ANIMAL SCIENCE

Group Project◦ Beef cattle

◦ Dairy cattle

◦ Equine

◦ Goat

◦ Honeybees

◦ Sheep

◦ Swine

◦ Broilers

◦ Layers

◦ Turkeys

◦ Ducks

◦ Rabbits

◦ Llamas

◦ Aquaculture

◦ Role, importance, scope

◦ # in US

◦ 5 most common breeds◦ Breed groups

◦ Location of industry in US

◦ Value of industry in US

◦ Names of gender and life stage

◦ Term for giving birth

◦ Common management practices (breeding, feeding, health, facilities, etc.)

◦ Gestation or incubation period

Important Terms◦ Abomasum

◦ Aging

◦ Anatomy

◦ Absorption

◦ Artificial insemination

◦ Breed

◦ Broiler

◦ Candling

◦ Castration

◦ Cecum

◦ Confinement facility

◦ Crossbreeding

◦ Curing

◦ Domestication

◦ Ectothermic

◦ Embryo transfer

◦ Estrus

◦ Exsanguination

◦ Farrowing crate

◦ Fertilization

◦ Gestation

◦ Immobilization

◦ Invertebrate

◦ Lactation

◦ Layer

◦ Homeothermic

◦ Non-ruminant

◦ Omasum

◦ Ovulation

◦ Parturition

◦ Physiology

◦ Puberty

◦ Primal cuts

◦ Reticulum

◦ Ruminant

◦ Rumen

◦ Vertebrate

◦ Wholesale cuts

Animal Traits◦ Part of Kingdom Animalia

◦ Two major groups◦ Vertebrates – have backbone structure

◦ Phylum Chordata

◦ Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians

◦ Invertebrates – lack backbone

◦ Insects, crustaceans, worms,

◦ Common Traits◦ Made of many cells◦ Move about◦ Get food from other sources

◦ Plants or other animals

Main Vertebrate Group Traits◦ Birds – Class Aves

◦ Feathers◦ Thin, light-weight bones◦ Lay fertilized eggs◦ 4-chamber heart◦ Homeothermic

◦ Mammals – Class Mammalia◦ Hair or fur◦ Give live birth/mammary

glands◦ 4-chamber heart◦ Homeothermic

◦ Fish◦ Scales◦ Gills to filter oxygen◦ Eggs fertilized after being laid◦ Ectothermic

◦ Reptiles – Class Reptilia◦ Scales◦ Lay fertilized eggs◦ 4-chamber heart◦ Ectothermic

◦ Amphibians – Class Amphibia◦ Smooth or slimy skin◦ Soft eggs◦ Complex life cycle◦ Ectothermic

Animal Uses◦ Most agricultural animals are used for food – meat, milk, and

eggs, but animals can be used for other purposes such as:◦ Clothing (sheep, goats, cattle, llamas, rabbits, etc.)◦ Power (horses, donkeys)◦ Recreation and companionship (horses, cats, dogs, etc.)◦ Medical Research (rodents, primates, rabbits, etc.)◦ By-products (fats, organs, bones, hide, manure, glands, hooves,

horns, hair, etc.)

Animal Welfare vs. Animal Rights◦ Animal welfare supporters emphasize the humane treatment

of animals in research, production agriculture, and pet ownership.◦ Believe animals can and should be used for food.◦ Sound management practices are important (proper feeding,

ventilation, heating and cooling systems, medical care, etc.)

◦ Animal rights activists do not believe animals should be used by humans – and in fact have the same rights are humans.◦ Attack experimentation, hormone use, confinement operations,

management practices (dehorning, castrating), hunting and trapping, entertainment (circuses, rodeos, livestock shows)

Anatomy◦ There are 12 body systems found in most agricultural animals.

These systems are made up of a series of organs. Organs are made up of tissue and tissue is made up of cells.

◦ Body Systems

Skeletal NervousMuscular CirculatoryRespiratory ReproductiveMammary DigestiveExcretory ImmuneEndocrineIntegumentary

Skeletal System

◦ Provides frame and support for all other systems

◦ Made up of bones and cartilage

◦ Cartilage protects bones and lubricates joints

Nervous System

◦ Transmits information to and from other parts of the body

◦ Central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord

◦ Peripheral nervous system contains nerves that connect to muscles and organs

Muscular System

◦ Largest internal body system

◦ Important in movement, respiration, circulation, and digestion

◦ Made organ system used for food (cuts of meat)

Circulatory System

◦ Moves digested food, water, and waste throughout the body

◦ Blood is made up of water, glucose, vitamins, minerals, and proteins

◦ Includes heart, arteries, and veins

Respiratory System

◦ Responsible for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange

◦ Includes mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and lungs in terrestrial animals, gills in aquatic animals, and spiracles in insects

Reproductive System◦ Ability of animals in increase number of species

◦ Differences in animals that give live birth and those that lay eggs

◦ Female mammal parts include ovaries, oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina, vulva

◦ Male mammal parts include testicles, scrotum, penis, sheath, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and cowper’s gland

Mammary System

◦ Found only in females that nurse their young

◦ Made up of glands that create and secrete milk

◦ Vital to dairy industry

Digestive System◦ Prepares food for use by the body

◦ Non-ruminant digestion includes mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus

◦ Ruminant mammal digestion includes a 4 chamber stomach so animals can digest roughages – rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum

◦ Poultry digestion includes the crop, gizzard, cecum, and vent

Excretory System◦ Rids the body of waste to help

maintain the proper balance of water and blood

◦ Wastes include carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen

◦ Organs include kidney, ureters, bladder and urethra

Immune System

◦ Defends the body against infection and disease

◦ Organs include lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow

Endocrine System◦ Includes production of hormones to

trigger growth and development of certain parts of the body

◦ Consists of pituitary gland, adrenal gland and pancreas

Integumentary System

◦ Protects body from damage

◦ Includes skin, hair, scales, feathers, and nails

◦ Defends against infection, protects against dehydration, perspiration, vitamin D production