Animal ScienceAnimal Science

Uses for Animals

• Food• Work• Medicine• Research

• Clothing• Recreation• Companionship• Security

Uses for Animals

• What types of animals are used for meat?• Cattle (Beef & Veal)• Swine (Pork)• Lamb• Goat• Poultry

Uses for Animals

• Milk – inexpensive source of protein• Produced by dairy cows & goats• Cheese, ice cream, and yogurt

• Did you know that over 90% of U.S. milk production comes from the Holstein breed?

• What is another protein source that is produced by animals?• Eggs

Uses for Animals

• What are some areas in which we use animals for work?• Cultivate land• Transportation• Control other animals• Assist physically &

mentally handicapped• Blind

Uses for Animals

• Medicine & Research• Animal Behaviors• Genetic Tests• Organs• Future treatment

research

Uses of Animals

• Clothing• Hides

• Leather• Fibers

• Wool• Mohair • Silk

Uses of Animals

• Recreation• Horseback Riding• Racing• Zoos

Uses of Animals

• Companionship• Pets• Assist with the

sick and elderly

Uses of Animals

• Security• Guard dogs• Eliminating pests

• Ex.-Cats

• Romans used geese to guard the gates of Rome

Uses of Animals

• By Products• Bone

• Buttons• Glue • Minerals supplements

for feed

• Fat• Cooking Oil• Cream• Soap• Makeup

The Beef The Beef IndustryIndustry

The Beef Industry• #1 red meat production industry in the United States.• Americans eat about 96lb of red meat per year.• Many by-products are produced from cattle such as: gelatin,

leather, & soap.

Beef Cattle Operations

• Purebred Breeders• Cattle of a single breed are raised.

• Cow-calf Operations• Produce feeder calves for slaughter cattle producers.

• Slaughter-cattle (Feedlot)• Buy calves from cow-calf operators and raise them

until they reach slaughter weight.

English Breeds of English Breeds of Beef CattleBeef Cattle

English Breeds• Cattle breeds developed in the British Isles (mostly Northern

England & Scotland).• Excellent grazers of native grasses.

Angus

• Black breed• Known for excellent

meat quality.• Marbling

Hereford

• Red with white face• Originated in the British

Isles.• Imported into the United

States by Henry Clay in 1817.

• Gained acceptance after the 1883 Chicago Fat Stock Show.

Shorthorn

• Red, White, or roan (mix of red and white) coat.

• Excellent milking capability.

• Been used in the bloodlines of more than 30 recognized breeds.

Galloway

• Ancient breed which derived its name from the Gauls of the Scottish Lowlands.

• Polled• Long, curly hair• Performs well on poor

land with coarse grasses.

Devon

• One of the oldest breeds in existence.

• Brought to SW England by the Phoenicians as they explored for tin.

• Romans wrote about them in 55 BC.

• 1st purebred to reach North America.

• Known as the “Red Rubies”

Red Poll

• Polled cattle who are red in color.

• Developed as a dual purpose breed in England.

• Believed to have come about from crossing Galloways and Devons.

Exotic Breeds Exotic Breeds

of Beef Cattleof Beef Cattle

Exotic Breeds• Imported into the United States when consumers started

demanding leaner meat.• Exotic breeds have calves that grow faster than English

breeds.

Charolais

• White to light blonde in color; pink skin.

• Large & very well muscled

• Originated in France.

Limousin

• Light yellow color with lighter circles around eyes.

• Lean carcasses with large loin eye area.

• Small head with short neck.

• Originated in France.

Simmental

• White to light straw faces, with dark red bodies.

• With to light straw faces, with dark red bodies.

• Most popular breed in Europe.

Blonde D’ Aquitaine

• Covered with short light colored hair.

• Well muscled breed that developed in southwestern France.

• Forehead and muzzle are broad, the face triangular.

Maine Anjou

• Very red with white markings across the body.

• Originated in northwestern France.

• Large, very well muscled cattle.

Brahman

• Light or medium gray coat color.

• Characteristic “hump” over shoulder.

• Large, drooping ears and loose skin.

• Developed in southwestern USA.

• Used mostly for crossbreeding.

American American Breeds of Beef Breeds of Beef

CattleCattle

American Breeds

• Developed to withstand the heat and resistance to disease and parasites in the South and Southwest.

• American breeds resulted from crossing Brahman cattle from India with English breeds.

• The result was increased heat tolerance and disease and parasite of Brahman and the meat quality of the English breeds.

Beefmaster

• Developed in Texas in the 20th century.

• Approximately ½ Brahman and ¼ Hereford & Shorthorn respectively.

• Selection based on the 6 essentials: Weight, Conformation, Milking Ability, Fertility, Hardiness and Disposition

Brangus

• Solid black or red in color.

• Polled.• Good mothering

ability & feed efficiency.

• A result of a cross of Brahman and Angus.

Santa Gertrudis

• Developed on the King Ranch in Texas

• All Santa Gertrudis are descendants of the bull, Monkey

• They were created by crossing shorthorn cows and Brahman bulls.

Barzona

• Red cattle with occasional white markings.

• Developed in Arizona in the 20th century to deal with the extremely hot, drought ridden, rocky terrain.

The Dairy The Dairy IndustryIndustry

The Dairy Industry• Second most important animal enterprise in the United States

in dollar sales.• Consumption of milk and dairy products is steady now after

years of decline.• Average Americans use more than 580 lb of dairy

products annually.

The Dairy Industry

• Milk production is not the only income-generating part of dairy production.

• Calves not needed as replacements for the dairy herd are sold as veal.

• Cows no longer profitable are sold for beef.

Breeds of Breeds of

Dairy CattleDairy Cattle

Holstein

• Black & White• Highest average producer

of milk.• Comprises 90% of all dairy

cattle in the U.S.• Made the most genetic

improvement in recent years.

Jersey

• Light Brown• 2nd most popular

breed of dairy cattle.• Smallest of the dairy

breeds.• Rank #1 in butterfat

production.

Guernsey

• Reddish brown with white underside.

• Originated on the Isle of Guernsey in the English Channel.

• Produces a yellowish milk due to the high beta carotene content.

Ayrshire

• Red & White• Developed in Scotland

in the county of Ayr.• Used to be known for

it horns, but most calves are polled now.

Brown Swiss

• Brown with a light dorsal stripe down its back.

• Originated in Switzerland.

• Only been recognized as registered breed since 1906.

The Pork The Pork IndustryIndustry

The Pork Industry

• Swine used to classified into one of three groups: Lard-type & Bacon-type.

• However, the industry has changed greatly due to the demand for leaner pork.

Swine Operations-Producers

• Feeder-pig• Maintain large herds of sows that produce 2 to 2½

litters each year.• Market-hog

• Purchase pigs at 5-8 weeks of age and feed them until they reach an age of about 220lb.

• Purebred• Produce high quality boars to improve the genetic

makeup of a breed or to be bred with crossbred sows to increase hybrid vigor.

Breeds of Breeds of SwineSwine

Duroc

• Originated in the United States.

• Solid red. • Drooped ears.• Slight dish to the face.• Excellent meat type

hog.

Yorkshire

• Originated in England.• White.• Large, erect ears.• Known as “The

Mother Breed”.• Produces large litters.• Bacon-type hog.

Hampshire

• Originated in the United States.

• Probably the oldest American breed.

• Black with a white belt.

• Small, erect ears.• Well-known meat

breed.

Spotted

• Developed in Indiana.• Black and white spots.• Efficient feeders.• Noted for rapid weight

gain.

Chester White

• Originated in Chester County, Pennsylvania.

• White with drooped ears.

• Mothering breed.• Known to produce

large litters.

Poland China

• Originated in the US.• Noted for ability to easily

gain weight.• Quiet dispositions.• Black with white snouts,

legs and switch.• Generally poor mothers.• Drooped ears.

Berkshire

• Originated in England.• Black with white legs,

snout and switch.• Once kept at Buckingham

Palace.• Known for producing high

quality meats.• Erect ears.

Tamworth

• Originated in Ireland• Red in color• Bacon-type• Deep-sided• Well-arched back• Erect ears• Good mothers • Very active

Landrace

• Originated in Denmark.

• Drooped ears• Known for their

maternal instincts.• White• Long• Flatter-topped than

other breeds.

The The

Poultry IndustryPoultry Industry

The Poultry Industry• Poultry is the name given to all

domesticated birds.• Consumption of chicken meat in the U.S.

increased from 26.4 lb to 81.4 lb per person from 1975 to 2003.

• Turkey consumption almost tripled from 6.5 lb to 17.6 lb per person during that same period.

• Americans also eat 250 eggs per person each year.

Poultry Industry

• Poultry production ranks 1st ahead of beef & swine production in pounds consumed.

• What are the major types of poultry?• Chickens• Turkeys• Ducks• Geese

Types & Uses of Poultry• Chickens

• Classified as either layers or broilers.• Broilers are young chickens grown for their meat.

(Cornish)• Layers are chickens developed to produce huge numbers of eggs.

(White Leghorn)

Types & Uses of Poultry

• Bantams • Another class of

chickens.• Miniature versions of

standard breeds.• Used primarily for

show.

Types & Uses of Poultry

• Turkeys• 90% of turkeys grown commercially are Broad-Breasted

White.

Animal Animal NutritionNutrition

Six Classes of Nutrients• Water• Protein• Carbohydrates• Minerals• Vitamins• Fat

Water

• Largest component of all living things.• Regulates body temperature.• Dissolves & transports nutrients.

Protein

• Builds muscle

Carbohydrates

• Provides energy for animals.

• Makes up about 75% of most animal rations.

• Corn and other cereal grains are the major source of carbohydrates.

Minerals• Calcium is one of the major minerals and is found in ground

limestone.• Calcium is needed in poultry feed for eggshell development.• Minerals are supplied by mineral supplements & are a primary

aid in the development of bones & teeth.

Vitamins

• Vitamins are needed by animals in minute quantities to help all body functions.

• Also help prevent many livestock diseases.

Fat

• Only small amounts of fat are required.

Classes of Feeds

• Concentrates• Roughages

Concentrates• Low in fiber and high in total digestible nutrients (TDN).• Cereal grains are the major source of most concentrates.• Other sources include byproducts of grain and animals.

Roughages• High in fiber and low in TDN.• Dry roughage is hay.• Green roughages includes the pasture grasses.• Silage is a roughage that results from storage and

fermentation of green crops.

Animal Animal Digestive Digestive SystemsSystems

Digestive System of Cattle• Cows & sheep are ruminants, which means they have four

stomach compartments.• Ruminants can tolerate more roughage in the diet.

Digestive System of Cattle

Digestive System of Swine• Swine are monogastric, which means they have one stomach

compartment.• Have basically the same digestive system as a human.• Ration must be high in concentrates.

Digestive System of Swine

Digestive System of Poultry• Poultry have no true stomach and can only store small

amounts of food in its digestive system.• Chickens have no teeth. Food is swallowed whole, stored in

the crop, and passed on to the gizzard where it is crushed & ground up.

• Rations must be high in food value.

Digestive System of Poultry

Tools in Tools in

Animal ScienceAnimal Science

Candling Light

• Used to view the interior of eggs to detect blood spots and other such defects.

Castrator

• Used to prevent male animals from breeding.

BurdizzoCastrator

Artificial Insemination

• Artificial vagina• Used to collect

semen from male animals.

• Insemination straw• Used for the

disposition of semen into the female.

Dehorner

• Used to remove horns from cattle.

Rectal Thermometer

• Used to take the temperatures of animals.

Syringe

• Used to give injections or to draw body fluids.

“V” Ear Notcher

• Used to notch the ears of swine for identification.

Careers in Careers in Animal ScienceAnimal Science

Careers

• Most entry-level jobs require a high school diploma.

• About 20% of the careers require a college degree.

• Some careers require additional education.

High School Agricultural Program

• A good place to begin career preparation because of the total program of.….• Class/Lab Instruction • FFA• SAE.

Veterinarian

• Education:• 4 year college degree• Advanced degree with

special training (Vet School).

• Perform highly technically skills:• Embryo transfers

Career Trends

• Largest number of new employment positions in agriscience is expected to be scientists & engineers.

Small Animal Industry

• Is expanding greatly.• Used for….

• Pets• Animal research• Food• Fur

Small Animal Industry

• Technicians & growers are needed for….• Kennels• Pet stores• Animal hospitals• Etc.

• Often require college training.

Equine Industry• Expanding as the interest in horses for pleasure &

show increases.• Farriers are needed to shoe & care for horses’ feet.