Animal Anatomy and Physiology

Cells specialized for a function = TISSUES

4 types of tissues

Epithelial = lining

Connective = connect organs, tissues together

Nervous tissue = conduct nerve impulses from one part of organism to another

Muscular = movement

Animal structures and their functions

Atom molecule cell tissue organ system organism population community ecosystem biosphere

Epithelial Tissues

Epithelial tissue

Covers outside of body, all organs and all cavities

Basement membrane attaches bottom epithelial to ECM

Simple epi = single layer of cellsStratified epi = multiple layers

May be cuboidal (box shaped) or columnar (column shaped) or squamous (flat)

May secrete mucous (for protection), or other chemicalsMay have ciliaMay absorb chemicals

Connective tissue

Population of cells in extracellular matrix

Connect/bind tissues/organs together

Matrix = fibers in ground substanceFibers = proteins = collagen = most abundant protein in animals

elastin = long, resist stretching reticular = thin, branched collagen

Some Cells = fibroblasts = form fibers macrophages = engulf pathogens adipose = store fat osteoblasts = form bone Blood cells = red, white, platelets

Loose connective (adipose) OR dense (tendons, ligaments)

Nervous and Muscle tissueNervous tissue consists of neurons and support cells

Specialized to transmit impulses to communicate fromone portion of body to another

Muscle tissue = skeletal muscle = voluntary movement smooth muscle = involuntary movement

cardiac muscle = heart only

Actin and myosin (proteins) ‘slide’ across each other to cause contraction which causes movement

Bioenergentics = exchange of energy between an organism and its environment

Heterotrophs obtain energy from food

Food broken down by enzymatic hydrolysisEnergy obtained via cellular respiration and glycolysis (ATP) Used to do work = 60%

40% energy lost to environment as heat

Total amount of energy used / time = metabolic rate

Energy measured in Calories (1 C = 1000 c)

Measured by : temp change, O2 consumption

All animals with range of metabolic rate from restingpeak activity

No stress, resting, empty stomach = BMR = endotherm

= SMR = ectotherm

Body plans and energy exchangeLarger use less, smaller use more

Posture effects energy usedAbility to carry load of body requires work

Energy/materials exchange with environment

Small organisms exchange via diffusion directly with environment Larger organisms must

Maintain internal environment with cells bathed in fluidInternal environment bathing cells of vertebrates

= interstitial fluid

Interstitial fluid homeostasis maintained by exchanging nutrients, gases, waste. etc. with blood

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