Animals. If you thought the protist kingdom was diverse you will soon learn that organisms in the...
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Transcript of Animals. If you thought the protist kingdom was diverse you will soon learn that organisms in the...
![Page 1: Animals. If you thought the protist kingdom was diverse you will soon learn that organisms in the Animal kingdom show great variations in particular characteristics.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56649f2f5503460f94c496e7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Animals
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• If you thought the protist kingdom was diverse you will soon learn that organisms in the Animal kingdom show great variations in particular characteristics.
• Biologists believe that animals evolved from protists.
• All animals are heterotrophic and multicellular.
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• The evolutionary divergence arises from the development of specialized tissue like nervous tissue and muscle tissue.
• Most animals reproduce sexually. • They lack chloroplast and chlorophyll so they
cannot manufacture carbohydrates like plants. • Animal cells lack a cell wall, but they do have
membrane bound organelles and a distinct nucleus.
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• A labelled diagram of an animal cell appears below.
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(Mini) Task• Generate a list of 10 different animals. • Later you will classify each one based on its
characteristics. • Remember, animals are diverse, so include a
good variation.
• DO IT NOW!
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Classification• The two main classifications of animals are
vertebrates and invertebrates. • Most animals are invertebrates and include
jellyfish, worms, octopus and lobsters. • The animals in these phyla do not have a backbone. • Vertebrate animals have a backbone, called a
notochord, during some portion of their life cycle. • These animals are more familiar because they are
dominant on land and in water. • Vertebrates are structurally bigger than
invertebrates and include fish, birds, frogs and humans.
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Question• Below are images of organisms that belong in
the Animal kingdom. For each animal, classify it as either an invertebrate or a vertebrate.
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Answer• Invertebrate – Butterfly, Coral & Preying Mantis.• Vertebrate – Bison, Pelican & Salamander.
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• There are 33 phyla in the animal kingdom. • In this activity we will examine one
representative invertebrate and one vertebrate animal.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YQb7Xq0enTI
• Stop at 4:55
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Invertebrates• Invertebrates make up approximately 95% of
all of the identified organisms on the planet. • Invertebrates live in a wide range of habitats
from dark forests to the deepest trenches of the oceans.
• They inhabit land, air, and aquatic habitats. • There is a lot of variety in the invertebrate
group; however, the one characteristic that they all share is the absence of a backbone.
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The Earthworm• Have you ever
wondered why worms only come out to play when it is raining?
• Earthworms belong to the phylum Annelida along with 15 000 additional species.
An earthworm with two regions highlighted.(1) Clitellum which is involved in reproduction. (2) Segmentation.
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Physical Structure• Earthworms have segmented bodies. • If you look at the image above and on the right
side, you will notice divisions along the length of the worm.
• On average there are approximately 100 segments.
• Segmentation is beneficial for movement because it allows the worm to be flexible.
• It is capable of moving a few segments at a time instead of moving its entire body at once.
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• Earthworms show bilateral symmetry which means that their bodies, if cut lengthwise down the middle, will mirror each other.
• Bilateral symmetry is an evolutionary advancement from radial symmetry.
• Worms have a definite head region with nerve cells that indicates brain development.
• This allows earthworms to assess their environment as they move and adjust and react appropriately to changes.
• Radial symmetric invertebrates lack a definite head region and therefore their movements are more random.
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• All earthworms have a body cavity called a coelom.
• This cavity protects the internal organs of the worm.
• Recall that all animals have specialized tissues as one of their evolutionary adaptations.
• In addition to sensory nerves, worms also contain organ systems like digestive, respiratory, circulatory and reproductive.
• Note, not all invertebrates contain a body cavity, only higher functioning invertebrates have a coelom.
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Virtual Worm Tour
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Habitat• Earthworms live in moist environments. • Generally they burrow in soil because it provides
them with nourishment and keeps their outer layer moist which is important for their survival.
• Worms take in oxygen through their skin which is covered in tiny mucus-secreting cells.
• Dry skin means death to a worm. • So when it rains, the wet ground is easier for
worms to move on; consequently, it is easier for the worm to find a mate in an open area rather than in its burrow.
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Reproduction• Earthworms are hermaphrodites which mean they
contain both male and female sex organs. This does not mean that they can self-fertilize. Each worm must find a mate of the same species to reproduce.
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• An earthworm is ready to mate when its clitellum changes colour from pinkish to red-orange, as shown in the figure to the right.
• Two earthworms line up in a head to tail fashion and exchange spermatozoa (sperm), as shown in the diagram below.
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• A slime tube then forms around the clitellum, which dries and fills with a fluid called albumin.
• The earthworm then wiggles out of the tube head first. • The tube passes over the female pore which deposits
ovum (eggs) into the capsule.
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Further Reading
• http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/I/Invertebrates.html