Anm Deployment Register Report - January 2008 - Final

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Project Report

Active Networks Deployment Register

Robert MacDonald, Robert Currie, Graham AultAdvanced Electrical Systems Research Group

University of Strathclyde

January 2008


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Active Networks Deployment Register, January 2008 1

Executive Summary

This report describes the outcomes of a project concerned with the updating and expansion of aregister of active management pilots, trials, research, development and demonstration activities;initially compiled in March 2006. The nature of the register, information sources used andconclusions drawn from the analysis of the register content are presented and discussed. Theupdated register contains a focus towards the demonstration of active network solutions, and the

impact of such solutions. The representation of results based on the type of activity, activity statusand classification of technical focus allows all the entries in the register to be assessed. Studies inthis report have shown that 31% of the projects within the register are at the trial or pilot stages ofdeployment, or fully deployed as a recognised solution or product, an increase of 9% since thecompilation of the initial register. Another promising update is an increase in projects at the R&Dstage of maturity, rather than simply research activities, signifying an increase in focus towards theeventual demonstration and deployment of solutions. As with the initial register, the mostadvanced technical areas are still communications and control, voltage control and power flowmanagement. The majority of projects at the mature stages of deployment tend to be bespokesystems, suggesting there are still further issues to be addressed regarding the suitability of certainactive management solutions for widespread adoption in active distribution networks. There is stilla need for the identification of promising R&D activities with the potential to facilitate the increasedconnection of renewable generation, and then fast track these activities towards demonstration andfull deployment in order to meet future energy targets for the UK. Each area of technical focusconsidered within the register is mapped to similar research tasks identified in the SmartGridsStrategic Research Agenda. The report provides recommendations for the key parties involvedwith the development and deployment of active network management solutions, based on thefindings from the analysis of the register.


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Contents

1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................32. Background.................................................................................................................................4

2.1. Information sources..............................................................................................................42.2. Activities of relevance to active management....................................................................... 4

3. Active Network Management Register ........................................................................................ 53.1. Activity type..........................................................................................................................63.2. Classification of technical focus............................................................................................ 6

3.2.1. Active Management Planning (AMP) .............................................................................63.2.2. Communications and Control (CC)................................................................................ 73.2.3. Demand Side Management (DSM)................................................................................ 73.2.4. Fault Level Management (FLM)..................................................................................... 73.2.5. Future Technologies (FT)..............................................................................................73.2.6. Modelling and Analysis (MA) ......................................................................................... 73.2.7. Power Flow Management (PFM) ...................................................................................73.2.8. Power Quality (PQ) ....................................................................................................... 73.2.9. Protection Systems (PS) ...............................................................................................73.2.10. Storage (S).................................................................................................................. 73.2.11. Voltage Control (VC) ...................................................................................................7

4. Register Updates ........................................................................................................................ 84.1. Updates to existing entries ...................................................................................................84.2. Addition/Removal of projects................................................................................................84.3. Changes to structure............................................................................................................9

5. Analysis of the Active Network Management Register .............................................................. 115.1. Types of active management projects................................................................................125.2. Technical focus of projects................................................................................................. 14

5.2.1. Communications and control ....................................................................................... 155.2.2. Voltage control ............................................................................................................ 165.2.3. Power flow management .............................................................................................175.2.4. Fault level management ..............................................................................................185.2.5. Remaining technical focus areas.................................................................................19

5.3. Links to EU SmartGrids Research Agenda......................................................................... 206. Summary of Results.................................................................................................................. 227. Demonstrated Active Network Management Concepts ............................................................. 238. Recommendations .................................................................................................................... 24

8.1. Ofgem ................................................................................................................................248.2. Distribution Working Group ................................................................................................248.3. Distribution Working Group ANM Project......................................................................... 248.4. Distribution Network Operators .......................................................................................... 248.5. Manufacturers .................................................................................................................... 258.6. Research institutions.......................................................................................................... 259. Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 26

10. References ............................................................................................................................. 27


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1. Introduction

UK Government targets for renewable energy1 depend, in part, on the increased connection ofrenewable generation to UK distribution networks. Distribution networks in the UK, as in otherdeveloped countries, were designed to operate passively and deliver unidirectional power flows todispersed end users. The introduction of distributed generation (DG) (renewable or otherwise) canrender the existing operational philosophy invalid. Changing the mode of operation from passive toactive is emerging as the favoured solution for the connection and operation of DG. ActiveManagement solutions are being developed to enable the increased connection of DG, often on acase by case basis as an economically preferable alternative to network reinforcement. Thisapproach is leading to the development of many solutions worldwide. This report and the registerwhich forms the focus of this report aim to bring together activities that are ongoing or completed inthe area of active management. By considering the type and technical focus of each activity, thereport demonstrates areas where much focus has been directed to date, where solutions havebeen implemented and where solutions are only now emerging. This results in the identification oftechnical areas which are experiencing little or less activity, either due to the lack of a pressing

need or due to uncertainty regarding the future market and technical environment. The analysis ofthe register allows the implications of the spread of all activities to be considered. For solutionswhich have been implemented, the report provides an overview of the scale and impact of theactivity, allowing the identification of active network management solutions which have successfullyenable the increased connection of DG.

Uncertainty regarding the nature of future distribution networks impacts heavily on the types ofprojects being undertaken. Collating multiple programmes within a collective framework thatprovides a vision for the UK distribution network of the future, as described in [1], will signal toacademia, manufacturers and distribution network operators (DNOs) where collaboration,communication and innovation are required, highlighting demonstration gaps. In this context, thisreport and the accompanying register will serve as a useful resource.

110% of electricity supplied from renewable resources by 2010 and 20% by 2020


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2. Background

This primary aim of this project was to update and expand the Register of Active ManagementPilots, Trials, Research, Development and Demonstration Activities [2], a study undertaken in2006 by the University of Strathclyde on behalf of the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI).

The aim of the initial project was to provide clear statements of the status of recently completed,ongoing and planned active network management field pilot and trial activities, internationaldevelopments in related areas, and research, development and demonstration activities. For thepurposes of this study, the scope of active management encompassed novel networkmanagement, devices, generation, demand side management and energy storage. Activemanagement is a term commonly applied to situations concerning the connection of one or moreDG units, though it is worthy to note that not all novel solutions for the connection of DG arenecessarily active management solutions. Projects are included in the register which are notlinked to the connection of DG such as demand side management and energy storage, thoughthey have the potential to play an essential part in the active management schemes designed to

maximise the economic efficiency, stability, and utilisation of renewable generation and futuredistribution networks.

An active network has been defined as .a network where real-time management of voltage,power flows and even fault levels is achieved through a control system either on site or through acommunication system between the network operator and the control devices [3].

The purpose of this update was to ensure that the project data remains as accurate as possible; bykeeping ongoing project descriptors up-to-date, removing obsolete projects, and renewing deadlinks to project websites. In addition to the updating of current projects, this draft of the registerextends register entries to include additional projects which have started since the publication ofthe previous register, including more European and International developments.

2.1. Information sources

For UK based programmes and activities the main information resources were the BERR andOfgem websites [4, 5], which provide project reports and summaries of completed and ongoingactivities. The Innovation Funding Incentive (IFI) Annual Reports from each DNO were crucial toidentifying ongoing projects in the UK [6]. Press releases, web searches, IEE and IEEEpublications and magazine articles are also referred to. The inclusion of manufacturers activitieswas influenced by a DTI report [7]. The initial international activities relating to DG and activemanagement were identified with the help of a previous report [8]. Other international activitieswere found through web searching and contact was attempted with key individuals within the

companies and institutions named. The initial identification of relevant projects was often throughguidance and discussion with individuals involved in active networks.

2.2. Activities of relevance to active management

Activities relevant to active management were identified during the gathering of information for theinitial register through literature searches and discussion with key individuals. The format of theregister is designed to allow easy categorisation of projects, as described throughout this report.Section 3.2 explains the technical areas considered within the register. There is much to report ineach of these individual technical areas, but only part of each are relevant to active networkmanagement and it is only that relevant part that is therefore included in the register.


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3. Active Network Management Register

The active network management register is presented as a table with entry categories as columnsand unique register entries as separate rows. There are 121 entries in the register.

The following columns have been used in the register:

Project Identifier Project Title Lead Organisation Partner Organisations Funding Source Activity Type Activity Status Start and Completion Dates Country

Classification of Technical Focus Summary of Technology/Activity Deployment Summary Impact of Technology/Activity Contact Details Report Link (URL)

A unique project identifier is given to each project. The title of the project (as close as possible tothat found on a website or publication) and then the organisations involved in the project, bothleading and partner are introduced. If many partner organisations exist then the reader is directedto the project website for a full list of participants. The project funding source is given wherepossible. This information can be difficult to determine and if an exact reference is not given then

an indication (i.e. US Department of Energy) is given. For projects undertaken by a privatecompany where a funding source is not applicable or it is not apparent how the companyrecovered the costs incurred, then this column is left blank. The activity type column allowsdifferent types of projects to be identified and discriminated; this is explained in more detail insection 3.1.

The activity status column is a simple representation of whether the project is ongoing (O) orcompleted (C). Activities that are in the planning stage have not been included due to difficulties inobtaining appropriate information. The start and completion dates of each project have been givenwhere possible, if a single year is given then either the project was started and completed withinthis year or it has not been possible to ascertain a more accurate timescale for the project. Thecountry where each project took place has been given, in the case of manufacturers who operate

at an international level the designation in this column is set as global. The classification oftechnical focus is a key element of the register; the technical areas concerned are explained insection 3.2.

A brief summary of the technology concerned or activity undertaken in each project is includedwithin the register. Where possible this is as close to official descriptors for each individual project,but has been adapted by the authors for the purpose of the register. If an obvious point of contactexists for any project it is given, otherwise a contact page of a website will be provided. Readersshould be aware that such web references may change over time and it may be necessary tonavigate from the homepage of the project web site. The final column provides a link to either areport or website that will provide additional information to that provided. This again may change inthe future and readers may have to locate the appropriate documents or web pages. Theperiodical maintenance and updating of the register would minimise the likelihood of this occurring.


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The deployment summary and impact of technology/activity columns are both new additions to theupdated register. Deployment summary applies largely to projects which have progressed beyondthe Research and Development stages of the development process, and solutions have beendemonstrated on the network. The column briefly explains the magnitude, and if applicable, thetimescale of deployment. When the project solution is deployed onto a specific section of network,the location of deployment is included in this column. Impact of technology/activity column mainlyconcerns projects which are completed, and when available, provides short statements measuring

the success of the project, and the effect, if any, it has had on its surrounding network. There are anumber of activities which have been deployed too recently to measure the impact of theirdeployment. As with the summary of technology/activity column, the statements within this sectionare kept as close as possible to official statements on the impact of the project.

3.1. Activity type

This column allows the register to be sorted by different stages in the development processoutlined in Figure . The inclusion of this column and the associated entries allows the maturity ofthe registers content to be determined with regard to how close a project is to full deployment.When this is done for projects of differing status and technical focus it will allow conclusions to be

drawn regarding the maturity and spread of the registers contents.

Figure 1: The consecutive stages in the Activity Type column of the active management register

Research and Development activities often occur in tandem and this is reflected in the registerwith some projects being designated R&D in the activity type column. A project designated asR&D is one which combines research with the development of a system or device that is matureenough to take on to the trial stage or further. Therefore, it is possible that the activities within a

project may encompass both or either category. Trial describes an activity where a solution istested in a real application but may be shadowing the actual network or limited in some other wayto allow assessment of performance of the solution, device or technology. An extended applicationor period of testing of a solution, device or technology deployed within the distribution network willresult in the project being designated a Pilot. As implied, Full Deployment refers to a technicalsolution that is available to be utilised in a more widespread manner and in some cases thesolution is available as a distinct product. The development stages outlined in Figure are notentirely sequential; it is possible that some projects will miss one or more stages and still achievefull deployment. Due to the magnitude of several international projects, which have many workprogrammes progressing simultaneously, some entries within the register are designated withmultiple stages.

3.2. Classification of technical focus

Due to the large scope of projects concerned with active network management, the projectscontained within the register cover a wide range of technical areas. 10 key technical areas havebeen identified, which each project can be linked to. Some of the larger projects in the registerencompass more than one area of technical focus. Further explanation of each category is nowgiven.

3.2.1. Active Management Planning (AMP)

Any project which proposes a method of planning active networks for the inclusion of varying levelsof DG and consideration of accompanying operational issues.


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3.2.2. Communications and Control (CC)

Any project that incorporates a new communications and/or control system, either in addition to oroperating separately from existing Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Systems.This will generally be on a network wide basis and not necessarily concerned with individual DGunit connections.

3.2.3. Demand Side Management (DSM)Where any measures are taken at the user-level (including both micro-generation and load related)to benefit the operation of the network or the users assets, i.e. to relieve a thermal or voltageconstraint.

3.2.4. Fault Level Management (FLM)

This category is given to a project that considers the implementation of a system or device (suchas a fault current limiter) to manage fault level.

3.2.5. Future Technologies (FT)

This classification is given to a project that utilises emerging or future technologies to support the

connection of DG with a more active mode of operation.

3.2.6. Modelling and Analysis (MA)

A project that addresses the challenges associated with modelling and analysis of active networks,or proposes a system or device that incorporates some form of modelling and analysis to enableactive management decision making.

3.2.7. Power Flow Management (PFM)

Any project utilising a new strategy for actively managing the power flows associated with theconnection of individual or multiple DG units.

3.2.8. Power Quality (PQ)

This category is given to a project which actively manages power quality issues such as transients,harmonics, voltage sags or voltage asymmetry, which may disrupt sensitive loads on the network.

3.2.9. Protection Systems (PS)

Any project where the implications of active operation on protection systems required for an activedistribution network are considered.

3.2.10. Storage (S)

This category will be given to a project that considers storage providing support to network

operation, particularly for the support of increased DG connections.

3.2.11. Voltage Control (VC)

The management of voltage levels through the use of particular network components or thespecification of a method to coordinate multiple devices capable of controlling the network voltage,including DG units.


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4. Register Updates

4.1. Updates to existing entries

One of the main drivers for compiling the updated register was the opportunity to bring projectinformation for each entry up to date. Each entry was examined, revising the stage of development(Activity Type), as well as updating the project summary when necessary. All dead URLs from theContact Details/Report Link sections of the register were replaced with live alternatives. Arecurring example of this update was the web links to addresses within the DTI website, whichhave been replaced with their new DBERR addresses.

4.2. Addition/Removal of projects

The number of projects compiled in the register has risen from 105 to 121 in the latest iteration;

mainly due to the addition of recent projects to the register, as well as the expansion of the scopeof the register to include more international projects.

New projects/entries to the register:

A Technical Review and Assessment of Active Network Management Infrastructures andPractises

Modelling the Interaction Between an In-line Voltage Regulator and a Doubly-fed InductionGenerator

AURA-NMS (Autonomous Regional Active Network Management System)

Distribution System State Estimation (DSSE) Application of Storage and Demand Side Management

Steyning Registered Power Zone: GenAVC Assessment Tool Orkney Registered Power Zone

33kV Voltage Control Thermal Modelling and Active Network Management MORE MICROGRIDS SMARTGRIDS Advanced Power Converters for Universal and Flexible Power Management in Future

Electricity Networks (UNIFLEX) Integrated Monitoring for Distribution Companies (part of Intelligrid consortium) Distribution Design to Integrate Distributed Generation in the Distribution System of the Future

(Part of the EPRI Advanced Distribution Automation (ADA) Programme)

Multi-Function Solid-State Switchgear for Distribution System of the Future (Part of the EPRIAdvanced Distribution Automation (ADA) Programme)

Intelligent Universal Transformer (Part of the EPRI Advanced Distribution Automation (ADA)Programme)

Distribution Fault Anticipator (DFA) (Part of the EPRI Advanced Distribution Automation (ADA)Programme)

First Generation ADA Monitoring System for Distribution Network of the Future (Part of theEPRI Advanced Distribution Automation (ADA)

Supergen Future Network Technologies (Futurenet) Consortium

Supergen Energy Infrastructure Consortium AMPerES (Asset Management and Performanceof Energy Systems)

Supergen Flexnet Consortium SuperGen Highly Distributed Systems (replaces Supergen Initiative)

NEDO Demonstrative Project on New Power Systems


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Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (IFI, trial)

Energinet Cell Controller Project

DG Demonet Concept

Some of the new projects replace entries from the 2006 register, as the scope of several projectshas evolved and expanded as the projects progress, such as;

EPRI ADA programme:2006 Register: New Distribution System Topologies and System-Level Concepts Electronic/Electrical Technology Development for ADA

Sensor / Monitoring Systems for ADA2007 Register: Distribution Design to Integrate Distributed Generation in the Distribution System of the Future Multi-Function Solid-State Switchgear for Distribution System of the Future

Intelligent Universal Transformer

Distribution Fault Anticipator (DFA) First Generation ADA Monitoring System for Distribution Network of the Future

EPRI Intelligrid programme:2006 Register: Consumer Portal2007 Register: Integrated Monitoring for Distribution Companies

Advanced Metering Infrastructure Development and Integration

SuperGen Consortium:2006 Register: SuperGen Consortium

2007 Register: Supergen Highly Distributed Power Systems Consortium Supergen Future Network Technologies (Futurenet) Consortium Supergen Energy Infrastructure Consortium AMPerES (Asset Management and Performance

of Energy Systems)

Supergen Flexnet Consortium

During the process of updating existing entries to the register, several projects were identified ashaving become obsolete since the publication of the initial register, or it was determined that thework within the project did not constitute active management, or wasnt linked closely enough toactive networks. These entries were removed from the register (2006 Project IDs): 010: GenAVC2

013: BAM Solution 2.2 Increase impedance of components 014: BAM Solution 2.2 Increase impedance of components 017: BAM Solution 2.4 Network Reconfiguration 019: BAM Solution 2.6 Sequential switching 086: C-STATCOMProject 082 merged with 081 (Solid State/Two-Position Tap Changing Transformer).

4.3. Changes to structure

There are some projects within the register which are linked, possibly through the form of

technology employed (GenAVC), or through a common funding source (European CommissionFramework Programme). Such projects have been grouped together to allow the reader to easily


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compare similar projects. One consequence of this grouping is that projects in the register may nothave the same project identifier as in the 2006 edition.The grouped projects are:

006-010: GenAVC

009-013: RPZs 015-017: Converter Technologies for Wind Turbines 021-025: Line Voltage Regulators 026-031: Transformer Technologies

036-039: SuperGen Projects

042-043: CRISP Project 043-051: European Commission 5th Framework Programme

052-058: European Commission 6th Framework Programme 064-068: EPRI Advanced Distribution Automation (ADA) Programme 073-075: Superconducting Fault Current Limiter 080-081: Operation/Planning of Active Distribution Networks 088-092: EPRI Intelligrid Consortium

092-094: Advanced Metering Technologies 101-104: CRIEPI ADAPS Projects

106-107: Energy Networks Association Guidelines

It was decided that the power electronics classification of technical focus was not specific enoughas an activity relevant to active network management, and was removed as a potential entry withinthe classification of technical focus column. There are a small number of projects which may fallunder this category, but in these cases there are other technical classifications which moreaccurately describe the scope and work within the projects and the relevance to active networkmanagement..The code letters, previously found in the Activity Type, Activity Status and Classification of

Technical Focus sections, have been discarded, which each entry now described in full, minimisingconfusion, and allowing readers to browse the register without the need to frequently consult a keyfor the code.

One observation from the first register was that the majority of active management projects were atthe research or development stages of maturity, and insufficient emphasis was directed toward thefinal deployment and demonstration of active management solutions. This iteration of the registercontains two new columns to highlight the deployment issues, the Deployment Summary andImpact of Technology/Activity columns, which are explained in further detail in Section 3.


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5. Analysis of the Active Network Management Register

Figure 2 demonstrates the technical focus spread across the projects in the register. It is notsurprising to see many projects in communications and control (25% of all projects) due to thepassive nature of existing distribution networks, which have a relative lack of existing SCADA [9]capability. There are also many activities in voltage control and power flow management (18%,12% of all projects respectively). These are the technical areas that are at the core of challengesassociated with the connection of DG and active network management as identified in [10].

Figure 2: Register content by classification of technical focus

Table 1 shows the comparison between the spread of technical focus within the first register, and ofthat found within the 2007 update. The table shows that the spread of projects within the 2007register is slightly more balanced than in 2006, though the 3 most common areas of technical focusremain unchanged. The most significant increases are in the technical areas of activemanagement planning and modelling and analysis, which is most likely due to the addition of morelarge-scale international projects to the register, many of which fall under these technical fields. It isworth noting that the 2006 register also included projects which fell under the Power Electronicsclassification of technical focus which have not been included in this comparison.


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Figure 2: Register content by classification of technical focus

Table 1: Comparison of register content by classification of technical focus

The mere population of each technical focus area is not a metric that represents the likelihood ofsolutions being implemented. The types of activities within the register are considered in section5.1. Following on from this, the register demographic is further investigated in section 5.2 byinvestigating the type of activities contained within the register and each technical focus area. Forprojects that have more than one technical focus, each technical focus has been considered as aseparate activity, but with the same project identifier number.

5.1. Types of active management projects

Figure 3 illustrates the proportion of projects in each of the different activity types from Figure 1.To realise the true value of this data it will be necessary to go in to each area of technical focusand consider the activity status spread within that area (section 5.2). As shown in Figure 3, 41% ofthe projects included within the register are research activities; in total, 69% of all activities are inthe research and/or development phase. 16% of the projects in the register have made it to astage where the project can be tested and assessed in a trial or pilot. Fully deployed projectsaccount for 15% of the registers content. These results show that the majority of activities are notat a stage where projects are likely to be rolled out in the near term. Indeed, normal timescalesfrom research to full deployment are in the order of 10 years, according to [7].

Table 2 shows the comparison between the register content by activity type statistics within the firstregister, and the 2007 update. The updated register shows a promising increase in the percentageof projects deployed, either at the trial; pilot or full deployment stage of maturity. Anotherencouraging increase is shown in projects at the research & development phase, meaning thatrecent research projects are also working towards some form of deployment in the future throughthe development of solutions.

Technical Focus VC PFM FLM PS CC MA S FT PQ DSM AMP PE

2006 Register 19% 14% 10% 6% 27% 4% 2% 6% 2% 6% 2% 2%

2007 Register 18% 12% 7% 6% 25% 7% 2% 8% 1% 7% 7% N/A


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Figure 3: Register content by each activity type

Table 2: Comparison of register content by activity type

Activity Type Research Development

Research &

Development Trial Pilot

Full

Deployment

2006 Register 65% 4% 9% 4% 4% 14%

2007 Register 41% 4% 24% 8% 8% 15%


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5.2. Technical focus of projects

It is clear from Figure 3 that the majority of the registers content is concerned with research &development activities. As can be seen in the register, most of these activities are to be completedbefore 2010. By considering the technical focus of the projects within each area it will be possibleto determine the types of activities that may impact on the UKs ability to meet future targets forrenewable and distributed generation deployment.

To investigate the type and status of the register contents a Project Maturity Index (PMI) is used.The PMI is a value that represents the activity type and activity status. At the lower end of thescale will be ongoing research activities; the top end will comprise of completed, fully deployedprojects. Projects that encompass multiple activities will be given a PMI for their closest activitytype towards full deployment. The project maturity indices are shown in Table 3.

Table 3: Project Maturity Index for all types and status of projects

Project Maturity Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Activity Status O C O C O C O C O C

Activity Type Research Development Trial Pilot FullDeployment

The previous edition of the register identified the following technical areas to be the most advanced,and analysed the spread of activity type within each area: Communications and control, power flow

management, fault level management and voltage control. These areas are again consideredindividually in sections 5.2.1 to 5.2.4 and assessed in order to determine the types and status ofactivities going on within each area. The remaining areas of technical focus are represented in

Figure 8 and discussed in section 5.2.5.

It should be noted that many of the projects within the register have more than one classification oftechnical focus, as some of the larger projects may address many technical issues within thenetwork. This improves the accuracy of the register when searching for projects by their technicalfocus.


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5.2.1. Communications and control

Communications and control projects form the largest area of technical focus in the activemanagement register, accounting for 25% of all projects. As can be seen in

Figure 4: Communications and control projects versus project maturity index, many of the projects concerned with this technical area are at the R&D stages (i.e. PMI 1-4).Several projects are fully deployed: 71, 85, 95, 108, 109, 110 and 111. Project 70 has been trialledand project 56 is at the pilot stage. It is unsurprising that the majority of projects are at the R&Dstages of deployment, as these are commonly large-scale projects which aim to integrate activemanagement schemes at a network-wide level, a much more complex task than the design ofbespoke systems. It has been recognised elsewhere [11] that existing SCADA systems maypossess characteristics required for active management but that DNOs are either unaware of the

potential or are choosing to implement separate solutions. Project 109, however, is currently beingused as part of a DISPOWER active network management pilot scheme in Crete. Projects 108-111 are concerned with SCADA systems, it has been suggested elsewhere that these systemshold potential for enabling the connection of DG [7]. Considering this and the results in

Figure 4: Communications and control projects versus project maturity index, it is uncertain if communications and control solutions for active management are currentlyavailable for widespread deployment. This is a difficult area for realising the outcomes of researchas the SCADA systems currently employed by DNOs are established products, though there are


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possibilities that the existing SCADA infrastructure could underpin further developments in activenetworks. These products are developed to meet the emerging needs of the DNOs by individualmanufacturers. Therefore, it can be difficult for new systems to be tested on existing networks,due to perceived risk by the DNO and the high costs associated with such an activity. An increasein collaboration between DNOs and the manufacturers/research institutions currently developingnew systems may help minimize the perceived risk for the DNO.

Figure 4: Communications and control projects versus project maturity index

5.2.2. Voltage control

Voltage control also has seven fully deployed projects in the register: projects 22, 26, 27, 31, 98,99 and 100. Projects 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10 are at the trial or pilot phases of deployment. This makesvoltage control the most advanced technical area in the active management register. Thereappears to be good correlation between academia and industry in this area and manufacturers aredeveloping devices in line with the requirements of distribution network operators, leading to thedeployment of devices onto the network. Many of the fully deployed projects have had a significantimpact on the network, such as project 22, which has allowed the connection of DG to sections ofthe network in Northern Wales. The GenAVC controller projects (6, 8, 9, 10), are currently at thetrial or pilot phases of development, thanks to their involvement with Ofgems RPZ incentive, whichprovides financial support for the DNOs to establish the pilots. Success from these pilots could see

the installation of the GenAVC solution at many more locations around the UK. It should be noted,however, that many of the fully deployed projects are individual products for voltage control andthat systems concerned with coordination of multiple voltage control devices are emerging fromresearch and development projects and so are not as mature as the individual solutions.


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Figure 5: Voltage control projects versus project maturity index

5.2.3. Power flow management

As seen in Figure 6, many power flow management projects are still at the research anddevelopment stage. However, there are five projects fully deployed that are actively managingpower flows: projects 14, 31, 59, 76 and 97. Projects 4 and 11 are at the trial phase, with project12 as a pilot. This analysis shows that the difference between the number of power flowmanagement solutions demonstrated, and the number at the research and development phase isnot as great as other areas of technical focus. This suggests that active power flow management

activities have a high probability of deployment in some form, possibly due to the fact that many ofthe solutions fully deployed are bespoke systems, such as the Orkney RPZ (project 12). Systemsthat can be applied to many situations need to be developed based on the operationalphilosophies emerging in the research projects. The main drivers for active power flowmanagement systems has been to allow the connection of renewable energy systems to thedistribution network without the need for expensive network reinforcements. The projects alreadyat the demonstration stages of deployment have made a significant impact in this field, such asproject 12, which has increased the network capacity by around three times the firm generationconnection capacity.


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Figure 6: Power flow management projects versus project maturity index

5.2.4. Fault level management

As in the 2006 register, much of the activity in the area of fault level management is still at theresearch and development stage. One pilot is underway (project 75), and one trial (project 74). Itis likely that not a great deal of activity is ongoing in this area as fault level is not an issue for ruraldistribution networks today due to the typical topology of such networks and the level of DGconnections that are being experienced. It is more likely, however, that these solutions may berequired if more DG is to connect to urban or meshed networks. The active network technologymost likely to lead to full deployment in this area is superconducting fault current limiters, with trialinstallations of superconducting fault current limiters onto 3 different distribution networksunderway in the UK. The technology is also piloted in Europe, and successfully tested in laboratorysimulations, though no fault current events have occurred in the pilot to date.

Figure 7: Fault level management projects versus project maturity index


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5.2.5. Remaining technical focus areas

All active management planning activities are at the research or development phase ofdeployment, as these projects involve the planning of large-scale active networks, whereas to date,the majority of active network solutions at the deployment stage are individual solutions for theconnection of DG. Similarly, activities within the storage classification of technical focus have notachieved deployment, as these projects mostly consist of feasibility studies into the integration of

storage technologies onto the network. Of the projects assigned with the future technologiesclassification of technical focus, the majority of these activities are at the research or developmentstages of maturity, which was expected; as the concept of future technologies is that thetechnology is at the development stage, and not in deployment. The activities in which futuretechnologies appears at the trial stage are large-scale projects, which encompass more than onetechnical focus within different work programs, at different stages of maturity. Modelling andanalysis is the only technical focus of the remaining areas that is fully deployed, see project 97,though this particular technical focus often occurs alongside other technical areas, providingsupport in the development of a solution. Demand side management projects are at various stagesof deployment, with project 62 close to full deployment, though the scale and impact of deploymentis unknown.

Figure 8: Remaining technical areas of focus versus project maturity index


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5.3. Links to EU SmartGrids Research Agenda

The SmartGrids Technology Platform Strategic Research Agenda (SRA) was published in 2007,defining the R&D priorities that must be met in order to realise the SmartGrids vision for Europesfuture electrical network [12]. The SRA is a useful resource for national and international researchprogrammes, providing the initial framework for R&D activities that share aspects of theSmartGrids vision, which have been identified by key stakeholders. It is possible to match selected

challenges and aims identified in the SRA to solutions and strategies currently in development byprojects within the register.

Although the range of the SRA encompasses many R&D themes, it is not possible to match eachproject from the register to a research task or area from the SRA. Alternatively, areas of technicalfocus identified in Section 3.2 have been mapped to research tasks from the SRA which sharesimilar aspects of study. This will identify areas of interest shared between the projects within theregister and potential projects within the SRA.

Active Management Planning (3.2.1) SmartGrids Research Area (RA) 1: Smart DistributionInfrastructure. SmartGrids RA 1 contains elements such as the development of new tools foractive distribution system design, and plans to address the requirements for achieving active

network management.

Communications and Control (3.2.2) SmartGrids Research Task (RT) 2.2: InnovativeEnergy Management Strategies for Large DG Penetration, Storage and Demand Response.RT 2.2 includes aspects of research such as the development of new control tools andconcepts for future networks, and to provide control strategies that will coordinate thebehaviour of large numbers of distributed generators as Virtual Power Plants.

Demand Side Management (3.2.3) SmartGrids Research Task 5.1: Customer InterfaceTechnologies and Standards. RT 5.1 aims to develop demand side management systemswhich can manage power demand at the customer level, with a focus toward the connection ofDG.

Future Technologies (3.2.5) SmartGrids Research Task 2.2: Innovative EnergyManagement Strategies for Large DG Penetration, Storage and Demand Response. Certainresearch areas within RT 2.2 relate to the development of future technologies, assessing theneed for new technologies to enable to penetration of large amounts of DG.

Modelling and Analysis (3.2.6) SmartGrids Research Task 2.1: Networks of the Future: ASystem Engineering Approach to Study the Operational Integration of DG and ActiveCustomers. This research task aims to develop new tools for modelling and analysis of futurenetworks, taking into account the various changes that must take place to realise theSmartGrids vision.

Fault Level Management (3.2.4); Power Flow Management (3.2.7); Voltage Control (3.2.11) SmartGrids Research Task 3.1: Network Asset Management Transmission and Distribution.RT 3.1 plans to assess the potential scope for the replacement of traditional networkequipment with novel technologies and innovative equipment (perhaps more capable of beingactively managed or overseeing the active management) as sections of the traditional gridinfrastructure become due for replacement, this may lead toward demonstration projects whichexhibit a combination of existing and new asset management technologies.

Power Quality (3.2.8) SmartGrids Research Task (RT) 2.2: Innovative Energy ManagementStrategies for Large DG Penetration, Storage and Demand Response. One of the potentialresearch projects from RT 2.2 will focus on improving reliability and voltage quality in the

context of DG.


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Protection Systems (3.2.9) SmartGrids Research Task (RT) 2.2: Innovative EnergyManagement Strategies for Large DG Penetration, Storage and Demand Response. One ofthe potential projects from RT 2.2 involves addressing options for self healing networks,investigating new preventative control methodologies and automated restoration strategies forfuture networks with large dispersion of DG.

Storage (3.2.10) SmartGrids Research Task (RT) 2.2: Innovative Energy ManagementStrategies for Large DG Penetration, Storage and Demand Response. Aspects of RT 2.2 willassess the benefits and requirements of using storage as a component as part of decentralisedmicrogrids or active networks.


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6. Summary of Results

The analysis of the register content has produced several key results:

The register and this report form a useful resource for academics, DNOs, industrialists andpolicy makers concerned with future distribution networks and the connection of renewable anddistributed generation.

69% of the active management activities are currently at the R&D phase. Activities at R&D phase are unlikely to reach full deployment and have significant impact on

energy targets before 2010. There has been an increase in the proportion of activities at the trial and pilot stages since the

publication of the first ANM register in 2006. These projects may reach full deployment in thenext 2-4 years, depending on the success of the trials.

Many projects have moved from the research stage to the R&D stage of maturity. This is anencouraging sign that emphasis is now focusing towards the eventual demonstration oftechnologies or solutions at the trial stage or further.

The projects that hold promise for facilitating increased generator connections must beidentified and fast tracked from the R&D phase towards full deployment. The ability of existing SCADA systems to facilitate active management needs to be assessed

further with practical solutions identified to harness the inherent capability in installed SCADAsystems with reasonable upgrades.

Novel communications and control schemes are seen as key to enabling active distributionnetworks, however, projects concerning this are at the R&D stages. There is uncertaintyregarding the ability of existing SCADA solutions to support active management. If newcommunication and control schemes are required to support active network management thenthis needs to be recognised and emphasis set towards deployment of such schemes to trialand pilot demonstration in distribution networks. Costs are likely to be an important issue insuch plans for renewal of communications and control arrangements in distribution networks.

Technical solutions in the areas of voltage control and power flow management are the mostmature; this is expected as these are often the initial barriers faced in the connection andoperation of DG. Taking single generation unit connection solutions further to apply to multiplegenerator applications might be important in some situations.

There is a need to develop solutions that have a wide applicability; the majority of deployedsolutions are bespoke/custom systems.

Fault level management projects have the potential to reach full deployment; these projects willbe pulled through by the market as the size and shape of distribution networks change, andfault level becomes an issue.

The majority of other technical areas are still at the R&D stages of maturity, though the numberof projects concerning these technical areas at the trial, pilot, or full deployment phases isincreasing.


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7. Demonstrated Active Network Management Concepts

Active voltage control is the most common form of active management solution demonstratedwithin the UK, as voltage stability issues can be a major factor blocking the connection of DG inrural areas. The GenAVC and other AVC input parameter management techniques are in use atseveral locations around the UK, as well as trials using LV in-line voltage regulators to controlvoltage levels. Power electronics interfaced devices such as D-STATCOM and D-VAR are nowemerging in utility applications in UK and elsewhere, dynamically generating or absorbing reactivepower, depending on the voltage level at that point on the network. On an international scale,NEDO are currently testing new voltage and power flow control devices at trial sites in Japan.

Power flow management schemes are mainly at the early stages of demonstration, as most ofthese schemes operate at a generic community level, unlike the made-to-measure characteristicsof individual demonstrated voltage control concepts. Power flow management schemes such asthe Orkney RPZ are in deployment, limiting the output of generators to match the capacity of thenetwork. Internationally, the PowerMatcher technology has been tested for the management of

DG, ESS and DSM trial schemes, and is the focus of ongoing EU projects. The PoMS aspect ofthe DISPOWER programme has been implemented in LV community level power managementschemes, providing savings in operating costs, as well as advanced controllability. In Greece,power flow management schemes alongside interruptible contract commercial arrangements havebeen deployed to increase the wind power penetration in areas with limited transmission capability.American projects, such as the Virtual Power Plant software, have been demonstrated at sitesacross the USA, and the underpinning technology shows potential of wider applications in activenetwork management.

There are several examples of dynamic ratings equipment in demonstration, such as the CentralNetworks RPZ OHL dynamic ratings scheme, which will increase the accommodation of renewablegeneration in the local network,. Similar dynamic rating control equipment is available for

transformers, which is in use worldwide, though only in limited use in the UK.

Elements of fault current limitation are demonstrated on the network, with Is limiters found atselected industrial sites in the UK, and widespread in Europe. The development ofsuperconducting fault current limiters is ongoing, with pilots in progress in Europe, and the start ofwork on the development and trials of a SFCL at three sites in the UK.

Research studies performed by EATL and Scottish Power (and detailed in the register) haveshown that the existing SCADA infrastructure could underpin further active network development,which has been proven by the implementation of AREVA e-terra SCADA software and advancedstability applications as part of the DISPOWER pilots on Crete.

The Carbon Trusts advanced metering trial has installed advanced meters to almost 600small/medium business sites across the UK, although it must be noted that these meters do notnecessarily actively manage the network at a domestic level, though findings from the trialshighlight possible future work in the area.


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8. Recommendations

The analysis of the active network management register has resulted in recommendations for thefollowing six key parties. Although there has been an increase in deployed solutions since thepublication of the initial register, the majority of projects remain at the R&D stages; for this reasonmany of the recommendations from the first edition of the register remain valid to date.

8.1. Ofgem

The Registered Power Zone (RPZ) initiative [13] provides the platform for developing projectsthat have progressed to the deployment phase. The number of RPZs, however, is still low;more suitable projects should be identified and further encouraged.

Other methods of extracting the value from projects that have completed or are completing theR&D phase could be identified.

The number of projects funded under the IFI scheme has increased since publication of theprevious register, further encouragement could be given to DNOs to develop new active

management projects under the IFI scheme with an increased focus toward eventualdeployment to the project as part of an RPZ.

8.2. Distribution Working Group

To enable the register to inform the decisions being made regarding future distributionnetworks, particularly through the DWG Electricity Networks Horizon Scanning project theregister must be updated (perhaps on an annual or biennial basis).

There are more projects ongoing and completed (and planned) than represented in this study.The authors discretion has been used in determining the activities in each technical area thatconstitute active management. This may need to be addressed in future versions of theregister with some projects omitted in this version of the register included within future register

versions. To encourage feedback from users of the register. This will affect the way future versions of the

register are compiled, enhancing the impact of the register and its contents.

8.3. Distribution Working Group ANM Project

To focus on the identification of demonstration gaps within the deployment of activemanagement solutions. This is an important, yet lengthy task, which is not within the scope ofthis project.

To monitor ANM projects and how they progress through the various levels of maturity, seekingto understand the factors that affect projects between different stages of maturity/development,and search for possible solutions to speed up the deployment process.

To identify methods of bridging the gap between DNOs and research institutions,encouraging cooperation.

8.4. Distribution Network Operators

To be aware of the alternatives to network reinforcement currently available for the connectionand operation of DG. The register and this report should be circulated to key personnel witheach licensed DNO.

To identify potential projects from the R&D phase and cooperate with the research institutionsor manufacturers involved, in order to minimize the potential risk.

To actively pursue available funding and incentives for developing and demonstrating active

management solutions.


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8.5. Manufacturers

Identify R&D, trial and pilot projects to be fast tracked through to product development andmarket entry. There are significant opportunities to capitalise on the existing and ongoing bodyof R&D work.

To promote collaboration with research institutions and R&D groups, encouraging progresstowards product deployment.

8.6. Research institutions

To promote awareness that there is a requirement to work towards demonstration oftechnologies, as the majority of projects are still at the R&D stages.

Research institutions can play a pivotal role in bringing solutions to market for 2010 by buildingupon the ongoing and completed R&D base. By focusing on the near term issues anddeveloping, in cooperation with industry, solutions that are clearly targeted at the market. Thisis a potentially valuable area for academia and is ideally suited for spinning out research.


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9. Conclusions

This register has provided an overview of the current state of active network projects and activities,including the type and nature of such activities. The update has expanded the scope of the registerto include more international activities, as well as updating information for all ongoing projects.Following analysis from the first edition of the register, it was noted that insufficient focus was puttoward the eventual deployment of solutions at the R&D stage, recognising this; the updatedregister includes sections concerning the scale and impact of deployed solutions. In addition, theregister focuses on international active networks activities to a greater extent than the initialregister. Analysis of the register along with the EU SmartGrids Strategic Research Agenda hasdrawn parallels between ongoing active networks activities and the SmartGrids vision. Analysis ofthe data within the register has shown that, similarly to the findings from the last edition, themajority of active management projects are at the initial stages of deployment, with few projects atthe trial/pilot stages, let alone fully deployed. Of the projects deployed onto the network, themajority are bespoke solutions, concerning a single network issue, whereas larger-scale projects

considering network-wide active management are at the R&D stage. This has resulted in muchuncertainty as to the suitability of fully deployed active management projects for widespreadapplication, and the need to identify more suitable projects currently at the R&D stage to fast-tracktowards deployment. Although development in the field of active network management hasprogressed since the publication of the first register, there is still much work to be done, which isconfirmed by the recurrence of recommendations from the original register. It is recommendedthat to keep the contents accurate and informative, the register must be updated on an annual orbi-annual basis.


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10. References

1. http://www.iee.org/OnComms/PN/powersysequip/techarch.cfm2. Currie, R. A. F., Ault, G. W.; Register of Active Management Pilots, Trials, Research,

Development and Demonstration Activities; DTI Technology Programme: New and RenewableEnergy; available at : http://www.ensg.gov.uk/assets/dgcg000790000.pdf

3. Liew, S. N., Beddoes, A., Strbac, G., Ancillary Services Market Opportunities in ActiveDistribution Networks, Proceedings Second International Symposium on DistributedGeneration: Power System and Market Aspects, Session 9: Active Networks, 2002

4. http://www.berr-ec.com/CGIBIN/priamlnk.cgi?MP=CATSER^GINT65&CNO=1&CAT='140'5. http://128.86.236.113/ofgem/work/index.jsp?section=/areasofwork/distributedgeneration6. http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Networks/Techn/NetwrkSupp/Innovat/ifi/Pages/ifi.aspx7. Ingram,S.R., Douglas,J.A.K., Jackson,K.T.; New Technologies to Facilitate Increased Levels

of Distributed Generation; 2005, DTI project Final Report, PB Power Report No. 62120A/18. Watson, J., Jenkins, N., Hemmi, K.; Network Integration of Distributed Generation:

International Research and Development; 2003, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research,

Report Number K/EL/00310/REP, URN 04/1361, DTI Technology Programme: New andRenewable Energy9. Roberts, D. A.; Network Management Systems for Active Distribution Networks A Feasibility

Study; 2004, Contractor: SP Power Systems Ltd, ScottishPower Plc, Report NumberK/EL/00310/REP, URN 04/1361, DTI Technology Programme: New and Renewable Energy

10. Collinson, A., Dai, F., Beddoes, A., Crabtree, J.; Solutions for the connection and operation ofdistributed generation; 2003, Contractor: EA Technology, Report NumberK/EL/00303/00/01/REP; DTI Distributed Generation Programme

11. Foote, C. E. T.; Operation of active distribution networks; review of tools for networkoperation; DTI Centre for Distributed generation and Sustainable Electrical Energy, 2006, to bemade available at: http://www.sedg.ac.uk

12. Strategic Research Agenda for Europes Electricity Networks of the Future; 2007; European

Technology Platform SmartGrids; available at:http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/pdf/smartgrids_agenda_en.pdf

13. http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Networks/Techn/NetwrkSupp/Innovat/Documents1/10499-11805.pdf

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