Animal Reproduction Types of Reproduction Asexual Clone Advantage: FAST, if env. is stable Fission:...
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Transcript of Animal Reproduction Types of Reproduction Asexual Clone Advantage: FAST, if env. is stable Fission:...
Animal Reproduction
Types of Reproduction
Asexual• Clone
Advantage: FAST, if env. is stable Fission: parent separates into 2+
individuals of same size Budding: outgrowths from parent
(eg. cnidarians, tunicates) Fragmentation: breaking of body
into pieces, form into adults by regeneration (eg. sea stars, sponges, cnidarians)
Parthenogenesis: female produces eggs that develop w/o fertilization (eg. male bees – haploid)
Sexual• Genetic diversity
Advantage: ability to change pop. when env. changes
• Fusion of haploid gametes
Egg (Ovum) + Sperm Zygote
Fission - Sea Anemone
Sexual Reproduction – Frogs
(External fertilization)
AP Biology
Fertilization Joining of egg & sperm
external usually aquatic animals
internal usually land animals
AP Biology
Development External
development in eggs fish & amphibians in water
soft eggs = exchange across membrane birds & reptiles on land
hard-shell amniotic eggs structures for exchange of food, O2 & waste
sharks & some snakes live births from eggs
Internal placenta
exchange food & waste live birth
AP Biology
Adaptive advantages? What is the adaptive value of each
type of sexual reproduction number of eggs? level of parental of care habitat?
Reproductive Cycles and Patterns
1. Ovulation: release of mature eggs Young produced when survival is most likely Hormonal changes influenced by day length,
season temp, rainfall or lunar cycles
2. Hermaphroditism: both M/F systems Sessile/burrowing animals - barnacles,
parasites (tapeworms), earthworms
3. Sex reversal: sex change during its lifetime Bluehead wrasse (reef fish)
Sex reversal in a sequential hermaphrodite. Wrasses (reef fish) born female, but oldest, largest individuals complete their lives as males.
Parthenogenesis in female Blacktip Shark: egg fuses with a polar body
Fertilization = sperm + egg
External Fertilization Egg shed by female, fert. by
male in water Environmental cues /
courtship behavior Large # gametes low
survival Eg. fish, amphibians
Internal Fertilization Sperm deposited in female
reprod. tract Cooperative behavior Dry environment Fewer gametes, fewer
zygotes greater survival
External Devel.• Tough eggshell
• Eg. reptiles, birds, platypus
Internal Devel.• High parental care
• Eg. placentals, sharks, some
reptiles
MALE FEMALE
Function Produce & deliver sperm 1. produce eggs2. development of baby
Main reproductive
organs
Testes(singular: testis) Ovaries
Reproductive cells (Gametes)
Spermatogenesis SPERM Oogenesis EGGS
Main hormone Testosterone Estrogens
Role of FSH (follicle-
stimulating hormone)
Sperm formation Egg development (in follicle)
Role of LH (luteinizing hormone)
Produce testosterone Release of egg (ovulation)
Human Reproductive System
Female Anatomy
Ovaries – produce eggs, sex hormones Follicles – contain oocyte (egg); release
1/month; produce estrogens Ovulation – release of egg from follicle
Remaining follicle corpus luteum (↑hormones)
egg oviduct (fallopian tube) uterus (baby) cervix vagina
Mammary glands – secrete milk through nipples in breast
Female Reproductive
System
Male Anatomy Testes (inside scrotum) – produce
sperm, sex hormones Seminiferous tubules – make sperm seminiferous tubules epididymis
vas deferens urethra (penis) semen = alkaline fluid w/nutrients,
enzymes 100-650 million sperm/ejaculation
Male Reproductive
System
Meiosis
Spermatogenesis
Sperm production Stem cells spermatids
in seminiferous tubules Mature & add tail in
epidymis 4 motile sperm
Oogenesis
Ova production Before birth: oogonia
meiosis - STOP at Prophase I (primary oocytes)
Puberty: each month, egg in follicle Meiosis I (secondary oocytes) fertilization Meiosis II
1 ovum + 3 polar bodies
Reproductive Hormones Testosterone
from testes functions
sperm production 2° sexual
characteristics
Estrogen from ovaries functions
egg production prepare uterus for
fertilized egg 2° sexual
characteristics
LH &FSH
testesor
ovaries
Sex Hormone Control in Males
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Testes
Body cells
GnRH
FSH & LH
testosterone
LH
FSH
estrogen
progesterone
lining of uterus
egg development ovulation = egg release
corpus luteum
0 7 14 21 28days
Menstrual Cycle
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Ovaries
Body cells
GnRH
FSH & LH
estrogen
Feedback
corpusluteumovary
Female Reproductive Cycle
pregnancy
maintainsuterus lining
yes
estrogen
eggmatures &
is released
(ovulation)
builds up uterus lining
FSH & LH
progesterone
progesterone
fertilized egg(zygote)
hCG
corpus luteum breaks down
progesterone dropsmenstruation
corpusluteum
maintainsuterus lining
GnRH
pituitarygland
hypothalamus
Endocrine System Control
no
Egg Maturation in Ovary Corpus luteum
produces progesterone to maintain uterine lining
Fertilization
Fertilization Joining of sperm & egg
sperm head enters egg
Fertilization causes changes… yolk found at vegetal hemisphere embryo at animal hemisphere (pigmented) post fertilization, animal pole rotates to where
sperm penetrates the egg—forming the gray cresent
…which sets up signal cascades to help set up the body plan.
Cleavage Repeated mitotic divisions of zygote
1st step to becoming multicellular unequal divisions establishes body plan
different cells receive different portions of egg cytoplasm & therefore different regulatory signals
Cleavage zygote morula blastula
establishes future development
blastulablastocoelblastomere
Stem cells pluripotent cells in bone marrow produce all types
of blood cells cells differentiate
in bone marrow & lymph tissue
Blood Cell Production
Gastrulation Establish 3 cell layers
ectoderm outer layers
skin, nails, teeth, nerves
mesoderm blood, bone & muscle
endoderm inner lining
digestive system
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
Hox Genes found in animals to determine body plan!
Chapter 19!
Hox Genes genes that control
differentiation on anterior-posterior axis
hedgehog v. sonic hedgehog
Hox Genes Eric Wieschaus
for his discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development
1980s | 1995
Eric Wieschaus
Human Fetal Development
7 weeks4 weeks
Sex Determination
XY
XX
TestesY
Sperm Zygote
Zygote
Ovum
Sperm
Ovum
X
X
X
Indifferentgonads
SRY
No SRYOvaries
(Follicles do notdevelop until
third trimester)
Seminiferoustubules
Develop inearly
embryo
Leydig cells
Human Fetal Development10 weeks
chorionic villus sampling—as
early as week 8
Human Fetal Development
12 weeks 20 weeks
amniocentesis: weeks 14-18
Human Fetal Development The fetus just spends much of the 2nd
& 3rd trimesters just growing …and doing various flip-turns & kicks inside amniotic fluid
Week 20
Human Fetal Development 24 weeks (6 months; 2nd trimester)
fetus is covered with fine, downy hair called lanugo. Its
skin is protected by a waxy material called vernix
Human Fetal Development 30 weeks (7.5 months)
Getting crowded in there!! 32 weeks (8 months)
The fetus sleeps 90-95%
of the day & sometimes experiences
REM sleep, an indication of
dreaming
BirthHormone induction
positive feedback
Intestine
Placenta
Umbilicalcord
Wall ofuterus
VaginaCervix
Birth (36 weeks)
Bladder
The end of the journey!
Any Questions!