ANNEX 2: DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINE FOR...

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HARIYO BAN PROGRAM

ANNEX 2: DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINE

FOR

SMALL CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES

March 2014

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© WWF Nepal 2014 WWF Nepal, PO Box 7660, Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal Disclaimer This publication is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents of this publication are the responsibility of World Wildlife Fund, Inc., and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 CHAPTER 1: Introduction.. …………………………………………………………………1

2.0 CHAPTER 2: Check Dams ………………………………………………………………… 3

3.0 CHAPTER 3: Dykes ……………………………………………………………………… 7

4.0 CHAPTER 4: River Embankments ……………………………………………………… 20

5.0 CHAPTER 5: Improved water supplies (Water holes/ Ponds) for Wildlife…………… 29

6.0 CHAPTER 6: Upgrading of Fireline to fair weather roads ……………………………. 36

7.0 CHAPTER 7: Power fence ………………………………………………………………… 42

8.0 CHAPTER 8: Foot trails…………………………………………………………………… 48

9.0 CHAPTER 9: Irrigation system…………………………………………………………… 56

10.0 CHAPTER 10: Water supply system …………………………………………………… 65

11.0 CHAPTER 11: Community hall …………………………………………………………… 74

12.0 CHAPTER 12: Grinding mill/Improved water mill……………………………………… 84

13.0 CHAPTER 13: World Peace Biodiversity Garden visitor center……………………….. 92

14.0 CHAPTER 14: Biogas Support Mechanism Updated …………..………………………. 97

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ACA Annapurna Conservation Area

CAPA Community Adaptation Plan of Action

CARE Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere

CFOPs Community Forest Operational Plans

CFUG Community Forest User Group

CGI Corrugated Galvanized Iron

CHAL Chitwan-Annapurna Landscape

CNP Chitwan National Park

DDC District Development Committee

DFO District Forest Office/Officer

DNPWC Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation

DPR Department of Plant Resources

DSCO District Soil Conservation Office/Officer

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMMP Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan

EPA Environment Protection Act, 1997

EPR Environment Protection Rules, 1997

FECOFUN Federation of Community Forest Users in Nepal

FUG Forest User Group

GI Galvanized Iron

GoN Government of Nepal

HDPE High Density Polythene

IEE Initial Environmental Examination

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INGO International Non-government Organization

IWM Improved Water Mill

Km Kilometer

LAPA Local Adaptation Plan for Action

LIP Livelihood Improvement Plan

MoFSC Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation

NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action

NFA Nepal Foresters Association

NGO Non-government Organization

NPA National Parks Authority

NRs Nepali Rupees

NS Nepal Standard

NTFP Non-timber Forest Product

NTNC National Trust for Nature Conservation

PA Protected Area

PHPA Public Hearing Public Auditing

SOW Statement of Works

TA Technical Assistance

TAL Terai Arc Landscape

USAID United States Agency for International Development

UC User Committee

VDC Village Development Committee

WR Wildlife Reserve

WWF World Wildlife Fund

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

The Hariyo Ban Program, funded by USAID and implemented by a consortium of WWF, CARE,

NTNC and FECOFUN with WWF as the lead, aims to reduce adverse impacts of climate change

and threats to biodiversity in Nepal. It works on three core interwoven components –biodiversity

conservation, sustainable landscapes and climate change adaptation – with livelihoods, gender

and social inclusion being important cross cutting themes. Hariyo Ban Program is being

implemented in two biodiverse priority landscapes of Nepal – Terai Arc Landscape (TAL) and

Chitwan-Annapurna Landscape (CHAL), complemented by enabling policy support at the national

level.

Hariyo Ban Program supports implementation of small-scale construction activities (infrastructures)

in the two landscapes in order to realize its project objectives. These activities span the three

thematic components as well as the cross-cutting livelihoods component.

These infrastructures are wide ranging and are being developed to address specific project-related

needs. For example, in biodiversity conservation, electric fencing and dykes are used to reduce

human-wildlife conflict, enabling increased crop and livestock production and reducing human

casualties, which in turn reduces retaliatory killing of large mammals such as elephant and tiger.

Similarly, check dams are used to restore wetlands and grasslands in areas where drier conditions

are resulting in loss of wetlands to grassland, and grassland to forest. Improved water supplies for

wildlife help reduce human-wildlife conflict, and are also an adaptation to climate change in areas

where natural water sources are drying up because of changing rainfall patterns. Under the climate

adaptation component, improved water supplies for people and livestock help improve livelihoods

and human wellbeing, and enable people to adapt to climate change. Repairing or opening new

small-scale irrigation systems improve livelihoods through increased agricultural production and

can build resilience to climate change. Repair/upgrading of foot trails improves access by foot for

ecotourism and access to markets, both of which improve local livelihoods. Other measures to

adapt to climate change include building small-scale dykes to reduce flooding, and check dams to

reduce landslides, flooding and siltation.

In the sustainable landscapes component, repair/upgrading of fire-line roads helps to combat

uncontrolled fires which are a major driver of deforestation/forest degradation. Biogas helps to

reduce several drivers, including overharvesting of firewood, overgrazing, and overuse of other

forest products through development of vegetable farming as an alternative livelihood. Additionally,

though a relatively infrequent activity, a few buildings are needed to strengthen community

organizational capacity and in one case, co-funding of an interpretive center for biodiversity

outreach and tourism promotion in the new World Peace Botanical Garden near Pokhara.

In the above context, this document provides a set of brief descriptions/guidelines for a range of

small infrastructures that are to be executed with financial support from Hariyo Ban. In doing so,

this document is designed to meet revised USAID procedures for all construction activities,

including small scale and largely community managed infrastructures.

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It is important to note that a brief Guideline of this nature can only be indicative and site based and

implementing agency specific modifications to suit and technical and management requirements

are expected. For example, Government Agencies, while taking lead in the implementation of

infrastructure activities, have options to mobilize their internal engineering human resources by

following government norms and procedures or to avail the services of external engineering

consulting firm services contracted by Hariyo Ban Program. When government agencies decide to

employ centrally based internal human resources, Hariyo Ban will cover their cost of travel,

accommodation and daily subsistence allowance as per WWF and CARE norms.

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CHAPTER 2: CHECK DAMS

2.1 Planning process

The planning process for an infrastructure is carried out to understand and identify one or more

infrastructures to meet the specific needs of the beneficiaries. For community infrastructure, the

planning process should conclude with community consent for an infrastructure that helps to meet

the intended needs of the community members for a specific purpose that relates to the project

objectives.

In this case, planning process will focus on which and what type of check dam scheme will help to

serve the needs of the community. The process also looks into how much and how the resources

and skills will be available to deliver a quality check-dam structure that is durable and useful. In

some cases, the planning process would include rehabilitation or replacement of a check dam

structure that has ceased to function or is poorly functioning.

The planning process is a combination of a series of consultations that Users Committees or

community representatives shall undertake with support from Hariyo Ban Consortium Partners. The

planning process and role of these stakeholders are briefly outlined below:

a. Role of User Committee (UC)

The Users Committee plays an important role in the bottom-up process of need assessment. It

helps to organise meetings to discuss identification of an appropriate check dam that meets the

community requirements for flood control or erosion problems in the locality. The UC works with

community members to organise the community views and represent them to the Hariyo Ban

Consortium partners and facilitators.

b. Role of Hariyo Ban Consortium Partners

The Consortium Partners facilitate the planning process. This means that they work with UC to

review and document reference to existing local plans at the VDC or DDC levels. Similarly, they

also work with the Consulting Engineering Firm to prepare necessary information to help UC come

up with appropriate and viable options.

c. Role of Consulting Engineering Firm (Certified Contractor)

The certified contractor possesses a certificate of competency issued by the state. The consulting

engineering firms will be contracted by consortium partners (mainly WWF and CARE) through a

competitive bidding process. The engineering firm will provide necessary technical information to

support decision making process. Normally, community decisions are not based on technical

considerations. The firm provides technical views on feasibility from engineering and resource point

of view and will offer judgement before a decision is made.

d. Role of National Parks Authority: For check dams inside park core areas and national

forests and implemented by government organizations, these responsible government agencies

will propose appropriate check dam structures to control water flow and address erosion problems

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based on their identified needs with support from qualified technical persons (engineers, overseers)

from Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation.

Flow diagram of iterative project planning process

2.2 Description of Check Dams

A check dam is a small temporary or permanent low structure built across a drainage ditch, gulley,

or stream channel, or in the area of origin of a stream. Check dams can be constructed for several

different purposes, including reducing water flow, minimizing erosion, trapping channel sediment

and stabilizing layside slope. Check dams can:

Approve (Consortium Partner)

Identification of Scheme

(Community undertakes

consultation)

Feasibility Assessment (Consulting Engineer) (2)

FEASIBLE ? Choose next scheme

(Report Planning

Process)

No

Yes

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allow sediments, silts or pollutants to settle and thus be removed from water

provide water for irrigation (especially in monsoons), hence increasing agricultural

production

recharge ground water, and hence, for example, helping to replenish springs and dry

season stream flow

hold water in wetlands, e.g. expanding the wetland area or holding water for longer in the

dry season

restore local ecosystems, and/or strengthen their resilience to climate change if climate

change is increasing their vulnerability to drought or erosion

prevent soil erosion by slowing/reducing the flow of water

2.3 Brief construction process

Construction of a check dam is carried out jointly by the Users Committee, Hariyo Ban Consortium

Partner and Engineering Firm (Certified Contractor) working together. The check dam is

constructed in the following manner:

Detailed site study by engineering firm, consortium partner and community to determine the

relevance of the structure in the affected drainage area.

Checking of the local situations such as availability of different material types, slope

gradient, soil type, water velocity etc as construction varies accordingly.

Preparation of a complete design of the check dam structure followed by a quantity and

cost estimate by the consulting firm.

Mobilization of users committee for clearing, grubbing or grading of the affected drainage

area with direct supervision from experts.

Removal of tree logs, bushes etc with the right of way and the affected area without

disturbing adjacent natural ground cover.

Construction of check dam using design material (stone, sand bags, soil, plantations,

gabion wires etc) for the dam to allow safe drainage into the protected pond or stream

Close supervision of works by UC, Hariyo Ban Consortium Partner and technician from

Engineering Firm to ensure construction is according to design and specifications.

2.4 Typical design of Check Dam

All the check dam structures shall be designed as per the standard practices. The height of check

dams will be normally up to 2.0 m. The storage arrangement can be made using gates of wooden

planks, stones, sand bags etc by creating an obstruction to the flow and store water. These

structures can be constructed in series to make them more effective by storing more water and

control flow of water.

In order to have a good performing scheme, the design process often needs to take the following

into considerations:

The check dam that should be constructed depends on the local situation such as the

availability of different material types, slope gradient and specific site objectives.

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In gulley control, temporary structures and bioengineering measures such as woven-wire,

brushwood, logs, loose stone and boulder check dams are used to facilitate the growth of

permanent vegetative cover.

Check dams are constructed across the gulley bed to stop channel and side erosion.

Figure 1: Check dam front view

Figure 2: Cross sectional view of a check dam using bamboo and loose stones

A typical check dam section, as shown in the diagram, would be 2m high, 3-4 m wide and 1-2m

thick to protect a typical stream course. The actual design and dimensions may vary based on the

community needs, site location and environmental considerations. GON approved norms will be

followed for the design.

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2.5 Materials requirements

The following materials are the most generally required for the check dam construction:

Cement

Sand

Stone

Gabion wire (for slope protection works)

Water

Sand bags

Bamboos

Seedlings for plantation

The quantities of these materials required will be prepared by the engineering firm during design

and cost estimate using standard engineering work norms approved by the Government of Nepal.

2.6 Specification of the materials

a. Stone: It shall be hard, sound, and free from crack, decay and weathering. Stone with round

surface shall not be used.

b. Cement: At practical level, cement should be

Fresh

Stored at proper place in dry conditions

Free of lumps

Certified by relevant government agency for meeting certain quality standard (NS).

c. Sand: Sand to be used should be clean i.e. free from clay, dust and organic materials. It

should not be too fine or too coarse.

d. Gabion wire: All wires used in making a gabion box and tying the gabion boxes shall be

equivalent to mild steel wire. Minimum thickness of wire shall be as follows:

Mesh wire 3.2mm

Binding and bracing wire 2.6mm

Selvedge wire 4.0mm

Galvanizing: A wire used in the making of gabions shall be galvanized (i.e. are zinc coated)

to avoid or delay rusting. It is important to see that the wire bought is free from rust and is

uniformly galvanized.

e. Water for cement work: Water shall be clean and free from injurious materials (i.e. water

should be clear and no dirt or floating objects should be visible).

f. Bamboo: Bamboo used for check dams should be preferably dried well, and of adequate

diameter to hold the water and soil pressure.

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g. Plant species: These must be brought from local area for its suitability and rapid growth.

2.7 Skill requirements

Check dam scheme requires a range of skilled workers and non-skilled people to develop it. In

particular, skill required to develop the check dams are as follows:

2.8 Access to materials and resources

For the construction of check dams, most of the materials are generally available locally. Some

materials are available in small or big markets. A summary where these materials could be found

are:

Materials Location

Stone, sand and mud Nearest river or approved quarry

Cement, Sand bags Nearest market

Gabion wire Nearest big town (usually from big cities only or local

suppliers of construction materials

Bamboos

Locally or nearest market

Plant species These must be brought from local area for its suitability

in the terrain and rapid growth.

S. No. Skill required Who can provide Typical

availability of

skill

Remarks

1. Stone dressing Experienced Mason Locally

2. Cement and sand

mixing

Experienced Labor Locally

3 Gabion wire

weaving

Training/Experienced

weaver

Might need

external person

Need to check the

quality of skilled

worker. If not need

to bring from

outside.

4 Gabion filling Experienced Mason

and Unskilled Labor

Locally

5 Un-coursed

Rubble Masonry in

cement sand mortar

Experienced Mason

and Unskilled Labor

Locally

6 Bioengineering Experienced Mason,

and technicians with

bioengineering

experience

May need to be

sourced

externally

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2.9 Quality control process

Quality control in check dams is necessary to make sure that the structure functions well. This

shall be achieved through 2 key activities:

a. Regular technical monitoring by representatives from qualified Engineering Consultant

firm/Certified Contractor. The technical monitoring will review the design, quality of materials

and the construction process.

b. Community monitoring and supervision by representative of Consortium Partners and User

Committee.

2.10 Potential environmental impacts and mitigation measures

Hariyo Ban consortium partners will follow the EMMP which has been submitted to USAID.

2.11 Roles and responsibilities

Development of check dams in Hariyo Ban program is a shared responsibility among its

Consortium partners, user committees and engineering firm providing technical assistance. The

roles and responsibilities of these stakeholders in general are as follows:

a) Users Committee

Users Committee represents the communities that the people who will use the check dams.

Therefore they have key roles to play in the development of the check dams are as follows:

Assist consortium partner by

providing information about the location

supporting in scheme selection and cost estimation

updating about the progress of construction process

providing feedback about the effectiveness of construction process and support from

the engineering firm

Provide required labor contribution as required

Collect material with stones, gabions or concrete, including plants and bamboos, sacs for

bioengineering

Assist the consulting engineering firm in:

Feasibility study

Detailed engineering survey

Construction supervision of the work

Work measurement

Collection of local and non-local construction materials.

Keep records of (a) materials purchased/received in kind (b) labor mobilized (paid and

unpaid), and (c) overall expenditure of fund received.

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b) Hariyo Ban Consortium Partner/ their implementing partners

Hariyo Ban Consortium partners and their implementing partners have important role in execution

of the check dams. In particular, it will undertake the following functions and roles:

Interact with community for planning and site selection.

Verification and approval of selected sites.

Facilitate meeting between community representative and technician from the engineering

firm for technical input in task design and detail cost estimate.

Provide timely grant and fund to implementing partner based on the cost estimate prepared

by the engineering firm.

Take lead role for implementing and resource leveraging from government and non

government agencies.

Support/advise users committee in the procurement of required materials and manage the

local resources and materials i.e. stone, mud, gabion wire, and plantation etc.

Support community mobilization to implement the plan as per the technical assistance of

the certified contractor

Monitor the progress and status of the construction jointly with users committee and

engineering firm.

Facilitate to address issues of quality control between users committee and engineering

firm if required.

Capacity building of partner and community group on activity management (Public Hearing

Public Auditing (PHPA), documentation, record keeping, quality implementation.

Conduct/prepare EMMP (environmental mitigation and monitoring plan).

Develop linkage between and coordinate with concerned communities, key stakeholder at

district and local level e.g. DDC, Water Induced Disaster Control Office , District Soil

Conservation Office, District Forest office, and District Administration Office, and Village

Development Committee (VDC).

c) Certified Contractor (Consulting Engineering Firm)

The Certified Contractor undertakes the following activities in close collaboration with Consortium

Partner representative or more commonly with Users Committee members:

Undertaking of feasibility study: The feasibility study will be undertaken by the Engineering

Firm with the users committee for evaluation and analysis of proposed scheme. This will

decide on whether or not a check dam is feasible from engineering point of view.

Detailed engineering survey: An engineering survey will be carried out in the area so that a

working scheme can be designed.

Design, quantity and cost estimation: After the completion of engineering survey, a

detailed work design along with quantity and cost estimation will be prepared by the

Engineering Firm. This will give the amount of materials, workers (skilled and unskilled) and

cost required to complete the work.

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Material quality assessment: the users committee will be given technical advice on the

constructions materials quality. The Firm will help the community to check the standards

during or after purchase.

Construction supervision of the work along with users committee: The construction work

will be supervised by experienced members of engineering firm experts along with user

committee. The supervision will ensure that the scheme is built according to the work

design and specifications.

Work measurement and work completion report: The Engineering Firm will verify if the

quality of works completed is satisfactory. If so, it will then measure the works done and

provide summary of cost incurred if this is necessary for the clearance of advances taken

by the UC. When the construction work is completed as per plan and meeting quality

requirements, engineering firm will prepare a work completion report.

Capacity building trainings for developing skills of scheme management and

maintenance will be given by the Engineering Firm to the users committee for them to

develop a sound knowledge on how to use and maintain a check dam.

Note: The check dams inside the national parks and core areas are implemented by government

organizations. Accordingly, the government agencies will follow their own norms and procedures

for construction of this infrastructure mobilizing qualified technicians from their

departments/ministries.

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CHAPTER 3: DYKES


Planning process for an infrastructure is carried out to understand and identify one or more

infrastructures to meet the specific needs of the beneficiaries. The planning process should

conclude with community consent for an infrastructure that helps to meet the intended needs of the

community members for a specific purpose that relates to the project objectives.

In this case, planning process will focus on which and what type of dykes will help to serve the

maximum needs of the community. The process also looks into how much and how the resources

and skills will be available to deliver a quality dyke asset that is durable and useful.

The planning process is a combination of a series of consultations that Users Committee or




The Users Committee play an important role in the bottom up process of need assessment. UC

helps to organise meetings to discuss identification of appropriate dyke facilities that meets the

community requirements. The UC works with community members to organise the community

views and represent them to the Hariyo Ban Consortium partners and facilitators.







The certified contractor is the one who possesses a certificate of competency issued by the state.

The consulting engineering firms will be contracted by consortium partners (mainly WWF and

CARE) through a competitive bidding process. The engineering firm will provide necessary

technical information to support decision making process. Normally, community decisions are not

based on technical considerations. The firm provides technical views on feasibility from engineering

and resource point of view and will offer judgement before a decision is made.

d. Role of National Parks Authority

For the dykes inside park core areas and national forests and implemented by government

counterpart, these responsible government agencies will propose appropriate dyke structures to

control water flow and address erosion problems based on their identified needs with support from

qualified technical persons (engineers, overseers) from Department of National Park and Wildlife

Conservation.

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3.2 Description of Dykes

Dykes are natural or artificial slopes constructed, assembled or installed to regulate the water

levels and reduce flooding or siltation. These take the form of embankments, wall, fills, pilings,

gates, flood boxes, pipes, sluices culverts, canals ditches or drains. Dykes can:

Control the water flow, thus used in diffusing the impact of flood.

Can prevent extensive inundation, they are built along water courses where riverbed cannot

be changed to contain flood water.




consultation)



(Report Planning

Process)

No

Yes

14

Remove water from large land areas, therefore they are given much priority.


Dyke construction is carried out jointly by the Users Committee, Hariyo Ban Consortium Partner

and Engineering Firm (Certified Contractor) working together. Dykes are constructed in the

following manner:

An examination with field study is carried out by engineering firm, consortium partner and

community to assess the magnitude of the flooding area.

Based on the flooding characteristics, stability of the base in which Dykes is to be laid is

checked.

The consulting firm then prepares a complete design of the Dykes scheme along with the

quantity and cost estimate.

Community is mobilized for local construction material collection that can be used during

Dykes construction.

Further structural works along with bioengineering work are carried out in subsequent

stages.

There is close supervision of works by UC, Hariyo Ban Consortium Partner and Engineering

Firm to ensure the safety of the structure and construction is according to design and

specifications.

3.4 Typical design of Dykes

The site-specific details that shall be considered in the design of dykes are:

Foundation condition;

Dyke stability so that it does not fall

Settlement, seepage, and erosion;

The dyke slopes vary with each site depending on the type of soils, dyke height, and dyke

construction materials. Generally the dyke slopes were 3H:1V, of flatter.

Fig.1; Typical section of dyke

A typical dyke section is as shown in the figure 1. Dimensions vary widely as the width and height

of the structure depends on the height and flow characteristics of the water body. The actual

design and dimensions may vary based on the community needs, site location and environmental

considerations. GON approved norms will be followed for the design.

15

Figure 2: Bioengineering work on dyke


The following materials are required for the Dyke construction.

Cement

Sand

Stone

Water

Gabion wire





a. Stone: It shall be hard, sound, and free from crack, decay and weathering. Stone with

round surface shall not be used.


Fresh

It should be stored at proper place in dry conditions

It should be free of lumps

Certified by relevant government agency for meeting certain quality standard (NS)



16



Mesh wire 3.2mm


Selvedge wire 4.0mm

Galvanizing: A wire used in the making of gabions shall be galvanized (i.e. are zinc

coated) to avoid or delay rusting. It is important to see that the wire bought is free from rust

and is uniformly galvanized.



f. Plant species: These must be brought from local area for its suitability and rapid growth.


Dyke construction requires a range of skilled workers and non-skilled people to develop it. In

particular, skill required to develop a dyke are as follows:

S. No. Skill required Who can provide

Typical

availability of

skill

Remarks


2. Cement and sand

mixing Experienced Labor Locally

3 Gabion wire weaving Trained/Experienced

weaver

Might need

external

person

Need to check the

quality of skilled worker.

If not need to bring from

outside.


and Unskilled Labor Locally

5

Un-coursed

Rubble Masonry in

cement sand mortar

Experienced Mason


6 Bioengineering Experienced Mason,

and technicians with

bioengineering

experience

May need to

be sourced

externally

17


For the construction of a dyke, most of the materials are generally available locally. Some


are:


Quality control in dyke construction is necessary to make sure it functions well. This shall be

achieved through 2 key activities:


firm/Certified contractor. The technical monitoring will review the design, quality of materials



Committee.

3.10 Potential environmental impacts and mitigation measure

Hariyo Ban consortium partners will follow the EMMP which has been submitted to USAID

3.11 Role and responsibilities

Development of dykes in Hariyo Ban program is a shared responsibility among its consortium

partners, user committees and engineering firm providing technical assistance. The roles and

responsibilities of these stakeholders in general are as follows:

a) Users Committee

Users Committee represents the communities that the people who will use the dykes. Therefore

they have key roles to play in the development of the scheme as follows:

Materials Location

Stone and sand Nearest river or approved quarry

Cement Nearest market

Gabion wire Nearest big town (usually from big cities only or local suppliers of construction

materials)

Bamboos Locally or nearest market

Plant species These must be brought from local area for its suitability in the terrain and rapid growth.

18


providing information about the location,,




the engineering firm.



bioengineering


Feasibility study



Work measurement




b) Hariyo Ban Consortium Partner/ their implementing partners

Hariyo Ban Consortium partners have important role in execution of the dyke scheme. In particular,

it will undertake the following functions and roles:






by the engineering firm

Support/advise users committee in the procurement of required materials.




engineering firm.


firm if required.

Conduct/prepare EMMP (environmental mitigation and monitoring plan)

Develop linkage between and coordinate with concerned communities and district and local

government line agencies.

c) Certified Contractor (Consulting Engineering Firm)



19



decide on whether or not dyke construction is feasible from engineering point of view.





















develop a sound knowledge on how to use and maintain a completed dyke.

Note: The dykes inside the national parks and core areas are implemented by government

organizations. Accordingly, the government agencies will follow their own norms and procedures

for construction of this infrastructure mobilizing qualified technicians from their

departments/ministries.

20

CHAPTER 4: RIVER EMBANKMENTS






In this case, planning process will focus on which and what type of river embankment scheme will

help to serve the maximum river embankment needs of the community. The process also looks into

how much and how the resources and skills will be available to deliver a quality river embankment

asset that is durable and useful. In certain cases, it could be identification of an existing river

embankment scheme that has ceased to function or functioning at low capacity and requires

rehabilitation/repair work.





Users Committee play an important role in the bottom up process of need assessment. UC helps to

organise meetings to discuss identification of appropriate river embankment facilities that meets the









Certified contractor is the one who possesses a certificate of competency issued by the state. The

consulting engineering firms will be contracted by consortium partners (mainly WWF and CARE)

through a competitive bidding process. The engineering firm will provide necessary technical

information to support decision making process. Normally, community decisions are not based on

technical considerations. The firm provides technical views on feasibility from engineering and

resource point of view and will offer judgement before a decision is made.

21


4.2 Description of River Embankment for protecting riverbank

A river embankment is physical barrier constructed to prevent flooding and or cutting of river banks

and agriculture lands by a river. River embankment usually consist a revetment barrier that directs

water flow to a prescribed channel away from its natural course.

In order to protect a riverbank, the following steps are usually undertaken




consultation)



(Report Planning

Process)

No

Yes

22

Setting the improvement stretch of the project

Setting the river channel route

Setting the alignment of river

Setting the riverbed gradient

Setting the river’s cross section

Riverbank erosion is mainly carried out using gabion revetments.

In this structure, Gabion boxes that are made of galvanized or coated wire baskets are filled with

stones and are placed along a stream bank. They are particularly effective for protecting the

submerged part of the stream-bank.


River protection activities are carried out jointly by the Users Committee, Hariyo Ban Consortium

Partner and Engineering Firm (Certified Contractor) working together.

The construction process for Gabion revetment is carried out in the following manner:

a. Gabion Revetments

A technical assessment is first carried out to document the quantity of water flow in the

stream at different times of the year, particularly when there is maximum flow of water.

A technical design of the revetment embankment is then prepared to protect against this

highest known flow characteristics.

A foundation is excavated into the stream bed at least one foot deep and large enough to

hold the bottom row of baskets. The empty baskets and then tied into the stream bed with

several iron rods.

The gabion baskets and then filled with stone in tight layers, free of empty spaces and using

stones of different sizes.

As the baskets are filled with stone, wire reinforcements are placed in each direction every

30cm to retain the shape of the basket.

Tops of baskets are closed with a galvanized wire and the baskets are tied to each other.

Bioengineering measures are applied at the end of the work with plantation of appropriate

plant species over the gabion boxes to strengthen the structures through plant roots.

4.4 Typical design of River embankment for protecting riverbank

For designing revetment for unprotected bank the steps outlined below will be required for a

successful design:

Field Visit

Channel surveys

Channel stability Analysis

Hydrological Analysis

Hydraulic Analysis

Scour Analysis

23

Figure 1: Gabion Revetment

Figure 2: River embankment protection with bioengineering

The actual design and dimensions may vary based on the community needs, site location and

environmental considerations. GoN approved norms will be followed for the design.

4.5 Materials requirements and specification

The following materials are required for the construction of river embankment protection structures:

Cement

Sand

Stone

24


Water

Sand bags

Bamboos or wooden stakes





i) Stone: It shall be hard, sound, and free from crack, decay and weathering. Stone with round


ii) Cement: At practical level, cement should be

Fresh




iii) Sand: Sand to be used should be clean i.e. free from clay, dust and organic materials. It


iv) Gabion wire: All wires used in making a gabion box and tying the gabion boxes shall be


Mesh wire 3.2mm


Selvedge wire 4.0mm

Galvanizing: A wire used in the making of gabions shall be galvanized (i.e. are zinc coated) to

avoid or delay rusting. It is important to see that the wire bought is free from rust and is

uniformly galvanized.

v) Water for cement work: Water shall be clean and free from injurious materials (i.e. water


vi) Bamboo or wood: should be preferably dried well, and of adequate diameter to hold the water

and soil pressure.


River embankment protection structure construction required a range of skilled and non-skilled

workers. In particular, skill required to construct river embankment are as follows:

25

S. No. Skill required Who can provide Typical

availability of

skill

Remarks

1. Stone dressing Experienced

Mason

Locally

2. Cement and sand

mixing


3 Gabion wire weaving Training weaver Might need

external person

Need to check the quality of

skilled worker. If not need

to bring from outside.


and Unskilled Labor

Locally

5 Un-coursed

Rubble Masonry in

cement sand mortar

Experienced

Mason and

Unskilled Labor

Locally

6 Bioengineering Experienced

Mason, and

technicians with

bioengineering

experience

May need to be

sourced externally


For the construction of river embankment protection structures, most of the materials are generally

available locally. Some materials are available in small or big markets. A summary where these

materials could be found are:

Materials Location

Stone, sand and

mud

Nearest river or approved quarry


Gabion wire Nearest big town (usually from big cities only or local suppliers of

construction materials

Bamboo and wood Locally or nearest market

Plant species These must be brought from local area for its suitability in the

terrain and rapid growth.


Quality control in river embankment is necessary to make sure it functions well. This shall be


26





Committee.

4.10 Potential environmental impacts and mitigation measures Hariyo Ban consortium partners will follow the EMMP which has been submitted to USAID.


Development of river embankment in Hariyo Ban program is a shared responsibility among its

consortium partners, user committees and engineering firm providing technical assistance. The


a. Users Committee

Users Committee represents the communities that the people who will use the river embankment

scheme. Therefore they have key roles to play in the development of the scheme as follows:









bioengineering


Feasibility study


Joint construction survey


Work measurement


Keep records of (a) materials purchased/received in kind (b) labor mobilized (paid

and unpaid), and (c) overall expenditure of fund received.

b. Hariyo Ban Consortium Partner/ their implementing partners

Hariyo Ban Consortium partners have important role in execution of the river embankment scheme.

In particular, it will undertake the following functions and roles:

27







Provide process orientation and capacity building support for community group on activity

management (PHPA, documentation, quality assurance and implementation)





engineering firm.


firm if required.


Development of linkage between and coordinate with concerned communities and DDC

VDC, District Soil Conservation Offices (DSCO), Water Induced Disaster Control Office.

c. Certified Contractor (Consulting Engineering Firm)



Undertaking of feasibility study: The feasibility study will be undertaken by the

Engineering Firm with the users committee for evaluation and analysis of proposed

scheme. This will decide on whether or not river embankment is feasible from engineering

point of view.

Detailed engineering survey: An engineering survey will be carried out in the area so that

a working scheme can be designed.












28








develop a sound knowledge on how to repair and maintain a completed river embankment

scheme.

29

CHAPTER 5: IMPROVED WATER SUPPLIES (WATER HOLES/PONDS)

FOR WILDLIFE






In this case, planning process will focus on which and what type of water supply scheme will help

to serve the maximum water. The process also looks into how much and how the resources and

skills will be available to deliver a quality water supply asset that is durable and useful. In some

cases, it could be identification of an existing water supply scheme that requires

rehabilitation/repair work.




a. Role of National Parks Authority

For the water supply inside park core areas and national forests and implemented by government

counterpart, the key role in identifying and planning this structure will largely rest on the NPA

authorities. All technical support will be provided by Department of National Park and Wildlife

Conservation (DNPWC) by mobilizing their own human resources (engineers and overseers).


The Consortium Partners facilitate the identification process working closely with the NPA.

Similarly, they also work with the Consulting Engineering Firm to prepare necessary information to

help NPA come up with appropriate and viable options and designs.








d. Role of User Committee (UC)

Users Committee may or not be formed in this case and even when formed, their roles will this

wildlife related structure will be very limited.

30


5.2 Description of water holes/ponds for wildlife

Improved water supplies system for wildlife or earthen pond is a man made pond to facilitate water

for the wild lives. With climate change patterns and other environmental degradation, water supply

to wildlife has remained minimal. Wildlife traditionally referred to non-domesticated animal




consultation)



(Report Planning

Process)

No

Yes

31

species, but has come to include all plants, fungi and other organisms that grow or live wild in an

area without being introduced by humans. Thus, water maintenance support for wild lives by

creating earthen ponds at different suitable locations around the habitat of wildlife can maximize

the availability of water to wild lives.

Mention contribution in restoration of wetlands.

Important components of earthen ponds are as follows:

Dykes

Pond outlet

Pond inlet

Pond bottom

Clay core


Earthen pond to support improved water supply for wild life are constructed in the following

manner. All these activities are carried out jointly by the Users Committee, Hariyo Ban Consortium

Partner and Engineering Firm (Certified Contractor) working together.

An examination with field study is carried out to confirm the area where earthen pond is to

be constructed is an open and gently sloping site in the ridge area.

The consulting firm then prepares a complete design of the irrigation scheme along with the


Community is mobilized to clear the pond area of all undesired vegetation.

Small drainage channels are constructed around the ponds to direct runoff to the pond.

The earthwork and other relevant structural work are carried out in the subsequent stages.

There is close supervision of works by UC, Hariyo Ban Consortium Partner and technician

from Engineering Firm to ensure construction is according to design and specifications.

5.4 Typical design of Earthen Pond

The pond’s side are called/levees or dykes that should be well compacted and have a gentle

slopes. During construction lay about 15 cm of soil, which when compacted will become 10 cm.

The pond levees should have a gentle slope of about 2:1. The diameter of the inlet pipe should be

less than that of the outlet pipe. The inlet pipe should be at least 20cm about the water surface.

The freeboard height should e 20 to 30 cm. The bottom should be smooth and firm. Typically

ponds should be rectangular.

32

Typical design and size of these structures widely vary. Their size depends on the number of

animals likely to use them, site location and environmental considerations such as temperature and

rainfall. GoN approved norms will be followed for the design.

5.5 Materials requirements and specification

The following materials are the most generally required for the earthen pond construction:

Cement

Sand

Stone

Water






b. Cement: Used in condition of high seepage land, water is brought from distance and stored

in collection pond.

At practical level, cement should be

Fresh






d. Water for cement work: Water shall be clean and free from injurious materials (i.e. water

should be clear and no dirt or floating objects should be visible). Normally drinkable water

should be used where possible for mixing and curing concrete and masonry works.

33


Development of improved water supply scheme requires a range of skilled workers and non-skilled

people to develop it. In particular, skill required to support improved water supply scheme are as

follows:


For the development of improved water supply scheme, most of the materials are generally

available locally. Some materials are available in small or big markets. A summary where these

materials could be found are:

Materials Location

Stone and sand Nearest river or approved quarry, subject to approval by NPA.



Quality control in water supply for wildlife is necessary to make sure the structure functions well.

This shall be achieved through 2 key activities:





Committee.+



S.

No.

Skill required Who can provide Typical

availability of

skill


2. Cement and sand

mixing


3 Un-coursed

Rubble Masonry in

cement sand mortar

Experienced Mason

and Unskilled Labor

Mason and labor

Locally

34


Water supply for wildlife in Hariyo Ban program is a shared responsibility among its consortium



c. Hariyo Ban Consortium Partner/ their implementing partners

Hariyo Ban Consortium partners have important role in execution of the water supply in particular; it

will undertake the following functions and roles:

Interact with community for planning and site selection

Verification and approval of selected sites









engineering firm.


firm if required.


Development linkage between and coordinate with concerned communities and district and

local government line agencies.

d. Certified Contractor (Consulting Engineering Firm)





decide on whether or not a water supply is feasible from engineering point of view.







35















develop a sound knowledge on how to use and maintain a completed water supply scheme.

e. Users Committees

The Users Committees have none or very limited roles in this case.

Note: The provision of improved water supply inside the national parks and core areas are

implemented by government agencies. In this case, the government agencies will follow their own

norms and procedures for construction of the infrastructure mobilizing qualified technicians from

their departments/ministries.

36

CHAPTER 6: UPGRADING OF FIRE LINES TO FAIR WEATHER ROADS


Planning process for an upgrading of fire line to fair weather road essentially involves identification

of such need by the National Parks Authority (NPA). This is mainly determined by the budget

availability (i.e. resources) and site specific needs which will only be assessed by NPA. Hariyo Ban

Consortium has role in resource mobilisation as well as provision of technical support. The Users

Committees may or may not be relevant.

In this context, the planning process and role of these stakeholders may take the following form:

a. Role of National Parks Authority

For the fire line upgrading to fair weather road, the NPA usually identifies the need for such

process. It is also responsible to explore funding as may be necessary since development of fair

weather road requires considerable funding. All technical support will be provided by Department of

National Park and Wildlife Conservation (DNPWC) by mobilizing their own human resources

(engineers and overseers).


The Consortium Partners facilitate the planning process. This means that they work with NPA to

assess the needs. Similarly, they also work with the Engineering Firm to prepare necessary

technical information to help NPA (if needed) come up with appropriate and viable options.

c. Role of Consulting Engineering Firm (Certified Contractor) - optional




information to support decision making process. The firm provides technical views on feasibility

from engineering and resource point of view and will offer judgement before a decision is made.

The role of consulting engineering firm is viable only in case the National Park Authority decided to

take services from outside.

d. Role of User Committee

User committee will be mobilized to construct a new or restore existing fireline in community or

buffer zone forests without any structures that can be considered construction. Hence, those

activities will be supported by consortium partners’ field staff and do not require any support from

engineering firms.

6.2 Description of upgrading of fire lines into fair weather roads

A fire line is an area which has been cleared from vegetation to control or stop forest fire.

Upgrading of fire line to fair weather roads are done to increase mobility for monitoring of wild life.

On the other hand, fair weather roads are constructed using labor intensive and environmentally

37

friendly approach to a well-engineered road that is safe for users and has necessary provisions of

drainage and support structures.

While developing a fair weather road, important components of fair weather roads are:

Earth work

Drainage system

Retaining structure


The construction or up gradation of fire lines are carried by construction contractors that are

contracted by NPA with provision of technical support from Hariyo Ban Consortium Partner and its

designated Engineering Firm (Certified Contractor - optional).

The procedures for constructing or upgrading fire line to fair weather road are as follows:

The consulting firm carried out a detailed survey and prepares a complete design of the

upgrading scheme along with the quantity and cost estimates.

Upgrading of fire line is often carried using labor intensive approach through a construction

contractor, or labor from nearby areas, avoiding use of heavy equipment as much as possible

as it creates noise and dust pollution.

The earth work and other related structural work are carried out in the subsequent stages.

There is close supervision of works by NPA, Hariyo Ban Consortium Partner and technician

from Engineering Firm (optional) to ensure construction is according to design and

specifications.

6.4 Typical design

Upgrading of fireline to fair weather road in generally requires widening of fireline, addition of

necessary structures and a functional water drainage systems. A typical section of fair weather

road in a flat terrain is shown below:

38


environmental considerations. GON approved norms will be followed for the design.

The designs of the key road features, in the context of flat areas where these are constructed, are

summarized below:

a) Earthwork

Activities relating to the earthwork are the removal of top soil, excavation in designed line and level,

filling, compaction either naturally or manually. Key consideration should be given to management

of earthwork. This road in flat areas is often carried out in slightly raised elevation to keep the

motorable surface dry. So, balancing of soil necessary to fill this embankment, and excess soil if

there is cutting needs to be balanced. If the fill soil is not enough, it needs to be brought from a

quarry or borrow pit. In this case, the pit surface will need protection through bioengineering

methods.

b) Drainage system

Proper and functional drainage is most important aspect of a fair weather road. If water is not

drained effectively to achieve a dry carriageway, then the road quality will deteriorate.

For this purpose, the road surface is slightly raised from the ground level, a camber (slope) is

provided on the motorable surface to drain away the water to ground below.

c) Retaining structure

Retaining structures may be necessary to retain the embankment earth where the height is more

than 1m high. This may be in the form of dry wall or cement masonry wall, and is provided in

certain places so that drained water does not erode the road foundation.


The following materials are required for the fair weather road construction:

Additional earth (soil) for embankment filling

Gravel

Stone

Cement

Sand

Water




39

a. Earth (soil or gravel): This needs to be dry, clayey and easily compactable by rollers or

manually using compacters.

b. Gravel: Gravel used should be hard, clean and free from organic impurities. It should be

graded for maximum compaction. A graded gravel stone particles of different sizes and

shapes.

c. Stone: It shall be hard, sound, and free from crack, decay and weathering. Stone with


d. Cement: At practical level, cement should be

Fresh




e. Sand: Sand to be used should be clean i.e. free from clay, dust and organic materials. It


f. Water for cement work: Water shall be clean and free from injurious materials (i.e. water



Upgrading of fire lines into fair weather road requires mainly unskilled workers in large numbers.

They work under supervision of engineering site teams. Skilled workers are required mainly

structural works for retaining and drainage purposes as follows:


For upgrading fire lines into fair weather roads, most of the materials are generally available

locally. Some materials are available in small or big markets. A summary where these materials

could be found are:

Materials/equipment Location


Typical

availability of

skill

Remarks

1. Cement and sand


2

Un-coursed

Rubble Masonry in

cement sand mortar

Experienced Mason


40



Soil for filling works

Nearest borrow pit or from excavation of side drains.

Gravel Nearest river or approved quarry

Hand-tools for construction Road construction requires extensive use of hand

tools (shovels, spade, wheelbarrow, pickaxe etc).

These can be procured locally, or from nearest

market.


Quality control in upgrading of fire line is necessary to make sure that the structure functions well.

This shall be achieved through 2 key activities:





Committee.




Development of fire line in Hariyo Ban program is a shared responsibility among its consortium



a. Users Committee

The role of UC, if constituted for purpose will be limited and is area specific.


Hariyo Ban Consortium partners have important role in upgrading of the fire line. In particular, it will

undertake the following functions and roles:

Review existing National Park Management Plans and support to identify the actual location

relevant for this activity.


by the engineering firm (optional)

Support community mobilization to implement the planMonitor the progress and status of

the construction jointly with users committee Conduct/prepare EMMP (environmental

mitigation and monitoring plan)

41

c. Certified Contractor (Consulting Engineering Firm) – optional









Material quality assessment: park authority will be given technical advice on the



Construction supervision of the work along with PA The construction work will be

supervised by experienced members of engineering firm experts along With the

supervision that will ensure the scheme is built according to the work design and

specifications.



provide summary of cost incurred after the construction work is completed as per plan and

meeting quality requirements, engineering firm will prepare a work completion report.

Note:

The construction of fireline upgraded fair weather road inside the national parks and core areas are

implemented by government agencies. In this case, the government agencies will follow their own

norms and procedures for construction of this infrastructure mobilizing qualified technicians from

their departments/ministries.

When a new fireline is constructed or existing fireline is restored in community or buffer zone

forests without any structures that can be considered construction, it will be done through

mobilizing concerned communities. Construction materials will not be used in these cases and any

support from engineering firms will not be necessary. All technical support will be provided by the

consortium partners’ field staff.

42

CHAPTER 7: POWER FENCE






In this case, planning process will focus on deciding the settlement area near the national park

where power fence need to be constructed. The preferred area will be settlement near forest where

there is regular threat of wild animals. It is constructed to stop wild animals from entering the

human settlements, agricultural lands and prevent human wildlife conflict. The process also looks

into how much technicians from Power Company will be required for fence installation activities and

local materials availability on construction process.




a. Role of Protected Area (PA) office (and/or) District Forest Office (DFO):

Construction of power fence is generally implemented in coordination with the PA office in buffer

zone areas and with the District Forest Office (DFO) in national forest and community forests as

appropriate. It identifies the need of the power fence based on the ongoing human wildlife conflict

and wildlife movement record. The area to be covered and the location of the fence is determined

by NTNC, PA office (and/or DFO) and community people.

b. Role of User Committee (UC) (or CFUG)

UC (or CFUG) members are actively involved in the fencing process from planning to construction

stage, primarily providing social and other relevant information (e.g. human wildlife conflict

incidents) to PA office/DFO and Power Company.

c. Role of Hariyo Ban Consortium Partners/ NTNC

The Consortium Partners facilitate the planning process. This means that they work with PA office

(and/or DFO) and NTNC where appropriate to provide any technical support where necessary.

7.2 Description of Power Fence

Electric (or Power) fence is one of the technological innovation in the field of biodiversity

conservation. This is constructed to reduce direct human wildlife conflict especially where there is

frequent movement of large herbivores (e.g. wild elephants and one-horned rhinoceros).

Power fence installation is known to reduce crop raiding and property damage by the animals.

43

Power fence installation requires some specific equipment and materials. Energizer and voltage

controller are the main accessories that help in controlling voltage and provide constant flow of

electric current of around 2 volts through heavy coated GI wires (~ 10 gauge) fixed in either cement

or wooden poles of up to about 2m in height (depending on wildlife species involved). Solar panel

and batteries are used to ensure flow of current in the absence of national grid electricity.

Important components of power fence are:

Solar Installation including accessories

Fence

Crossing ladders


Construction of a power fence is a simple process carried out by a designated organization (e.g. a

power company) with support from communities and Consortium Partners. This is generally

performed in the following manner:

A site that is in need of power fence construction is selected by PA office (and/or DFO) and

consortium partners along with communities. Preference will be given to the area where

there is wild animals entering settlement, agricultural lands and where there is human wildlife

conflicts.

The community is then involved non-technical activities such as digging the foundation

holes and erecting the poles, fixing and tightening the wire, fixing the crossing ladders.

The rest of the activities, installation of solar power system and connecting the power with

the fence are done by the experts from the respective power company.

The construction process is to be supervised well by respective solar power company with

their own staffs. NTNC will provide all technical support to the communities.

7.4 Typical design of power fence

An electric fence is a physical barrier erected along the boundary of forest and farm land to keep

farm animals in and wild animals out. When the animals touch the fence they receive a short, sharp

but safe shock, which is sufficiently memorable that the animals never forget.

Because the electric fence is a psychological barrier, it does not require great strength to be

effective. However, it must be well designed and constructed to absorb some pressure from

animals, soil and wind. The energizer must have enough power for the length of the fence and for

the animals being controlled.

44

Fig: power fence Fig: power supplying components


The following materials are usually required for the power fence construction.

Non Local Materials:

Set of Solar Installation

Wire and Underground Cable

Cement

Local Materials:

Wooden or Cemented poles

Stones, pebbles and sand

The quantities of these materials required will be prepared using standard engineering work norms

prepared or approved by the Government of Nepal.


A) Non Local Materials

a) Set of Solar Installations

This is the main part and source of energy. Supplying the electrical materials and parts,

fixing, activating and testing are all done by respective solar power company. The capacity

of the solar installation is estimated by the company as per the coverage of fencing.

b) Wire and Underground Cables

The wire used should be galvanized and should be high quality electric wire with lifetime

guarantee against rust.

c) Cement: It may be required while preparing (in case of cemented poles) and fixing the poles.

45

At practical level, cement should be

Fresh




B) Local Materials

a. Wooden or Cemented Poles: Wooden poles are prepared with timber that is free of crakes. Mostly branches of well grown trees

or a fallen tree or poles harvested during thinning are preferred. This should be well seasoned.

In case of cemented poles they should follow nominal design standard. These poles should be six

feet tall above the ground surface.

b. Water for cement work: Water shall be clean and free from injurious materials (i.e. water should be clear and no dirt or floating objects should be visible).

c. Stones, pebbles and sand: These are normally used to fix the poles in the pit. They only need normal specification.


Construction of grinding mill required a range of skilled workers and non-skilled workers. In

particular, skill required to develop a grinding mill are as follows:


For the construction of power fence, most of the materials are generally available locally. Some


are:

S.

No.

Skill required Who can provide Typical availability

of skill

Remarks

1. Installation of solar panel,

battery, volt controller,

energizer

Trained and skilled

technician

Needs to be sourced

from outside

Provided by power

companies as per

procurement process of

the consortium partners

2. Cement and sand mixing

in case of cemented poles.

Experienced

Labor

Locally Need to check the quality

of skilled worker. If not

need to bring from outside.

3 Erecting the fence

particularly tightening the

wires in the poles

Skilled mechanic Needs to be sourced

from outside

Power company will

provide training to the

selected community

people

46

Materials Location

Solar panel, battery, volt controller,

energizer

Supplied by power companies. Local

transportation has to be managed by the

institution.

Cement and iron rods Nearest market

Wood, stones, sand, pebbles Locally


Quality control of power fence construction is necessary to make sure it functions well. NTNC and

power company will be responsible for Quality Control. Besides, NTNC, PA Office (and/or DFO)

and the UC (or CFUG) and the Hariyo Ban Consortium will be responsible for monitoring and

Quality control.

7.10 Potential environmental and social impacts and mitigation measures



Development of power fence in Hariyo Ban program is a shared responsibility among its

consortium partners, user committees and National Park Authority. The roles and responsibilities of

these stakeholders in general are as follows:

a. Users Committee

Users Committee represents the communities that are likely to benefit from the power fence

construction. Therefore they have key roles to play in the development of the scheme as follows:


Providing information about the location,

Supporting in site selection as per the threat.

Updating about the progress of construction process

Providing feedback about the effectiveness of power fence construction.


Collect material like stones, sand, pebbles and wooden poles which are locally available.

Ensure sustainability and ownership of the fence


Hariyo Ban Consortium partners have important role in the implementation of the fence. In

particular; it will undertake the following functions and roles:

Interact with community for planning and site selection as per the threat. Facilitate social

mobilization and community awareness

47


Provide timely grant and fund to implementing partner based on the cost estimate


Support community mobilization to implement the plan as per the technical assistance from

NTNC

Monitor the progress and status of the construction jointly with users committee.

Facilitate to address issues of quality control between users committee and NTNC.

Formation of management committee and roll out with proper business plan, operating

guidelines and communities mobilization

Development of linkage between and coordinate with concerned communities and

government line agencies (PA offices and District Forest Office (DFO).

Conduct/prepare EMMP (environmental mitigation and monitoring plan) and ensure the

plan are implemented or followed

Submitting completion report to Hariyo Ban Program core team

Capacity building trainings for developing skills of scheme management and maintenance

will be given by Technical experts of NTNC to the users committee to develop a sound

knowledge on how to use and maintain a completed power fence project.

c. Power company

Provide certified equipment and ensure quality of those

Facilitate in the installation of the fence

Provide first round of training to the community people regarding installation and

maintenance of the fence

Coordinate with NTNC while providing technical expertise

Note: The construction power fence in the buffer zone area of protected areas is implemented in

coordination with government organizations. Government agencies will follow their own norms and

procedures for construction of this infrastructure.

48

CHAPTER 8: FOOT TRAILS






In this case, planning process will focus on which and what type of foot trails will help to serve the

maximum foot trail needs of the community. The process also looks into how much and how the

resources and skills will be available to construct a quality foot trail that is durable and useful. In

some cases, an existing foot trail that requires repair/upgrading work after being damaged could be

selected for rehabilitation.


community representatives shall undertake with support from Hariyo Ban Consortium Partners.

The planning process and role of these stakeholders are briefly outlined below:

e. Role of User Committee (UC)


organise meetings to discuss identification of appropriate foot trail facilities that meets the



f. Role of Hariyo Ban Consortium Partners





g. Role of Consulting Engineering Firm (Certified Contractor)





technical considerations. The firm provides technical views on feasibility of a foot trail construction

from engineering and resource point of view and will offer judgement before a decision is made.

49


8.2 Description of foot trail

Foot trail is a small path used for walking. This path has a simple technical feature and is often

built with hand tools by local community themselves. In Nepal, distances travelled walking is long

and heavy loads are self carried. People in villages still rely on walking to transport their

agricultural produce, travel to markets or even fetch firewood for their cooking needs. Trail

improvement is usually part of watershed management activities. A construction or upgrading of

foot trail makes walking easy and safe by stabilizing the soil/terrain as well as supports

recreational and tourism activities such as hiking, trekking. A simple improvement to these paths

can bring substantial benefits to the rural communities. Important components of foot trail are:




consultation)



(Report Planning

Process)

No

Yes

50

Formation width with stone surface

Side sloping ground (cut area in hill side)

Fill slope

Drainage

Small crossing with wooden bridge


The upgrading of foot trial is carried out jointly by the Users Committee, Hariyo Ban Consortium

Partner and Engineering Firm (Certified Contractor).

The procedures for up gradation activities of foot trial are as follows:

Engineering firm, consortium partner and community carried out a detailed construction

survey, along with feasibility study to determine the relevancy of the scheme.

The consulting firm then prepares a complete design of the foot trail along with the quantity

and cost estimate.

Foot trail construction involves simple features such as widening footpath, paving with

stones, constructing steps when climbing up or down, simple drainage, bioengineering on

side slopes etc. These are built by hand tools from the community members.

Community is mobilized for construction material (e.g. stone blocks or slates etc) collection

for construction work to be carried out.

The earthwork, stone paving, drainage, and cut slope bioengineering etc are carried out in

the subsequent stages


from Engineering Firm to ensure safety of the construction.

8.4 Typical design of foot trail

A foot trail design depends on the nature of the terrain. Foot trail is typically developed in difficult

terrain where human movement is difficult due to cliffs, slopes and weak soil conditions. A typical

foot trail in such situation has the following sections and dimensions:

51

Figure 1: Typical design of foot trail

A typical foot trail section, as shown in the diagram, normally shall be1.5m wide along with

provision of drain on the sides if necessary. The gradient for foot trails should not be in general

more than 20%. The actual design and dimensions may vary based on the community needs, site

location and environmental considerations. GoN approved norms will be followed for the design.


The following materials are required for foot trails construction.

Cement (only used for cross drainage, in weak or wet soil conditions requiring paved road

surface to ensure safety of the people)

Sand

Stone (flat or rectangular for steps)

Water

Wood (for small crossings)




a. Stone: It shall be hard, sound, and free from crack, decay and weathering. Stone with round surface shall not be used.

b. Cement: At practical level, cement should be Fresh




52





e. Wood: should be preferably dried well, and of adequate diameter to hold the weight of

people and load they will be carrying.


Foot trail requires a range of skilled workers and non-skilled people to develop it. In particular, skill

required to develop the foot trails are as follows:


For the construction of foot trail, most of the materials are available locally. Some materials are

available in small or big markets. A summary where these materials could be found are:

Materials Location



Wood Locally


Quality control in foot trail is necessary to make sure that the foot trial functions well. This shall be


f. Regular technical monitoring by representatives from qualified Engineering Consultant


S.

No. Skill required Who can provide

Typical

availability of

skill


2. Cement and sand


3

Un-coursed

Rubble Masonry in

cement sand mortar

Experienced Mason


53


g. Community monitoring and supervision by representative of Consortium Partners and User

Committee.




Development of foot trails in Hariyo Ban program is a shared responsibility among its consortium

partners, user committees and engineering firm providing technical assistance roles and


a. Users Committee

Users Committee represents the communities that the people who will use the foot trail. Therefore

they have key roles to play in the development of the scheme as follows:









bioengineering


Feasibility study



Work measurement





Hariyo Ban Consortium partners have important role in execution of the foot trail. In particular, it will

undertake the following functions and roles:





54





the certified contractor.

Capacity building community group on activity management (Public Hearing Public Auditing

(PHPA), documentation, quality implementation.


engineering firm.


firm if required.


Develop linkage between and coordinate with concerned communities and DSCO, DDC,

VDC and DFO other relevant institutions for resource leveraging, planning and

implementation.






decide on whether or not a foot trail is feasible from engineering point of view.

















55





develop a sound knowledge on how to maintain a completed foot trail.

Note:

There may be cases when construction or rehabilitation of a foot trail does not involve imported

construction materials such as cement and when the terrain is not complex from people’s safety

point of view. In such cases, the construction or rehabilitation of a foot trail will be done by the

communities without technical support engineering firm. Required technical support will be

provided by Hariyo Ban consortium field staff.

CHAPTER 9: IRRIGATION SYSTEM

56






In this case, planning process will focus on which and what type of irrigation scheme will help to

serve the maximum irrigation needs of the community. The process also looks into how much and

how the resources and skills will be available to deliver a quality irrigation asset that is durable and

useful. In some cases, it could be identification of an existing irrigation scheme that has ceased to

function or functioning at low capacity and requires rehabilitation/repair work.






organise meetings to discuss identification of appropriate irrigation facilities that meets the








c. Consulting Engineering Firm (Certified Contractor)

A certified contractor is one who possesses a certificate of competency issued by the state. The



information to support the decision making process. Normally, community decisions are not based

on technical considerations. The firm provides technical views on feasibility from an engineering

and resource point of view and will offer judgement before a decision is made.




consultation)

57

9.2 Description of irrigation systems

Irrigation is the process of supplying water to soil in the dry land by managing external water

sources outside its natural courses. It is usually done to assist crops/vegetation to grow during dry

period Small scale irrigation systems are developed by communities and require simple technology

and local materials. In Nepal, since small farmers dominate the agricultural land, such irrigation

system has become a reliable source for irrigation and is instrumental in helping them improve their

land productivity.

Important components of small-scale irrigation systems are:

Intake

58

Canal

Canal Outlet

Drop Structure


The irrigation systems are constructed in the following manner. All these activities are carried out

jointly by the Users Committee, Hariyo Ban Consortium Partner and Engineering Firm (Certified

Contractor) working together.

A detailed survey is carried out with the help of level machine to confirm whether or not a

gravity led flow of water is possible.

An examination with field study is carried out to see if the source of water is enough and

reliable to irrigate the planned areas of field.

The consulting firm then prepares a complete design of the irrigation scheme along with the


Community is mobilized for construction material collection after which the alignment is cleared

for construction work to be carried out.

The earthwork and other relevant structural work are carried out in the subsequent stages.

There is close supervision of works by UC, Hariyo Ban Consortium Partner and technician from


The Engineering Firm provides User committee a training or capacity building event to improve

management and maintenance of the completed scheme.

9.4 Typical design of irrigation systems

When designing an irrigation scheme, first important step is to observe the water source, the land

to be irrigated and the terrain between the source and the land. Following this, the design of an

irrigation system is prepared along with its key components. When designing an irrigation system,

the engineering firm needs to take the following into considerations:

Keep the shortest possible length of canal in the hills.

Use local skills and materials whenever possible.

Preserve vegetation on hill slopes that lie above and below canal.

Design canal to meet crop-water requirement and other domestic needs ensuring minimum

cross- section excavation.

Provide lining to all canals with serious seepage and slumping problems, maximizing use of

local materials.

Cover all canals passing through areas prone to toppling or spilling slope failure.

Use temporary channel structures (such as pipes, bamboo sections etc) on fragile areas.

Protect bare, eroded and unstable hill slopes with bioengineering measures.

Place and compact fill carefully.

59

The different components of an irrigation scheme are designed as follows.

a. Intake

These are structures which draw water from the source and channel to the main canal. The

intake design and type depends on the discharged quantity and characteristics of flow. A side

intake is suitable for a small scheme as it is easy to construct and operate. Side intake

consists of an opening that helps control flow of water as per required discharge.

b. Canal

A canal is a channel or water from source (a stream or the river) to the agricultural fields. The

main canal alignment should be short, straight and accessible to the entire command area.

Earthen canal, if designed and constructed with care, is the most economical, works well and is

widely used in remote areas of Nepal. However, earthen canal when placed in weak soil

conditions and unstable slopes may lose a lot of water due to seepage.

Therefore, there are different factors to be considered during designing canals. If there is

enough money, the canal should be lined to control seepage, scouring and erosion of canal.

Figure 2: Typical design of earthen canal with dimensions (in meters, m)

There are different types of lining. Some of the common types of lining used in Nepal are masonry

lining, concrete lining, soil cement lining, slate lining etc. The choice depends on money available

and local need. In order to make irrigation canals climate resilient, they should be lined properly

and reduce water losses.

c. Drop Structure

A drop structure is built to check erosion caused by high flow velocity resulting from steep slope.

This is a commonly required structure, but often not provided due to insufficient money available

60

to the communities. As a result, many schemes fail from high level of scouring. A typical

community managed, small-scale irrigation scheme is made of earthen canal with a cross section

typically of 0.5m x 0.5m. However, line canals are preferable to increase climate resilience of the

irrigation system as a line canal will lose less amount water from seepage. The actual design

and dimensions may vary based on the community needs, site location and environmental

considerations. The design is carried out using GoN approved norms.


The following materials are the most generally required for the irrigation scheme construction:

Cement

Sand

Stone


Water

Bamboos and plant species (when there is a need to protect certain section of canals from

landslides or flooding)







Fresh








Mesh wire 3.2mm


Selvedge wire 4.0mm

Galvanizing: A wire used in the making of gabions shall be galvanized (i.e. are zinc

coated) to avoid or delay rusting. It is important to see that the wire bought is free from rust

61

and is uniformly galvanized.




Irrigation scheme requires a range of skilled workers and non-skilled people to develop it. In

particular, skill required to develop the irrigation canal are as follows:

7. Access to materials and resources

For the construction of an irrigation scheme, most of the materials are generally available locally.

Some materials are available in small or big markets. A summary where these materials could be

found are:

Materials Location



Gabion wire Nearest big town (usually from big cities only or local

suppliers of construction materials

Bamboo and plant species Locally or nearest market.


Typical

availability of

skill

Remarks


2. Cement and sand


3 Gabion wire weaving Trained/Experienced

weaver

Might need

external

person

Need to check the



outside.



5

Un-coursed

Rubble Masonry in

cement sand mortar

Experienced Mason


62


Quality control in an irrigation scheme is necessary to make sure that the canal functions well. This






Committee.




Development of small scale irrigation canal in Hariyo Ban program is a shared responsibility among

its consortium partners, user committees and engineering firm providing technical assistance. The


a. Users Committee

Users Committee represents the communities that the people who will use the irrigation scheme.

Therefore they have key roles to play in the development of the scheme as follows:











bioengineering


Feasibility study




Work measurement


63


Hariyo Ban Consortium partners have important role in execution of the irrigation scheme. In

particular, it will undertake the following functions and roles:











engineering firm.


firm if required.


Develop linkage between and coordinate with concerned communities and District

Agriculture Development Office, District Irrigation Office, DDC/Municipalities.






decide on whether or not irrigation is feasible from engineering point of view.












64










develop a sound knowledge on how to manage and maintain a completed irrigation

scheme.

65

CHAPTER 10: WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM






In this case, planning process will focus on which and what type of water supply scheme will help

to serve the water supply needs of the community. The process also looks into how much and how

the resources and skills will be available to deliver a quality water supply asset that is durable and

useful. In some cases, it could be identification of an existing water supply scheme that requires

rehabilitation/repair work. It is also important at this stage to consider adequacy and sustainability

of the water source. The supplied water is often used for multiple purposes such as for livestock

feeding, kitchen gardening etc. It is possible that planning should also cover watershed

management for long term supply of water from the source.






organise meetings to discuss identification of appropriate water supply facilities that meets the















66


10.2 Description of water supply systems

Water supply systems allow community members to access piped and drinkable water close to

their living areas or settlements. This improved water has a lot of benefits to the rural people: lower




consultation)



(Report Planning

Process)

No

Yes

67

health risks, reduce the burden of women and children who carry big containers of water and

thereby giving more free time that can be dedicated in productive activities like childcare, animal

rising and vegetable gardening.

Important components of water supply system are:

Source protection

Intake

Reservoir tank

Valves

Transmission and distribution lines

Tape stands

10.3 Brief Construction Process

The water supply systems are constructed in a manner described below. All these activities are

carried out jointly by the Users Committee, Hariyo Ban Consortium Partner and Engineering Firm

(Certified Contractor) working together.

A detailed survey is carried out with the help of level machine to confirm whether or not a

gravity led flow of water is possible.

An examination with field study is carried out to determine source of water that is enough

and reliable for water supply scheme.

The consulting firm then prepares a complete design of the water supply scheme along with

the quantity and cost estimate

Community is then mobilized for site clearance and construction material collection.

Reservoir construction, laying of pipeline and other relevant work is carried out in

subsequent stages by community members.


from Engineering Firm to ensure construction is according to design and specifications

The Engineering Firm provides User committee a training or capacity building event to

improve management and maintenance of the completed water supply scheme.

10.4 Typical design

Water supply schemes vary in design for different terrain. In Terai with flat surfaces, gravity flow

design is not practical, and therefore underground extraction is common. The pumping is often

carried out using generators and water is stored in overhead tanks and supplied through pipes to

communities.

In hilly areas, the source of water is often a spring, stream or a river, and may be piped using

gravity. In this case no external energy source is needed to pump water.

68

The system design and components of these water supply schemes therefore vary widely from

Terai to the hills, as well as depending on the population served and the distance of the source

from the users. The section below provides only indicative components and introduction to key

design features:

a. Intake

Generally, intakes are designed to divert the water from the source to towards the reservoir and

they can be used for setting of small particles flowing with water. Half trapezoidal shape intakes are

mostly preferable.

b. Reservoir and break pressure tanks

Generally, reservoir tanks are used to collect water stored for distribution purposes. Where the

source of water is at high location (more than 60m) compared to user settlements, then break

pressure tanks are also provided to reduce pressure on the pipes. This avoids breaking of the

pipes from excess pressure.

Figure 1: Reservoir

c. Transmission and distribution lines

Water transmission refers to the transportation of the water from the intake to the area of

distribution ending in pipe stands. For small community water supply systems, High Density

Polythene (HDPE) pipes of 20 to 40mm diameter are used.

d. Tap stands

Normally, one tap stands are placed to serve 10.15 households. Tap stands are made of

galvanized Iron (GI) pipe, covered by cement mortar. These are normally 1 to 1.5m high and

should have enough clearance above group to place buckets or local water vessels.

69

Figure 2: Tap stand

Brief construction process of water supply Scheme is:

Site clearance

Layout

Construction of reservoir

Lying of pipes

Construction of break pressure tank

Construction of tape stands with valve chamber

Source protection

Firstly construction survey is done and then the review of design along with the quantity and cost

estimate is carried out. Then the collection of construction material followed by clearing and

grubbing of alignment is done and then the earth work and structural work are carried out.




The following materials are required for the canal construction.

Cement

Sand

Stone

Water

Pipe for distribution lines, tap stands and

Pipe fittings.

Quantities and size of these materials shall depend on the applicable government Norms, site

specific conditions (water discharge, elevations etc) and number of users.

70




b. Cement: At practical level cement should be

Fresh







should be clear and no dirt or floating objects should be visible). Normally, drinkable water

should be used where possible for mixing and curing concrete and masonry works.

e. Pipes and fittings: The specifications vary widely. Normally High Density Polythene (HDPE)

used for water transmission, and Galvanized Iron (GI) pipe for tap stands.


Water supply scheme requires a range of skilled workers and non-skilled people to develop it. In

particular, skill required to develop water supply schemes are as follows:

S.

No.

Skill required Who can provide Typical

availability of

skill

Remarks


Mason Locally

2. Cement sand mixing Experienced

Labor

Locally Need to check the quality of

skilled worker. If not need to

bring from outside.

3 Un-coursed

Rubble Masonry in

cement sand mortar

Experienced

Mason and

Unskilled Labor

Locally

4 Plumbing Trained/

experienced

plumber

Need to check the quality of

skilled worker. If not need to

bring from outside.


71

For the construction of water supply scheme, most of the materials are available locally. Some


are:

Materials Location



Pipes Nearest big town (usually from big cities only or local suppliers of

construction materials)


Quality control in water supply scheme is necessary to make sure that the supplied water is regular

and drinkable. This shall be achieved through 2 key activities:





Committee.




Development of small scale water supply scheme in Hariyo Ban program is a shared responsibility

among its consortium partners, user committees and engineering firm providing technical

assistance. The roles and responsibilities of these stakeholders in general are as follows:

a. Users Committee

Users Committee represents the communities that the people who will use the water supply

scheme. Therefore they have key roles to play in the development of the scheme as follows:






engineering firm.



bioengineering

72


Feasibility study




Work measurement


Keep records of (a) materials purchased/received in kind (b) labor mobilized (paid and unpaid),

and (c) overall expenditure of fund received.


Hariyo Ban Consortium partners have important role in execution of the water supply scheme. In

particular, it will undertake the following functions and roles:



Facilitate meeting between community representative and technician from the engineering firm

for technical input in task design and detail cost estimate.

Provide timely grant and fund to implementing partner based on the cost estimate prepared by


Capacity building of community group on activity management (Public Hearing Public Auditing



Support community mobilization to implement the plan as per the technical assistance of the

certified contractor.


engineering firm.

Facilitate to address issues of quality control between users committee and engineering firm if

required.


Development linkage between and coordinate with concerned communities and, DDC, VDC,

Divisional Water Supply and Sanitation Offices.





Firm with the users committee for evaluation and analysis of proposed scheme. This will decide

on whether or not water supply scheme is feasible from engineering point of view.



73

Design, quantity and cost estimation: After the completion of engineering survey, a detailed

work design along with quantity and cost estimation will be prepared by the Engineering Firm.

This will give the amount of materials, workers (skilled and unskilled) and cost required to

complete the work.


constructions materials quality. The Firm will help the community to check the standards during

or after purchase.

Construction supervision of the work along with users committee: The construction work will

be supervised by experienced members of engineering firm experts along with user committee.

The supervision will ensure that the scheme is built according to the work design and

specifications.


quality of works completed is satisfactory. If so, it will then measure the works done and provide

summary of cost incurred if this is necessary for the clearance of advances taken by the UC.

When the construction work is completed as per plan and meeting quality requirements,

engineering firm will prepare a work completion report.


will be given by the Engineering Firm to the users committee for them to develop a sound

knowledge on management, repair and maintenance of a completed water supply scheme.

75

CHAPTER 11: COMMUNITY HALL






In this case, planning process will focus on which and what type of community hall will help to

serve the maximum needs of the community. The process also looks into how much and how the

resources and skills will be available to deliver a quality community hall service that is durable and

useful. In some cases, it may be necessary to renovate an existing community hall instead of

building a new one.






organise meetings to discuss identification of appropriate community hall facilities that meets the















76


11.2 Description of a community hall

Community hall is a public building owned by and run for the benefit of a local community. In a

community hall, members of a community can gather for group activities, social engagement,

information sharing and other purpose such as cooperative office, collection center for produces

before they are taken to the market. Essentially, a community hall can contribute to build

awareness levels, promote social welfare and support the community to develop collectively their

community as well as. For example, the hall could lead to promotion of eco-tourism where the




consultation)



(Report Planning

Process)

No

Yes

77

community can use the hall for welcoming guests collectively and stage cultural program of that

particular community. In they can be used as rescue center when flood inundates the village.

In general, a community hall comprises the following structural parts:

Foundation Wall

Roof

Doors and windows

Surrounding drainage (optional)

Toilet (optional)

11.3 Brief Construction Process

The construction activities of a community hall are carried out jointly by the Users Committee,

Hariyo Ban Consortium Partner and Engineering Firm (Certified Contractor).

The community hall scheme is constructed in the following manner:

The Consortium Partner and User Committee carry out the site selection.

Feasibility study of the area is carried out by the Engineering Firm where the site proximity and

suitability of location to the communities, safety of the area (i.e. not on a fragile area, ground is

not inundated by floods) etc are considered during the process.

The consulting firm then prepares a complete design of the community hall along with the

quantity and cost estimates.

Community is then mobilized for clearance of the site where the construction work is to be

carried out. Site layout is then given by the technical team.

This follows the construction of structural work usually carried out by the Communities or their

representatives (UCs or local contractors).

There is close supervision of works by UC, Hariyo Ban Consortium Partner and technician from


11.4 Typical design of a community hall

A community hall is an important and sensitive structure for a community. It should be designed

taking the intended function, safety and, if possible, local architecture and cultural values into the

design process.

Normally, the area of a community hall is designed based on the number of people likely to use in

regularly. Then an area (in square meter or sqm) is assumed per person. General practice is to

allow 1.0 sqm per user (including open space for presentations etc). A typical rural community hall

is designed for 40 persons, and with this, a typical community hall area could be around 40 square

meters.

78

Given this, hall dimensions, as proposed below, could be 8m (length), 5.6m (width) with necessary

provisions of windows for ventilation and lighting purposes. The floor height is generally allowed at

3 meters (m) for Terai and can be lower at 2.5 m in hilly areas.

A typical community hall plan with its dimensions is provided below. The actual design and

dimensions may vary based on the community needs, site location and environmental

considerations. GoN approved norms will be followed for the design.

Figure 1: Plan and elevation of a typical community hall

79

Figure 2: Open shed with truss structure

80


The following materials are the most generally required for the community hall construction:

Stone

Cement

Sand

Aggregates (crushed stones)

Water

Bricks

Wood

Aluminum doors and windows (optional to wood)

Mud (for preparing mud mortar)

The quantities of these materials required will be prepared by the engineering firm during design and

cost estimate using standard government norms applicable for this purpose.





Fresh




c. Sand: Sand to be used should be clean i.e. free from clay, dust and organic materials. It should

not be too fine or too coarse.

d. Aggregates: For a good concrete mix, aggregates need to be clean, hard, strong particles free of

absorbed chemicals or coatings of clay and other fine materials that could cause the deterioration

of concrete.

e. Water for cement work: Water shall be clean and free from injurious materials (i.e. water should

be clear and no dirt or floating objects should be visible).

f. Bricks: Sun dried brick is used for construction. The mud used for making sun dried brick should

be free from organic materials and should be preferably dried in a shed to prevent large

shrinkage cracks

g. Wood: Wood used should be dry and treated or seasoned. This should not have too many knots

or infected with fungus etc. Seasoning may be done in a traditional manner such as sun drying.

81

h. Roofing materials: CGI sheets are commonly used. The sheets used range from 24 to 28

Gauge. A medium gauge of 26 is recommended.


Construction of community hall requires a range of skilled workers and non-skilled people to build it.

In particular, skills required to construct a community hall are as follows:


For the construction of community hall, most of the materials are generally available locally. Some

materials are available in small or big markets. A summary where these materials could be found are:



Typical

availability of

skill

Remarks


2. Cement and sand


Need to check the



outside.

3

Un-coursed Rubble

Masonry in cement

sand mortar

Experienced Mason


4 Carpenter Experienced

Carpenter Locally

For windows, doors and

roofing works.

5 Aluminum door/ window

fixing person

Experienced fixing

person Locally

Need to check the



outside

Materials Location

Cement, reinforcement

iron, CGI sheets, bricks ,

aluminum doors and

windows

Nearest market

Wood Nearest FUG or saw mills.

Stone, aggregate, sand Nearest bank of stream, river or a

suitable quarry.

82

Quality control in community hall construction is necessary to make sure that the structure functions

well. This shall be achieved through 2 key activities:


firm/Certified contractor the technical monitoring will review the design, quality of materials



Committee.




Development of community halls in Hariyo Ban program is a shared responsibility among its

Consortium partners, user committees and engineering firm providing technical assistance. The roles

and responsibilities of these stakeholders:

a. Users Committee

Users Committee represents the communities that the people who will use the community hall.






providing feedback about the effectiveness of construction process and support from the

engineering firm.

Provide required labor contribution as required.


Feasibility study



Work measurement





Hariyo Ban Consortium partners and their implementing partners have important role in execution of

the community hall. In particular, it will undertake the following functions and roles:

83

Identification of appropriate communities and locations.

Verification and approval of community hall proposal.

Capacity building of community group on activity management (Public Hearing Public Auditing






Take lead role for community mobilization and coordination for cash and materials management.

Support/advise users committee in the procurement of required materials and manage the local

resources, materials etc.


certified contractor.

Monitor the progress and status of the construction jointly with users committee and engineering

firm.


required.

Develop linkage between and coordinate with concerned communities and key stakeholder at

district and local level e.g. DDC, VDC, Divisional Cooperative Office District Administration, and

District Disaster Relief Committee.






Firm with the users committee for evaluation and analysis of proposed scheme. This will decide

on whether or not a community hall is feasible from engineering point of view.






complete the work.


constructions materials quality. The Firm will help the community to check the standards during

or after purchase.


be supervised by experienced members of engineering firm experts along with user committee.

84

The supervision will ensure that the scheme is built according to the work design and

specifications.


quality of works completed is satisfactory. If so, it will then measure the works done and provide

summary of cost incurred if this is necessary for the clearance of advances taken by the UC.

When the construction work is completed as per plan and meeting quality requirements,

engineering firm will prepare a work completion report.

Capacity building trainings for developing skills of community hall management and

maintenance will be given by the Engineering Firm to the users committee for them to develop a

sound knowledge on how to use and manage a community hall.

Note: The typical designs (walled building and sheds) shown in this document will be adapted for

designing the community building as per the need of the concerned community: social gathering;

center for ecotourism, shelter house from flooding and inundation, collection center for marketable

produces, building for small enterprises and so forth.

85

CHAPTER 12: GRINDING MILL / IMPROVED WATER MILL



infrastructures to meet the specific needs of the beneficiaries. The planning process should conclude

with community consent for an infrastructure that helps to meet the intended needs of the community

members for a specific purpose that relates to the project objectives.

In this case, planning process will focus on which and what type of grinding mill scheme will help to

serve the maximum grinding needs of the community. The process also looks into how much and how

the resources and skills will be available to deliver a quality grinding asset that is durable and useful.

In some cases, it could be identification of an existing grinding mill that has ceased to function or

functioning at low capacity and requires rehabilitation/repair work.






organise meetings to discuss identification of appropriate grinding mill facilities that meets the

community requirements. The UC works with community members to organise the community views

and represent them to the Hariyo Ban Consortium partners and facilitators.


The Consortium Partners facilitate the planning process. This means that they work with UC to review

and document reference to existing local plans at the VDC or DDC levels. Similarly, they also work

with the Consulting Engineering Firm to prepare necessary information to help UC come up with

appropriate and viable options.








86





consultation)



(Report Planning

Process)

No

Yes

87

12.2 Description of grinding mill/Improved water mill

A grinding mill is a small community infrastructure that is used in general to break the larger cereal

particles (such as corn, millet, wheat etc) into fine particles. In doing this, the grinding mill helps to

reduce the burden of rural women in particular in doing this manually in traditional ways. Grinding

mills are often run by a water stream or in some limited cases by electricity or fuel. Improved Water

Mill (IWM) technology increases the efficiency of traditional water mills, resulting in increased energy

output. This is achieved by replacing wooden parts with metallic parts.

The Improved water mill program in Nepal uses two types of water mills: short-shafted and long-

shafted water mills. The former type is only applied for grinding, while the latter type is also used for

paddy hulling, oil expelling, rice polishing and other end uses. The technology is not only used for

agro-processing - one Improved water mill can also generate up to 3kW electricity, which is sufficient

to light and operate small electronic devices for up to fifty households.

Important components of grinding mills are:

Mill pond

Turbine

Channel or pipe

Grinder

Mill race

Penstock


Construction of a grinding mill is a simple and traditionally carried out activity. This is generally

performed in the following manner:

A site that is appropriate is selected taking water stream or other energy needs into

considerations.

A simple site survey is carried out followed by a sketch of the area and components. It is

important to assign space for users to wait, and then to collect their grinded products.

The community is then given dimensions, simple specifications etc to prepare the construction

materials and mill components.

The construction process is to be supervised well to ensure that the shed and mechanical

parts are well built to ensure long term use and safety of the structures.

After construction, the mill area should be cleared properly and secured by compound wall or

fence as possible.

12.4 Typical design of grinding mill/improved water mill

Typically, water is diverted from a river, stream or mill pond to a turbine or water wheel, along a

channel or pipe known as a flume, head race or penstocks. The force of water movement drives the

blades or a wheel or turbine, which in turn rotates an axle that drives the mill’s other machinery. Water

leaving the wheel or turbine is drained through a tail race, but this channel may also be the head race

88

or yet another wheel, turbine or mill. The passage or water is controlled by simple sluice gates that

allow maintenance and periodic cleaning.

Fig: Electric grinding mill Fig: Improved water grinding mill




The following materials are the most generally required for the grinding mill scheme construction:

Cement (for cemented floor to store grain before and after grinding)

Sand

Stone

Water

Wood or metal section for roofing.

Roofing materials (thatch, slate or corrugated sheets)

The quantities of these materials required will be prepared by the engineering firm during design and

cost estimate using standard engineering work norms approved by the Government of Nepal.




b. Cement: : At practical level, cement should be

Fresh






89



e. The wooden or metal sections used for shed will be designed as per the selection made

during the design process by the Consultant Engineering Firm.

f. Similarly, the choice and specifications for the roofing material will depend on the availability

of local materials, and decision on its specifications will be made at the time of design after

reviewing local resources.


Construction of grinding mill required a range of skilled workers and non-skilled workers. In particular,

skill required to develop a grinding mill are as follows:


For the construction of grinding mill, most of the materials are generally available locally. Some

materials are available in small or big markets. A summary where these materials could be found are:

Materials Location



Wood or metal

frames

Wood locally, and metal from market

Roofing material Thatch and slates locally, and

corrugated sheets from local market

S.

No.

Skill required Who can

provide

Typical

availability of

skill

Remarks


Mason

Locally

2. Cement and sand

mixing

Experienced

Labor

Locally Need to check the



outside.

3 Mechanics for fixing

of mechanical units

Skilled

mechanic

Needs to be

sourced from

outside

4 Carpenter Skilled

carpenter

Locally

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Quality control in grinding mil construction is necessary to make sure the structure functions well. This






Committee.




Development of grinding mill in Hariyo Ban program is a shared responsibility among its consortium



1. Users Committee

Users Committee represents the communities that the people who will use the grinding mill scheme.










bioengineering


Feasibility study



Work measurement




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2. Hariyo Ban Consortium Partner/ their implementing partners

Hariyo Ban Consortium partners have important role in execution of the grinding mill. In particular, it

will undertake the following functions and roles:






the engineering firm



certified contractor


engineering firm.


required.

Provide technical backstopping and facilitation in business plan and livelihood improvement

plan (LIP) preparation if associated with this structure

Development of linkage between and coordinate with concerned communities and District

Agriculture Development Office and DDC/Municipalities.


d. Certified Contractor (Consulting Engineering Firm)





decide on whether or not a grinding mill is feasible from engineering point of view.






complete the work.




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be supervised by experienced members of engineering firm experts along with user

committee. The supervision will ensure that the scheme is built according to the work design

and specifications.



provide summary of cost incurred if this is necessary for the clearance of advances taken by

the UC. When the construction work is completed as per plan and meeting quality



will be given by the Engineering Firm to the users committee for them to develop a sound

knowledge on how to use and maintain a completed grinding mill/improved water mill.

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CHAPTER 13: WORLD PEACE BIODIVERSITY GARDEN

VISITOR CENTER


The development of the Visitor Center includes a series of activities that will contribute to the

realisation of a carefully designed infrastructure meeting specific functions and design considerations

reflecting the environmental and social aspects it will be located in.

The planning process for the Visitor Center will therefore pass through a number of well coordinated

processes that shall involve a combination of consultations between Department of Plant Resources

(DPR) under Ministry of Forest and Social Conservation (MoFSC), Hariyo Ban Consortium Partners

and tourism entrepreneurs in Pokhara. The roles of these organisations in the planning process are

briefly outlined below:

a. Role of Department of Plant Resources (DPR)

Development of Visitor Center is a vision shared by DPR and Hariyo Ban based on the World Peace

and Biodiversity Development Plan prepared by DPR. Accordingly, DPR will initiate and lead the

consultative processes, with backstopping from Hariyo Ban Consortium Partners as deemed

necessary. The DPR will lead the overall process and make final decisions relating to the center,

including its design and construction procedure following the GoN’s procurement policy.


The Consortium Partners facilitate the planning process and provide technical support as deemed

necessary and agreed with DPR for the development of the Visitor Center.

13.2 Description of the Visitor Center

The Visitor Center shall be located in biodiversity rich and protected Rani Ban area of Pokhara in the

backdrop to Phewa Lake. Given this location, and the intended function, the design of the Centre shall

reflect the environmental, cultural and ecological values and sensitivity of the Rani Ban and be energy

efficient to minimise external energy dependency.

Important components of Botanical/Biodiversity Visitor Center are:

Welcome space (Reception area)

Meeting hall (with flexibility to use as training/conference purposes)

Biodiversity richness demonstration hall (this is a more technical demonstration space).


a. DPR will take support of Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC) for design and estimate of the Visitor/information Center.

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b. DPR will follow the GoN procurement policy and procedure for contracting certified construction company for the construction of the Center building.

c. The construction supervision will be carried out by DUDBC.

13.4 Typical design of Visitor Center

As described in the Section 13.2 above, the Visiting Center has a range of functions. These mainly

include demonstration of biodiversity richness of the area to the visitors. This may also be tourist

visitors to the area, seeking additional knowledge.

A typical design with the provisions to meet the above functions could be as given below:

Figure 1: A typical design of a Visitor Center with exhibition functions

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A more specific design shall be prepared by professional architects following the planning process.


The following materials are usually required for the Visitor Center construction.

Non Local Materials:

Cement and sand

Roofing materials (CGI sheets or roofing slates)

Reinforcement bars

Local Materials:

Water

Wood

Stones

The quantities of these materials required will be prepared using standard engineering work norms

prepared or approved by the Government of Nepal.

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The materials for the Visitor Center shall be selected with high sensitivity to the environment and their

specifications shall be accordingly articulated in the contract document. In general, the specifications

shall include:

i. Stone: It shall be hard, sound, and free from crack, decay and weathering. Stone with round

surface shall not be used. Stones when sourced from a quarry shall be preapproved as well as

treated to the satisfaction of the environmental authority when quarry work is completed.

j. Cement: At practical level, cement should be

Fresh




k. Sand: Sand to be used should be clean i.e. free from clay, dust and organic materials. It should

not be too fine or too coarse.

l. Aggregates: For a good concrete mix, aggregates need to be clean, hard, strong particles free of

absorbed chemicals or coatings of clay and other fine materials that could cause the deterioration

of concrete.

m. Water for cement work: Water shall be clean and free from injurious materials (i.e. water should

be clear and no dirt or floating objects should be visible).

n. Wood: Wood used should be dry and treated or seasoned. This should not have too many knots

or infected with fungus etc. Seasoning may be done in a traditional manner such as sun drying.

o. Roofing materials: CGI sheets are commonly used. The sheets used range from 24 to 28

Gauge. A medium gauge of 26 is recommended. However, roofing slates could also be used to

reflect the local ethnic architecture.


The construction of Visitor Center requires highly advanced skills to meet its high quality demand and

environmental sensitive elements of construction. Some of the skills, such as masonry are likely to be

locally available but the specialist skills are less likely to be available locally.

These skills requirements shall be spelled out in the contract document and the contractor shall

source them accordingly.


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The sourcing of the materials shall be carried out by the construction contractor working under the contract with the DPR and will be accordingly responsible to source them as indicated in the contract document to meet quality requirement.


Quality control of construction is necessary to make sure that Visitor Center is environmentally sound

and meets its functions well. DPR and DUDBC will be responsible for Quality Control.

13.9 Potential environmental and social impacts and mitigation measures

These elements shall be carefully spelled out in the design requirements and contract documents.


a. Department of Plan Resources (DPR) DPR is the key government agency in the development of the Visitor Center and lead all the processes in consultation with relevant organizations as deemed necessary.

b. Hariyo Ban Consortium partner

Hariyo Ban consortium partner will play a facilitating role as agreed in the sub-award to DPR.

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CHAPTER 14: Biogas Support Mechanism (Updated)

Hariyo Ban Program’s Mechanisms to Support Biogas Installation Biogas addresses a key driver of deforestation and forest degradation by reducing demand for fuel-wood, and also reduces livestock grazing in forests. Biogas may also help reduce threats to biodiversity, and/or promote climate adaptation, as well as bringing several social benefits for women and their families. Hariyo Ban partners have different mechanisms to support biogas installation in the two landscapes; these are outlined below.

i) Terai Arc Landscape

A. WWF’s Working Modality

WWF Nepal works with the Alternative Energy Promotion Centre (AEPC), Biogas Sector Partnership (BSP) Nepal and community based organizations such as Community Forest Coordination Committees (CFCCs) to help local communities purchase biogas units with optional attached toilets. Under the Hariyo Ban program, WWF awards sub-grants to local community cooperatives to create revolving loan funds, thereby providing access to soft loans to support the purchase of biogas units with a toilet attached. A beneficiary willing to purchase a biogas unit with a toilet attached can approach his or her cooperative and access a loan at 8% interest per annum. The loan stipulates the beneficiary must use a certified installer from the list maintained by BSP. The principal and the interest are then paid back by the beneficiary within a period of 2 years. For the duration of the Hariyo Ban program, principal and interest repayments continue to revolve to fund additional loans enabling biogas to be scaled up within the communities. The interest generated as program income is subject to the requirements of 22 CFR 226.24 and award terms. In accordance with 22 CFR 226.24 (f), program income derived from interest income may be used to support the cooperatives’ management costs. Net program income is subject to a disposition determination by the USAID Agreement Officer at the conclusion of the Hariyo Ban Program. WWF fully incorporates USAID requirements on program income for oversight of the revolving funds, ensuring that they are used to further the project or program objectives. As part of this oversight, WWF requires an annual financial report on the interest accrued and the status of the revolving funds. Disposition will be requested at the end of the project as with equipment; the intent is to have the revolving funds program continue as self-sustaining as long as there is a demand for biogas units, which could be many years after Hariyo Ban finishes. Biogas System Program Components: Funding for the parts and installation of biogas plants and toilets is comprised of four components: revolving loan fund through community cooperatives; household contribution from personal funds; a grant through the cooperative to attach a toilet; and a subsidy from the Alternative Energy Promotion Centre (AEPC). Please see the diagram below for how the funds flow from Hariyo Ban. The main purpose behind this complex modality is to account for the number of biogas units of good quality installed under the national accounting system, making the program eligible for carbon financing, and to create a sustainable financing model at the local level that can support the purchase of biogas plants over a long period.

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The total current cost of a biogas plant is around NRS 55,000 and the break-down is as follows in NRs:

Mechanism Source Amount

Subsidy (paid directly to biogas installer)

USAID via AEPC 24,400

Toilet Grant USAID via cooperative 2,000

Loan USAID via cooperative 18,000

Quality Control USAID via AEPC/BSP 4,000

Personal beneficiary 6,600

Please note: The subsidy amount is based on the subsidy policy of GON and that could change (increase) as and when desired by the Government of Nepal, resulting in an adjustment to the total cost to Hariyo Ban per biogas plant, and re-allocation of funding across the various sources. The proportions of reallocated funding will depend on how much the subsidies increase by.

EXPLANATION OF MECHANISMS Biogas Revolving Loan Fund: The Hariyo Ban Program sub-awardee (local organization, often a Community Forest Coordination Committee (CFCC)) will provide a grant to the community cooperative to fund revolving soft loans to individual applicants among the target beneficiaries for the purpose of the installation of biogas plants with toilets attached. The cooperative offers the applicant households loans for purchasing the biogas plants from certified technicians from a list of installers that are trained and certified by the Biogas

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Sector Partnership. The beneficiary household selects an installer and signs a formal agreement with that installer, in which the targeted beneficiary agrees to purchase his or her biogas unit from that company. There is a ceiling to the amount of the loan; the beneficiary can apply for the full amount or less if he or she has more personal funds to put towards the cost. Loans are paid back over two years, along with interest (currently 8% per annum). Part of the interest generated as program income may be used to cover the management costs of the micro-cooperatives, if any, and interest paid and the repaid loan principal fund subsequent loans. Additional Subsidy: As a separate subsidy under the Hariyo Ban Program through funding to AEPC, once the biogas plants are installed by the biogas companies and they are functional, the quality of the biogas plants is certified by BSP Nepal. On BSP Nepal’s recommendation, AEPC releases a subsidy allocation, funded by USAID, paying it directly to the biogas company that has installed the biogas unit for the local beneficiary. AEPC delivers the subsidy as per the norms of the Government of Nepal and BSP Nepal monitors the quality of the biogas plants and maintains the database of the biogas units purchased. A formal documentation process (agreement) is signed between the local beneficiary and the biogas company that is installing the biogas plant, and once the biogas is installed and functional, the biogas company asks the beneficiary to sign and claims the subsidy amount at AEPC through BSP Nepal. In other words, the beneficiary will have to pay an amount for the biogas purchases net the biogas subsidy amount. Hariyo Ban funds BSP to undertake the monitoring and reporting of the biogas plants. Grant for attached toilet: In addition, the beneficiary can choose to receive a grant through the cooperative (funded by Hariyo Ban) for partial support to install a toilet attached to the biogas plant. Since the grant does not cover the whole cost, the beneficiary also has to incur a cost to complete the funding of the toilet, so some choose not to do this. The toilet drains into the biogas digester, and improves sanitation of the household as well as contributing to the production of biogas. The toilet is optional and is installed by a plumber and builder.

B. NTNC’s Working Modality NTNC conducts local level consultations with Buffer Zone User Committees (BZUCs) and Buffer Zone User Groups (BZUGs) in the Terai Arc landscape. Based on the consultations and demand for biogas plants to address the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, and availability of budgets, NTNC provides a grant of NRs 10,000 for the households through the BZUC/BZUGs to install a toilet-attached biogas plant. The plants are installed by certified builders and the toilets by plumbers and builders. NTNC does not support revolving funds for biogas.


Biogas with Toilet Attached Grant USAID via BZUCs/BZUGs 10,000

Subsidy (paid directly to biogas installer) AEPC via Installer 24,400

Quality Control AEPC via BSP 4,000

Personal/Loan Beneficiary 16,600

C. CARE Nepal’s Working Modality

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CARE Nepal conducts local level consultation with CFUGs (Community Forest User Groups) in either landscape. Based on the consultations and demand for biogas plants to address the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, and availability of budgets, CARE Nepal provides a grant of NRs 10,000 for the households through the CFUGs to install a toilet attached biogas plant. The biogas plants are installed by certified builders and the toilet by plumbers and builders. CARE Nepal does not support revolving funds for biogas.


Biogas with Toilet Attached Grant USAID via CFUG 10,000




ii) Chitwan-Annapurna Landscape

Hariyo Ban consortium partners are using different modalities for biogas support in CHAL. WWF provides subsidies and loans to the households through revolving funds whereas the other consortium partners are providing subsidies.

A. WWF

WWF Nepal works with subawardees to support toilet attached biogas installations in the Chitwan Annapurna Landscape. Based on the demand for biogas plants and availability of funding for addressing the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in the various districts in CHAL, or for reducing threats to biodiversity or promoting adaptation to climate change, WWF Nepal makes a subaward to FECOFUN which in turn provides sub-grants to FECOFUN District Chapters. The FECOFUN District Chapters then mobilize funds for a maximum of NRs 18,000 per household through cooperatives at an interest rate of 8%, of which 1% is given to the CFUG group, 2% is taken by the FECOFUN District Chapter and 5% is taken by the Cooperative for managing the funds. NRs 2000 is provided through the District FECOFUN Chapter to an individual household as a subsidy for a toilet attached to its biogas plant. The biogas plants are installed by certified builders and the toilets by plumbers and builders.

The total current cost of a biogas plant in the hilly areas is around NRS 61,000 and the break-down is as follows in NRs


Toilet Grant USAID via cooperative 2,000

Loan USAID via cooperative 18,000



Personal Beneficiary 6,600

B. CARE Nepal’s Working Modality

CARE Nepal conducts local level consultation with CFUGs (Community Forest User Groups) in either landscape. Based on the consultations and demand for biogas plants to address the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, and availability of budgets, CARE Nepal provides a grant of NRs 10,000 for the households through the CFUGs to install a toilet attached biogas plant. The biogas

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plants are installed by certified builders and the toilet by plumbers and builders. CARE Nepal does not support revolving funds for biogas.

Mechanism

Source Amount

Biogas with Toilet Attached Grant USAID via CFUG 10,000




C. FECOFUN’s Working Modality

FECOFUN works with WWF and its District Chapters in installing toilet attached biogas plants as mentioned in ii) A above.

D. NTNC’s Working Modality NTNC conducts local level consultations with Conservation Area Management Committees (CAMCs) in the Chitwan Annapurna Landscape. Based on the consultations and demand for biogas plants to address the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, and availability of budgets, NTNC provides a grant of NRs 10,000 for the households through the CAMCs to install a toilet attached biogas plant. The plants are installed by certified builders and the toilets by plumbers and builders. NTNC does not support revolving funds for biogas.

Mechanism

Source Amount

Biogas with Toilet Attached Grant USAID via CAMCs 10,000




Branding and Marking WWF and its consortium partners will place painted billboards in the villages that have been supported for the purchase of the biogas units using USAID funds. The billboard paint lasts about four years, and they will be repainted if needed at the end of the Hariyo Ban Program. The larger benefits of biogas are not mentioned in the billboard, but will be communicated and credited to USAID in other Hariyo Ban communications at local, national and international levels.

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