Animal form

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Animal Form

AP Biology Rapid Learning Series

Rapid Learning Centerwww.RapidLearningCenter.com/© Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved.

AP Biology Rapid Learning SeriesWayne Huang, PhD

Andrew Graham, PhDElizabeth James, PhD

Casandra Rauser, PhD Jessica Habashi, PhD

Sara Olson, PhDJessica Barnes, PhD



Learning Objectives

Animal Cell and Tissue

By completing this tutorial, you will learn about:

Animal Organ System

Homeostasis

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Basic Animals Concept Map

AnimalsFood

Plants

Animal Form

Animal Function PhysiologyPlan

t Nut

rient

s

Reproduction

Genetics

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y gy

Animal waste

P

Environment Biochemistry



Animal Form Concept Map

TissuesCell

CEpithelial Tissue

NervousTissue

A i l b d

Connective Connective Tissue

Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue

Respiratory

11 major organ systems 11 major organ systems

MuscularTissue

Tissues are organized into organs

HomeostasisHomeostasisEnvironmentEnvironment

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Animal body

Digestive

Respiratory

SkinImmune

Nervous ReproductiveReproductive

Excretory

Muscular

CirculatorySkeletal

EndocrineEndocrine

Animal Cells and Tissues

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Animal Organization

Animal cells are organized into tissues,

organs and organ

Organ systems comprise of the body of the animal. Organization from cells toorgans and organ

system.Organization from cells to entire body is critical for

animal form and function.

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Animal Cell Structure

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Animal Tissues: Four Major TypesEpithelial TissueClosely packed in either single or multiple layers, and cover both internal

f f

Connective TissueTissue with an extensive extracellular matrix that often serves to supportand external surfaces of

the animal body. often serves to support, bind together, and protect organs.

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Nervous Tissue Bundles of neuronal processes enclosed in connective tissue that carry signals to and from muscles.

Muscle TissueFormed by muscle cells for movement of and/or within the animal.

Epithelial Tissue Structure Function

Pseudostratified columnar

1. Cell Shape: three types• Squamous epithelium is flattened cells.

C b id l i h li i b h d ll epithelial cell• Cuboidal epithelium is cube-shaped cells. • Columnar epithelium consists of elongated cells.2. Cell layer:• Simple epithelium has only a single cell layer. • Stratified epithelium has more than one layer of

cells3. Functions• Movement materials in, out, or around the body.

P t ti f th i t l i t i t

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• Protection of the internal environment against the external environment.

• Secretion of a product.



Connective Tissue Form & Function

Fibrous connective

tissueThere are two major types of connective tissue: loose (LCT)

Special TypesCartilageBoneBloodtissue: loose (LCT)

adipose tissue and fibrous (FCT)

tendons.

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Blood TissueFunctionsBinding Supporting Protecting Forming blood Storing fats Filling space

Three Types Muscle FibersThere are three types of muscle

fibers. Smooth: Lack the banding, also consists of actin and

i It i l t Smoothmyosin. It powers involuntary movements of the viscera

Skeletal muscle is striated and usually attached to the skeleton.

They create movement by applying force to bones and joints by

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Skeletal

g gcontracting and relaxing.

Cardiac muscle is striated muscle found only in the heart. The cells

are usually connected to each other by intercalated disks. It

powers the heartbeat Cardiac



Nervous Tissue Two Types

C ll B d

Dendrites1) Neurons (made up of three parts): A cell body - contains the nucleus, mitochondria and other organelles. A long axon -

Cell Body

Axon

Long fibers that carry signals away from the cell body. Many dendrites: receive information from another cell and transmit the message to the cell body.

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Glial cells are nonconducting cells that serve as support cells in the nervous system and help to protect neurons.

What do Groups of Tissue Form?

Certain group of cells form tissues, what do tissues

Several tissues form a functional unit called organs

form?g

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Animal Organ System

The functional unit

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Tissues Are Organized Into OrgansSeveral types of tissue form a

functional unit called an organ.

Muscle tissue

Connective tissue

Epithelial tissue

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tissue



Animal BodyAnimal body has 11 major organ systems.

■ Muscular System ■ Skeletal System ■ Skin or Integument ■ Respiratory System ■ Digestive System ■ Circulatory System

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■ Circulatory System ■ Lymphatic System ■ Excretory System ■ Nervous System ■ Endocrine System ■ Reproductive System

Muscular SystemMuscle composition all skeleton is attached to muscles.

Muscle function to allow movement and locomotion. They power the circulatory, digestive and respiratory systems.

Muscles play a role in regulating temperature.

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Digestive System

The digestive system functions to ingest food and

break it down into smaller chemical units. It also

The digestive system is composed of: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, pancreas gallbladder colon

absorbs the nutrients and eliminates wastes.

pancreas, gallbladder, colon (large intestine), rectum and anus.

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Respiratory System

Composition:

■ Nose■ Pharynx ■ Larynx■ Trachea■ Bronchi■ Lung

Function:

■ Exchange gas between body and environment:

Inhale Oxygen

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■ Lung Remove carbon dioxide



Cardiovascular SystemThe cardiovascular system is composed of: blood vessels, arteries (from heart), veins (to

heart), capillaries from arteries to veins

It also includes: blood, red and white cells as well as platelets, plasma and the heart organ itself.

veins.

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Cardiovascular system functions to transport oxygen, CO2, nutrients and waste between cells and the respiratory system. It also carries chemical signals from the endocrine system.

Lymphatic System: Immune System

Composition

Function■ Defense against invading

microorganisms and virusesp

■ Central lymphoid tissueBone Marrow: produce all cells

in immune system Thymus: T cell maturation

■ Peripheral lymphoid tissueLymph nodes

-- lymphatic sinuses

■ Defense against the growth of cancer cells.

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y p-- blood vessels -- parenchyma

SpleenMucosa-associated lymphoid

tissue



Excretory System

The excretory system is

composed of the liver skin and

Liver

Kidney These function

liver, skin and urinary system.

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Ureter

Kidney

Bladder

These function to remove organic wastes.

Liver, Skin, Urinary System

Urinary System - kidneys filter the blood to form urine, which is excess water, salt, urea and

uric acid

Liver: produces urea and uric acid as a by product of the breakdown of proteins.

uric acid.

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The function of the Excretory System is to remove organic waste and maintain fluid levels.Skin - removal of

excess water, salt, urea and uric acid



Endocrine System

Pineal glandHypothalamusPituitary gland

The endocrine system is made up of: pineal, pituitary, thyroid,

parathyroid, adrenal and d ti l d It i l

Thyroid glandParathyroid

Adrenal gland

Thymus

reproductive glands. It is also part of the endocrine system is the: hypothalamus, thymus and

pancreas.

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Pancreas

Ovaries

Testicles

The endocrine system secretes hormones to control growth and coordinates long range responses to external and internal stimuli.

Reproductive System

Male■ The testicles■ The duct system, which i d f th

Seminal vesicles

is made up of the epididymis and the vas deferens ■ The accessory glands, which includes the seminal vesicles and prostate gland■ The penis

Vas Deferens

Testicles

Prostate

PenisEpididymis

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Female■ Fallopian tubes ■ Ovaries ■ Uterus ■ Vagina ■ Accessory glands■ External genital organs



Nervous System

Brain

The nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system includes neurons and

nerves that are not in the central

Spinal Cord

nervous system.

The nervous system functions to coordinate

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Central nervous system

functions to coordinate the activity of the

muscles, monitors the organs, processes input

from the senses and initiates actions and

responses.

Skeletal System

The skeletal system is composed of bones.

Most of the bones are

The function of the skeletal system is to support the body, to move and to store minerals. It is also the site of

internally linked.store minerals. It is also the site of

haematopoiesis: producing blood and immune cells.

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Skin System

The skin is composed of the: epidermis (keratinocytes, basal cells and melanocytes), and dermis which contains elastic and collagen fiberscontains elastic and collagen fibers as well as capillary networks and nerve endings.

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The skin has hair, nails, skin glands and their products. It functions in: protection, exchange and secretion.

Homeostasis

Internal balance

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Homeostasis

Living organisms regulate its internal environment to maintain a stable, constant condition, by means of

The components of homeostasis includes maintenance of:

It must also maintain the concentration of nutrients and , y

multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments, controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms.

maintenance of: O2, CO2 and pH. waste products.

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The concentration of salt and electrolytes must be maintained as well as the volume and pressure of the extracellular fluid.

Mechanism of HomeostasisThe mechanism of homeostasis is negative feedback.

Set a threshold

Sense the change

Signal the change

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Effector to bring the change back to normal range



Extrinsic and IntrinsicExtrinsic homeostatic systems are controlled

from outside the body by two systems. 1. Nervous system: sensors.2. Endocrine system: signal transmission.

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Intrinsic homeostatic systems often involve only one or two organs, e.g. blood vessel

regulation by oxygen and CO2.

Sensor of HomeostasisControlled by two systems: Nervous System and Endocrine System

Nervous System: sensory system homeostasis.• Sensory nerve (dorsal root of spinal nerves) • Synapse (in the spinal cord for monosynaptic

reflexes) • Motor nerve (ventral root of spinal nerves)-

controls effectors • Effectors: muscles and glands

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Endocrine: sensory system homeostasis.• Upon receiving signals from nervous

system, endocrine system secretes hormones into blood.

• Hormones are broken down rapidly, but they set in motion effects that may persist after the hormones are gone: stimulate metabolism, turn on genes, etc.



Example of Homeostasis

Fat cells synthesize lipids from glucose B

loFall

Negative Feedback

Blood glucose> 1.0 g/dm-3

PancreasIslet β-cell

Insulin

Liver cells synthesize glycogen from glucose

Other cells uptake glucose

od glucosels

Blood

Rises

Li ll b k d

Return tonormal level

Glu

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Blood glucose< 0.7 g/dm-3

d glucoses

Liver cells break down glycogen --> glucoseAmino Acid--> glucose

PancreasIslet α-cell

ucagon

Negative Feedback

Animals and Homeostasis

How does an animal body maintain homeostasis?

Through negative feedbacks and

achieved by nervous system (as sensors)system (as sensors)

and endocrine system (signal transduction)

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Question: Review

Animal cells are _____ into cells, tissues, organs and organ systems.

___________Organized

___________

___________

Cell Shapes

Loose and Fibrous

Glial Neurons

Squamous, cuboidal and columnar represent what?

Two types of nervous

Types of connective tissue.

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___________Glial, Neuronssystem tissue.

The skeletal system is composed of _____. ___________Bones

Animal cells k

Animal cells k

Learning Summary

There are 11 organ system There are 11

organ system make up

animal tissues.make up

animal tissues.

HomeostasisHomeostasis

g yfor vertebrate

animals.

g yfor vertebrate

animals.

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Homeostasismechanisms are

controlled by negative feedback.

Homeostasismechanisms are

controlled by negative feedback.

Animal tissues form organs

Animal tissues form organs



Congratulations

You have successfully completed the core tutorial

Animal Forms

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