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Institute of engineering and science

Electronic and communication Wireless communication

Team:Aniket ParasharAditya SinghAman RajAman SharmaAdwaitAakansha

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What is Electronic communication? Electronic communication refers to the transfer of written

data ,signals,sounds,images signs or intelligence sent via an electronic devices.

Example:e_communication are email, text message, social media etc.

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Types of Electronic communication:

Wire communication Wire communication refers

to the transmission of data over a wire based communication technology. example including telephone network ,cable television, or internet access and fiber optic communication. Also electromagnetism ,used for high power applications is considered as an wired line.

Wireless communication Wireless communication is

the transfer of information or power between two or more points that are not connected by an electrical conductors.Example:Radio,satellite ,mobile phone, GPS system Wi-Fi ,Bluetooth etc.

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Advantages of Wireless communication

Wireless communication has several advantages with the following being some of the most important:

Cost effectiveness - unlike communication that entails the use of connection wires, this type of communication does not require elaborate physical infrastructure or maintenance practices. This means any company providing wireless communication services does not incur a lot of costs, and as a result, it is able to charge cheaply with regard to customer fees

Flexibility - wireless communication enables people to communicate regardless of their location. It is not necessary to be in an office or some telephone booth in order to pass and receive messages5

Convenience - Wireless communication devices like phones are quite simple and therefore allow just about anyone to use them wherever they may be. There is no need to physically connect anything in order to receive or pass wireless communication devices like mobile messages.

Constant connectivity - Whether someone is traveling or seated at the beach, he or she can still stay in touch with loved ones or important business contacts. Constant connectivity also ensures that people can respond to emergencies relatively quickly.

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Types of Wireless Communication Wireless Broadcast Systems:-These kinds of system do not

required the cellular structure or device identification numbers except some special systems. The transmissions are with a single transmitter and of sufficiently high power amplification. They are mainly frequency tuning based communication .

Example:- AM /FM radio , Television , DTH ,DAB Systems. Wireless Networks:- These types of systems are mainly based

on cellular infrastructure. They are low power transmitter as compared to the broadcast systems. The transmitter of different cells may be interlinked to form a part between the destination and source devices.

Example:-Mobile telephone network and universal mobile telecommunication system,mobile internet etc.

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Existing Technologies in Wireless Communication

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GSM (Global System For Mobile Communication) It was first deployed in 1991. GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication. It is a digital

cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services. GSM operates on the mobile communication bands 900 MHz and 1800

MHz in most parts of the world. In the US, GSM operates in the bands 850 MHz and 1900 MHz.

The frequency range is 890 MHZ to 915MHZ for uplinking and 935MHZ to 960MHZ for downlinking.

It uses FDMA/TDMA multiple access technology for downlinking and uplinking.

It has modulation GMSK. There are124 reusable spot frequencies(channels) of 200KHz bandwidth

each.9

The transmit /receive frequency spacing is 45 MHz . GSM was developed using digital technology. It has an ability to carry

64 kbps to 120 Mbps of data rates. Channel spacing indicates the spacing between adjacent carrier

frequencies. For GSM, it is 200 kHz. The time for frame duration is 4.615ms. The typical channel data rate is 270.833kbps. The features of GSM that account for its popularity and wide

acceptance. Improved spectrum efficiency. International roaming. Low-cost mobile sets and base stations (BSs). High-quality speech. Compatibility with Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) and

other telephone company services. Support for new services.10

GSM - Architecture

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GENERAL PACKET RADIO SERVICE(GPRS)

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Why GPRS? It was developed in 1999. GPRS became the first stepping stone on the path between the

second-generation GSM cell phone system and the W-CDMA system. With GPRS offering data services with data rates up to

115kbps ,facilities such as web browsing and other services requiring data transfer became possible.

The key element of GPRS is that it uses packet switched data rather than circuit switched data ,this technique makes much more efficient use of available capacity because of most data transfer.

In packet switching, the overall capacity can be shared between several users.

The frequency 900MHz/1800MHz/1900MHz.

GSM frames cannot be called packets as they are synchronous TDM frames ,but GPRS format is defined .GPRS is TDMA based on follow s the IS -136 protocol.

GPRS benefits Speed:   One of the headline benefits of GPRS technology is that it

offers a much higher data rate than was possible with GSM. Rates up to 172 kbps are possible, although the maximum data rates realistically achievable under most conditions will be in the range 15 - 40 kbps.

Packet switched operation:   Unlike GSM which was used circuit switched techniques, GPRS technology uses packet switching in line with the Internet. This makes far more efficient use of the available capacity, and it allows greater commonality with Internet techniques.

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Always on connectivity:   A further advantage of GPRS is that it offers an "Always On" capability. When using circuit switched techniques, charges are based on the time a circuit is used, i.e. how long the call is. For packet switched technology charges are for the amount of data carried as this is what uses the services provider's capacity. Accordingly, always on connectivity is possible.More applications:   The packet switched technology including the always on connectivity combined with the higher data rates opens up many more possibilities for new applications. One of the chief growth areas that arose from GPRS was the Blackberry form of mobile or PDA. This provided for remote email applications along with web browsing, etc.

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GPRS – Architecture

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Enhanced data for GSM evolutionEDGE

EDGE is an evolution to the GSM mobile cellular phone system. The name EDGE stands for Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution and it enables data to be sent over a GSM TDMA system at speeds up to 384 kbps. In some instances GSM EDGE evolution systems may also be known as EGPRS, or Enhanced General Packet Radio Service systems. Although strictly speaking a "2.5G" system, the GSM EDGE cellular technology is capable of providing data rates that are a distinct increase on those that could be supported by GPRS.

Specifications of the EDGE service

.They offer data rate up to 400 kbps.

.Channel bandwidth is 200 KHz.

.They are used on voice over packet switched network.

.They support IP-based application

.Use of 8PSK modulation on the place of GMSK modulation.16

Comparison between GSM and EDGE Gaussian MSK modulation

is used. Bit rate is 270.833kbps. Channel bandwidth is

200KHz. Pulse shaping is Gaussian

prefilter. Modulation type Non-linear.

8PSK modulation is used. Bit rate is 812.499kbps. Channel bandwidth is 200

KHz. Linearizes GMSK pulse. Linear Modulation type.

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Bluetooth

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Introduction :- Bluetooth is a specification of Wireless Personal Area Networks

(WPANs). Bluetooth is also known as IEEE 802.15.1. The Bluetooth technology uses a short-range radio link that has been

optimized for small-size personal devices. Bluetooth connections are created in ad-hoc manner to exchange

information between devices such as mobile phones, laptops, printers, digital cameras etc.

Bluetooth WPAN can be connected in communications with other LANs through the use of Gateway.

Bluetooth operates in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz ISM band. Thee Bluetooth device implementations are found with the following

features. Frequency hop spread spectrum/TDD with GFSK carrier modulation

used .19

The 1 Msps symbol rate exploits maximum channel bandwidth. Fast frequency hopping and short data packets. The CVSD voice coding enables operations at high bit error rates. The air interface is tailored to minimize current consumption.

Bluetooth EDR-2 It was specified in November, 2004. Maximum data rate is about 3 Mbps. Backward compatible with previous versions. Two new modulation schemes are necessary in addition to the previously

used GFSK.These are DQPSK and 8DPSK. DQPSK is mandatory while 8DPSK is optional. Improvements from the previous versions: 3 times faster transmission speed. Low Power consumption. Better BER performance. 20

Future Bluetooth The next version is given a code name Lisbon. It includes a number

of features to increase the security, usability and quality of service. The newly added features are:

Automatic encryption change. Extended inquiry response. QOS improvement. Sniff subrating. The next version after Lisbon is Seattle. It will be called Bluetooth

3.0. It will adopt UWB enabling a very fast data transfer of 480 Mbit/s.

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WI-FI Wi-Fi is trademarked name for popular wireless technology that

uses radio waves to provide high-speed Internet and network connections.

The governing body that owns the term Wi-Fi, the Wi-Fi Alliance, defines it as any WLAN (wireless area network) products that are based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers’ (IEEE) 802.11 standards.

The way Wi-Fi works is through the use of radio signals like in phones. The wireless adapter card that is found inside of computers then uses the data that is being sent to change it into a radio signal to then be transmitted by the antenna. A router then receives these signals and decodes them in order to send the information contained within to the Internet via a Local Area Network or a wired Ethernet connection like a cable network connection.

Formed in 1999.

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Founding companies :3COM,Nokia,Telnet, Harris Semi Conductor. Specifications

802.11a 802.11b 802.11g 802.11n

Application of Wi-Fi Companies use Wi-Fi to create wireless networks within their company.

Phone companies such as use Wi-Fi Hot Spots for their users to get free calling/internet access.

Gaming companies like Nintendo use Wi-Fi to synch their products and to use global network usage.

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ZIGBEE Technological standard created for control and sensor networks. Based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. Wireless personal area Networks (WPANs). High level communication. Frequency band up to 2.4 GHz.

Zigbee General Characteristics Data rates of 20kbps and up to 250 kbps. Support for low latency devices. CSMA-CA channel access. Low power usage consumption. 3 frequencies band with 27 channels very long battery life. Supports large numbers of nodes.

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Zigbee Application

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Digital audio Broadcasting DAB

In 1980s the first digital sound broadcasting systems providing CD like audio quality for satellite delivery.

Frequency band 10 to 12GHz.� Little sound data compression . Not aimed at mobile reception. In 1987 the Eureka-147 project was born. First DAB standard was achieved in 1993 . In 1995 the ETSI adopted DAB as the only European standard for

digital radio. Introduction :- Replace the existing AM and FM audio broadcast services. Very well suited for mobile reception .26

High robustness against Multipath reception . High quality digital audio services (near CD quality). Ancillary data transmission (e.g. travel and traffic information, still and

moving pictures, etc.) Larger coverage area than current FM and AM systems . Efficient frequency spectrum use . Low transmitting power.

DAB species DAB (Eureka 147 project) -ETSI standard .� In Band On Channel (IBOC) DAB (High definition radio project).-

NRSC standard . ISDB –Japanese standard, Digital TV & audio.

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DAB specification 1.5 MHz bandwidth . Frequency band between 30MHz to 3GHz . 1.5 Mbit/s signal rate . 8-384 kbit/s audio rate . Up to 63 mono audio channel or 12 stereo audio channel. Application of DAB

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Digital video Broadcasting DVB

DVB systems distribute data using a variety approaches, including by satellite (DVB-S, DVB-S2), cable (DVB-C), terrestrial television (DVB-T) and terrestrial television for handhelds (DVB-H).

These standards define the physical layer and data link layer of the distribution system.

Devices interact with the physical layer via a synchronous parallel interface (SPI), synchronous serial interface (SSI), or asynchronous serial interface (ASI).

Advantages: High bandwidth outbound or broadcast. Designed and built for Video Broadcast. Lower Cost of Remote Terminals.

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Mobile Communication Mobile communication refers to a form of communication which

does not depend on a physical connection between the sender and receiver and who may move from one physical location to another during communication.

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Third Generation It is a generation of standards for mobile phones and mobile

telecommunication services fulfilling the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications by the International Telecommunication Union.

Application services include wide-area wireless voice telephone, mobile Internet access, video calls and mobile TV all in a mobile environment.

It is required to meet IMT-2000 technical standards, including standards for reliability and speed (data transfer rates).

To meet the IMT-2000 standards, a system is required to provide peak data rates of at least 200 kbps (about 0.2 Mbps).

Speed :- 144 kbps – 2mbps. Features includes :- Phone calls/Fax, Seamless Roaming,

Navigation/Maps, Video Conferencing. Time to download a 3 min mp3 song : 11 sec – 1.5 min31

Major Players of 3G in market There are three types of players in telecom services:- State owned companies (BSNL and MTNL). 2-Private Indian owned companies (RelianceInfocomm,

 Tata Teleservices,). 3-Foreign invested companies (Hutchison-Essar,Bharti Tele-Ventures,

Escotel, Idea Cellular, BPL Mobile, Spice Communications) Advantages of 3G technology

Higher call volumes and support for multimedia data applications such as video and photography.

Faster data transfer rates. Capability to determine geographic position of mobiles and report it. Worthwhile for users that need connectivity on the move.

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4G predecessors 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) -Data speeds of LTE Peak

Download 100 Mbps. Peak Upload 50 Mbps. Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e)-Data speeds of WiMAX Peak

Download 128 Mbps.Peak Upload 64 Mbps.

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Fourth Generation Cellular Communication (4G)

4G is not one defined technology or standard, but rather a collection of technologies and protocols aimed at creating fully packet-switched networks optimized for data.

4G networks are projected to provide speeds of 100 Mbps while moving and 1 Gbps while stationary.

Lower cost than previous generations. OFDM used instead of CDMA. According to 4G Mobile Forum, in 2008 over $400 billion would

be invested in 4G mobile projects. Majority of companies expect widespread usage of 3g by the end

of 2013. Lifecycle of 4G is expected to be of 15 years.

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Satellite communication

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What is a satellite system? A satellite system consists of one or more satellites, a ground-based

station to control the operation of the system, and a user network earth stations that provides the interface facilities for the transmission and reception of terrestrial communications traffic.

How a satellite works? A satellite stays in orbit because the gravitational pull of the earth is

balance by the centripetal force of the revolving satellite. One Earth station transmits the signals to the satellite at Up link

frequency. Up link frequency is the frequency at which Earth station is communicating with a satellite.

The satellite transponder process the signal and sends it to the second Earth station at another frequency called downlink frequency.

Advantages of Satellite Communications over Terrestrial Communications

The coverage area greatly exceeds. Transmission cost of a satellite is independent of the distance from the

center of the coverage area. Satellite-to-satellite communication is very precise. Higher bandwidths are available for use.

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Microwave communication Properties of Microwaves

Microwaves are electromagnetic waves whose frequencies range from about 300 MHz – 300 GHz (1 MHz = 10 6 Hz and 1 GHz = 10 9 Hz) or wavelengths in air ranging from 100 cm – 1 mm.

Microwave is an electromagnetic radiation of short wavelength. They can reflect by conducting surfaces just like optical waves since

they travel in straight line. Microwave currents flow through a thin outer layer of an ordinary cable. They are not reflected by ionosphere .

Advantages Increased bandwidth availability Improved directive properties Fading effect and reliability

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Power requirement. Transparency property of microwaves

Applications. Telecommunication. Radars. Microwave oven Biomedical Applications ( diagnostic / therapeutic ) – diathermy for

localized superficial heating, deep electromagnetic heating for treatment of cancer, hyperthermia ( local, regional or whole body for cancer therapy’

Food process industry – Precooling / cooking, pasteurization / sterility, hat frozen / refrigerated precooled meats, roasting of food grains / beans.

Identifying objects or personnel by non – contact method38

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