suggesting  that  more  attention  and  research  is  needed  in  this  field.      

O’Brien,  E.  (2006).  Life  Cycle  Analysis  of  the  Deconstruction  of  Military  Barracks:  A  Case  Study  at  FT.  McClellan,  Anniston,  Alabama.    

This  document  is  a  master’s  thesis  from  University  of  Florida  which  compares  the  amount  of  manual  deconstruction  and  mechanical  demolition  of  a  United  States  military  barracks  using  lifecycle  analysis  to  determine  which  has  the  least  impact  on  the  environment.  Data  was  collected  by  the  on-­‐site  deconstruction/demolition  team  through  surveys  and  by  lifecycle  inventory  data  available  for  demolition  and  transportation  machinery.  The  results  indicated  that  the  40%  -­‐  100%  manual  deconstruction  where  materials  were  reused  in  a  20  mile  radius  had  the  lowest  lifecycle  assessment  score,  suggesting  it  was  the  most  environmentally  benign  strategy.    

Steward,  C.,  &  Baum,  S.  S.(2011).  Structuring  Research  for  “Design  for  Deconstruction”.    

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Retrieved  from:  http://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=structuring%20research%20for%20“design%20for%20deconstruction”.&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCMQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fdownload%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.195.573%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&ei=NHFrUJmoLpT0qwGV0YDwDw&usg=AFQjCNGgUfzg6NTPCpqSUGvRl72lk7uSaw    

  This  paper  is  a  conference  proceeding  from  the  Deconstruction  and  Building  Materials  Reuse  Conference  in  2011.  It  outlined  the  proposal  for  the  Nebraska  Center  for  Sustainable  Construction  (NCSC)  regarding  their  goals  to  promote  deconstruction  as  a  sustainable  alternative  to  demolition.  This  proposal  looks  at  making  deconstruction  mainstream  at  a  national  level,  indicating  the  structure  of  further  research  strategies  that  will  allow  for  the  development  of  ideas  in  deconstruction.      

4. Case  Studies  Blacksmith  Institute  (2011).  The  World’s  Worst  Toxic  Pollution  Problems,  Report  2011.    

Retrieved  from  http://www.worstpolluted.org/files/FileUpload/files/2011/Worlds-­‐Worst-­‐Toxic-­‐Pollution-­‐Problems-­‐2011-­‐Report.pdf  

This  report  discusses  the  top  ten  annual  toxic  pollution  problems  in  the  world.  It  attempts  to  quantify  the  human  health  impact  of  source  industries  and  the  specific  pollutants  that  they  create.  The  goal  is  to  create  awareness  of  the  economic  and  societal  impact  of  pollution,  and  to  encourage  the  funding  and  implementation  of  clean-­‐up  activities.  This  paper  is  relevant  to  the  goals  of  zero  waste  because  it  addresses  the  primary  pollution  caused  by  the  extraction  of  materials  for  other  processes.  It  attempts  to  open  the  eyes  of  those  not  witnessing  firsthand  the  pollution  created  by  modern  lifestyle  demands.  

Gold,  E.  (No  Date).  Developing  Construction  and  Demolition  Waste  Recovery  in  Philadelphia.    

Retrieved  from  (http://www.cricouncil.com/wp-­‐content/uploads/2011/03/CD-­‐Waste-­‐Recovery-­‐in-­‐Philadelphia.pdf  

This  report  was  written  for  the  Sustainable  Business  Network  of  Philadelphia  in  order  to  address  the  problem  of  construction  and  demolition  waste,  one  hundred  thousand  tons  of  which  originates  in  the  City  of  Philadelphia.  The  report  discusses  how  much  of  the  waste  could  potentially  be  recycled  or  reused  which  would  create  local  jobs,  save  the  City  of  Philadelphia  resources  and  money  and  help  contribute  to  the  City’s  goal  of  being  the  “greenest  city  in  America  by  2015.”  This  is  significant  because  it  shows  a  major  city  attempting  to  change  its  view  of  construction  waste  and  lead  the  way  towards  the  goals  of  sustainable  green  future.  

Phillips,  D.  (2010).  Creative  Houses  from  Reclaimed  Stuff.  Retrieved  from  http://www.ted.com/talks/dan_phillips_creative_houses_from_reclaimed_stuff.html  

This  lecture  and  visual  presentation  by  Dan  Phillips  shows  various  homes  he  has  built  in  the  southern  United  States.  He  builds  entirely  with  recycled  and  reclaimed  materials  to  create  innovative  and  creative  designs.    He  argues  that  nature  is  not  as  orderly  as  we  desire  our  subdivisions  and  houses  to  be  and  that  we  must  embrace  randomness  and  differences  in  our  designs  if  we  are  to  get  over  addiction  to  constantly  new  products  in  our  homes.  Building  

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entirely  with  reclaimed  and  recycled  materials  Dan  Phillips  has  become  a  successful  home  builder  who  uses  ‘waste’  resources  as  his  primary  building  materials.      

Bahamon,  A.,  and  Sanjines,  M.C.,  (2010).  Rematerial:  from  Waste  to  Architecture.  New  York  W.  W.  Norton  &  Company.  

This  book  highlights  the  reuse  and  repurposing  of  construction  and  other  waste  into  architectural  successes.    It  profiles  projects  from  all  over  the  world  and  focuses  on  a  wide  variety  of  products  and  designs,  providing  schematic  drawings  ,  descriptions  of  how  a  project  succeeded  in  utilizing  the  waste  products  and  of  how  the  material  was  repurposed.  The  focus  is  on  institutional  projects,  housing,  landscaping,  interior  design,  and  multipurpose  spaces.    This  book  is  an  excellent  resources  for  providing  inspiration  and  ideas  to  builders  and  designers  looking  to  reuse  and  recycle  useful  waste  products.  

Van  hinte,  E,  Jongert,  J.  and  Peeren,  C.  (2007).  Superuse:  Constructing  New  Architecture  by  Shortcutting  Material  Flows.  010  Publishers,  Rotterdam.  

This  book  and  associate  web  site  (www.superuse.org)  provides  many  examples  of  what  the  authors  call  Superuse,  ‘the  reuse  and  creative  construction  of  buildings  by  materials  that  are  in  their  second  or  third  life  iteration.’    The  book  is  filled  with  examples  from  recycling  diapers  for  the  super  absorbent  polymers  that  will  not  biodegrade  in  landfills,  to  recycled  tires  and  asphalt  being  reused.  They  also  created  the  idea  of  the  'harvest  map'  which  is  a  general  map  of  the  area  surrounding  a  construction  site  identifying  potential  materials  to  be  reclaimed,  reused  or  salvaged.  This  map  can  help  to  lower  the  transportation  costs  associated  with  reusing  building  components.  It  is  a  practical  and  inspiring  book  about  building  new  buildings  with  surplus  or  otherwise  waste  materials.  

Recycing  Council  of  Ontario  (2005).  Let’s  Climb  Another  Molehill  –  An  Examination  of  Construction,  Renovation  &  Demolition  (CRD)  Waste  Reduction  in  Canada  &  Associated  Greenhouse  Gas  Emission  Impacts.    

Retrieved  from  https://www.rco.on.ca/uploads/File/projects/completed/Molehill/RC_Projects-­‐Molehill-­‐Rpt.pdf  

The  “Molehill”  project  examined  the  composition,  generation  and  management  practices  of  construction,  renovation  and  demolition  (CRD)  wastes  and  activities,  as  well  as  the  regulations  and  markets  that  affect  them.  Research  was  completed  in  collaboration  with  project  and  site  stakeholders  from  fifteen  case  studies  in  the  Toronto  region.  Objectives  included  testing  the  application  of  on-­‐site  Waste  Management  Action  Plans  to  determine  their  effects  on  project  management,  specifically  relating  to  waste  diversion.  The  key  outcome  of  the  project  was  progress  towards  development  of  an  “on-­‐site”  tool,  targeted  at  stakeholders  involved  in  managing  CRD  activities.  

CH2M  HILL  Canada  Limitied.  (2000).  Construction,  Renovation  and  Demolition  (CRD)  Waste  Characterization  Study.    

Retrieved  from:  http://www.recyclecddebris.com/rCDd/Resources/Documents/CSICanada01.pdf    

This  landmark  report  was  prepared  for  the  CRD  Waste  Advisory  Committee,  Alberta  

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Environment  as  a  tool  in  developing  recommendations  for  future  policy  and  regulation  changes  to  Alberta’s  construction,  renovation,  and  demolition  waste.  As  such,  the  report  provides  data  on  Alberta’s  building  related  waste  stream  through  survey  of  52  landfills.  This  study  quantified  the  amount  and  types  of  waste  related  to  the  construction  industry  sent  to  landfill  and  the  reported  statistics  are  cited  in  current  literature.    

Kernan,  P.  (2002).  OLD  to  NEW,  Salvaged  Materials  in  New  Construction.    

Retrieved  from  http://www.metrovancouver.org/about/publications/Publications/oldtonewdesignguidesalvmat08-­‐1.pdf    

This  is  the  3rd  edition  of  the  Greater  Vancouver  Regional  District  Policy  and  Planning  Department  design  guide.  The  guide  provides  10  case  studies  from  Greater  Vancouver  that  utilize  reused  materials.  As  well,  the  guide  provides  reference  to  typical  approaches  of  building  with  reused  materials  and  an  overview  of  popular  construction  materials  and  their  potential/markets  for  reuse.      

Addis,  W.  (2006).    Building  with  reclaimed  components  and  materials  :  a  design  handbook  for  reuse  and  recycling.  Earthscan.    

This  highly  informative  book  reviews  the  design  and  construction  implications  of  using  reclaimed  componentsand  recycled-­‐content  materials  in  buildings  from  structure  and  foundations  to  building  services  and  external  works.  The  objective  is  both  to  minimise  waste  from  construction  and  to  reduce  the  impact  of  materials  used  in  construction  projects.  The  book  reviews  the  key  issues  to  address  and  provides  case  study  examples  

Public  Architecture,  Design  for  Reuse  Primer  

Retrieved  from  http://www.publicarchitecture.org/reuse/    

This  downloadable  book  explores  in  depth  fifteen  projects  that  have  focused  on  using  reclaimed  materials  in  their  construction.  It  identifies  key  issues  and  develops  design  guidance  for  how  to  approach  design  with  reuse..  

5. Reduce,  Reuse,  and  Recycle  MacLeod,  R.,  (No  date).  Utilizing  Wood  Waste  From  Construction,  Renovation  &  Demolition  and  Urban  Forestry.    

Retrieved  from  http://forestecho.ca/wp-­‐content/uploads/2012/01/Wood-­‐v6.pdf  

This  paper  examines  wood  waste  in  construction,  renovation  and  demolition  projects  as  well  as  urban  forestry  and  provides  direction  on  how  to  improve  the  reuse  and  recycling  of  materials  that  are  destined  for  landfill.  The  report  discusses  how  wood  represents  the  largest  portion  of  construction  and  demolition  waste  in  Canada,  generating  more  than  1  million  tons  annually,  and  that  addressing  this  waste  stream  is  extremely  important  to  the  goals  of  net  zero  waste  in  the  construction  industry.  The  problem  of  wood  waste  is  discussed  in  the  context  of  environmental  and  economic  consequences,  opportunities  for  utilization,  and  potential  barriers  to  reuse  and  recycling.    

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Construction  Resource  Initiative  (2010).  Gypsum  Recycling  in  the  National  Capital  Region.    

Retrieved  from  http://www.cricouncil.com/wp-­‐content/uploads/2011/03/CRI-­‐Final-­‐Report-­‐July-­‐6-­‐10.pdf    

This  position  paper  presents  the  findings,  conclusions  and  recommendations  of  the  Construction  Recycling  Initiative  (CRI)  task  group  in  2010.    The  task  group  set  out  to  examine  the  state  of  gypsum  recycling  in  the  National  Capital  Region,  and  to  help  turn  the  deplorable  waste  situation  around.  The  goals  of  this  report  were  to  improve  the  region’s  record  on  municipal  waste  diversion  of  material  that  is  100%  recyclable.  

Gratton,  R.,  (2012).  CRI  Council  Efficient  &  Safe  Resource  Questionnaire.    

Retrieved  from  http://www.cricouncil.com/wp-­‐content/uploads/2011/03/Preferable-­‐Product-­‐Questionnaire-­‐.pdf  

This  publication  by  the  Construction  Resource  Initiative  seeks  to  provide  guidance  to  consumers  regarding  how  to  make  themselves  aware  of  the  origins  and  life  cycle  of  the  products  they  purchase  and  use.  The  preferable  product  questionnaire  attempts  to  provide  an  objective  method  of  testing  or  determining  if  a  product  is  the  most  resource  efficient  option  available.  This  is  an  extremely  valuable  tool  for  reducing  waste  and  understanding  how  and  why  certain  products  are  better,  environmentally,  than  others,  and  so  contributes  to  the  goals  of  zero  waste  by  presenting  an  objective  non  technical  method  of  awareness  for  consumers.  

Gorgolewski,  M.  (2010).  Urban  Salvation.    

Retrieved  from  http://www.alternativesjournal.ca/articles/urban-­‐salvation  

This  article  in  Alternatives  Magazine  discusses  the  opportunities  for  reuse,  and  recycling  of  discarded  materials  in  construction  and  demolition  projects.  This  waste  makes  up  nearly  35%  of  the  total  waste  stream  in  Canada,  the  majority  of  which  could  be  recycled,  reused,  or  repurposed  in  a  new  construction  project.  The  article  emphasizes  that  within  the  next  30  years  there  will  be  no  option  but  to  build  with  some  of  these  recycled  and  reused  materials  because  they  will  be  exhausted  as  natural  resources.  Salvaging  materials  from  landfill  will  become  the  norm.  Various  case  studies  are  briefly  presented  which  document  success  stories  of  buildings  built  with  many  reused  and  recycled  materials,  a  necessary  path  for  a  zero  waste  future.    

U.S.  Army  Corps  of  Engineers.  (2005)  Market  Valuation  of  Demolition  and  Salvage  Materials.  Public  Works  Technical  Bulletin  PWTB  200-­‐1-­‐26.    

Retrieved  from  http://www.wbdg.org/ccb/ARMYCOE/PWTB/pwtb_200_1_26.pdf  

The  purpose  of  this  Public  Works  Technical  Bulletin  is  to  provide  information  on  evaluating  salvage  materials  from  construction  and  demolition  (C&D)  activities  for  recycling  or  reuse.  This  technical  bulletin  contains  procedures,  information,  and  resources  that  will  enable  interested  parties  to  implement  alternative  strategies  to  conventional  demolition  and  landfilling  which  are  expensive  and  take  up  valuable  and  scarce  landfill  space.    While  much  of  the  information  pertains  to  the  operation  of  army  installations,  the  Army  Corps  of  engineers  provides  a  great  deal  of  leadership  in  engineering  and  construction  project  across  the  USA.    

   

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U.S.  Army  Corps  of  Engineers.  (2003)  Guidance  for  the  Reduction  of  Demolition  Waste  Through  Reuse  and  Recycling.  Public  Works  Technical  Bulletin  PWTB  200-­‐1-­‐23.    

Retrieved  from  http://www.wbdg.org/ccb/ARMYCOE/PWTB/pwtb_200_1_23.pdf    

 This  technical  bulletin  from  the  US  Army  Corps  of  Engineers  provides  information  on  

how  to  reduce  waste  associated  with  demolition  and  renovation  projects  through  reuse  and  recycling.  The  purpose  is  to  provide  guidance  for  recovering,  reusing,  and  recycling  building  materials  typically  disposed  of  as  demolition  waste.  Building  deconstruction,  salvage  and  recycling  methods  are  discussed  with  the  goal  of  reducing  and  diverting  waste  from  landfill  as  well  as  providing  guidance  on  evaluating  specific  project  conditions  and  assessing  the  feasibility  of  deconstruction,  reuse,  and  recycling  method.  This  is  a  relevant  document  in  terms  of  zero  waste  initiatives  because  it  provides  guidance  on  how  to  improve  practices  regarding  resource  management  during  building  deconstruction.  

 Nisbet,  M.,  Venta,  G.,  &  Foo,  S.  (No  Date).    Demolition  and  Deconstruction:  Review  of  the  Current  Status  of  Reuse  and  Recycling  of  Building  Materials.      

Retrieved  from:  ftp://ftp.tech-­‐env.com/pub/Retrofit/AWMA%20paper_WM1b.pdf    

This  report,  written  by  government  and  private  sector,  examines  the  progress  of  waste  diversion  through  recycling  in  Canada  and  the  United  States.  Outlining  the  technical,  economic,  and  political  influences  that  promote  and  retard  the  development  of  the  recycling  industry  in  North  America  as  compared  to  European  countries.  This  report  focuses  on  the  recycling  of  five  major  building  materials:  concrete,  steel,  non-­‐ferrous  metals,  gypsum,  and  wood.  Key  conclusions  indicate  that  demolition  management,  government  policy,  and  market  drivers  are  all  integral  to  achieving  high  material  recovery  rates.    

Sinclair,  R.  Natural  Resources  Canada.  (2006).  An  Analysis  of  Resource  Recovery  Opportunities  in  Canada  and  the  Projection  of  Greenhouse  Gas  Emission  Implications.    

Retrieved  from  http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca.minerals-­‐metals/files/pdf/mms-­‐smm/busi-­‐indu/rad-­‐rad/pdf/rrd2-­‐eng.pdf    

Funded  by  the  Enhanced  Recycling,  Action  Plan  2000  this  reports  quantifies  and  characterizes  materials  in  Canada  that  are  disposed  but  can,  in  fact,  be  recycled.  The  second  primary  focus  of  this  report  is  to  develop  recovery  projects  and  their  associated  positive  environment  implications.  This  report  highlights  statistics  on  construction,  renovation,  and  demolition  waste,  examining  disposal  and  diversion  patterns  by  province  and  territory.    

Verduga.  (2004).  Recycling  of  Construction  Waste.    

Recycling  of  Construction  Waste  is  a  Master’s  thesis  from  the  University  of  Calgary.  The  author  examines  the  potential  for  a  on-­‐site  waste  management  plan  to  reduce  the  amount  of  building  material  sent  to  landfill  during  the  construction  of  the  6420  m2  medium  rise  building.  Utilizing  both  on-­‐site  data  collection  as  well  as  computer  generated  modeling,  Verduga  demonstrates  that  well  designed  waste  management  plans  can  be  economically  viable  and  have  significant  environmental  benefits.    

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CH2M  HILL  Canada  Limitied.  (2000).  Construction,  Renovation  and  Demolition  (CRD)  Waste  Characterization  Study.    

Retrieved  from  http://www.recyclecddebris.com/rCDd/Resources/Documents/CSICanada01.pdf    

This  landmark  report  was  prepared  for  the  CRD  Waste  Advisory  Committee,  Alberta  Environment  as  a  tool  to  develop  recommendations  for  future  policy  and  regulation  changes  to  Alberta’s  construction,  renovation,  and  demolition  waste.  As  such,  the  report  provides  data  on  Alberta’s  building  related  waste  stream  through  a  survey  of  52  landfills.  This  study  quantifies  the  amount  and  types  of  waste  related  to  the  construction  industry  that  are  sent  to  landfill.    

Sonnevera  International  Corporation.  (2006).  Construction,  Renovation  and  Demolition  Waste  Materials:  Opportunities  for  Waste  Reduction  and  Diversion.    

Retrieved  from:  http://www.environment.gov.ab.ca/info/library/7703.pdf    

This  report  analyzes  a  variety  of  tools  that  can  be  applied  in  the  province  of  Alberta  to  shape  the  province’s  construction  and  demolition  waste  reduction  program.  The  report  provides  extensive  review  of  five  waste-­‐reduction  action  areas:  Voluntary  Mechanisms,  Mechanisms  that  Influence  Design,  Financial  Mechanisms,  and  Regulatory  Mechanisms.  The  conclusions  of  this  report  provide  recommendations  on  the  most  relevant  and  critical  areas  to  form  framework  for  new  regulatory  mechanisms.    

Falk,  R.,  &  McKeever,  D.  (2004).  Recovering  Wood  for  Reuse  and  Recycling,  A  United  States  Perspective.  

 Retrieved  from  http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2004/fpl_2004_falk001.pdf    

This  report  provides  a  statistics  outline  of  the  wastage  pattern  for  wood  in  the  United  States.  The  report  provides  a  comprehensive  overview  of  wood  waste  as  well  as  construction  and  demolition  waste,  providing  recovery  and  disposal  rates  for  various  qualities  of  wood.  As  well,  the  report  covers  current  recycling  and  reuse  activities  and  discusses  future  opportunities,  barriers,  and  predicted  trends.    

Wardle,  K.  (2001).  Factors  Influencing  the  Expansion  of  the  Used  Building  Material  Sector  in  Southern  British  Columbia.    

This  document  is  a  Master’s  thesis  from  Dalhousie  University  which  explores  the  state  of  the  reuse  industry  in  southern  British  Columbia  through  a  survey  of  professionals  and  end  users.  The  research  identifies  drivers  for  the  reuse  industry,  outlines  the  success  of  marketing  approaches,  and  determines  the  main  barriers  limiting  the  reuse  industry.    

Kernan,  P.  (2002).  OLD  to  NEW,  Salvaged  Materials  in  New  Construction.    

Retrieved  from  http://www.metrovancouver.org/about/publications/Publications/oldtonewdesignguidesalvmat08-­‐1.pdf    

This  is  the  3rd  edition  of  the  Greater  Vancouver  Regional  District  Policy  and  Planning  Department  design  guide.  The  guide  provides  10  case  studies  from  Greater  Vancouver  that  utilize  reused  materials.  As  well,  the  guide  provides  reference  to  typical  approaches  of  building  

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with  reused  materials  and  an  overview  of  popular  construction  materials  and  their  potential/markets  for  reuse.      

Addis,  W.  (2006).    Building  with  reclaimed  components  and  materials  :  a  design  handbook  for  reuse  and  recycling.  Earthscan.    

This  highly  informative  book  reviews  the  design  and  construction  implications  of  using  reclaimed  componentsand  recycled-­‐content  materials  in  buildings  from  structure  and  foundations  to  building  services  and  external  works.  The  objective  is  both  to  minimise  waste  from  construction  and  to  reduce  the  impact  of  materials  used  in  construction  projects.  The  book  reviews  the  key  issues  to  address  and  provides  case  study  examples  

6. Products  McDonough,  W.,  (2005).  Cradle  to  Cradle  Design  [Video  file].    

Retrieved  from  http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/william_mcdonough_on_cradle_to_cradle_design.html  

This  lecture  is  by  William  McDonough,  an  architect  and  co-­‐author  of  Cradle  to  Cradle.  He  calls  into  question  the  basic  way  in  which  we  design  our  products  and  buildings.  Following  the  principle  that  there  is  no  waste  in  nature  McDonough  proposes  a  shift  in  how  we  create  our  products  and  is  a  leader  in  the  goals  of  zero  waste.  Buildings  and  products  should  be  designed  to  take  into  account  “all  children,  all  species,  for  all  time.”    

Leopardo  Construction  (2008)  Smart  Construction:  Economical  Building  Solutions  to  offset  soaring  material  prices.    

Retrieved  from  http://ww1.prweb.com/prfiles/2008/08/14/203997/smartconstruction.pdf  

This  paper  provides  ten  insider  tips  for  building  smarter,  saving  money,  and  getting  the  most  out  of  a  contractor.  The  continual  rise  of  material  costs  is  driving  the  prices  of  construction  projects  higher  and  this  paper  aims  to  help  consumers  to  improve  the  efficiency  of    projects  with  a  variety  of  cost  saving  recommendations.  These  recommendations  include  smarter  choices  for  materials,  green  products  and  systems,  buying  in  bulk  and  from  local  manufacturers.  The  ideas  in  the  paper  are  relevant  to  the  topic  of  zero  waste  in  construction  because  they  intend  to  change  how  consumers  approach  a  project,  encouraging  a  more  proactive  and  involved  approach  to  affect  real  change  in  individual  projects;  requiring  greater  responsibility  of  the  contractors  and  developers  on  behalf  of  more  aware  consumers.    

Trustee,  W.  (no  date).  Sustainable  Building:  A  Materials  Perspective,  Canada  Mortgage  and  Housing  Corporation  

Retrieved  from  http://www.cmhc-­‐schl.gc.ca/en/inpr/bude/himu/coedar/upload/Sustainable-­‐Building-­‐A-­‐Materials-­‐Perspective.pdf  

This  CMHC  publication  addresses  the  area  of  ‘green’  building  materials  and  how  to  access  reliable  information  about  individual  products.  Builders  and  designers  require  accurate  information  and  this  article  assists  them  by  highlighting  information  sources  and  tools  that  can  help  in  the  search.  It  also  discusses  the  importance  and  environmental  merits  of  structural  and  

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envelope  materials  on  a  life  cycle  basis.  Finally  it  attempts  to  look  at  the  broader  questions  of  what  constitutes  ‘green’,  and  what  sustainability  means  in  the  context  of  building  design  decisions  and  material  choices.  The  choice  of  sustainable  and  durable  materials  is  of  the  utmost  importance  in  reducing  waste  over  the  lifetime  of  a  building  and  thus  is  an  important  topic  in  the  discussion  of  a  zero  waste  initiative.  

Terrachoice  Group  Inc.  (2010).  The  Sins  of  Greenwashing:  Home  and  Family  addition.    

Retrieved  from  http://sinsofgreenwashing.org/findings/greenwashing-­‐report-­‐2010/    

The  report  is  written  based  on  researchers  going  into  major  retailers  across  North  American,  the  United  Kingdom  and  Australia  and  quantifying  the  products  that  make  green  claims  and  then  categorizing  them  into  verifiable  and  provable  claims.  The  article  outlines  the  dramatic  increase  in  claims  of  “green”  products.  This  article  is  important  for  understanding  that  there  are  a  wide  variety  of  claims  made  that  may  or  may  not  be  true  regarding  the  environmentally  responsible  nature  of  products.  Consumers  can  have  a  dramatic  effect  on  how  products  are  developed  and  manufactured  but  also  need  to  understand  that  the  labelling  of  products  can  be  misleading  and  requires  further  investigation.  

 Phillips,  D,  (2010).  Creative  Houses  from  Reclaimed  Stuff.    

Retrieved  from  http://www.ted.com/talks/dan_phillips_creative_houses_from_reclaimed_stuff.html  

This  lecture  and  visual  presentation  by  Dan  Phillips  takes  viewers  through  various  homes  he  has  built  in  the  southern  United  States.  He  builds  entirely  with  recycled  and  reclaimed  materials  to  create  innovative  and  creative  designs.    He  argues  that  nature  is  not  as  orderly  as  we  desire  our  subdivisions  and  houses  to  be  and  that  we  must  embrace  randomness  and  differences  in  our  designs  if  we  are  to  get  over  our  addiction  to  consistently  choosing  new  products.  Building  entirely  with  reclaimed  and  recycled  materials,    Dan  Phillips  has  become    a  successful  home  builder  who  uses  ‘waste’  as  his  primary  building  materials.      

Van  hinte,  E,  Jongert,  J.  and  Peeren,  C.  (2007).  Superuse:  Constructing  New  Architecture  by  Shortcutting  Material  Flows.  010  Publishers,  Rotterdam.  

This  book  and  associated  web  site  (www.superuse.org)  provides  many  examples  of  what  the  authors  call  Superuse,  ‘the  reuse  and  creative  construction  of  buildings  by  materials  that  are  in  their  second  or  third  life  iteration.’    The  book  is  filled  with  examples  including  recycling  diapers  for  the  super  absorbent  polymers  that  will  not  biodegrade  in  landfills  but  can  be  reused  as  soil  additives.  They  also  created  the  idea  of  the  'harvest  map'  which  is  a  general  map  of  the  area  surrounding  a  construction  site  which  shows  potential  materials  that  can  be  reclaimed,  reused  or  salvaged.  This  map  can  help  to  lower  the  transportation  costs  associated  with  reusing  building  components.  It  is  a  practical  and  inspiring  book  about  building  new  buildings  with  surplus  or  otherwise  waste  materials.  

Schenk,  R.  (2009).  The  Outlook  and  Opportunity  for  Type  III  Environmental  Product  Declarations  in  the  United  States  of  America:  A  policy  white  paper.    

Retrieved  from  http://www.lcacenter.org/pdf/Outlook-­‐for-­‐Type-­‐III-­‐Ecolabels-­‐in-­‐the-­‐USA.pdf  

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This  white  paper  addresses  the  use  of  environmental  product  declarations  (EPDs)  which  are  becoming  more  popular  around  the  world,  and  will  create  a  legal  barrier  to  trade  for  North  American  without  the  development  EPD  structure.  EPDs  are  ecolabels  that  measure  and  disclose  the  environmental  performance  of  products,  much  like  a  nutrition  label.  This  report  addresses  the  important  role  these  labels  can  represent  for  consumer  education  and  environmental  protection  based  on  required  disclosure  of  the  product’s  lifecycle,  from  birth  to  final  product.  This  is  an  important  topic  for  resource  and  waste  management  because  of  the  global  nature  of  the  economy  and  the  increasing  demand  for  environmentally  responsible  products.  

Falk,  R.,  &  McKeever,  D.  (2004).  Recovering  Wood  for  Reuse  and  Recycling,  A  United  States  Perspective.    

Retrieved  from  http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2004/fpl_2004_falk001.pdf    

This  report  provides  a  statistics  outline  of  wastage  patterns  for  wood  in  the  United  States.  The  report  provides  a  comprehensive  overview  of  wood  waste  as  well  as  construction  and  demolition  waste,  providing  recovery  and  disposal  rates  for  various  qualities  of  wood.  As  well,  the  report  covers  current  recycling  and  reuse  activities  and  discusses  future  opportunities,  barriers,  and  predicted  trends.    

Olson,  B.  D.  (2011).  Residential  Building  Material  Reuse  in  Sustainable  Construction.    

Retrieved  from  https://research.wsulibs.wsu.edu:8443/xmlui/bitstream/handle/2376/3479/Olson_wsu_0251E_10257.pdf?sequence=1    

This  is  a  PhD  thesis  from  Washington  State  University  which  examines  residential  building  from  a  life  cycle  perspective  and  quantifies  their  average  life  spans  based  on  the  era  they  were  constructed.  Dr.  Olson  proposes  that  the  lifetime  of  the  building’s  materials  can  be  extended  through  reuse  and  that  critical  opportunities  to  maximize  reuse  should  be  identified.  Hollow  fasteners  used  to  join  dimension  lumber  are  targeted  as  a  key  area  to  optimize  reuse  and  thus  the  impact  of  fasteners  on  material  damage  is  examined.    

Gorgolewski,  M.,  Straka,  V.,  Edmonds,  J.  &  Sergio,  C.  (2008)  Facilitating  Greater  Reuse  and  Recycling  of  Structural  Steel  in  the  Construction    and  Demolition  Process  

Retrieved  from  http://www.arch.ryerson.ca/wp-­‐content/uploads/2011/05/Gorgolewski-­‐Reuse_steel_final_report.pdf  

This  is  a  report  for  a  project  at  Ryerson  University  that  aimed  to  develop  a  greater  understanding  of  the  materials  flows  in  the  steel  construction  industry  and  using  this  knowledge  to  provide  tools  that  facilitate  greater  reuse  and  recycling  of  steel  components.  It  includes  some  analysis  of  the  potential  carbon  savings  from  steel  reuse,  and  provides  case  studies  and  information  papers  to  facilitate  steel  reuse  in  construction.  

7. Best  Practice  McDonough,  W.,  (2005).  Cradle  to  Cradle  Design  [Video  file].    

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Retrieved  from  http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/william_mcdonough_on_cradle_to_cradle_design.html  

This  video  lecture  is  by  William  McDonough,  an  architect  and  co-­‐author  of  Cradle  to  Cradle.  He  calls  into  question  the  basic  way  in  which  we  design  our  products  and  buildings.  Following  the  principle  that  there  is  no  waste  in  nature,  McDonough  proposes  a  shift  in  how  we  create  our  products  and  is  a  leader  in  the  goals  of  zero  waste.  He  argues  that  buildings  and  products  should  be  designed  to  take  into  account  “all  children,  all  species,  for  all  time.”    

International  Solid  Waste  Association  (2011).  Key  Issue  Paper  on  Waste  Prevention,  Waste  Minimization  and  Resource  Management.    

Retrieved  from  http://www.cricouncil.com/wp-­‐content/uploads/2011/03/ISWA_Key_issue_paper_prevention_final_01.pdf  

This  publication  by  the  International  Solid  Waste  Association  addresses  the  multitude  of  changes  that  have  taken  place  in  the  waste  management  industry  in  the  past  several  decades.  It  proposes  a  way  forward  with  an  emphasis  on  changing  our  ideas  of  waste  starting  with  considering  all  waste  a  potential  resource.    The  report  includes  9  potential  instruments  to  drive  change  in  waste  prevention,  minimization  and  resource  management.  This  is  significant  to  the  CRI  objectives  because  the  report  strives  to  change  the  fundamental  view  we  have  of  waste  from  something  to  be  discarded  to  something  that  has  value  as  a  resource.  

City  of  New  York  Department  of  Design  and  Construction  (2003).  Construction  and  Demolition  Waste  Manual.    

Retrieved  from  http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/waste.pdf  

This  document  has  the  goal  of  aiding  builders  and  designers  in  the  reduction,  recycling  and  reuse  of  construction  and  demolition  waste  and  the  diversion  of  such  waste  from  landfills.  It  is  an  example  of  a  major  North  American  city  attempting  to  guide  and  adapt  the  resource  management  policies  and  actions  of  its  citizens  and  companies  that  operate  within  their  jurisdiction.  The  document  provides  a  general  overview  of  waste  management  pathways  in  NYC,  as  well  as  implementation  strategies  for  designers,  builders  and  the  Department  of  Design  and  Construction  to  affect  change  in  these  avenues.  This  is  relevant  to  the  goals  of  net  zero  waste  in  construction  because  it  provides  best  practice  guidelines  for  various  stakeholders  attempting  to  address  the  problem  of  construction  and  demolition  waste  in  one  of  the  largest  cities  in  the  USA.  

Forsythe,  P.  (2007).  Understanding  the  Drivers  of  Housing  Demolition  Method  Selection:  A  Waste  Management  Perspective.    

Retrieved  from  http://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB18025.pdf  

This  paper  outlines  how  demolition  methods  are  selected  for  residential  housing  projects.  The  specific  focus  is  on  how  the  selection  process  positively  or  negatively  affects  the  outcome  of  the  waste  diversion  process.  The  aim  is  to  improve  waste  management  on  these  sites  since  a  lot  of  valuable  material  is  sent  directly  to  landfill  that  might  otherwise  be  usable  in  other  parts  of  the  construction  industry  as  reused  materials.  A  model  is  presented  within  the  paper  for  improving  and  studying  the  waste  recovery  of  such  sites.  

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Jeffery,  C.  (2011).  Construction  and  demolition  Waste  recycling:  a  Literature  review.    

Retrieved  from  http://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sustainability/Construction_Demolition_Waste_Recycling.pdf    

This  literature  review  outlines  a  wide  variety  of  policies  and  practices  from  North  America  and  Europe.    It  focuses  on  the  products  that  are  being  dealt  with  successfully  and  highlights  successful  initiatives  that  are  transferable  to  other  regions.    It  has  a  particular  focus  on  the  Halifax  region  since  the  paper  was  written  at  Dalhousie  University  and  the  authors  strive  to  implement  the  changes  as  much  as  possible  to  the  local  region.    This  is  an  excellent  and  up  to  date  resource  for  finding  more  information  on  policy  and  practices  with  construction  and  demolition  waste  around  the  western  world.    

United  Nations  Environmental  Programme  -­‐  International  Resource  Panel.    Decoupling  Natural  Resource  Use  and  Environmental  Impacts  from  Economic  Growth.    

Retrieved  from  http://www.unep.org/resourcepanel/decoupling/files/pdf/Decoupling_Factsheet_English.pdf  

This  brief  factsheet  describes  resource  decoupling,  impact  decoupling,  relative  decoupling  and,  finally,  absolute  reductions  of  resources  use.    The  factsheet  describes  why  decoupling  is  important  in  relation  to  resources  and  overall  economic  growth  (ie.  use  of  natural  resources  increased  eight-­‐fold  but  in  the  same  time  costs  have  decreased  by  30%).  This  is  not  a  sustainable  way  to  manage  resources.  The  factsheet  finishes  by  outlining  the  problems  decoupling  can  address,  the  challenges  it  can  expect  to  encounter  and  also  the  potential  of  decoupling  resources  use  from  pure  economic  growth.    

Architecture  for  Humanity  (2006).  Design  Like  You  Give  A  Damn:  Architectural  Responses  to  Humanitarian  Crisis.  Metropolis  books,  Los  Angeles.  

This  is  a  handbook  for  those  committed  to  building  a  sustainable  future.  The  book  includes  projects  from  all  over  the  world  with  design  solutions  to  alleviate  problems  such  as  lack  of  adequate  housing,  education,  clean  water,  and  renewable  energy.  Innovative  products  and  materials  are  profiled  and  case  studies  of  buildings  designed  with  local  products,  and  waste  materials  including  design  schematics.  This  book  demonstrates  ways  that  positive  change  can  be  affected  in  places  in  need  through  innovative  ideas  developed  from  around  the  world.  

Nisbet,  M.,  Venta,  G.,  &  Foo,  S.  (No  Date).    Demolition  and  Deconstruction:  Review  of  the  Current  Status  of  Reuse  and  Recycling  of  Building  Materials.    

 Retrieved  from  ftp://ftp.tech-­‐env.com/pub/Retrofit/AWMA%20paper_WM1b.pdf    

This  report,  written  by  government  and  private  sector,  examines  the  progress  of  waste  diversion  by  recycling  in  Canada  and  the  United  States.  The  report  outlines  the  technical,  economic,  and  political  influences  that  promote  and  retard  the  development  of  the  recycling  industry  in  North  America  as  compared  to  European  countries.  This  report  focuses  on  recycling  of  five  major  building  materials:  concrete,  steel,  non-­‐ferrous  metals,  gypsum,  and  wood.  Key  

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conclusions  indicate  that  demolition  management,  government  policy,  and  market  drivers  are  all  integral  to  achieving  high  material  recovery  rates.    

Canadian  Home  Builders  Association.  (2010).  CHBA  Policy  Position  on  Construction  and  Demolition  Waste  Management  and  Extended  Producer  Responsibility.    

Retrieved  from  http://www.chba.ca/uploads/policy%20archive/2010/epr&wastemanagementpolicyposition-­‐mar3-­‐10.pdf    

This  report  outlines  the  position  of  the  Canadian  Home  Builders  Association  on  strategies  and  regulatory  mechanisms  needed  to  increase  waste  diversion  from  landfill.  The  issues  of  construction,  renovation/retrofit,  and  demolition  waste  from  residential  buildings  and  communities  are  the  focus  of  this  report.    As  well,  this  report  comes  as  a  response  to  the  2009  approval  for  the  Canadian  Council  of  Minister  of  the  Environment  (CCME)  to  develop  a  Canada-Wide Action Plan for Extended Producer Responsibility, offering consultation for the development and execution of effective waste management policies.

Public  Work  and  Government  Services  Canada.  (2000).  The  Environmentally  Responsible  Construction  and  Renovation  Handbook.    

Retrieved  from    http://www.tpsgc-­‐pwgsc.gc.ca/biens-­‐property/gd-­‐env-­‐cnstrctn/index-­‐eng.html    

This  downloadable  book  gives  a  comprehensive  guide  to  sustainable  construction  and  renovation  by  Public  Work  and  Government  Services  Canada.  However,  chapters  8  and  9  focus  on  the  issue  of  construction,  renovation,  and  demolition  waste.  Chapter  8  gives  the  context  of  the  waste  problem  and  outlines  ideas  for  waste  management  strategies.  While  chapter  9  provides  a  more  practical  outline  of  cost-­‐benefit  and  examples  of  successfully  integrated  waste  management  strategies.    

Wimalasena,  B.A.D.S.  (2011).  A  Planning  Tool  for  Construction  Waste  Management.    

This  document  is  a  Doctor  of  Philosophy  thesis  from  the  University  of  Calgary,  Department  of  Engineering  which  proposes  a  new  planning  tool  for  on-­‐site  waste  management.  The  author  uses  a  computer  simulation  model  to  determine  the  extent  of  construction  waste  generated  on  a  construction  project  and  uses  cost-­‐benefit  parameters  to  determine  the  most  effective  waste  management  avenues.  The  model  then  simulates  with  the  integration  of  waste  management  strategies  and  information  from  an  on-­‐site  activity  schedule.  The  integration  of  simulation  with  on-­‐site  schedule  data  is  argued  to  increase  the  effectiveness  and  ease  of  waste  management  for  construction  professionals.      

Industry  Canada,  Canadian  Manufacturers  and  Exporters,  and  Supply  Chain  and  Logistics  Association  of  Canada.  (No  Date).  Green  Supply  Chain  Management:  Manufacturing-­‐  A  Canadian  Perspective.    

Retrieved  from  http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/dsib-­‐logi.nsf/vwapj/pg00032_eng.pdf/$file/pg00032_eng.pdf  

This  is  a  joint  publication  from  Industry  Canada,  Canadian  Manufacturers  and  Exporters,  and  Supply  Chain  and  Logistics  Association  of  Canada.  The  report  synthesizes  the  Canadian  manufacturing  perspective  of  the  future  outlook  for  adopting  corporate  and  environmental  

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responsible  practices.  This  report  concludes  that  there  are  business  benefits  and  discusses  how  all  levels  of  business  can  financially  benefit  from  Green  Supply  Chain  Management.    

Canadian  Construction  Association.  (2001).  A  Best  Practice  Guide  to  Solid  Waste  Reduction.      

Retrieved  from:  http://www.cca-­‐acc.com/pdfs/en/members-­‐only/cca81.pdf    

A  Standard  Construction  Document,  the  Canadian  Construction  Association  published  this  report  to  provide  industry  members  with  useful  advice  on  approaching  construction,  renovation,  and  demolition  waste  issues  in  Canada.  The  report  outlines  opportunities  and  barriers  for  waste  diversion  through  the  waste  hierarchy  for  major  construction  materials.  As  well  it  provides  tools  and  recommendations  for  waste  management  strategies  and  a  background  of  the  role  of  regulatory  framework  in  promoting/demoting  such  strategies.