Annex A: Technical Data Matching - Skills Ireland · Annex A: Technical Data Matching As explained...

ALL- ISLAND SKILLS STUDY

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Annex A: Technical Data MatchingAsexplainedintheintroductionchapter,therehavetodatebeenlimitedinitiativestocombine

economicdataonaNorth-Southbasis.ThereareofcoursegoodreasonswhyNorth-Southeconomic

datahavenotbeenaggregatedtoall-islandlevel.Theseinclude:

Fromapuredemandperspectiveall-islandpolicycollaborationandcloseintegrationofthetwo

economiesareonlyarelativelyrecentphenomenonandthecreationofAll-Islandeconomicdata

wouldnothavebeenrequiredtothesameextentbygovernments,researchersandbusinessesin

bothjurisdictionsasitisnow.

Fromatechnicalperspectiveconcernsaboutdatainteroperabilityhaverightlyheldback

statisticiansfromsimplyaddingtogetherdataacrossbothjurisdictions.Infactthiscautiousstance

ispreferableasthedeficienciesofmergedbutincomparableNorth-Southdatasetswoulddiscredit

theprocessofdevelopingall-islanddata.

Reporting latest data and forecasts: Considerableamountsofdatarelatedtothisresearchhad

alreadybeencollectedandkindlyprovidedbygovernmentstatisticiansNorthandSouth.However

thisexercisewasundertakensome6-9monthsbeforethetimeofwritingthisreportandthrough

thecourseofthisresearchsomeofthesedatahavebeenrevisedanddataformorerecentperiods

havebeenpublished.Giventheunderstandablepreferencetopresentthemostcurrentup-to-date

picture,themostrecentdatahavebeencollected.ThelatestOxfordEconomicsNI,Irelandand

internationalforecastsareprovidedinthereport(July2008).

International comparators: InordertobenchmarkNorthernIreland,Irelandandtheall-island

economy,internationalcomparisonsareprovidedthroughoutthereport.Thechoiceofinternational

comparisoncountriesisbasedonamixofEuropeanandnon-Europeanindustrialisedeconomies

bothlargeandsmallandoneemergingeconomy,China.

Data sources and North-South similarities/differences

TableA.1belowsetsoutthemaindatasourcesineachjurisdictionforeachindicatorpresentedinthe

mainreport.Indicatorsarelistedintheordertheyarepresented.Thefocushereisonlyonofficial

historical/actualdatasourcesandnotforecasts.Comparabilityofforecastingresearchisdealtwithin

AnnexD.

Notealsothatthisannexdoesnotincludesourcesforinternationalcomparatordataoradiscussionof

datasimilarities/differences.Thelatterisnotnecessaryasonlydirectlycomparableinternationaldata

arepresentedinthemainreport.

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TableA.1includesacolumnonclassificationofdatacomparability.Thisclassificationisbasedonthe

‘AtlasoftheIslandofIreland’categoriesofdatasetsthatcanbeexactlyor99percentmatched,

alignedsotheybroadlymatch,part-matchedandareworthyofincludingforcontextanddatasetsthat

havenoequivalent.Byandlargetheconclusionsondatacomparabilityaregenerallyconsistentwith

Forfás/DEL’soriginalclassification.AnadditionalcolumnisincludedinTableA.1toidentify‘notesof

caution’withusingdata–seedetailsatthebottomofTableA.1onthesenotes.

ThekeymessagesfromTableA.1arethat:

North-Southdataforhalfoftheindicatorsalreadymatchexactlyandcanbesummedtogetherto

produceatall-islandfigures;

Anumberofkeyotherindicatorscanbealignedtomatchandaggregate–GDP/GVA,occupations

andhighesteducationattainment/qualificationlevelsoftheworking-agepopulationandpersons

inemployment;

Anumberofotherindicatorspart-matchandprovideaninformativeNorth-Southcomparison,ifnot

quitematchingsufficientlyatthisstageforaggregatingatall-islandlevel;and

Someotherindicatorsdonotyethaveequivalentdatasetsormethodologiestocollectthedata.

Table A.1: Key North-South data sources and classification of comparability

IndicatorDate source

Classification of comparability

Note of cautionIreland Northern Ireland Oxford Economics

Economic context

Totalpopulation CSO NISRA Exactly(or99%)matched

Netmigration CSO NISRA Exactly(or99%)matched

Naturalincrease(birthsanddeaths)

CSO NISRA Exactly(or99%)matched

Populationbyageband CSO NISRA Exactly(or99%)matched

Populationbygender CSO NISRA Exactly(or99%)matched

GDPatcurrentmarketprices

CSO ONSRegionalAccountsandOxfordEconomics

Alignedtomatch *

GDP/GVAatconstantmarketprices

CSO ONSRegionalAccountsandOxfordEconomics

Alignedtomatch

VATregistrations IrishRevenueCommissioners

BERR Exactly(or99%)matched

*

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IndicatorDate source

Classification of comparability

Note of cautionIreland Northern Ireland Oxford Economics

Entrepreneurialactivity GEM GEM Exactly(or99%)matched

Innovation ForfásCommunityInnovationSurvey

DETIInnovationSurvey Exactly(or99%)matched

*

Skills/labour market context

Totalemployment CSOQNHS DETILFS Exactly(or99%)matched

Working-ageemploymentrate

CSOQNHS DETILFS Exactly(or99%)matched

Unemploymentrate CSOQNHS DETILFS Exactly(or99%)matched

Economicallyinactiverate CSOQNHS DETILFS Part-matched *

Working-agebyhighesteducationattainment/qualification

CSOQNHS DETILFS Alignedtomatch

Earnings CSONationalEmploymentSurvey

DETIAnnualSurveyofHoursandEarnings

(ASHE)

Exactly(or99%)matched

Earnings(recentgraduates)

HEA HESA Exactly(or99%)matched

ProgrammeforInternationalStudentAssessment(PISA)

OECD OECD Exactly(or99%)matched

Schoolleaverhighesteducationattainment

ESRISchoolLeavers'Survey

DENIAnnualSchoolLeavers'Survey

Part-matched *

Schoolleaverhighesteducationdestination

ESRISchoolLeavers'Survey

DENIAnnualSchoolLeavers'Survey

Part-matched *

Demand for skills

Employmentbyindustry CSOQNHS DETILFS Exactly(or99%)matched

Employmentbyoccupation


Employmentbyhighesteducationattainment/qualification


Vacancies(total) FÁS,IrishTimesandIrishjobs.ie

DEL Part-matched *

Vacancies(hard-to-fill) FÁS/ESRI DELNISkillsMonitoringSurvey

Part-matched *

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Indicator Date sourceClassification of

comparabilityNote of cautionIreland Northern Ireland Oxford Economics

Skillshortages QualitativeonlyfromFÁS/EGFSN

DELNISkillsMonitoringSurvey

Noequivalentdataset

Skillgaps None DELNISkillsMonitoringSurvey

Noequivalentdataset

Utilisationofskills None NISkillsatWork Noequivalentdataset

Genericskills/softskills/crosscuttingskills

None NISkillsatWork Noequivalentdataset

Classification colour coding:Exactly(or99%)matched

Alignedtomatch

Part-matched

Noequivalentdataset

Explanation of note of caution:

GDPatcurrentmarketprices: GDPversusGNP.

VATregistrations: DifferencesinVATturnoverthresholds.

Innovation: Potentialdifferencesinresponseratesacrossthejurisdictions

whichmayreducerepresentativenessofsamples.

Economicallyinactiverate: Excludefemales60-64fromNorthernIrelandeconomically

inactive–includedforIreland.

Schoolleaverhighest

educationattainment:

North-Southeducationattainmentlevelsarenotwholly

comparableatthelevelofdetailprovided.

Schoolleaverhighest

educationdestination:

AlthoughNorth-Southdestinationsarebroadlycomparable,

thedifferenceintimingoftherespectivesurveysmeanthat

destinationresultsarenotdirectlycomparable.TheIreland

surveyisnormallyundertaken12-18monthsafterstudents

leaveschool(thoughthemostrecentonewas20-24months

after.)TheNIsurveyisnormallytaken6monthsafterthe

studentleaveschool.

Vacancies(totalandhard-to-fill): Basedondifferentoccupationclassifications(SOC1990and

SOC2000).


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TableA.2summarisesthemainsimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenNorth-Southdataforeach

indicator.Keydifferencesworthyofnote,whicharethefocusofthematchingdatasectionnext,are:

GDPdatanotavailableforNI,norisaconstantpriceGVAatbasicpriceseries;

Differentoccupationclassification–Ireland’semploymentdatabyoccupationfromtheQNHS

areclassifiedbySOC1990andNIoccupationdata,since2001,areclassifiedbythemorerecent

SOC2000classification;and

Differenteducationattainment/qualificationclassificationofworking-agepopulationandpersons

inemployment.

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Table A.2: Key North-South data similarities and differences

Indicator Similarities Differences

Economic context

Totalpopulation Annualestimatesrefertobroadlythesamepointduringtheyear–Ireland(April);NI(June).

LinkedtoCensuspopulationfigures.

CSOcountallpersonspresentondayofCensusinIreland;inNINISRAcountusuallyresidentpopulation.

Thisisaminordifference–themagnitudeofthedifferencehasbeeninvestigatedandisverysmall,andCSOaremovingtothesamedefinitionasNISRAfrom2007onwards.

Netmigration Annualgrossflowscounteduptobroadlysamepointinyear–Ireland(April);NI(June).

Methodologiesusebroadlysamesourcessuchashealthregistrationsandpassengersurveys.

Naturalincrease(birthsanddeaths)

Annualbirthsanddeathscounteduptobroadlysamepointinyear–Ireland(April);NI(June).

Methodologiesusebroadlysamesources(returnstolocalregistrars).

CSOincludebirthstonon-residentmothers;NISRAexcludebirthstonon-residentmothers.Thisisaminordifference–thenumberofbirthstonon-residentmothersinIrelandisassumedtobesmall.

Populationbyageband

Seetotalpopulation. Seetotalpopulation.

Populationbygender Seetotalpopulation. Seetotalpopulation.

GDPatcurrentmarketprices

NominalGVAdataavailableinbothjurisdictions.

GDPdatanotavailableforNI,onlyGVA,asregionalindirecttaxminussubsidiesdataarenotavailableatregionallevel.

IrelandGDPmeasuredinEuro,NIGVAmeasuredin£sterling.

Ireland’sGVA/GDPincludessubstantialexpatriatedprofitelement(approximately15percentofGDP).

Purchasingpowerparity(PPP)differenceswerenotconsideredaspartofthisstudy.

GDP/GVAatconstantmarketprices

NIconstantpriceGVAdata(usedtocalculateeconomicgrowthofNIeconomy)notavailablefromONSRegionalAccounts,onlycurrentpricedata.OxfordEconomicsestimateaconstantpriceGVAseriesforNIusingUKindustrydeflators.


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VATregistrations DataavailableacrossjurisdictionsforVATregisteredbusinessstock,newregistrationsandde-registrations.

IrelandandNIhavedifferentVATturnoverthresholdswhich,basedontherecommendationoftheIrishRevenueCommissioners,wouldmakecomparisonsmisleading.

NIVATturnoverthresholdis£67kfromApril2008(previously£64kinApril2007and£61kpreviously).Irelandthresholdis€35kforbusinessessupplyingservicesand€70kforcompaniessupplyinggoods.

Entrepreneurialactivity

DataforbothjurisdictionsfromGlobalEnterpriseMonitor(GEM)basedonthesamemethodologicalapproach,applyingthesamedefinitionsandavailableforthesameyear.

Innovation DatacollectedusingthesameEU-wideapproachandapplyingthesamedefinitions(CommunityInnovationSurvey).

FDI Notimmediatelyavailableinbothjurisdictions.

Labour market and skills context

Totalemployment Thetwosources(QNHSandLFS)usethesameILOdefinitionofemployment,measurepeopleinemploymentasopposedtojobsandthedatapresentedarenotseasonallyadjusted.

Annualestimatesrefertobroadlysamepointinyear–Ireland(Q2);NI(Spring).

NILFShasasmallersamplesizethantheQNHSwhichmakesitsestimatesmorevolatile.

Working-ageemploymentrate

Assumeacomparableworking-agedefinitionconsistentwithEurostat(maleandfemale15-64).

StrictlyspeakingNIworking-agedefinitionismales16-64andfemales16-59althoughtheUKworking-agemaychangeinfuturewithanincreaseintheageofretirement.

Economicallyinactiverate

Numberofeconomicallyinactiveinbothjurisdictionscalculatedasworking-agepopulationminusworking-ageemployedandunemployed.Denominatorforinactivityrateinbothjurisdictionsisworking-agepopulation.


Usethetypicalworking-agedefinitionforNIasintheauthor’sview,includinginactivefemalesaged60-64forwouldover-estimateeconomicinactivityinNI.

Working-agebyhighesteducationattainment/qualification

Basedoncomparablesources(QNHSandLFS)andreferstohighesteducationattainment/qualificationlevel.


Differenteducationattainment/qualificationclassification(thoughcanbealignedtoISCEDcategories).

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Earnings Dataavailableinbothjurisdictionsformediangrossweeklywagesoffull-timeandpart-timejobsforthesameyearandacrossthesamerangeofsectors.

IrelandwagesmeasuredinEuro,NIwagesmeasuredin£sterling(canbeeasilyconvertedtoacommoncurrency).

Purchasingpowerparity(PPP)differenceswerenotconsideredaspartofthisstudy.

Graduateearnings Dataavailableforthesameyearandforcomparablelevelsoftertiaryattainment.

HEAGraduateSurveyundertaken9monthsaftergraduation;HESAFirstDestinationLeaverSurveyundertaken6monthsaftergraduation(thisisnotconsideredtobeasignificantdifferenceasahighproportionofpayrisesareunlikelybetweenmonths6and9ofthefirstyearofgraduateemployment).

ProgrammeforInternationalStudentAssessment(PISA)

Datacollectedusingthesameinternationalapproach,applyingthesamedefinitionsandproducingthesamesetofresults.

Resultsavailableforthesameyear.

Schoolleaverhighesteducationattainmentanddestination

Destinationcategoriesmatchclosely(furtherstudy,employmentetc.).

Resultsavailableforthesameyear.

Differenteducationattainmentlevels(insufficientattainmentdetailispublishedtomatch).

AlthoughNorth-Southdestinationsarebroadlycomparable,thedifferenceintimingoftherespectivesurveysmeanthatdestinationresultsarenotdirectlycomparable.Ireland’ssurveyisnormallyundertaken12-18monthsafterstudentsleaveschool(thoughthemostrecentonewas20-24monthsafter).TheNIsurveyisundertaken6monthsafterstudentsleave.

Demand for skills

Employmentbyindustry

Thetwosources(QNHSandLFS)usethesameILOdefinitionofemployment.


Industrialclassificationinbothjurisdictionsisdifferent(Ireland–NACEandNI–SIC)butanECregulationwasmadein1990toensurethatSIC2003followsNACEexactlyupto4-digitlevel(wherenecessaryandhelpful,SICaddsanextra5thdigitofdetailbut5-digitemploymentdataarenotofinteresttothisstudy).

NILFShasasmallersamplesizewhichmakesestimatesmorevolatile.


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Employmentbyoccupation

Thetwosources(QNHSandLFS)usethesameILOdefinitionofemployment.


Occupationclassificationintwojurisdictionsisdifferent(Ireland–SOC1990andNI–SOC2000)AccordingtotheONS,thoughtheSOC2000classificationstillhasasimilarnumberofmajorgroups,therehavebeenconsiderablechangeswhichmeansthatitisnotpossibletomakeameaningfulcomparison.(Themainfeaturesoftherevisionincluded:atighterdefinitionofmanagerialoccupations;overhaulofcomputingandrelatedoccupations;introductionofspecificoccupationsassociatedwiththeenvironmentandconservation;changeslinkedtotheupgradingofskillsbutde-skillingofmanufacturingprocesses;andrecognitionofthedevelopmentofcustomerserviceoccupationsandemergenceofremoteserviceprovisionthroughtheoperationofcallcentres)Themainpriorityoftherevisedclassificationwastobringitup-to-datetoreflectchangesinsociety,industryandoccupations.Backcastingisdifficultbecauseitisnotmeaningfultoapplyaclassificationwithnewoccupationstodataforatimeperiodwhichdidnothavethesenewoccupations.

SOC1990and2000occupationscanhoweverbealigned(providedsufficientdetailisavailable)usingtheONSandCSOSOCtoISCO88mappingframeworks.

Employmentbyhighesteducationattainment/qualification

Basedoncomparablesources(QNHSandLFS)andreferstohighesteducationattainment/qualificationlevel.


Differenteducationattainment/qualificationclassification(thoughcanbealignedtoISCEDcategories).

Vacancies(total) DataavailableforsameyearandFÁS&DELsourcesandmethodologiesarebroadlycomparable.

Differentoccupationalclassificationforcomparingvacanciesbyoccupation(SOC1990andSOC2000).

Vacancies(hard-to-fill)

DataavailableforsameyearandFÁS/ESRI&DELNISkillsMonitoringsurveysourcesandmethodologiesarebroadlycomparable.

Differentoccupationalclassificationforcomparingvacanciesbyoccupation(SOC1990andSOC2000).

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Skillshortages Notimmediatelyavailableforbothjurisdictions.

Labourshortages Notimmediatelyavailableforbothjurisdictions.

Skillgaps Notimmediatelyavailableforbothjurisdictions.

Utilisationofskills Notimmediatelyavailableforbothjurisdictions.

Genericskills/softskills/crosscuttingskills Notimmediatelyavailableforbothjurisdictions.

Methodology to Match North-South data

Asoutlinedabove,thethreemainareaswhereithasbeennecessarytoaligndatatoensurematching

areasfollows.(2)and(3)areparticularlycriticaltothiswork.

1. NIGDPandconstantpriceGVAseries;

2. Occupations;and

3. Highesteducationattainment/qualificationlevel.

(1) NI GDP and constant price GVA series

SincetheEuropeanSystemofAccounts(ESA95)wasintroduced,GDPatmarketpriceshasbecome

theprimarymeasureofthevalueofeconomicoutputandforinternationalcomparisons,andisalsoa

keyindicatorforidentifyingregionseligibleforEUstructuralfundingsupport.

GDPatmarketpricesisavailableforIrelandbutnotNI.ThisisbecauseabreakdownofUKindirect

taxesandsubsidiesisnotavailableregionally,andunderstandablyso.(GDPatmarketpricesisequal

toGVAatbasicpricesplusindirecttaxesminussubsidies).

WhileGVAatbasicprices/factorcostisavailableforbothjurisdictions,itisconsideredpreferableto

estimateamoreinternationallycomparableAll-Islandfigure(GDPatmarketprices).Itispossibleto

estimateGDPatmarketpricesforNIbyfollowingEurostat’sapproachtopro-rata,usingpopulation

shares,thevalueofnationalindirecttaxesminussubsidiesacrossthe12UKregions12.Thisisthe

approachadoptedinthisstudyalthoughthismayover-estimateNI’sGDPperheadasitwilllikely

allocatetoomuchofsouthernEngland’sindirecttaxesandnotdeductenoughofNI’ssubsidies.

CommoncurrencyfiguresareeasilycalculatedusingECBaverageyearexchangerates.Producing

PPPGDPfigures,whichcouldbedoneusingUKandIrelandPPPratiosfromEurostat,isbeyondthe

scopeofthisstudy.

OneadditionalissueworthflaggingupinrelationtoGDPisthelargedifferencebetweenIreland’sGDP

andGNPduetothelargenetnegativeoutflowsofnetfactorincomeofapproximately€25bnin2006

or15percentofGDP.Theseflowslargelyrepresentrepatriationofprofitsoverseaswhichstrictly

12 Eurostat Regional Yearbook 2007, pg 31 (Methodological notes).


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speaking,arenotpartofthewealthofIrishresidents.Chapter2showsthatGDPperheadinIrelandis

over50percenthigherthanthecomparativeNIfigureincommoncurrencyterms.IfIrelandGNPper

headiscomparedtoNIGDPperhead,thedifferencefallsto35percent.GDPisusedatmarketprice

figuresforNIandIrelandasitisnotpossibletoestimateGNPforNI13,whichwhilenotstrictly

measuringnationalwealth,doesmeasurenationaloutput.

OxfordEconomics’constantpriceGVAseriesforNIisusedtomeasureratesofeconomicgrowth.

ThisiscalculatedusingONSRegionalAccountscurrentpriceGVAdatabysector,deflatedbythe

respectiveUKindustrydeflators.

(2) Occupations

AsstatedinTableA.2,occupationclassificationsinthetwojurisdictionsdiffer.Ireland’sQNHSisstill

basedonSOC1990whileNI’sLFSmadethetransitiontoSOC2000in2001.

AlthoughtheSOC2000classificationstillhasasimilarnumberofmajorgroups,therehavebeen

considerablechangeswhichmakeameaningfuldirectcomparisonbetweenSOC1990andSOC2000

notpossible.TableA.2shouldbereferredbacktoforthedetaileddifferences.Howeveritispossibleto

alignbothSOC1990andSOC2000occupationstoacommonclassification–ISCO88(International

StandardClassificationofOccupations).ISCO88isalsotheoccupationclassificationusedinthe

CEDEFOPworkon‘FutureskillneedsinEurope’,whichmeansinfutureitwouldtechnicallybe

possibletocompareAll-Islandoccupationforecaststothiswork.Theindividualapproachestakento

alignIrelandandNIoccupationdataareexplainedbelow.

Ireland–startingwith3-digitSOC1990occupationdatafromtheQNHS,convertto3-digitISCO88

occupationsusingCSO’sSOC1990-ISCO88harmonisationframeworkkindlyprovidedbyKieran

Walsh(andfurtheraggregateISCO88occupationsto2-digitand1-digitlevel).

Northern Ireland–ONS’OccupationalInformationUnitkindlyprovidedamappingframeworkto

align4-digitSOC2000occupationsinto4-digitISCO88occupations.Theonlyremainingproblem

isthatNILFSoccupationdata,duetoitslimitedsamplesizeanddisclosurethresholds,isinits

mostdetailedformonlyavailableforalimitednumberof3-digitoccupationsaveragedovera

three-yearperiod.2001Censusoccupationdataarehoweveravailableby4-digitlevelandwas

kindlyobtainedbyDEL.TocircumventthelackofdetailintheLFS,theshareof4-digitSOC2000

occupationsineach2-digitSOC2000occupation,forwhichLFSdataareavailableannually,was

estimatedfromtheCensusandtheseshareswereheldconstantfrom2001onwardstoestimatean

annualseriesof4-digitSOC2000occupations.Theestimateswerecross-checkedwiththelimited

3-digitLFSdatatoidentifyifanyadjustmentstothe‘constantshare’approachwerenecessary.

Itwaspositivetofindfewdiscrepanciessonoadjustmentsweremade.AsforIreland’s

occupations,NIISCO884-digitoccupationswereaggregatedto3-digit,2-digitand1-digitlevel.

Thismeansthatitwaspossibletodevelopahighlydetailed3-digitAll-Islandoccupationdataset.

13 UK net factor income is a much smaller share of GDP, ranging from 0.2 per cent to 0.8 per cent in recent years so it is unlikely that GDP would differ significantly from GNP in NI if GNP could be estimated.

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3-digitISCO88occupationdatafortheAll-Island,IrelandandNIispresentedbelow.

Table A.3: All-Island 3-digit ISCO 88 occupations (2001-2007, 000’s)

Code 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Armedforces 100 10 11 10 10 10 9 12

Legislatorsandseniorgovernmentofficials 111 3 5 5 8 5 5 4

Seniorofficialsofspecial-interestorganisations 114 2 2 3 2 1 2 2

Directorsandchiefexecutives 121 3 5 2 13 8 12 11

Productionandoperationsmanagers 122 281 286 288 280 274 271 273

Otherspecialistmanagers 123 77 79 78 74 82 82 88

Managersofsmallenterprises 131 8 6 7 6 3 7 6

Physicists,chemistsandrelatedprofessionals 211 5 5 5 5 6 6 6

Mathematicians,statisticiansandrelatedprofessionals 212 1 1 1 2 2 1 2

Computingprofessionals 213 30 33 31 34 31 30 31

Architects,engineersandrelatedprofessionals 214 45 47 49 54 56 58 65

Lifescienceprofessionals 221 4 4 4 6 6 5 6

Healthprofessionals(exceptnursing) 222 21 19 23 26 32 24 26

Nursingandmidwiferyprofessionals 223 44 49 51 52 53 55 55

College,universityandhighereducationteachingprofessionals 231 16 19 18 17 20 20 20

Secondaryeducationteachingprofessionals 232 38 44 42 39 45 46 43

Primaryandpre-primaryeducationteachingprofessionals 233 36 41 39 40 40 44 42

Specialeducationteachingprofessionals 234 1 1 2 1 1 1 1

Otherteachingprofessionals 235 17 20 19 22 23 23 22

Businessprofessionals 241 33 40 40 49 46 53 51

Legalprofessionals 242 11 11 12 13 12 15 16

Archivists,librariansandrelatedinformationprofessionals 243 4 3 3 5 4 2 4


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Code 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Socialscienceandrelatedprofessionals 244 6 10 8 12 12 14 15

Writersandcreativeorperformingartists 245 14 13 13 14 16 16 16

Religiousprofessionals 246 6 7 7 8 7 7 8

Publicserviceadministrativeprofessionals 247 13 13 13 13 14 13 12

Physicalandengineeringsciencetechnicians 311 30 31 28 32 30 30 32

Computerassociateprofessionals 312 2 2 2 2 2 2 3

Opticalandelectronicequipmentoperators 313 4 4 5 4 7 5 5

Shipandaircraftcontrollersandtechnicians 314 0 0 3 3 1 2 2

Safetyandqualityinspectors 315 2 3 4 4 4 4 4

Lifesciencetechniciansandrelatedassociateprofessionals 321 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Healthassociateprofessionals(exceptnursing) 322 13 15 13 14 14 16 19

Nursingandmidwiferyassociateprofessionals 323 21 26 25 22 21 24 26

Primaryeducationteachingassociateprofessionals 331 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Pre-primaryeducationteachingassociateprofessionals 332 3 4 4 5 7 7 9

Specialeducationteachingassociateprofessionals 333 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Otherteachingassociateprofessionals 334 3 3 4 4 4 5 3

Financeandsalesassociateprofessionals 341 64 63 70 74 75 80 75

Businessservicesagentsandtradebrokers 342 0 0 0 1 2 1 2

Administrativeassociateprofessionals 343 4 3 7 5 5 4 5

Customs,taxandrelatedgovernmentassociateprofessionals 344 2 1 1 1 1 1 1

Policeinspectorsanddetectives 345 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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Code 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Socialworkassociateprofessionals 346 12 15 16 11 12 14 15

Artistic,entertainmentandsportsassociateprofessionals 347 17 21 19 19 27 26 25

Religiousassociateprofessionals 348 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Secretariesandkeyboard-operatingclerks 411 61 60 58 58 65 67 55

Numericalclerks 412 37 40 40 42 44 42 46

Material-recordingandtransportclerks 413 22 23 20 23 22 24 26

Library,mailandrelatedclerks 414 24 23 24 20 21 24 22

Otherofficeclerks 419 111 126 130 124 123 133 146

Cashiers,tellersandrelatedclerks 421 40 39 42 44 45 44 46

Clientinformationclerks 422 27 28 27 28 28 30 31

Travelattendantsandrelatedworkers 511 7 4 5 4 3 5 5

Housekeepingandrestaurantservicesworkers 512 92 93 102 91 96 105 114

Personalcareandrelatedworkers 513 85 83 93 87 102 112 118

Otherpersonalservicesworkers 514 21 18 23 24 24 27 29

Protectiveservicesworkers 516 26 29 29 31 31 32 37

Fashionandothermodels 521 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Shop,stallandmarketsalespersonsanddemonstrators 522 141 140 152 152 168 171 182

Marketgardenersandcropgrowers 611 14 14 14 14 17 16 15

Animalproducersandrelatedworkers 612 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cropandanimalproducers 613 14 21 17 20 31 16 21

Forestryandrelatedworkers 614 2 1 2 0 1 2 2

Fisheryworkers,huntersandtrappers 615 3 4 3 3 3 2 3

Miners,shotfirers,stonecuttersandcarvers 711 0 0 1 0 1 2 2

Buildingframeandrelatedtradesworkers 712 91 84 101 104 119 126 132

Buildingfinishersandrelatedtradesworkers 713 70 67 75 74 86 99 93

Painters,buildingstructurecleanersandrelatedtradesworkers 714 17 15 17 14 18 18 20


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Code 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Metalmoulders,welders,sheet-metalworkers,structural-metalpreparers,andrelatedtradesworkers 721 22 22 23 20 22 23 23

Blacksmiths,tool-makersandrelatedtradesworkers 722 3 3 3 3 3 3 2

Machinerymechanicsandfitters 723 55 53 56 50 53 56 56

Electricalandelectronicequipmentmechanicsandfitters 724 20 20 21 19 18 20 21

Precisionworkersinmetalandrelatedmaterials 731 1 2 1 0 2 3 2

Potters,glass-makersandrelatedtradesworkers 732 2 3 3 3 2 1 0

Handicraftworkersinwood,textile,leatherandrelatedmaterials 733 3 3 4 4 3 3 3

Craftprintingandrelatedtradesworkers 734 9 8 6 7 7 8 9

Foodprocessingandrelatedtradesworkers 741 14 13 13 12 12 14 11

Woodtreaters,cabinet-makersandrelatedtradesworkers 742 7 7 6 5 4 6 5

Textile,garmentandrelatedtradesworkers 743 6 5 5 3 3 3 3

Pelt,leatherandshoemakingtradesworkers 744 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Miningandmineral-processing-plantoperators 811 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Metal-processingplantoperators 812 3 2 1 2 2 2 1

Glass,ceramicsandrelatedplantoperators 813 2 2 1 1 1 1 1

Wood-processing-andpapermaking-plantoperators 814 3 3 2 1 1 1 1

Chemical-processing-plantoperators 815 13 14 14 11 10 10 10

Power-productionandrelatedplantoperators 816 8 7 8 6 6 8 6

Industrialrobotoperators 817 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Metal-andmineral-productsmachineoperators 821 11 14 15 13 13 14 13

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Code 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Chemical-productsmachineoperators 822 1 1 0 0 0 1 2

Rubber-andplastic-productsmachineoperators 823 8 6 4 3 5 4 4

Wood-productsmachineoperators 824 3 2 2 2 1 1 1

Printing-,binding-andpaper-productsmachineoperators 825 1 0 1 1 0 0 0

Textile-,fur-andleather-productsmachineoperators 826 16 14 11 9 8 8 8

Foodandrelatedproductsmachineoperators 827 21 22 22 16 21 21 22

Assemblers 828 43 33 27 22 22 20 20

Othermachineoperatorsnotelsewhereclassified 829 6 6 6 5 6 6 7

Locomotiveenginedriversandrelatedworkers 831 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Motorvehicledrivers 832 85 90 85 90 95 97 101

Agriculturalandothermobileplantoperators 833 23 22 22 23 24 24 25

Ships’deckcrewsandrelatedworkers 834 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

Streetvendorsandrelatedworkers 911 8 7 7 5 6 6 5

Shoecleaningandotherstreetserviceselementaryoccupations 912 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Domesticandrelatedhelpers,cleanersandlaunderers 913 69 68 74 65 75 77 86

Buildingcaretakers,windowandrelatedcleaners 914 12 10 10 10 9 9 10

Messengers,porters,doorkeepersandrelatedworkers 915 23 23 26 21 24 24 28

Garbagecollectorsandrelatedlabourers 916 1 1 2 1 2 2 3

Agricultural,fisheryandrelatedlabourers 921 18 17 16 14 13 14 14

Miningandconstructionlabourers 931 42 41 39 34 40 47 49

Manufacturinglabourers 932 31 35 34 58 51 55 52

Transportlabourersandfreighthandlers 933 14 14 11 13 10 12 9

Source: QNHS, LFS and Oxford Economics.

Note: Occupations may not add up to employment totals due to missing or unknown occupations. Figures are rounded to nearest 1,000. Therefore occupations with less than 500 will be recorded as zero.


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Table A.4: Ireland 3-digit ISCO 88 occupations (2001-2007, 000’s)

Code 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Armedforces 100 7 7 7 7 7 6 6
























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Code 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

























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Code 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007



























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Code 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
























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Code 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Assemblers 828 42 32 26 21 21 19 19
















Source: QNHS and Oxford Economics.

Note: See note for Table A.3.

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Table A.5: Northern Ireland 3-digit ISCO 88 occupations (2001-2007, 000’s)

Code 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Armedforces 100 3 4 3 3 3 3 6

























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Code 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
























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Code 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007




























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Code 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007























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Code 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Assemblers 828 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
















Source: LFS and Oxford Economics.

Note: See note for Table A.3.


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(3) Highest education attainment/qualification level

Highesteducationattainment/qualificationcategoriesofpeopleinemploymentandoftheworking-age

populationaresourcedfromtheQNHSandLFS.Itiscriticaltonotethatatthispointintime,these

sourcesultimatelydeterminethelevelofdetailpossibleinrelationtoeducationattainmentand

qualifications.WhileDETIhavebeenabletoprovidesomefurtherdataonthemoredetailed50

qualificationcategoriesintheLFS,afurtherbreakdownbeyondthe5categoriessetoutbelowwasnot

obtainedfromCSO.HoweveraccordingtotheDepartmentofEducationandScience,itispossibleto

requestaspecialrunoftheQNHSsplitbyISCEDcategories.

QNHS education/qualification categories (Ireland)

Primary

Lowersecondary

Highersecondary,postleaving

certificateandothernon-thirdlevel

Thirdleveldiplomasandcertificates

Thirdleveldegreesandhigher

Other/notstated

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■

■

■

■

■

LFS education/qualification categories (NI)

Noqualifications

Otherqualifications

GCSEgradesA-Corequivalent

GCEA-Levelorequivalent

Otherhigherbelowdegree

Degreeorequivalent

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■

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■

Itisthereforeimportantforreaderstounderstandthatthisexerciseisaltogetherdifferenttoongoing

worktodevelopnationalandinternationallycomparativequalificationframeworkswhicharemuch

moredetailede.g.theIrelandversionhas10levels,butforwhichdataarenotyetcollectedorpossible

toestimatefromtheQNHSorLFS.

HoweverthisdoesnotmeanthatitisnotfeasibletoalignNorth-Southeducation/attainment

categories14.TheInternationalStandardClassificationofEducation1977(ISCED)wasdesignedby

UNESCOtoserveas‘aninstrumentsuitableforassembling,compilingandpresentingstatisticsof

educationbothwithininternationalcountriesandinternationally’.AdefinitionalnoteonISCEDis

providedattheoutsetofthereport.

ISCEDprovidesamethodologythattranslatesnationaleducationprogrammesintoaninternationally

comparablesetofcategoriesforlevelsofeducationandfieldofeducation,whichtheOECDusesto

presentresultsinitsannual‘EducationataGlance’reports.TheOECDresultsincludeIreland,which

allowsacross-checkoftheapproachusedherewithpublishedfigures.RelevantLFSqualificationdata

fortheUKwerealsoobtainedtoestimateISCEDeducationsharesandcomparetopublishedOECD

figuresfortheUK.Thisallowedacross-checkoftheapproachfortheUKwhichisidenticaltothe

14 Government statisticians expressed some concern that data for the South is presented by level of education and NI by highest qualification level. This is not seen as a major conceptual difference.

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approachusedforNIgiventhesamedataareavailable.BelowarethedefinitionsforthesixISCED

educationcategories:

ISCED 0 – pre-primary education: Programmesatlevel0(pre-primary),definedastheinitialstage

oforganisedinstruction,aredesignedprimarilytointroduceyoungchildrentoaschooltype

environment,toprovideabridgebetweenthehomeandaschool-basedatmosphere.Upon

completionoftheseprogrammes,childrencontinuetheireducationatlevel1(primaryeducation).

ISCED 1 – primary education or first stage of basic education:Programmesatlevel1are

normallydesignedonaunitorprojectbasistogivestudentsasoundbasiceducationinreading,

writingandmathematics,alongwithanelementaryunderstandingofothersubjectssuchashistory,

geography,naturalscience,socialscience,artandmusic.Insomecasesreligiousinstructionis

featured.Thecoreatthislevelconsistsofeducationprovidedforchildren,thecustomaryorlegal

ageofentrancebeingnotyoungerthanfiveyearsorolderthansevenyears.Thislevelcovers,in

principle,sixyearsoffull-timeschooling.

ISCED 2 – lower secondary education or second stage of basic education: Thecontentsof

educationatthisstagearetypicallydesignedtocompletetheprovisionofbasiceducationwhich

beganatISCEDlevel1.Inmany,ifnotmostcountries,theeducationalaimistolaythefoundation

forlifelonglearningandhumandevelopment.Theprogrammesatthislevelareusuallyonamore

subject-orientedpatternusingmorespecialisedteachersandmoreoftenseveralteacherswho

conductclassesintheirfieldofspecialisation.Thefullimplementationofbasicskillsoccursatthis

level.Theendofthisleveloftencoincideswiththeendofcompulsoryschoolingwhereitexists.

ISCED 3 – (upper) secondary education: Thislevelofeducationtypicallybeginsattheendof

full-timecompulsoryeducationforthosecountriesthathaveasystemofcompulsoryeducation.

MorespecialisationmaybeobservedatthislevelthanatISCEDlevel2andoftenteachersneedto

bemorequalifiedorspecialisedthanforISCEDlevel2.Theentranceagetothislevelistypically

15to16years.Theeducationalprogrammesincludedatthisleveltypicallyrequirethecompletion

ofsomenineyearsoffull-timeeducation(sincethebeginningoflevel1)foradmissionora

combinationofeducationandvocationalortechnicalexperience.

ISCED3A–programmesdesignedtoprovidedirectaccesstoISCED5A.

ISCED3B–programmesdesignedtoprovidedirectaccesstoISCED5B.

ISCED3C–programmesnotdesignedtoleadtoISCED5Aor5B.

ISCED 4 – post-secondary non tertiary education:ISCED4capturesprogrammesthatstraddle

theboundarybetweenuppersecondaryandpost-secondaryeducationfromaninternationalpoint

ofview,eventhoughtheymightclearlybeconsideredasuppersecondaryorpost-secondary

programmesinanationalcontext.Theseprogrammescan,consideringtheircontent,notbe

regardedastertiaryprogrammes.Theyareoftennotsignificantlymoreadvancedthanprogrammes

atISCED3buttheyservetobroadentheknowledgeofparticipantswhohavealreadycompleteda

programmeatlevel3.Typicalexamplesareprogrammesdesignedtopreparestudentsforstudies

atlevel5who,althoughhavingcompletedISCEDlevel3,didnotfollowacurriculumwhichwould

allowentrytolevel5,i.e.pre-degreefoundationcoursesorshortvocationalprogrammes.

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■

●

●

●

■


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ISCED 5 – first stage of tertiary education (not leading directly to an advanced research

qualification): Thislevelconsistsoftertiaryprogrammeshavinganeducationalcontentmore

advancedthanthoseofferedatlevels3and4.Entrytotheseprogrammesnormallyrequiresthe

successfulcompletionofISCEDlevel3Aor3BorasimilarqualificationatISCEDlevel4A.Theydo

notleadtotheawardofanadvancedresearchqualification(ISCED6).Theseprogrammesmust

haveacumulativedurationofatleasttwoyears.

ISCED5A–programmesthatarelargelytheoreticallybasedandareintendedtoprovide

sufficientqualificationsforgainingentryintoadvancedresearchprogrammesandprofessions

withhighskillsrequirements.

ISCED5B–programmesthatarepracticallyoriented/occupationallyspecificandaremainly

designedforparticipantstoacquirethepracticalskillsandknow-howneededforemploymentina

particularoccupationortradeorclassofoccupationsortrades,thesuccessfulcompletionofwhich

usuallyprovidesparticipantswithalabour-marketrelevantqualification.

ISCED 6 – second stage of tertiary education (leading to an advanced research qualification):

Thislevelisreservedfortertiaryprogrammeswhichleadtotheawardofanadvancedresearch

qualification.Theprogrammesare,therefore,devotedtoadvancedstudyandoriginalresearchand

notbasedoncourse-workonly.Theytypicallyrequirethesubmissionofathesisordissertationof

publishablequalitywhichistheproductoforiginalresearchandrepresentsasignificant

contributiontoknowledge.TheypreparegraduatesforfacultypostsininstitutionsofferingISCED

5Aprogrammes,aswellasresearchpostsingovernment,industryetc.

Asexplainedinthedefinitionalnote,itisoftenthecasethatcross-countrycomparisonsgrouptogether

ISCEDcategoriesintoISCED0+1+2,ISCED3+4andISCED5+6.Thisistheapproachadoptedin

thisstudyandusedintheCEDEFOPreporton‘FutureSkillNeedsinEurope’althoughmoredetailed

underlyingdataareavailable15.OftenthisisbecausesomeISCEDcategoriesarenotrelevantto

individualcountries(forexampleISCED1or4toNI)orviewsonclassificationofattainmentlevelsinto

narrowcategoriesaremixedandbettermetbypresentingbroaderresults.Inrealitytoo,withincreased

retentionratesatschoolandmoreschoolleaversenteringhighereducation,employmentisbecoming

morepolarisedbetweenjobsdemandinggraduatequalifications(ISCED5+6)andthoserequiringlittle

ornoqualifications(ISCED1+2)sofurtherdetailisnotalwaysrequired.Infactwhatmaybemore

importantismoredetailedanalysisofskillneedswithinthehigherqualificationcategory.Forexample

bysubjectorundergraduateversusPhD.

Throughoutthereport,theseaggregatedcategoriesarenamedasfollows,whichisconsistentwiththe

CEDEFOPreport:

Lowqualification–ISCED0+1+2(pre-primary,primaryandlowersecondary).

Mediumqualification–ISCED3+4(uppersecondaryandpost-secondarynon-tertiaryeducation).

Highqualification–ISCED5+6(universityeducated).

15 As stated earlier, it is understood that CSO are able to provide QNHS data for the 6 ISCED categories.

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■

■

■

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TheclassificationsystemtoconvertQNHSandLFSeducation/qualificationslevelstoISCEDcategories

issummarisedinthediagramsbelow.ThisisbaseddirectlyontheOECDImplementationManual

(1999Edition)forclassifyingeducationalprogrammesinOECDcountries(IrelandandUK),and

guidancefromtheDepartmentofEducationandScienceinIreland.Notecarefullytheassumptionsto

allocatetheother/notstatedcategoryacrossISCEDcategories.ForIreland,theother/notstated

categoryisnotallocatedasthisistheapproachtakenbyCSOinsupplyingdatatoOECD16.

TheNIsplitoftheothercategoryisbasedontheUKDepartmentforChildren,SchoolsandFamilies’

‘equivalencetables’.

Figure A.1: Converting QNHS (Ireland) education attainment levels to ISCED categories

Source: OECD and Oxford Economics.

16 ESRI do allocate the other/not stated category however the Department of Education and Science do not believe there is sufficient evidence to do so.

ISCED 1

ISCED 2

ISCED 3C

ISCED 3B

ISCED 3A

ISCED 4

ISCED 5B

ISCED 5A

ISCED 6

No Formal/PrimaryEducation

Lower Secondary

Upper Secondary

Post Leaving Cert

3rd LevelNon-degree

3rd Level Degreeor Above

Other/Not Stated

Other/not stated category is not allocated in line

with the approach taken by CSO in providing data to

OECD (note this is different to ESRI)

Low

Medium

High

QNHS ISCED 1977


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Figure A.2: Converting LFS (NI) qualification levels to ISCED categories

Source: OECD and Oxford Economics.

ISCED 1

ISCED 2

ISCED 3C

ISCED 3B

ISCED 3A

ISCED 4

ISCED 5B

ISCED 5A

ISCED 6

No Qualifications

ISCED 1977LFS

GCSE A-C orEquivalent

Other Higher Below Degree

Degree orEquivalent

Other/Not Stated

Low

Medium

High

A-Level orEquivalent

UK Department for Children, Schools and Families’ “Equivalence Tables”

10% Level 335% Level 255% Level 1

% ISCED 6Estimated fromdetailed LFS Dataon Higher Degrees

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Key Data Limitations

WhiletheprogressmadebythisstudyinmatchingNorth-Southeconomicandskillsdatacan

beviewedasuccess,itwouldhavebeenunrealisticfromtheoutsettoexpecttobeabletomatch

allindicators.

Furthermorewheredataarenotimmediatelycomparable,thedevelopmentof‘proxy’indicatorsis

difficultasinsomecasesdataavailableinonejurisdictionarecollectedfromunique,bespokesurveys

whichobviouslycannotbereplicatedintheotherjurisdictionwithoutadditionalsurvey/primary

research.Togiveanexample,theNI’sSkillsMonitoringSurveyand‘SkillsatWorkinNI2006’report,

whichquantifyamongotherskillfactors,skillgapsandutilisationofskills,aremorecomprehensive

andquantitative-basedthantheexistingFÁS/ESRIsurveysandotherresultspresentedintheFÁS/

EGFSNNationalSkillsBulletins.ThismeansthatitisnotpossibletodevelopmatchingNorth-South

andAll-Islanddatasetsonskillshortages,gapsandutilisationofskills.Theupsideofthisatleastisthat

itdoesidentifygapsinNorth-Southdatawhichcouldguidefutureprioritiesfornewdatacollection.

Thelackof4-digitNISOC2000occupationdatafromtheLFS,beyondthe2001Census,isaslight

problemforaligningtoISCO88thoughnotmajor.Indeedhavingactual4-digitdatawouldlikelymake

littledifference.

WhilethereareadvantagesinusingtheQNHSandLFSintermsoftheirinternationalcomparability

andcountingofpeopleinemploymentasopposedtojobs(whichinsomeinstancespolicymakers

aremoreinterestedin),thesmallsamplesizeoftheNILFSresultsinsomevolatiledatatrendsfrom

year-to-year.

Annex A: Technical Data Matching - Skills Ireland · Annex A: Technical Data Matching As explained...

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