Animal Reproduction and Genetics Terminology Objective: –Define terminology related to...
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Animal Reproduction and Genetics
Terminology
• Objective:– Define terminology related to
reproductive management and breeding systems including castration, colustrum, estrus, gestation, lactation and parturition.
Terminology
• Castration– Removing the testicles of the male to
prevent breeding
• Colustrum– First milk
• Gestation– Time an animal is pregnant
Terminology
• Estrus– When a female is receptive to be
bred
• Lactation– Period of time that milk is secreted
by the mammary glands
• Parturition– Than act of giving birth
Breeding Systems
• Objective– Discuss crossbreeding, grading-up,
inbreeding, linebreeding, and purebreeding
Breeding Systems
• Pure Breeding– Registered male and female animals– Angus X Angus
Breeding Systems
• Cross Breeding– Mating a male and female of
different breeds– Angus X Charolais = Crossbreed
Breeding Systems
• Inbreeding– Mating closely related animals– Brother X Sister– Son X Mother– Father X Daughter
Breeding Systems
• Linebreeding– Breeding more distant relatives than
inbreeding– Cousin X Cousin
Breeding Systems
• Grading-Up– Mating purebred male (sires) to
unregistered or corssbred females (dams)
– Yorkshire bore X Yorkshire/Hampshire sow
– Hybrid Vigor• Superior traits from crossbreeding • Offspring are better than parents
The Female Reproductive System
Objective: Identify the parts of the female reproductive system of livestock
Female Tract
Female Reproductive System
• Ovary - the ovary is comparable to the male testicle and is the site of gamete production. – A bovine animal has 20,000 potential eggs per
ovary, while a human female has 400,000 potential eggs per ovary.
– Ova are fully developed at puberty and are not continuously produced as in the male.
– All species contain two functional ovaries except for the hen which has only a left functioning ovary.
Female Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System
The ovaries have three major functions:• Gamete production• Secrete estrogen (hormone)
• absence of muscle development • development of mammary glands • development of reproductive systems and external
genitalia • fat deposition on hips and stomach (source of
energy) • triggering of heat
• Form the corpus luteum
Female Reproductive System
• Infundibulum - the funnel shaped portion of the fallopian tube near the ovary that catches the ovulated egg.
• Fallopian Tubes (or Oviducts) - pair of small tubes leading from the ovaries to the horns of the uterus (5 - 6 inches). – Fertilization occurs in the oviduct. – Egg travels from ovary to uterine horn in 3 - 4 days.
Female Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System
• Uterine Horn - The anterior, divided end of the uterus in the cow, ewe, and mare. Sow has only 2 horns, no body, woman has no horns, only body.
Female Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System
Uterus - Muscular sac connecting fallopian tubes and cervix1. Sustains the sperm and aids in its transport 2. Supports embryo and fetus during gestation3. Expels fetus at parturition
Female Reproductive System
• Cervix – Area between
the uterus and vagina
– Normally closed– Opens at estrus
and parturition – (2 -3 inches)
Female Reproductive System
• Vagina - the female organ of copulation1. admits penis 2. receives semen (except in sow) 3. passageway for fetus at parturition
• Bladder - storage organ for urine
• Vulva - extended genitalia; opening for both urinary and genital tracts
Female Reproductive System
Reproductive Functions (Female)
Steps in the female reproductive process:
1. Ovulation — Produce gamete (ova or ovum)— Release of egg(s)— Infundibulum pushes the
ovum into the fallopian tube
Reproductive Functions (Female)
Reproductive Functions (Female)
2. Estrus (heat, estrous period) – Period of time when a female will accept a
male in copulation– The female must stand (standing heat)
to be mounted before the reproductive process can begin
Reproductive Functions (Female)
3. Gestation— Fertilization to parturition— Develop embryo in uterus
4. Parturition— Expel fully developed young at birth
5. Lactation— Milk production
Reproductive Functions (Female)
Ovulation Rates
Ovulation Rates by SpeciesCow- 1 egg per estrusEwe- 1 to 3 eggs per estrusSow- 10 to 20 eggs per estrusMare- 1 egg per estrusHen- Approx. 28 eggs per month
Reproductive Terminology
Species Act OffspringCows calving calfEwes lambing lambSows farrowing pigHens hatching chickMares foaling foalGoats kidding kid
Reproductive Functions (Female)
Gestation and Lactation Periods:
Species Gestation Period Lactation(Milking)Cow 275 - 285 days beef 180 - 270
daysdairy 305 - 365
daysEwe 115 - 142 days 60 - 90 - 120 daysSow 112 - 115 days 21 - 42 daysMare 330 - 345 days 90 - 150 daysWoman 270 days ? years
Reproductive Functions (Female)
Estrous period length by species:Cow 12 - 18 hoursEwe 24 - 36 hoursSow 48 - 72 hoursMare 90 - 170 hoursHens & Women none
Reproductive Functions of the Female
Estrous cycle - time from one heat period (or menstrual cycle) to the next.
Length of estrous cycle by species:Cow 19 - 21 daysEwe 16 - 17 daysSow 19 - 21 daysMare 21 - 24 daysWoman 28 daysHen none
The Male Reproductive Tract
Objective: Identify the parts of the male reproductive system of livestock and poultry
Male Reproductive Tract
Male Reproductive Tract
• Scrotum - external sac that holds testicles outside of the body to keep sperm at 4-5oF cooler than the body temperature
• Testicles - the primary male organs of reproduction • to produce sperm • to secrete testosterone
Male Reproductive Tract
• Epididymis - Long coiled tube that is a path for sperm
– Provide passageway for sperm out of the seminiferous tubules
– Storage for sperm – Fluid secretion to nourish sperm – Place for sperm maturation
Male Reproductive Tract
• Vas Deferens - slender tube from epididymis to urethra which moves sperm to the urethra at ejaculation
• Urethra - long tube from bladder to penis; passageway for urine and sperm out of the body
Male Reproductive Tract
• Penis - male organ of copulation which conveys semen and urine out of the body
• Penis retractor muscle - allows extension and retraction of the penis; sigmoid flexure extends in copulation
Male Reproductive Tract
Accessory Glands: • Seminal vesicles- add fructose and citric
acid to nourish the sperm
• Prostate Gland - located at the neck of the bladder– cleans the urethra prior to and during
ejaculation – provides minerals for sperm – provides the medium for sperm transport – provides the characteristic odor of semen
Male Reproductive Tract
• Cowper’s gland• Also called the Bulbourethral gland• Paired organs • cleans the urethra prior to semen
passage
Male Reproductive Tract
Reproduction in Poultry
Objective: Specify how the reproductive system for
poultry functions
Reproduction in Poultry
The poultry oviduct has five parts:1) Vagina
– Holds the egg until laid
2) Uterus– Secretes the shell
3) Isthmus– Adds the two shell membranes
4) Magnum– Secretes the albumen
5) Infundibulum– Where fertilization takes place
Reproduction in Poultry
• Major difference:– Embryo of livestock develop inside the
female’s body while the embryo of poultry develops inside the egg.
• Poultry only have the left ovary and oviduct when mature
• The yoke is the ovum• Chicken Incubation
– 21 days
Poultry Reproduction
In your notes, define the following poultry reproductive terms and tell how they differ from livestock we have studied so far:
•Papilla•Testicles•Cloaca•Vent
•Ovary•Magnum•Isthmus•Uterus•Vagina
Use page 190 in your
textbook
Assignment:
Build a crossword puzzle containing 12 reproductive terms from your class notes. Have another student complete and sign your crossword puzzle. The assignment as well as your other assignment from the handout is due at the end of class.
Animal Reproduction and Genetics
Objective: Describe the cell and process involved in cell division including how genes affect the transmission of characteristics
Animal Cell
• The body is made up of millions of tiny cells
• Most of the cell is made up of protoplasm
• Cell parts: Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell membrane
Animal Cell
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
Cell Division
• Mitosis– Increases total number of cells– Results in animal growth– Chromosomes pairs are duplicated
• Meiosis– Produces gametes– Only have one-half the chromosomes
of normal cells
Fertilization
• When the sperm from a male reaches the egg from a female
• Two cells join to form a complete cell
• Pairs of chromosomes are formed again
• Many different combinations of traits are formed
Fertilization
Chromosomes
• Rod shaped bodies
• Made of protein• Found in the cell
nucleus• Exist in pairs
except for gamete cells
• The number of chromosome pairs differ for various animals– Cattle 30– Swine 19– Horses 33– Chickens 6– Humans 23
Genes
• Located on chromosomes• Thousands found in each animal• Control inherited characteristics
– Carcass traits– Growth rate– Feed efficiency
• Two types of inherited traits Dominant Recessive
Assignment
1. Read pages 186• Livestock and Poultry Production
textbook
2. Complete problems 1-93. Write the question and provide a
short answer in complete sentences.
Genes
• Dominant gene– Hides the effect of another gene– Polled condition in cattle is dominant– The gene is represented by a capital
letter• Recessive
– Gene that is hidden by another– The gene is represented by a lower
case letter
Genes
Example:
The dominant gene is written- P
The recessive gene is written-p
P= Polledp= horned
Homozygous and Heterozygous
• Homozygous gene pair– Carries two genes for a trait– Polled cow might carry the gene PP
• Heterozygous– Carries two different genes that
affect a trait– Polled cows might carry a recessive
gene with the dominant Pp
Predicting Genotype
• Genotype-kind of gene pairs possessed
• Phenotype- the physical appearance of an animal
• Punnett squares are used to predict genotypes and phenotypes of animals
Punnett Square
P= Polledp= hornedExample:• Two polled cattle
that are homozygous for the polled trait
P P
P PP PP
P PP PP
Polled Dam
Pol
led
Sir
e
Punnett Square
N= Normal sizen= DwarfismExample:• Normal size in
cattle is dominant to dwarfism
N N
N NN NN
n Nn Nn
Normal Dam
Sir
e C
arri
er
Punnett Square
N= Normal sizen= DwarfismExample:• What if both
parents are carriers for a trait or disorder?
N n
N NN Nn
n Nn nn
Normal Dam
Sir
e C
arri
erResult: one out of every four births could result in a dwarf animal (1:2:1)
Assignment
Complete a Punnett Square for two animals that are heterozygous for two traits:
• Polled=P• Black= B
(Alternatives are horned and red)
Dam
Sir
e
Answer
A Punnett Square for two animals that are heterozygous for two traits:
• Polled=P• Black= B
(Alternatives are horned and red)
PB Pb pB pb
PB PPBB PPBb PpBB PpBb
Pb PPBb PPbb PpBb Ppbb
pB PpBB PpBb ppBB ppBb
pb PpBb Ppbb ppBb ppbb
Dam
Sir
e
9:3:3:1
Heritability
• Objective:– Discuss hertability estimates for beef
and swine
Heritability
• Estimated the likelihood of a trait being passes on from the parent to the offspring– Low heritability
• slow herd improvement
– High heritability• faster improvement
Heritability
• Swine rates are usually lower than cattle
• Heritiability for carcass traits are higher than reproductive traits
• Estimates vary from 0 to 70%
Birth weight 40%
Weaning Weight 25-30%
Yearling Weight 60%
Fertility 10%
Tenderness 60%
Heritability Review
• Herd improvement– slow for low heritability– faster for high heritability
• Estimates are higher for:– beef compared to swine– carcass traits compared to repro