Animals KINGDOM ANIMALIA. What are Animals? Animals are: heterotrophic (Can’t make food)...
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Transcript of Animals KINGDOM ANIMALIA. What are Animals? Animals are: heterotrophic (Can’t make food)...
What are Animals?• Animals are:• heterotrophic (Can’t make food)
Eukaryotic (nucleus) multicellular (Many cells)lack cell walls.
Invertebrates (do not have backbone)=90%EX: flatworms, insectsvertebrates (have a backbone)=10%Ex:snakes, birds, humans
Body symmetryAsymmetrical: no symmetryRadial Symmetry: Can be divided into equal halves using many planes
Bilateral Symmetry: Can be divided into equal halves using only one plane
1. Feeding:
• Herbivore• Carnivore• Omnivore• Detritivore• Parasite
• Filter Feeders = aquatic animals that strain food from water
• Gastrovascular cavity – digests and distributes
nutrients and particles to all parts of the body. Usually only one opening.
• True Digestive tract– Contain digestive organs
with a mouth and anus
2. Respiration:
• Take in O2 and give off CO2
• Lungs, gills, through skin, simple diffusion
3. Circulation:
• Very small animals rely on diffusion
• Larger animals have circulatory system which include vessels
3. Circulation:
• Open circulatory system– pump blood into a hemocoel
with the blood diffusing back to the circulatory system between cells.
• Closed Circulatory System– Closed circulatory systems have
the blood closed at all times.
5. Response:
• Receptor cells = sound, light, external stimuli• Cephalization - an evolutionary trend, where
nervous tissue, becomes concentrated toward the head portion of an organism
6. Movement:
• Most animals are motile (can move)• Muscles usually work with a skeleton• Sessile: Cannot move
• Endoskeleton– Support structure
Inside body
• Exoskeleton• Support structure Outside body
7. Reproduction:
Most vertebrates reproduce sexually= two parents needed for offspring.(UNIQUE, Meiosis)
Most reproduce asexually:) offspring from 1 parent (IDENTICAL, Mitosis)
Ex: Fission, budding, fragmentation
Other characteristics…
• Coelomate - a fluid filled body cavity.
• Acoelomate- lacks a fluid filled body cavity
• Endotherm- – animal that generates
heat to maintain its body temp.
– Birds and mammals
• Ectotherm – animal whose body
temp varies with the temp of its surroundings
– All animals except birds and mammals
Body Symmetry
• Body plan: Asymmetrical• Respiration, Circulation, & Excretion • Rely on movement of water through body to carry out
body function.
• Movement– Larva are motile– Adults are sessile
• Reproduction– Sexually and asexually
• Digestion • Choanocytes engulf food as water is pumped through the sponge
body cavity. Filter Feeders!
Porifera
Sponges
Cnidarians• Body plan - Radial Symmetry;
– Medusa and Polyp• Circulation – Use diffusion as their means of circulating
materials through their bodies• Respiration and excretion - carried on by individual cells that
obtain their oxygen directly from water• Movement – Use a hydrostatic skeleton to contract muscles. • Reproduction-
– Sexual: external fertilization, – Asexual: budding by polyps.
• Digestion - Carnivores that digest food in gastrovascular cavity.• Response- (write at bottom of paper)
– Cnidocytes: stinging cells;– Nematocyst: poison filled darts.
Platyhelminthes - FLATWORMS
• Body plan: bilateral symmetry with body cavity• Respiration, circulation, excretion – diffusion;
– use flame cells to remove WASTE from body.• Movement – use cilia and muscle cells• Reproduction –
– Sexually: hermaphrodites– Asexually: Fission – split in half and grow missing parts
• Digestion – gastrovascualr cavity• Response- (write at bottom of paper)
– ganglia: group of nerves
Nematoda - ROUNDWORMS• Body plan – bilateral symmetry,
– contain coelom
• Respiration, Circulation and Excretion- diffusion through skin
• Movement – muscles extend length of body• Reproduction – sexual: internal fertilization• Digestion – Digestive tract with mouth and anus• Response - (write at bottom of paper)
– ganglia: group of nerves
Nemtoda (roundworm examples)
• Trichinosis-causing worms• Filarial worms (Elephantitis)• Ascarid worms • Hookworms
Annelida
• Body plan – Bilateral symmetry, – segmented bodies with coelom
• Respiration- some have gills;– others diffuse oxygen through skin
• Excretion – digestive waste through anus; – other waste filtered through nephridia.
• Circulation – Closed circulatory system• Movement – longitudinal and circular muscles • Reproduction – Sexually; both male and female with some
hermaphrodites.• Digestion - True digestive tract with mouth, anus and
digestive organs• Response –(write at bottom of paper)
– brain or cerebral ganglion that usually resides in the head
Groups of Mollusk Gastropods – snails & Slugs
• Shell-less or single shelled mollusk that move using a foot located on the ventral side.
Groups of Mollusk Bivalves- clams & mussels
• Have 2 shells that are held together by powerful muscles
Groups of MolluskCephalopods-
octopus, squid, nautilus
• Mollusk where the head is attached to a single foot.
• The foot is divided into tentacles
Mollusca• Body plan –
– bilateral: clams, snails, & slugs AND– radial: octopus & squid– soft bodied with internal or external shell
• Respiration – aquatic: gills;– land: diffusion through mantle cavity
• Circulation – Slow moving: open circulatory system; – fast moving: closed circulatory system
• Excretion – through nephridia• Movement – snails: secrete mucus;
– octopus, nautilus, squid: jet propulsion• Reproduction – sexual -- snails & bivalves external fertilization;
– some are hermaphrodite: internal fertilization• Digestion – True digestive tract:
– herbivores, carnivores, filter feeders, parasites. • Response – Cephalization: octopus and squid (write at bottom of paper)
Arthropods
• Body plan – Bilateral with segmented bodies• Respiration – gills, lungs, tracheal tubes• Circulation- Open circulatory system • Excretion
– Malpighian tubules: saclike organs that extract wastes from the blood and add them to the digestive system.
• Movement- Muscles, jointed appendages, exoskeleton• Reproduction
– internal or external fertilization;– some species undergo metamorphosis
• Digestion – Complex organ systems; – herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritivores, parasites, and filter
feeders• Response- Brains with well developed nervous system (write at
bottom of paper)
Crustaceans – crabs, lobster, shrimp
• Have two pairs of antennae• 2 – 3 body sections• Chewing mouth parts called mandibles
Echinoderms• Body plan – radial with coelom• Respiration
– use simple gills and tube
• Circulation – network of fluid-filled canals that function called a water vascular system
• Excretion - no kidneys – use diffusion to rid their bodies of nitrogenous waste– solid waste through anus
• Movement – endoskeleton – Tube feet which acts as a suction force
• Reproduction – Sexual: external fertilization• Digestion
– Tube feet grab food, push stomach out, secrete enzymes to digest food, and reabsorb food through mouth
• Response – do not have brains– they have nerves running from the mouth into each arm or along the body (write at
bottom of paper)
Chordata• Body plan – bilateral
– With pharyngeal gill slits, tail, notochord, and dorsal hollow nerve cord.
• Respiration – lungs, gills• Circulation – closed circulatory system• Excretion
– filter waste through kidneys and excrete solid waste through anus• Movement
– endoskeleton with many muscular connections• Reproduction – Sexual• Digestion – True digestive tract• Nervous
– cephalization – – brain with nervous tissue
FishAmphibians
Reptiles Birds