Animal diversity

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The Evolution of e o ut o oAnimal Diversity

AP Biology Rapid Learning Series

Rapid Learning Centerwww.RapidLearningCenter.com/© Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved.

Wayne Huang, PhDAndrew Graham, PhDElizabeth James, PhD

Casandra Rauser, PhD Jessica Habashi, PhD

Sara Olson, PhDJessica Barnes, PhD



Learning ObjectivesBy completing this tutorial, you will learn about:

Animal origin

Animal Diversity

Animal Evolution

Cambrian Explosion

Animal Classification

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Animal Evolution – Concept MapColonial Protists

Radially symmetricalRadially symmetricalBilaterally symmetricalBilaterally symmetrical

SpongesMost likely ancestor

Most likely ancestor

AnimalsAnimalsRadially symmetrical

cnidariansBilaterally symmetrical

flatworms

PseudocoelomesPseudocoelomes CoelomsCoelom from mass ofCoelom from mass of

cells

Coelom from Hollow outgrowthCoelom from Hollow outgrowth

EchinodermsChordates

MollusksAnnelids

Arthropods

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Animal Origin

Introduction

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Characteristics of AnimalsBasic FeaturesAnimal Organ SystemsAnimal Body Fluids

Introduction Animal Diversity

Evolution is the continuous genetic

change in i

Comparisons are made by

determining the characteristics of organisms as a

result of selection acting on their

adaptation to an environment.

characteristics of extinct animals

with living animals.

Animals are

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Animals are heterotrophic.

This means they need organic

substrates to grow and develop.



1. Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular.

What is an Animal?

2. They are heterotrophs without a cell wall.

3. Life cycle of animals include a diploid adult that produces eggs or sperms by meiosis.

4. They are responsive to their environment.

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environment.5. The body of animals become fixed as

they develop although some undergo metamorphosis later on.

Animals are composed of diploid

cells with the exception of gametes

Animals have distinct types of cell junctions.

Characteristics of Animals

exception of gametes which are haploid.

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All animals go through embryonic stages that include

the blastula and gastrula.



Basic Features of Animals

Animals developAnimals develop from embryos.

Animals are characterized by

diploid cells.Sexual reproduction

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Animals have the ability to develop motile sperm and non motile eggs.

Capable of complex and rapid movement.

Skeletal

Animal Organ Systems

Muscle

Nervous Sensory

Excretory

Hormones

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Animals are able to move their body fluids, e.g. circulation by heart

through the blood

Yes, and the respiratory system can move and exchange O2 and CO2.

Animal Body Fluids

vessels.

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And the excretory

system moves urine and feces.

Animal Diversity

IntroductionS litti f Ph l

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Splitting of PhylaParazoa Vs. EumetazoaRadiata Vs. BilateriaAcoelomates Vs. CoelomatesProtosomes Vs. Deuterosomes



Introduction to Diversity

Most animal phyla are invertebrates, i.e. they don’t have a backbone.

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There are about 35 animal phyla. There is an abundance in the

number of species in any given location.

Phyla are split according to their adult and embryological forms into

Splitting of Phyla

Parazoa Vs. Eumetazoa Protosomes Vs. Deuterosomes

Radiata Vs. BilateriaAcoelomates VS Coelomates

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Acoelomates VS. Coelomates

Diploblastic Vs. Triploblastic

ExampleNematode



Eumetazoa:

Well developed tissues and

First splits in evolution

First split

Parazoa: Do not have tissues and body parts are

Parazoa vs. Eumetazoa

tissues and organs

and body parts are primitive. The only surviving members are sponges.

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Split between animals lacking true tissues

Phylum porifera are the only extinct members of the Parazoa.

Radiata Vs. Bilateria split

Radiata-bilateria split in early evolution

Radiata vs. Bileria

Radiata Bilateria

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Animals with radial symmetry and are diploblastic.

Ex: Phylum cnidaria

Bilateria are all other animal groups which are bilateral symmetric and are triploblastic



Animal SymmetryBody symmetry

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Many animals, such as humans, are symmetrical. One side of their body is a mirror image of the other side. But other animals are asymmetrical.

Animals with radial symmetry posses a top and bottom,

Characteristics of Radiata

p ,there is no distinct front, rear or sides

Most radial animals are sessile organisms or planktonic (drifting or swimming Most active

The radial symmetry enables adaptation to environment

Radiata Animal

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swimming aquatic forms)

Most active animals are generally bilateral

environmentAll members of radiata are

also diploblastic



Bilateria animals have all

All members of bilateria are also triploblastic.

Characteristics of Bilateria

sides present, such as a top, bottom, rear, front and sides.

Radial symmetry of

Bilateral symmetry is associated with cephalization - an evolutionary trend to concentrate sensory organs on the anterior end This enables the animal to

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y ysome animals is associated with an adaptation to a sedentary lifestyle

end. This enables the animal to sense danger, food, etc.

Coelomates animals have a “true coelom” or body cavity that is

fluid filled and lined with a peritoneum.

Acoelomate animals, like flatworms have no body cavity the organs have direct contact

with the epithelium.

Acoelomates vs. Coelomates

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Most bilateral animals, including vertebrates are coelomates.

Acoelomates: animals with no coelom (body

cavity).



Flatworms are the simplest bilateral animals, phylum:

Platyhelminthes.

Acoelomates

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CnidariansCnidarians exhibit radial symmetry

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Protostomes together with deuterostomes and a few smaller phyla make up the Bilateria.

In protostomes the first opening in development, the blastopore becomes the animal’s mouth. In deuterostome it becomes the

Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes

Bilateria. anus.

Deuterostomes are enterocoelous, meaning the folds of the archenteron form the coelom.

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Protostomes are schizocoelomates meaning a solid mass of embryonic mesoderm split to form a coelom.

. The advantage of having a coelom

include that there is room for growing i t l

Have a circulatory system and fluids can transport

Advantages Having a Coelom

internal organs. nutrients throughout the organisms.

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Muscles can increase

contraction and move fluid around.

Leads to development of the digestive system

which is not dependent on other organs.



Animal Evolution

IntroductionG t l ti

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GastrulationAnimal EmbryologyAnimal BirthEvolutionDiploblastic & Triploblastic Animals

Introduction Animal Evolution

Sir Darwin,

I noted in “The Origin of Species” “That we can see why

characteristics derived from the embryo should be of equal ,

embryological changes take place during evolution.

Why is that important?

e b yo s ou d be o equaimportance with those derived

from the adult, for a natural classification includes all

stages.”

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Gastrulation is an invagination of cells during the blastula phase of development to form a digestive cavity – called archenteron and two separate germ layers called an ectoderm and (internal endoderm) often a mesoderm develops between them

Gastrulation

them.

There is only one opening to the digestive cavity which is known as the blastopore.

The germ layers differentiate to form tissues and organs.

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Animal EmbryologyEarly embryological development

Zygote

Eight cellstage

Blastococi

Cleavage

Cleavage(hollow ball)

Blastula(hollow ball)

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BlastocoelsBlastocoels(EctodermEndodermMesoderm)

Cleavage

Gastrula



Development of multicellular organisms likely occured

with colonial protists. These were collection of identical

ll

This is thought to have evolved into a hollow ball of nonspecific cells eventually

cell specialization would

Development of Multicellular Organisms

cells. cell specialization would have developed.

Following specialization there would have been some in folding and gastrula like

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proto animals.

Features of Evolution

The evolution of tissues involved cell

Bilaterally symmetrical animals produce three germ layers

involved cell specialization. The evolution of bilateral symmetry allowed organization of body parts, including cephalization, and increased motility.

Ectoderm Endoderm Mesoderm

Three basic types of body plans

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Acoelomates with no body cavity

Pseudocoelomates with a cavity between the mesoderm and endoderm

Coelomates with a fluid-filled body cavity entirely within the mesoderm.



Lets have a closer look at the germinal layer of the blastocyst. The development of specialized

layers was critical for the

Animal Germinal Layer Evolution

yevolution of animals with

specialized tissues and organs.

Mesoderm becomes muscle, skeletal and connective tissue.

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Endoderm becomes the digestive gut.

Ectoderm becomes the outer surface and nervous tissue of animals.

Diploblastic organisms evolve from this kind of

ovum and include cnidaria and ctenophores The

Diploblastic animals are those in which the ovum has two primary germ layers: the

ectoderm and endoderm.

Diploblastic Animals

and ctenophores. The endoderm allows them to

develop true tissue.

Cnidaria

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Cnidaria

Ctenophores



Triploblastic animals have 3 germinal layers.

Rotifera uses solar energy.

Lets look at some examples of

Triploblastic Animals

Rotifera

ge a aye s examples of triploblastic animals.

Arthropoda

Chordata

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PlatyhelminthsMollusca

Nematoda

The Cambrian Explosion

Introduction

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Cambrian Explosion

Explosive Evolution

Expansion of Animal Diversity



Introduction to Cambrian Era

About 500 million years

All i i

About 500 million years ago, extinct animals were identified in fossil records

Soft body fauna species have been

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All surviving animals today can be traced back to their ancestors to this time period.

Soft body fauna species have been dated back to 700 million years, but lacked sophistication and

resembled acoelomates

Hard body parts were easily identified from fossil records.

Development of hard body parts such as teeth which

resulted in a more sophisticated diet, both as

Cambrian Explosion

sophisticated diet, both as preditor and prey.

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Flagellated cells

Explosive Evolution

Hollow spherical coloniesSuspended in water

Specialized cells withsomatic functions

Differentiated entitywith infolded temporary

digestive tract

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digestive tract

Proto animals withcompletely infolded

two layeredwall

Animal diversity developed due to increased dependency on the predatory/prey relationship.

Diversity also developed due to genes assisting in embryonic development.

Expansion of Animal Diversity

And also because of the development of adequate environment oxygen to support active animal life

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style.



Animal Classification

Phylum and rules of classification are introduced.

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Animal Evolution: Process

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Phylum Porifera: Sponges

Most are marine and live singularly, attached to a substrate, and range in

height from 1 cm to 2 m.

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Phylum Cnidaria: CoelenteratesCnidarian show radial symmetry.

Examples include Sea Anemones,

J ll fi h H dJelly fish, Hydra.

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In the form of a polyp (relatively fixed in position) or a medusa(swimming)



Phylum: Platyhelminthes Flatworms

There are three major groups of flatworms: Free-living planarians that

live on rocks in marine and fresh water, parasitic flukes and tapewormsparasitic flukes, and tapeworms

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Phylum Nematoda: Roundworms

Pseudocoelomates have a false body

cavity.

Body cavity lined on inside by endoderm and outside by mesoderm.

The false cavity is usedThe false cavity is used to give animals its shape.

Examples include hook, ascaria, pin and filarial worms.

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Phylum Mollusks

True circulatory system. Bilateral symmetry,

complete digestive tract, coelom and internal organs

Outgrowth of body surface that

functions as a shell, sensory reception

Common body plan

g sensory reception and houses gills

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Muscular foot and a mantle.

Ex: Clams, scallops, and oysters.

Phylum Annelida: Segmented WormSegmentation is subdivision of body in repeat parts. The phylum is also characterized by, nervous, circulatory and

excretory systems.

Earthworms have repeating segments.

Segmentation provides body

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provides body flexibility and

mobility.Ex: Earthworm,

leech, marine worm called polychaetes.



In terms of diversity, geographical distribution and numbers arthropoda

Arthropods are segmented, have jointed appendages and have an exoskeleton composed of chitin.

Phylum Arthropoda: Insects

and numbers, arthropoda is the most successful phyla.

To grow, arthropods molt their exoskeleton, swell in size and secrete a new exoskeleton.

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Arthropoda have a skin/exoskeleton. Examples include: Insects, Crustaceans, Arachnids, millipedes and centipedes

Many possess a well developed skeleton with

numerous spines that extend outward to give

the animal a spiny

Slow moving animal with a thin skin that

covers an exoskeleton-includes

Phylum Echinodermata: Echinoderm

the animal a spiny appearance.

A unique feature is their water vascular system.

sea urchins, brittle stars.

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Examples include: Sea urchins, starfish, brittle

stars, sea cucumbers are exclusively marine animals.



Most important subgroup is vertebrata – animals that have a backbone or a vertebral column. Humans belong to this phylum.

Includes major groups of vertebrate animals:

cartilaginous fish, bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds

and mammals

Phylum Chordata: Vertebrates

and mammals.

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Question: Review_____ means that animals require organic substrate to grow and develop.

___________Heterotrophic

___________

___________

Diploid

Embryonic

The life cycle of animals include an adult ____ somatic cells.

Blastula and gastrula are ____ stages.

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___________Motile, non-motileAnimals have _____ sperm and ______ eggs.

Radial symmetry in animals is called.

___________Bilateria



Learning Summary

Parazoa do not have true organelles and

body parts are i iti

Parazoa do not have true organelles and

body parts are i iti

Eukaryotic, multicellular

heterotrophs have sensory

Eukaryotic, multicellular

heterotrophs have sensory

In protostomes the first opening in

development, the blastopore

In protostomes the first opening in

development, the blastoporeprimitive.

Eumetazoa have well developed

tissues and organs.

primitive. Eumetazoa have well developed

tissues and organs.

sensory, respiratory,

excretory and skeletal systems.

sensory, respiratory,

excretory and skeletal systems.

Arthropods are theArthropods are the

Embryonic stages include formation of Embryonic stages

include formation of

blastopore becomes the

animal’s mouth. In deuterostome it

becomes the anus.

blastopore becomes the

animal’s mouth. In deuterostome it

becomes the anus.

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Arthropods are the most successful of all phyla and have joint appendages and exoskeleton.

Arthropods are the most successful of all phyla and have joint appendages and exoskeleton.

zygote, blastula and gastrula

Gastrulation - mode of development

leading to animal differentiation.

zygote, blastula and gastrula

Gastrulation - mode of development

leading to animal differentiation.

CongratulationsYou have successfully completed the

core tutorial

The Evolution of Animal Diversity

g

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