Animal welfare 1

Animal welfare

A four-week-old puppy, found alongside a roadafter flooding in West Virginia, is fed at an

Emergency Animal Rescue Service shelter in theTwin Falls State Park.

Animal welfare is the physical and psychological well-being ofanimals.[1] It is measured by indicators including behaviour,physiology, longevity, and reproduction.[2]

The term animal welfare can also mean human concern for animalwelfare or a position in a debate on animal ethics and animal rights.[3]

This position is measured by attitudes to different types of animaluses.[4]

Systematic concern for animal welfare can be based on awareness thatnon-human animals are sentient and that consideration should be givento their well-being, especially when they are used by humans.[5] Theseconcerns can include how animals are killed for food, how they areused for scientific research, how they are kept as pets, and how humanactivities affect the survival of endangered species.

An ancient object of concern in some civilizations, animal welfare began to take a larger place in Western publicpolicy in 19th-century Britain. Today it is a significant focus of interest or activity in veterinary science, in ethics,and in animal welfare organizations.

There are two forms of criticism of the concept of animal welfare, coming from diametrically opposite positions.One view, dating back centuries, asserts that animals are not consciously aware and hence are unable to experiencepoor welfare. The other view is based on the animal rights position that animals should not be regarded as propertyand any use of animals by humans is unacceptable. Some authorities thus treat animal welfare and animal rights astwo opposing positions.[3] Accordingly, some animal right proponents argue that the perception of better animalwelfare facilitates continued and increased exploitation of animals.[6][7] Others see the increasing concern for animalwelfare as incremental steps towards animal rights.

DefinitionsIn animal ethics, the term animal welfare often means animal welfarism.In Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, animal welfare is defined as "the avoidance of abuse andexploitation of animals by humans by maintaining appropriate standards of accommodation, feeding and generalcare, the prevention and treatment of disease and the assurance of freedom from harassment, and unnecessarydiscomfort and pain."[8]

Donald Broom defines the welfare of an animal as "its state as regards its attempts to cope with its environment. Thisstate includes how much it is having to do to cope, the extent to which it is succeeding in or failing to cope, and itsassociated feelings." He states that "Welfare will vary over a continuum from very good to very poor and studies ofwelfare will be most effective if a wide range of measures is used."[9]

Yew-Kwang Ng defines animal welfare in terms of welfare economics: "Welfare biology is the study of living thingsand their environment with respect to their welfare (defined as net happiness, or enjoyment minus suffering). Despitedifficulties of ascertaining and measuring welfare and relevancy to normative issues, welfare biology is a positivescience."[10]

Animal welfare 2

Animal welfarismAnimal welfarism, also known simply as welfarism or animal welfare,[11][12] is the position that it is morallyacceptable for humans to use non-human animals, provided that adverse effects on animal welfare are minimized asfar as possible, short of not using the animals at all. An example of welfarist thought is HughFearnley-Whittingstall's meat manifesto.[13] Point three of eight is:

Think about the animals that the meat you eat comes from. Are you at all concerned about how theyhave been treated? Have they lived well? Have they been fed on safe, appropriate foods? Have they beencared for by someone who respects them and enjoys contact with them? Would you like to be sure ofthat? Perhaps it's time to find out a bit more about where the meat you eat comes from. Or to buy from asource that reassures you about these points.[13]

Robert Garner describes the welfarist position as the most widely-held in modern society.[11] He states that one ofthe best attempts to clarify this position is given by Robert Nozick:[14]

Consider the following (too minimal) position about the treatment of animals. So that we can easily referto it, let us label this position "utilitarianism for animals, Kantianism for people." It says: (1) maximizethe total happiness of all living beings; (2) place stringent side constraints on what one may do to humanbeings. Human beings may not be used or sacrificed for the benefit of others; animals may be used orsacrificed for the benefit of other people or animals only if those benefits are greater than the lossinflicted.[15]

Welfarism is often contrasted with the animal rights and animal liberation positions, which hold that animals shouldnot be used by humans, and should not be regarded as their property.[16] However, it has been argued that bothwelfarism and animal liberation only make sense if you assume that animals have "subjective welfare".[17] There issome evidence that the observed difference between human belief in animal welfare and animal rights originatesfrom two distinct attitudes towards animals:[18]

1.1. Attitudes towards suffering; and2.2. Reverence for animals.

MotivationMotivations to improve the welfare of animals may stem from many factors including sympathy, empathy, utility,[19]

genes (inherited traits), and memes (cultural factors).[20] Motivations can be based on self-interest. For example,animal producers might improve welfare in order to meet consumer demand for products from high welfare systems.Typically, stronger concern is given to animals that are useful to humans (farm animals, pets etc.) than those that arenot (pests, wild animals etc.). The different level of sentience that various species possess, or the perception of suchdifferences, also create a shifting level of concern. Somewhat related to this is size, with larger animals beingfavored.There is some evidence to suggest that empathy is an inherited trait (genetic needs). Multiple studies have foundwomen have greater concern for animals than men,[21][22] possibly the result of it being an evolutionarily beneficialtrait in societies where women take care of domesticated animals while men hunt. Interestingly, more women haveanimal phobias than men. But animal phobias are at least partly genetically determined, and this indicates thatattitudes towards animals have a genetic component. Also, children exhibit empathy for animals at a very early age,when external influences cannot be an adequate explanation.[23]

Laws punishing cruelty to animals tend to not just be based on welfare concerns but the belief that such behavior hasrepercussions toward the treatment of other humans by the animal abusers. Another argument against animal crueltyis based on aesthetics. Within the context of animal research, many scientific organisations believe that improvedanimal welfare will provide improved scientific outcomes. If an animal in a laboratory is suffering stress or pain itcould negatively affect the results of the research.[24]

Animal welfare 3

Cultural factors that affect people's concern for animal welfare include affluence, education, tradition, religiousbeliefs, and political ideology.[25] Increased affluence in many regions for the past few decades afforded consumersthe disposable income to purchase products from high welfare systems.[26] The adaptation of more economicallyefficient farming systems in these regions were at the expense of animal welfare and to the financial benefit ofconsumers, both of which were factors in driving the demand for higher welfare for farm animals. A 2006 surveyconcluded that a majority (63%) of EU citizens "show some willingness to change their usual place of shopping inorder to be able to purchase more animal welfare-friendly products."[27]

Interest in animal welfare continues to grow, with increasing attention being paid to it by the media, governmentaland non-governmental organizations.[28] The volume of scientific research on animal welfare has also increasedsignificantly in some countries.[29]

History, principles, practice

By the 21st century, promoting the interests ofanimals was mainstream and widespread. This

German stamp uses the polar bear Knut toadvocate for environmental responsibility.

Systematic concern for the well-being of other animals probably arosein the Indus Valley Civilization as the religious ancestors return inanimal form, and that animals must therefore be killed with the respectdue to a human. This belief is exemplified in the existing religion,Jainism, and in varieties of other Indian religions. Other religions,specially those with roots in the Abrahamic religions, treat animals asthe property of their owners, codifying rules for their care andslaughter intended to limit the distress, pain and fear animalsexperience under human control.

From the outset in 1822, when British MP Richard Martin shepherdeda bill through Parliament offering protection from cruelty to cattle,horses, and sheep (earning himself the nickname Humanity Dick), the welfare approach has had human morality, andhumane behaviour, at its central concern. Martin was among the founders of the world's first animal welfareorganization, the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, or SPCA, in 1824. In 1840, Queen Victoria gavethe society her blessing, and it became the RSPCA. The society used members' donations to employ a growingnetwork of inspectors, whose job was to identify abusers, gather evidence, and report them to the authorities.

But significant progress in animal welfare did not take place until the late 20th century.[30] In 1965, the UKgovernment commissioned an investigationled by Professor Roger Brambellinto the welfare of intensivelyfarmed animals, partly in response to concerns raised in Ruth Harrison's 1964 book, Animal Machines. On the basisof Professor Brambell's report, the UK government set up the Farm Animal Welfare Advisory Committee in 1967,which became the Farm Animal Welfare Council in 1979. The committee's first guidelines recommended thatanimals require the freedoms to "stand up, lie down, turn around, groom themselves and stretch their limbs". Theguidelines have since been elaborated to become known as the five freedoms:[31]

Freedom from thirst and hunger by ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and vigour. Freedom from discomfort by providing an appropriate environment including shelter and a comfortable resting

area. Freedom from pain, injury, and disease by prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment. Freedom to express normal behavior by providing sufficient space, proper facilities and company of the

animal's own kind. Freedom from fear and distress by ensuring conditions and treatment which avoid mental suffering.A number of animal welfare organisations are campaigning to achieve a Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare (UDAW) at the United Nations. In principle, the Universal Declaration will call on the United Nations to recognise animals as sentient beings, capable of experiencing pain and suffering, and to recognise that animal welfare is an

Animal welfare 4

issue of importance as part of the social development of nations worldwide. The campaign to achieve the UDAW isbeing co-ordinated by the World Society for the Protection of Animals, with a core working group includingCompassion in World Farming, the RSPCA, and the Humane Society International (the international branch ofHSUS).[32]

Farm animals

- Egg laying hens (chickens) in a factory farm battery cage (above) can becontrasted with free range chickens (below) who are given space to roam and a shelter for shade. Concern for farmanimals is mainly focused on factory farming, where farm animals are raised in confinement at high stockingdensity. Issues revolve around the limiting of natural behavior in animals (see battery cage, veal and gestation crate),and invasive procedures such as debeaking and mulesing. Other issues include methods of animal slaughter,especially ritual slaughter.While the killing of animals need not necessarily involve suffering, the general public considers killing an animal anact that reduces its welfare.[33] This leads to concerns with premature slaughtering, such as the chick culling. Thisapplies in a lesser extent to all food animals.Animal welfare science is an emerging field that seeks to answer questions raised by the use of animals, such aswhether hens are frustrated when confined in cages, or whether the psychological well-being of animals inlaboratories can be maintained.[34]

Welfare laws

United States

In the United States, a federal law called the Humane Slaughter Act (P.L. 85-765; 7 U.S.C.1901 [35] et seq.) wasdesigned to decrease suffering of livestock during slaughter.[36]

The Georgia Animal Protection Act of 1986, was a state law enacted in response to the inhumane treatment ofcompanion animals by a pet store chain in Atlanta.[37] The Act provided for the licensing and regulation of pet shops,stables, kennels, and animal shelters, and established, for the first time, minimum standards of care. Additionalprovisions, called the Humane Euthanasia Act were added in 1990.[38] The law was further expanded andstrengthened with the Animal Protection Act of 2000.[39]

On November 5, 2002, Florida voters passed Amendment 10, an amendment to the Florida Constitution banning the confinement of pregnant pigs in gestation crates. The Amendment passed by a margin of 55% for and 45% against.[40] On November 7, 2006, Arizona voters passed Proposition 204 with 62% support. The measure prohibits

Animal welfare 5

the confinement of calves in veal crates and breeding sows in gestation crates. On June 28, 2007, Oregon GovernorTed Kulongoski signed a measure into law prohibiting the confinement of pigs in gestation crates (SB 694, 74th Leg.Assembly, Regular Session).[41] On May 14, 2008, Colorado Governor Bill Ritter signed into law a bill, SB 201, thatphases out gestation crates and veal crates.[42][43] Also during 2008, California passed Proposition 2, known as the"Prevention of Farm Animal Cruelty Act", which orders new space requirements for farm animals starting in 2015.

European Union

Legislation in the European Union aims to reduce animal suffering during slaughter.[44]

Germany, Sweden, and Austria have all banned battery cages for egg-laying hens. European Union CouncilDirective 1999/74/EC came into act on January 1, 2012, meaning that conventional battery cages for laying hens arenow banned across the Union.

Laboratory animals

The use of animals in scientific, medical, andbusiness laboratories remains controversial.

Animal welfare advocates push for minimumstandards to ensure the health and safety of those

animals used for tests.

In the US, every institution that uses vertebrate animals for federallyfunded laboratory research must have an Institutional Animal Care andUse Committee (IACUC).[45] Each local IACUC reviews researchprotocols and conducts evaluations of the institution's animal care anduse which includes the results of inspections of facilities that arerequired by law. the IACUC committee must assess the steps taken to"enhance animal well-being" before research can take place. Thisincludes research on farm animals.[46] According to the NationalInstitutes of Health Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare, researchersmust try to minimize distress in animals whenever possible: "Animalsused in research and testing may experience pain from induceddiseases, procedures, and toxicity. The Public Health Service (PHS)Policy and Animal Welfare Regulations (AWRs) state that proceduresthat cause more than momentary or slight pain or distress should be performed with appropriate sedation, analgesia,or anesthesia. However, research and testing studies sometimes involve pain that cannot be relieved with such agentsbecause they would interfere with the scientific objectives of the study. Accordingly, federal regulations require thatIACUCs determine that discomfort to animals will be limited to that which is unavoidable for the conduct ofscientifically valuable research, and that unrelieved pain and distress will only continue for the duration necessary toaccomplish the scientific objectives. The PHS Policy and AWRs further state that animals that would otherwisesuffer severe or chronic pain and distress that cannot be relieved should be painlessly killed at the end of theprocedure, or if appropriate, during the procedure."[46]

The National Research Council's Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals also serves as a guide toimprove welfare for animals used in research in the US.[47] The Federation of Animal Science Societies' Guide forthe Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching is a resource addressing welfare concerns infarm animal research.[48] Laboratory animals in the US are also protected under the Animal Welfare Act. The UnitedStates Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) enforces the Animal WelfareAct. APHIS inspects animal research facilities regularly and reports are published online.[49]

In the UK, every individual conducting research, every animal research facility, and every project involving animalsmust be licensed by the Government Home Office.[50] Those applying for a license must explain why such researchcannot be done through non-animal methods. The project must also pass an ethical review panel which aims todecide if the potential benefits outweigh any suffering for the animals involved.Other welfare issues includes the quality of animal sources and housing conditions.

Animal welfare 6

Criticisms

American philosopher Tom Regan is an animalrights advocate who has criticized the animalwelfare movement for not going far enough to

protect animals' interests.

At one time, many people denied that animals could feel anything, andthus the concept of animal welfare was meaningless. For example,many Cartesians were of this opinion. Descartes wrote that animals act"without consciousness", much like a machine.[51] In addition, thereare accounts of Descartes visiting slaughter houses to observe howanimals died. Believing that the animals were devoid of sentience,Descartes thought the death throes of animals was akin to "taking aparta spring-driven clock". In the Discourse, published in 1637, Descarteswrote that the ability to reason and use language involves being able torespond in complex ways to all the "contingencies of life", somethingthat animals "clearly cannot do". He argued from this that any soundsanimals make do not constitute language, but are simply "automaticresponses to external stimuli".[52]

Animal rights advocates, such as Gary L. Francione and Tom Regan,argue that the animal welfare position (advocating for the betterment ofthe condition of animals, but without abolishing animal use) isinconsistent in logic and ethically unacceptable. However, there aresome animal rights groups, such as PETA, which support animal welfare measures in the short term to alleviateanimal suffering until all animal use is ended. According to PETA's Ingrid Newkirk in an interview with Wikinews,there are two issues in animal welfare and animal rights. "If I only could have one thing, it would be to endsuffering," said Newkirk. "If you could take things from animals and kill animals all day long without causing themsuffering, then I would take it...Everybody should be able to agree that animals should not suffer if you kill them orsteal from them by taking the fur off their backs or take their eggs, whatever. But you shouldn't put them throughtorture to do that."[53]

Abolitionism (animal rights) holds that focusing on animal welfare not only fails to challenge animal suffering, butmay actually prolong it by making the exercise of property rights over animals appear less unattractive. Theabolitionists' objective is to secure a moral and legal paradigm shift, whereby animals are no longer regarded asproperty.

Animal welfare organizations

Global

The WSPA was founded in 1981 to fight animalcruelty.

World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE): Theintergovernmental organisation responsible for improving animalhealth worldwide. The OIE has been established "for the purpose ofprojects of international public utility relating to the control of animaldiseases, including those affecting humans and the promotion ofanimal welfare and animal production food safety".[54]

World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA): Tackles animal cruelty across the globe. WSPAs objectivesinclude; helping people understand the critical importance of good animal welfare, encouraging nations to commit toanimal-friendly practices and building the scientific case for the better treatment of animals. They are global in asense that they have consultative status at the Council of Europe and collaborate with national governments, theUnited Nations, the Food and Agriculture Organization and the world Organization for Animal Health.[55]

Animal welfare 7

CanadaThere are many organizations in Canada to help with the protection of animal welfare. They include all kinds ofanimals including, wildlife, livestock, companion animals, and exotic/zoo animals. In Canada most organizations arenon-government Animal Welfare organizations and are heavily reliable on donations.

Non-government organizations

National Farm Animal Care Council: Their objectives are to facilitate collaboration among all members withrespect to farm animal care issues, to facilitate information sharing and communication and to monitor trends andinitiatives in both the domestic and international market place[56]

Canadian Federation of Humane Societies (CFHS): The only national organization representing human societiesand SPCAs in Canada. They provide leadership on animal welfare issues and spread the message across Canada.[56]

The Canadian Veterinary Medical Association: Brings in veterinary involvement of Animal Welfare. Theirobjective is to share this concern of animals with all members of the profession, with the general public, withgovernment at all levels and with other organizations such as the CFHS, which have similar concerns.[56]

Canadian Council on Animal Care: The national organization responsible for overseeing the care and use ofanimals involved in Canadian Science.[56]

National Office of Animal Health A British organisation that represents its members drawn from the animalmedicines industry.

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Journal 44 (6): 4969. PMC340178. PMID12839246.[2][2] Phillips 2009. pp 1-12.[3] Francione, Gary Lawrence (1996). Rain without thunder: the ideology of the animal rights movement (http:/ / books. google. com/

?id=HZTpej7dGGEC& pg=PP13& dq=animal+ welfare+ animal+ rights#v=onepage& q=animal welfare animal rights& f=false).ISBN978-1-56639-461-1. .

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[6] Garner, Robert. Animal Ethics. Polity Press, 2005; Regan, Tom. The Case for Animal Rights, University of California Press, 1983.[7] Francione, Gary. Animals, Property, and the Law. Temple University Press, 1995.[8] "Animal" (http:/ / medical-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/ Animal+ welfare). Animal. medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com. .

Retrieved 28 November 2010.[9] Broom, D. M. (1996). "Animal welfare defined in terms of attempts to cope with the environment" (http:/ / d. wanfangdata. com. cn/

NSTLQK_NSTL_QK9506789. aspx). Acta agriculturae Scandinavica. Section A, Animal science. .[10] Yew-Kwang Ng (1995). "Towards Welfare Biology: Evolutionary Economics of Animal Consciousness and Suffering" (http:/ / www.

springerlink. com/ content/ uj81758r187l7777/ ). Journal Biology and Philosophy (Springer Netherlands) 10 (3): 255285.doi:10.1007/BF00852469. .

[11] Garner, Robert. Animal Ethics. Polity Press, 2005, pp. 15-16.[12] Bekoff, Marc (2009). "Animal Emotions, Animal Sentience, Animal Welfare, and Animal Rights" (http:/ / www. psychologytoday. com/

blog/ animal-emotions/ 200909/ animal-emotions-animal-sentience-animal-welfare-and-animal-rights). .[13] Fearnley-Whittingstall, Hugh (2009). "My Meat Manifesto" (http:/ / www. rivercottage. net/ FoodMatters/ 32/ MeatandRight. aspx). .[14] Garner, Robert. Animal Ethics. Polity Press, 2005, pp. 72[15] Nozick, Robert (1974). Anarchy, State, and Utopia (http:/ / www. animal-rights-library. com/ texts-m/ nozick01. htm). .[16] Garner 2005, p. 15; also see Singer, Peter. Animal Liberation, Random House, 1975; Regan, Tom. The Case for Animal Rights, University

of California Press, 1983; Francione, Gary. Animals, Property, and the Law. Temple University Press, 1995; this paperback edition 2007.[17] Taylor, Angus. Animals and Ethics. Broadview Press, 2003, p. 88; Garner 2005, p. 15.[18] Meng, Jenia (2009). 'Origins of Attitudes towards Animals' (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=POosTKAuySUC& lpg=PP1&

pg=PP1#v=onepage). .[19][19] Serpell, J. (2004). Factors influencing human attitudes to animals and their welfare. Animal Welfare, 13, 145-151.

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[20] Meng, Jenia. 2009. Chapter 6 Discussion, Chapter 7 Conclusions. Origins of attitudes towards animals (http:/ / jmeng. goodeasy. info/publications/ readOAAgoogle. php) Ultravisum, Brisbane. ISBN 978-0-9808425-1-7

[21] Herzog, H.A. (2007). Gender differences in human-animal interactions: a review. Anthrozos, 20 (1), 7 21.[22] Meng, Jenia. 2009. page 265. Origins of attitudes towards animals (http:/ / jmeng. goodeasy. info/ publications/ readOAAgoogle. php).

Ultravisum, Brisbane. ISBN 978-0-9808425-1-7[23] Phillips 2009. The Welfare Of Animals: The Silent Majority (http:/ / books. google. co. uk/ books?id=eq28F0MMrhIC& lpg=PR1&

pg=PR1#v=onepage& f=false)pp 50, 52-53.[24] Understanding Animal Research: The 3Rs (http:/ / www. understandinganimalresearch. org. uk/ how/ the-three-Rs) Accessed 21.11.2012[25] Meng, Jenia. 2009. Page 249, 266. Origins of attitudes towards animals (http:/ / jmeng. goodeasy. info/ publications/ readOAAgoogle. php)

Ultravisum, Brisbane. ISBN 978-0-9808425-1-7[26][26] Phillips 2009. pp 60-63.[27] Attitudes of EU citizens towards Animal Welfare - European Commission (http:/ / ec. europa. eu/ public_opinion/ archives/ ebs/

ebs_270_en. pdf)[28] "Hope For Paws" (http:/ / www. hopeforpaws. org/ ). . Retrieved 10 October 2011.[29][29] Phillips 2009. p 60.[30][30] Phillips 2009. p 56.[31] Five Freedoms (http:/ / www. fawc. org. uk/ freedoms. htm) Farm Animal Welfare Council[32] Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare (http:/ / www. ciwf. org. uk/ animal_sentience/ universal_declaration_on_animal_welfare/ default.

aspx) Compassion in World Farming[33][33] Phillips 2009. p 10.[34] Fraser, David. Understanding animal welfare: the science in its cultural context. John Wiley and Sons, 2008, p. 8.[35] http:/ / www. law. cornell. edu/ uscode/ 7/ 1901. html[36] "United States Code" (http:/ / uscode. house. gov/ download/ pls/ 07C48. txt). Office of the Law Revision Counsel. 2011-01-07. Archived

(http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20110708233259/ http:/ / uscode. house. gov/ download/ pls/ 07C48. txt) from the original on 8 July 2011. .Retrieved 2011-06-30.

[37] "Animal Protection - Ga Dept of Agriculture" (http:/ / agr. georgia. gov/ animalprotection. aspx). Agr.georgia.gov. . Retrieved 2012-10-16.[38] "Georgia Humane Euthansia Act, O.C.G.A. 4-11-5.1" (http:/ / www. animallawcoalition. com/ gas-chambers/ law/ 289). Animal Law

Coalition. . Retrieved 2012-10-16.[39] "Georgia Animal Protection Act" (http:/ / www. animallaw. info/ statutes/ stusgacodeann4_11_1_17. htm). Animallaw.info. . Retrieved

2012-10-16.[40] "PorkNet Newsletter" (http:/ / www. porknet. com/ archive/ 110702. html#96977). MetaFarms.com, Inc. 2002-11-07. . Retrieved

2008-07-03.[41] "Back door activists gain momentum" (http:/ / www. brownfieldnetwork. com/ gestalt/ go.

cfm?objectid=96AD5AA7-BEEA-38F9-4397078DB6063307). Learfield Communications, Inc.. 2007-07-05. . Retrieved 2008-07-03.[42] "Farm Sanctuary Applauds Colorado for Passing Legislation Phasing out Veal and Gestation Crates" (http:/ / www. reuters. com/ article/

pressRelease/ idUS239162+ 14-May-2008+ BW20080514). Reuters. 2008-05-14. . Retrieved 2008-07-03.[43] "Farm Animal Welfare Measure Becomes Law" (http:/ / www. fass. org/ page. asp?pageID=312). Federation of Animal Science Societies

(FASS). 2008-05-14. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080615215410/ http:/ / www. fass. org/ page. asp?pageID=312) from theoriginal on 15 June 2008. . Retrieved 2008-07-03.

[44] "European Commission" (http:/ / ec. europa. eu/ food/ animal/ welfare/ slaughter/ regulation_1099_2009_en. pdf). Official Journal of theEuropean Union. 2009-11-18. . Retrieved 2011-06-30.

[45] "Research Regulations" (http:/ / speakingofresearch. com/ facts/ research-regulation/ ). . Retrieved 2012-10-22.[46] ftp:/ / ftp. grants. nih. gov/ IACUC/ GuideBook. pdf[47] "Research Animals | Animal Welfare Information Center" (http:/ / awic. nal. usda. gov/ research-animals). Awic.nal.usda.gov. 1985-11-20. .

Retrieved 2012-10-16.[48] "AGGuideCovers2010.indd" (http:/ / www. fass. org/ docs/ agguide3rd/ Ag_Guide_3rd_ed. pdf) (PDF). . Retrieved 2012-10-16.[49] http:/ / acissearch. aphis. usda. gov/ LPASearch/ faces/ CustomerSearch. jspx[50] "Regulations" (http:/ / www. understandinganimalresearch. org. uk/ how/ regulation/ ). . Retrieved 2012-11-20.[51] Midgley, Mary (May 24, 1999). "Descartes Prisoners" (http:/ / www. newstatesman. com/ 199905240041. htm). The New Statesman. .[52] Descartes, Ren. Discourse on the Method. First published 1637, cited in Cottingham, John. "Descartes, Ren" in Honderich, Ted. (ed.) The

Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1995, pp. 188-192.[53] Interview with Ingrid Newkirk, David Shankbone, Wikinews, November 20, 2007.[54] World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). (2011). Retrieved 11/07, 2011, from http:/ / www. oie. int/ about-us/[55] Who we are. Retrieved 11/07, 2011, from http:/ / www. wspa-international. org/ whoarewe/ Default. aspx[56] Animal welfare canada. (2010). Retrieved 11/07, 2011, from http:/ / www. inspection. gc. ca/ english/ anima/ trans/ infrae. shtml

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External links Animal Welfare Index: JM Welfare Index (http:/ / jmeng. goodeasy. info/

AnimalWelfareIndexAnimalRightsIndex/ ) Careers Helping Animals (http:/ / www. humanesocietyuniversity. org/ careers/ working_from_the_heart/ intro/

career_helping_animals. html?expandable=2#ANIMAL_WELFAREPROTECTION) The Animal Welfare Science Centre (http:/ / www. animalwelfare. net. au) Chesley V. Morton v. Georgia Department of Agriculture and Tommy Irvin in his Official Capacity as

Commissioner (http:/ / www. kittyvillage. com/ morton_v_irvin. pdf) Humane Education Past, Present, and Future (http:/ / www. hsus. org/ web-files/ PDF/ hsp/ soa_ii_chap03. pdf)

from The State of the Animals II: 2003 (http:/ / www. hsus. org/ press_and_publications/ humane_bookshelf/the_state_of_the_animals_ii_2003. html)

Farm Animal Welfare: Philosophical Aspects (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=1SQl7Ao3mHoC&pg=PA356) from the Encyclopedia of Animal Science

Article Sources and Contributors 10

Article Sources and ContributorsAnimal welfare Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=524248516 Contributors: (, 23dx5assd, 5 albert square, 7george7, A.k.abrams, ARAWS, AWSC, Accounting4Taste,AcesOfClubs, Adhib, Aircorn, Akarthiks, Akhran, Alan Liefting, Alex1011, All Worlds, Allen3, Alyeska, Andries, Animalresearcher, Armaghanje, Auror, Barticus88, Bayerischermann, Beland,Bethgranter, Bhadani, Bhuston, Bob98133, Boing! said Zebedee, BoomerAB, Borreby, BuckwikiPDa535, Buddy13, Burlywood, Byelf2007, C mon, Capricorn42, Cash4nowt, Cassy82,Cathead7, Ciar, CiaranG, Comte0, Conb123, CottageDream, Creativekiwi, DCkevin, DSush12, Dariusz Szwed, David Shankbone, DavidLevinson, DavidYork71, Dawn Bard, Deeptrivia, DiegoVara, Dingar, Discospinster, Dodo bird, Download, DrChrissy, Dspcagillian, Dspradau, Duncharris, EWHRDIII, Edward321, Electricmuffin11, Enviroboy, Epbr123, Epskionline, Eunicenah,Fanatix, Fantastic4boy, Faradayplank, Fastily, FelineAvenger, Fieldday-sunday, Figgisfiggisfiggis, Fryed-peach, FuelWagon, Future Perfect at Sunrise, Gaygaygay3, Gloriamarie, Green Squares,GsusMaiKing, Gulbenk, GuyWithGlasses23, Hall Monitor, Hashemi1971, Hayduke2000, Hdt83, Health animal, Hede2000, Henry Flower, HexaChord, Hu12, Idleguy, Indon, Ivantegreat, JackMerridew, JayC, JayFC 91, Jeff G., Joanna890, JoergenB, John, Johnand thegolden, Joostvandeputte, Joseph Solis in Australia, Juanchm, Jusdafax, Jvbishop, Kablammo, Kbthompson, Kellen`,Kglavin, Kilo-Lima, Kinu, Kissekatt, Koavf, L Kensington, Larryroeder, Lecochonbleu, Lematilde, Lkinkade, London prophet, Losuhh, Lotje, Lumos3, Lupinelawyer, Lurch23, Lpton, MER-C,Madelinems, MakeRocketGoNow, Marek69, Mark91, Mbjp65, Michaelc111, Microcell, MikeAllen, MikeHobday, Mirrormundo, Misssunshine, Modernist, MrOllie, Mtd2006, NawlinWiki,Neurolysis, Nexbee, Niceguyedc, Nirvana2013, Nitramrekcap, Northamerica1000, Nothingofwater, Nrets, NuclearWarfare, Oda Mari, OldakQuill, OllieFury, Onco p53, Otashiro, Otolemurcrassicaudatus, Owain.davies, PDH, Pabbles, Paulinepau, PennyLane12, Polentario, Publunch, Pvosta, R. fiend, Randallbock, Raskolnikov 101, Rhobite, Richard D. LeCour, Richerman, RickK,Rjay62, Rjwilmsi, Rklawton, Robert Daoust, RobertPlamondon, Rockpocket, Rosemaryamey, Rrburke, Ryulong, Sam Li, Sammetsfan, Sannab, Satori Son, Schmidi9, Scuiqui fox, Shadowjams,ShelfSkewed, Shibboleth, Shonali, Sir Paul, SirIsaacBrock, SlimVirgin, Ssilvers, StephanieShannon, Steven Walling, Stor stark7, Sue Wallace, Susanfleur, Sztybel, Tabbycas, Tacu, Temuler,Texture, The Anome, The Librarian, The Thing That Should Not Be, TimMony, Trilobitealive, Tryptofish, Turn685, UtherSRG, Verbal, Violetriga, Viriditas, W guice, WJetChao, Walden,Wavelength, Wayland, Whistling42, Wi-king, Wideangle, WikHead, Wizardman, Wspa, Yahel Guhan, Yaminator, Yaris678, Youdontownwiki, ZooPro, 378 anonymous edits

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