ANGAN 2019, New Delhi, 9 September 2019

ANGAN 2019, New Delhi, 9 September 2019

Ms. Swati Puchalapalli

Founder, Terra Viridis, Hyderabad

THIS PRESENTATION WAS SHARED BY

FOR THE SESSION:

“Analytical Tools to Estimate Building Performance”

DURING ANGAN 2019

10th September 2019

Thematic Track 11 – Analytical Tools to Estimate Building Performance BEE ANGAN Conference

Swati PuchalapalliDirector, TerraViridisDirector, VeraTatva

THE ROLE OF SIMULATION TOOLS IN HIGH PERFORMANCE DESIGN –A PRACTITIONER’S PERSPECTIVE

High Performance Sustainable Design in India – A 1000+ Year History

Vernacular Traditions evolved around Climate

Focused on achieving Comfort with minimal active intervention

Design Principles – Natural Ventilation

NATURAL VENTILATION

Design Principles – Daylighting in the Buildings

Manual Tools & Calculations

• Climate analysis charts

• Sunpath Diagrams

• Shading Protractors

• Daylight and Radiation overlays

• SHGC calculator (for glazing)

• Daylight Factor Calculations

• Ventilation and stack effect calculators

Computer Simulation Programs

• Irradiation Analysis – DIVA, Ecotect, Grasshopper

• Windflow Analysis – Openfoam, Winflow, CFD, Fluent…..

• Microclimate Analysis – Envimet, UTCI….

• Shading analysis – external shading analysis, solar radiation penetration studies – Ecotect, Sketchup, Vasari…

• Dynamic Thermal Analysis - natural ventilation, comfort conditions, cooling load calculations, eQuest, Design Builder, Espr, TAS, IES….

• Daylight Analysis - daylighting analysis, glare analysis, complex shading and complex daylight enhancing design analysis – Radiance, Daysim, Diva….

Daylight Studies

CFD Studies

Glare Assessments

Shading Studies

Dynamic Thermal Modelling for Passive Design and Energy Modelling

Master planning Studies

Technology

• Insulation

• Efficient glazing

• Phases change materials

• Efficient HVAC systems

• LED lighting

• Solar PV…..

1. Learnings from Vernacular Design

2. Passive Design Principles

3. Climate Analysis

4. Design Principles

5. Manual Calculation Tools

6. Simulations and Calculations

So much information… So many tools…

7. Codes – ECBC, NBC, ASHRAE, CIBSE

8. Rating System Guidelines – GRIHA, LEED, IGBC, WELL….

9. Thermal Comfort Metrics – IMAC, ASHRAE, CIBSE, NBC

ARE THEY REALLY USEFUL? WHAT CAN THEY HELP ACHIEVE?

Days of ‘The Master Builder’ are gone!!

IT’S A TEAM EFFORT.

Architecture and

Masterplanning

Interiors

Structural Engineering

Landscape

Sustainability

MEP and Fire Engineering

Lighting Design

Architecture and

Masterplanning

Interiors

Structural, MEP, Fire and Lighting Engineering

Landscape

Sustainability

Sustainability overlaps with every other Team Member

Simulation Tools Bridge the Gap – Numbers can Talk!Masterplan

Concept Design

Building level

Schematic and Detailed Design

Construction

Construction and Commissioning

Post Occupancy

Post occupancy evaluation

CLIMATE DATA

SOLAR STUDIES

WIND FLOW & OUTDOOR COMFORT

DAYLIGHTING and SHADING

THERMAL, ENERGY & VENTILATION

STUDIES

TOOLS USED

Rhinoceros+

Rhinoceros+

Rhinoceros+

Rhinoceros /Ecotect+

Grasshopper+ladybug

Grasshopper +ladybug, DIVA

Autodesk flow design, Ladybug,

OpenFoam

Grasshopper +honeybee /

Ecotect, DAYSIM

EDSL TAS/eQuest/Design

builder, OpenFoam CFD, EnviMet

• Form• Orientation • Masterplanning Layouts• Landscaping• External Comfort studies

• Internal space planning• Natural /Mixed Mode Ventilation Design • Façade design• Shading• Reducing Fabric Loads• Maximizing Usable Daylight• Glare Minimization• Building Materials• Internal Surface Properties• Artificial lighting integration into daylight• Low energy cooling system integration• HVAC and Electrical Sizing• Controls, Metering and Monitoring Protocols• Landscape design to enhance microclimate

• Tender documents and Shop Drawings Checking

• On-site Coordination Problem Solving

• Pre commissioning of passive systems

TOOLS USED

TOOLS USED

TOOLS USEDTOOLS USED

• Setting real time benchmarks

Simulation Tools help in..

Vernacular Design

Building Physics Principles

Engineering

Technology

The design development from start to finish1. Combining design with technology most

effectively2. Identifying problem areas and helping to solve

them3. Optimising the design

Project: Amaravati High CourtArchitects: Foster + Partners, AHC

Simulation Tools help in..

Vernacular Design

Building Physics Principles

Engineering

Technology

The design of High Performance Buildings with ambitious energy consumption targets

30kWh/sqm/annum – Institutional Building75kWh/sqm/Annum – Office Buildings

And Achieve Net Zero Energy Targets


High Performance Without Considering Comfort….

SENIOR CLASSROOM – THERMAL STUDY

Internal External

Temperature 34.7° 36.7°

Humidity 33% 27%

Daylight 220 lx 8084 lx

12 PMExternal Wall

Clearstory

Project: Aga Khan Academy Retrofit

JUNIOR CLASSROOM – THERMAL STUDY

Internal External

Temperature 34.3° 34.4°

Humidity 40% 31%


Internal External

Temperature 34.7° 36°

Humidity 32% 23%


10 AM

2.30 PM

External Wall

Project: Aga Khan Academy Retrofit

High Performance Without Considering Comfort….is a wasted Opportunity

SIMULATION TOOLS THAT HELP WITH COMFORT ASSESSMENT

Early Design Stage – Climate AnalysisMasterplan

Concept Design

Building level


Construction


Post Occupancy


CLIMATE DATA

SOLAR STUDIES




STUDIES

TOOLS USED

Rhinoceros+

Rhinoceros+

Rhinoceros+


Grasshopper+ladybug



OpenFoam


Ecotect, DAYSIM








TOOLS USED

TOOLS USED



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

IMAC comfort lower limit IMAC Comfort Upper limit 25 per. Mov. Avg. (Dry Bulb degC) 25 per. Mov. Avg. (Relative humidity)Dry Blub Temp. (degC) Humidity(%)

Climate Analysis – Ambient conditions

/

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Most discomfort due to HighAmbient Temperature

IMAC Comfort limit Monthly avg. dry bulb temperature

• 86% of the year is comfortable• Max IMAC threshold temp. – 29.1c• Discomfort hours as per IMAC is forone month only when ambienttemperatures go above 32 deg C

IMA

C C

om

fort C

hart

Most comfortable – low ambient temperature with Humidity (less than 60%)

Dry Blub Temp. (degC) Humidity(%)

Most comfortable – low ambient temperature with

Humidity (less than 60%)

Instances when temp > 30°C and Relative humidity >50% on a sunpath

Dry bulb temperature annually on a sun path diagram

Summer

Solar Radiation Distribution at Bengaluru1. Intensity of solar radiation is higher pre-noon compared to post noon.

However ambient temperature is higher post noon compared to pre

noon.

2. Intensity of solar radiation is high 9am to 4pm (From April to June)

3. As it is very cloudy, the intensity of radiation is the least during monsoons

(July to Sep)

4. The intensity increases again post monsoon from October to March.

However, the intensity is high from around 10 am to 3pm.

Monsoon

Winter

Summer

Monsoon

Winter

Solar control and shading requirement

Based on the combination of solar intensity and ambient temperatures, effective

solar shading is required from

• 9am to 4pm in from Mid March to Mid September

• 10am to 3pm from Mid September to Mid March

Wind flow at BengaluruWindflow is primarily from east and west in Bangalore and quite consistent

through out the year.

• During the SW monsoons, it is predominantly from the west.

• During NE monsoon, the wind direction changes to East and wind speeds are fairly high

• During the winter months, the direction shifts to E, however the wind speeds are fairly low.

• In summers, the wind direction ranges from W, SW and E.

Orienting for wind and enhancing natural ventilation at Bengaluru

Given the varying wind direction and consistent winds through out the year, the following strategies have to be employed

to enhance natural ventilation

1. Orient to catch both West, East as well as SW breezes.

2. Provide for stack ventilation along with cross ventilation to help enhance natural ventilation through out the year

Climate Analysis – Solar Intensity and Wind

Climate Analysis – PET Temperature

Hourly PET temperature Under direct sun (Max 46.6c)

Hourly PET temperature Under Shaded outdoor Condition (Max 39.6 – Min 12c)

PET Body characteristic Input Conditions –

• Age – 25 yr.

• Weight – 60kg

• Body position – Standing

• Clothing insulation – summer cloths

• Activity duration – 180 minutes

• Metabolic rate – 1.6

Hot conditions(PET >38c)

PET Levels -• Category -4 (<14c) – Very Cold

• Category -3 (14c-18c) –Cold

• Category -2 (18c-22c) – Cool

• Category -1 (22c-26c) – Slightly cool

• Category 0 (26c-30c) – Comfortable

PET Levels -• Category 1 (30c-34c) – Slightly warm

• Category 2 (34c-38c) –Warm

• Category 3 (38c-42c) – Hot

• Category 4 (>42) – Very Hot

Warm conditions(PET>34)

Observations

Ph

ysio

logi

cally

Eq

uiv

ale

nt

Tem

pe

ratu

re -

Un

de

r D

ire

ct s

un

& s

had

ed

co

nd

itio

ns

• Under direct sun very hot conditions starts from Feb to June, while

intensity is higher in March to May.

• Under Shaded Outdoor conditions From March to May prevails

warm conditions.

• Maximizing shaded path ways along with soft scaping can reduce

mean radiant temperature at outdoor conditions.

• During Mar-May humidity levels are lower (<30%) - Humidification

through water elements (fountains, waterbodies) can reduce

ambient air temperature aiding comfort in outdoor conditions.

Early Design Stage - MasterplanningMasterplan

Concept Design

Building level


Construction


Post Occupancy


CLIMATE DATA

SOLAR STUDIES




STUDIES

TOOLS USED

Rhinoceros+

Rhinoceros+

Rhinoceros+


Grasshopper+ladybug



OpenFoam


Ecotect, DAYSIM








TOOLS USED

TOOLS USED



Irradiation studies for Option 4B

Project: IIPEArchitects: Architect Hafeez Contractor

Ventilation studies For South West-Option 4B (1.8m)

Point of interest (a) Point of interest (b) Point of interest (b)


PET Analysis

A1 North West Semi Shade

PET 92 % of year comfortable (<34)

PET 80 % of year comfortable ( <34)

A1 South East Semi Shaded

N

N


UTCI of outdoor spaces

3

1

24

Exposed area without overshading

Exposed area with some self-shading

Shaded corridors (semi open space)

Shaded entrance area

UTCI is an outdoor comfort metric that

combines various factors like –dry bulb

temp, wind speed, relative humidity and

MRT, to arrive at a comfort index.

A UTCI between 26 and 28 degrees Celcius

indicates slight heat stress (comfortable for

short periods of time). Between 28 and 32

degrees, UTCI indicates moderate heat

stress (hot but not dangerous). Between 32

and 38 degrees, UTCI indicates strong heat

stress (dangerous beyond short periods of

time). Above 38, UTCI indicates very strong

to extreme heat stress (very dangerous).

Project: MAHE Architecture SchoolArchitects: Purple Ink Studio

Detailed Design StageMasterplan

Concept Design

Building level


Construction


Post Occupancy


CLIMATE DATA

SOLAR STUDIES




STUDIES

TOOLS USED

Rhinoceros+

Rhinoceros+

Rhinoceros+


Grasshopper+ladybug



OpenFoam


Ecotect, DAYSIM








TOOLS USED

TOOLS USED



Increasing beam-depth (75%)

Increasing beam-depth (50%)

UDI between 100 and 2000 lux(Chief Justice court room)

Key plan_ 6th

floor_location of court hall

100% glazing with shading (base case) 75% glazing with shading (base case) 50% glazing with shading (base case)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.75 1.5 2.25 3 3.75 4.5 5.25 6 6.75 7.5 8.25 9 9.75 10.5 11.25 12 12.75 13.5 14.25 15 15.75 16.5 17.25 18 18.75

UD

I< 1

00

lux

Distance from light well façade in m

100% 75% 50%

Chief Justice’s Court hall 1_ UDI between 100 and 2000 lux


Fish eye images for Daylight glare possibility

50% glazing case-Chief justice’s court (sixth floor)Daylight glare probability – 0.202 (DGP<0.34 is imperceptible glare)

75% glazing case- chief justice's court (sixth floor)Daylight glare probability – 0.24 (DGP<0.34 is imperceptible glare)

100% glazing case- Chief justice’s court-(sixth floor)Daylight glare probability – 0.27 (DGP<0.34 is imperceptible glare)

Key plan_ 6th

floor_location of court hall


North Shading is ideal when takenperpendicular to the surface, incase it isextended in line of skylight, dimension ofshading increases to 610mm.

SKYLIGHT GEOMETRY

605mm

750mm

1200mm

600mm

600mm

450mm

1200mm

Project: Aga Khan AcademyArchitects: DCOOP

STEREOGRAPHIC SUN PATH PROJECTION

North skylight is well shaded and sunlight infiltration isobserved only after 5pm during summer months

South East skylight is well shaded and sunlight infiltration isobserved only till 8.15 am during winter months


6 6 12 6 7 7 15 8 7 9 10 11 14 13 13 27 61 67 38 58 61 29 66 71 47 71 62 58 54 68 57 55 56 71 39 74 39 45 20 33 39 31

5 5 13 7 7 7 8 10 11 14 12 17 14 25 48 61 50 50 58 67 63 72 69 74 76 74 78 83 76 71 57 55 56 71 39 74 39 45 20 33 39 31

6 6 6 14 8 9 10 11 10 10 17 20 23 27 64 65 64 64 67 67 71 71 72 71 76 76 63 63 75 75 78 66 69 73 72 45 54 57 30 41 30 43

6 6 7 15 8 10 10 12 15 17 38 44 31 72 75 74 72 70 71 66 69 83 82 82 81 82 82 73 75 84 82 81 73 73 77 75 64 64 45 38 65 61

7 7 7 8 11 12 12 18 20 55 60 63 65 76 74 76 84 81 84 78 78 83 80 82 83 84 81 79 85 85 84 71 73 80 80 70 68 75 73 63 60 60

7 7 8 8 19 10 12 26 47 68 47 64 69 76 76 82 86 86 85 84 81 82 82 84 85 84 83 85 87 86 85 80 82 82 82 78 75 76 79 73 67 65

7 8 8 10 19 12 14 23 27 58 62 65 66 67 85 86 72 73 86 86 81 80 80 80 81 81 82 82 88 88 86 85 84 83 83 81 77 79 81 77 71 68

15 9 14 12 21 17 26 30 35 68 71 71 69 79 86 83 75 82 87 85 82 82 82 83 83 83 83 87 90 89 87 87 80 79 86 85 79 79 80 79 77 74

14 15 12 14 17 22 45 50 67 70 73 76 78 79 80 81 83 85 85 83 84 83 87 90 89 89 92 92 86 86 88 86 82 84 87 84 81 81 82 81 79 77

26 23 26 24 28 45 49 55 72 73 78 79 80 81 82 84 86 85 84 85 85 88 91 90 91 92 93 91 87 90 86 91 91 91 89 88 83 82 85 84 75 73

46 33 23 26 31 53 57 72 74 76 82 82 84 82 83 84 88 88 89 86 87 87 87 87 86 93 93 91 89 88 92 92 92 91 89 87 84 86 87 84 76 74

42 46 37 38 48 62 61 72 74 79 83 84 88 89 90 89 89 89 87 87 87 86 85 84 84 86 86 86 94 94 93 93 93 92 91 91 89 88 88 83 84 81

50 45 38 41 68 71 82 75 74 83 86 87 90 90 91 89 89 89 88 88 92 91 90 86 88 87 87 87 92 93 94 93 92 92 92 91 89 89 86 84 83 85

61 59 51 58 71 73 86 80 82 85 87 89 91 91 89 89 89 89 91 92 93 93 92 91 91 90 93 93 93 93 93 94 95 94 94 90 93 92 92 85 89 86

64 52 53 52 82 79 80 82 85 86 88 88 89 89 89 89 90 90 90 93 93 93 92 92 92 91 95 94 94 93 94 95 95 95 95 93 93 93 90 89 89 87

53 74 87 82 81 84 84 84 82 84 84 93 93 92 95 90 90 90 90 93 92 92 92 92 94 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 93 93 93 92 90 90 90 88

66 73 76 84 72 77 83 83 82 87 92 93 93 94 90 91 90 92 93 93 93 93 95 95 95 96 95 95 92 94 95 95 94 93 93 93 93 91 91 91 90 89

55 66 72 78 75 79 84 84 84 83 89 91 91 91 91 91 91 93 93 93 94 95 95 95 95 94 94 93 92 92 94 96 94 94 94 93 92 91 91 91 93 92

63 68 69 76 77 83 84 85 86 88 89 89 90 91 91 92 93 93 93 93 94 95 95 95 94 94 94 93 92 92 93 95 94 94 94 92 92 92 92 94 93 92

68 66 71 72 84 88 88 87 87 88 89 89 93 94 94 95 94 94 93 94 94 94 94 95 95 95 94 94 94 94 94 95 95 95 94 93 93 92 95 94 94 91

66 66 70 81 91 88 87 87 87 88 93 93 93 94 94 95 95 95 94 94 94 94 95 95 95 95 94 94 94 94 95 94 94 94 94 94 94 95 95 94 92 91

83 69 78 79 88 86 87 87 87 90 90 92 93 94 94 95 94 94 94 94 94 95 95 95 95 95 94 94 94 94 95 94 95 95 94 94 93 94 94 95 93 92

86 84 83 83 83 91 86 88 89 90 90 90 93 93 94 94 94 94 93 94 95 95 95 96 96 96 95 95 95 96 96 95 95 95 94 94 93 93 93 93 93 92

73 78 81 81 81 85 89 89 89 89 92 93 93 94 94 94 97 94 95 95 95 95 96 96 95 95 95 95 95 96 96 96 95 95 96 95 94 93 94 94 93 94

78 83 82 85 92 87 88 89 94 94 95 93 93 93 94 94 94 95 95 95 95 95 96 96 96 95 94 95 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 95 95 95 95 94 94 94

79 76 82 83 84 91 90 91 94 94 91 91 92 97 97 96 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 96 95 95 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 95 95 95 95 94 96 95

65 82 81 84 85 90 84 90 92 92 91 94 95 97 97 98 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 96 95 97 96 96 96 95 95 95 94 94 96 96 95

84 89 82 83 83 89 83 87 89 90 90 91 96 97 97 96 96 95 95 95 95 95 96 95 96 96 96 96 95 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 95 94 94 95 95 95

72 81 87 82 83 85 86 87 88 89 94 94 95 96 96 96 95 95 95 95 95 97 97 96 96 96 96 95 95 94 94 94 97 96 96 96 95 95 94 94 93 96

70 75 77 81 83 84 86 87 90 93 94 94 94 95 95 95 95 95 95 96 97 97 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 94 94 97 97 97 96 95 95 95 95 96 95

85 79 82 84 85 86 86 87 94 94 94 94 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 96 97 97 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 97 97 97 97 96 96 95 95 95 96 95 95

78 78 83 81 83 85 88 91 92 93 94 94 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 95 95 95 96 96 97 96 96 95 96 96 95 95 95

72 84 84 89 89 86 88 90 92 93 95 95 95 94 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 95 96 96 96 95 95 95 97 96 96 95 94

82 82 87 88 88 85 87 88 94 94 95 95 96 94 94 94 96 96 96 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 97 96 96 96 97 96 96 96 95 94

82 85 84 86 86 86 88 89 92 93 94 94 94 94 95 95 96 95 95 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 95 96 96 96 96 97 97 97 97 97 97 96 96 96 95 95

83 83 83 84 84 85 86 92 92 92 91 91 93 94 94 95 95 95 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 95 97 97 96 96 96 97 96 97 97 97 97 96 96 95 95 95

87 87 88 88 89 89 90 91 91 91 91 91 91 96 96 96 96 96 96 95 97 97 97 96 97 97 97 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 97 97 97 96 96 95 95 95

82 86 85 87 88 88 89 90 90 90 91 93 96 96 96 96 96 96 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 96 96 96 96 96 96 95 96 96 96 96 96 95 95 95 95

90 84 84 86 87 86 89 90 90 91 91 95 95 95 95 95 96 96 95 96 96 97 97 97 97 97 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 95 96 96 95 95 95 94

80 86 85 85 87 93 88 90 91 91 95 96 96 96 96 96 95 95 95 95 95 97 97 97 97 97 98 97 97 96 96 96 96 96 95 95 96 96 96 95 95 94

77 91 84 84 86 92 88 92 92 94 95 96 96 96 96 96 95 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 98 98 97 97 96 95 95 95 95 95 97 96 96 96 96 95 95 96

86 89 82 82 92 91 95 92 92 93 92 93 95 96 96 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 96 98 98 98 97 97 97 96 95 95 95 97 97 97 96 96 96 96 96 96

79 79 79 91 91 92 95 91 91 91 92 92 93 97 97 96 95 95 96 96 96 97 97 98 97 97 97 97 97 97 96 96 97 97 97 97 97 96 96 96 96 96

76 77 89 82 91 92 92 92 91 92 92 94 96 96 97 97 96 96 96 96 96 98 98 97 97 97 96 96 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 96 97 96 96 96 96 95

87 83 85 87 92 91 91 91 91 92 93 96 96 96 96 97 96 96 96 95 96 96 96 96 97 96 96 96 98 99 99 99 99 98 97 97 97 96 96 96 95 95

87 79 78 90 86 91 92 91 91 91 95 96 96 95 95 96 96 96 96 96 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 96 99 99 99 99 99 97 97 97 96 96 96 96 95 95

86 76 81 89 83 92 92 91 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 96 96 96 97 97 96 96 96 96 96 96 99 99 99 99 99 98 97 97 96 96 96 96 96 95 95 96

83 87 80 91 91 92 92 92 93 95 95 95 94 94 95 97 97 97 97 97 97 96 96 96 96 96 99 99 99 98 99 97 96 97 96 96 96 96 96 95 96 96

53 71 85 89 93 91 92 92 92 93 93 95 95 96 97 97 97 97 97 97 96 96 96 96 99 98 98 98 99 99 99 99 99 97 97 97 96 96 96 96 96 96

85 77 90 90 92 90 91 92 92 93 94 95 95 96 97 97 97 97 96 96 96 96 96 97 97 97 98 98 99 99 99 99 99 97 97 97 96 96 96 96 95 95

89 87 88 86 90 88 88 90 91 91 95 95 95 94 94 94 95 95 96 96 96 96 97 97 97 97 99 99 99 99 99 99 97 97 97 97 97 97 96 96 95 96

87 84 87 86 87 87 86 87 91 92 92 93 94 94 94 95 95 95 95 98 99 98 97 96 96 96 96 97 97 97 99 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 95 95 96 96

71 85 85 84 86 87 88 89 91 91 92 93 94 94 94 94 95 97 99 99 99 99 99 98 97 96 96 96 95 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 96 95 95 95 95 96

86 88 80 90 90 93 90 90 91 92 93 93 93 94 94 94 94 98 98 98 99 99 98 98 98 96 96 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 95 95 94 95 95

84 83 89 88 88 88 89 92 92 93 92 93 93 93 93 94 94 97 97 97 95 96 97 98 99 99 99 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 96 96 96 95 95

75 88 83 89 90 89 94 91 92 92 95 95 95 93 93 98 97 96 96 96 95 95 97 99 99 99 99 98 97 97 97 96 96 96 96 97 96 96 96 95 95 95

85 79 89 87 89 90 94 90 93 94 95 95 95 94 94 95 96 96 96 95 94 94 95 96 97 98 97 97 97 97 96 96 96 95 95 96 96 96 96 97 96 96

87 85 90 88 87 89 89 90 92 93 94 94 93 93 93 93 95 96 96 96 95 95 94 94 94 97 97 97 97 97 98 97 96 96 96 96 96 97 97 96 96 96

83 89 93 87 86 87 90 90 92 92 97 96 96 93 94 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 93 93 99 98 98 97 95 96 97 97 97 98 97 97 96 96 96 96 96 95

71 72 81 88 85 85 88 90 93 95 97 97 97 96 96 96 95 95 95 95 95 95 99 98 98 98 97 95 95 95 96 97 98 98 97 97 96 96 96 95 95 95

63 85 73 91 85 86 87 89 92 94 95 96 95 96 96 96 94 94 94 96 96 96 97 97 97 98 96 96 95 96 95 96 96 96 97 95 95 95 95 95 95 94

82 85 81 90 84 86 87 91 92 92 94 94 95 95 95 94 94 95 95 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 95 96 96 96 96 95 95 95 95 95 96 95 95 94

79 73 80 89 89 92 92 91 91 93 94 94 94 96 96 95 93 93 94 95 94 96 96 96 98 97 96 95 96 96 96 96 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 94 94 96

80 69 84 91 89 91 91 91 91 92 93 95 96 96 96 95 93 93 94 94 94 95 96 96 98 97 96 96 96 96 96 95 95 95 95 95 95 94 94 93 96 96

82 84 88 93 82 86 89 89 90 91 91 92 95 95 95 95 95 94 93 94 95 95 94 96 97 97 99 97 97 95 95 96 95 95 94 96 95 95 95 95 95 95

75 83 86 80 89 82 85 87 89 90 90 91 93 94 94 95 95 95 96 96 95 94 94 96 96 97 98 98 98 97 95 95 95 96 96 95 95 95 95 95 93 93

81 83 85 89 94 83 84 84 89 89 92 92 92 93 94 94 97 96 95 95 96 96 96 95 95 96 98 97 96 96 96 96 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 94 93 92

71 72 75 83 85 84 91 90 87 90 92 92 92 93 97 97 97 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 98 98 98 96 96 96 96 95 95 95 94 95 95 94 94 93 93

72 63 76 81 83 86 90 88 90 91 91 91 93 95 96 96 94 94 94 95 95 95 94 95 96 98 98 98 96 95 93 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 93 91

65 77 71 79 79 80 81 86 89 90 93 92 93 94 96 98 93 93 95 95 94 93 93 93 97 97 92 95 96 95 94 93 95 94 96 95 93 93 95 94 91 90

52 63 72 71 75 77 79 81 85 89 92 91 93 93 92 92 95 95 94 94 95 94 93 93 95 94 92 94 95 95 91 93 93 95 95 95 93 94 94 93 91 90

55 53 64 68 81 85 85 82 83 84 91 92 92 92 91 93 94 94 94 94 95 94 94 95 95 93 93 93 94 94 95 95 94 94 95 94 93 92 94 92 90 89

39 51 65 71 75 77 82 84 82 86 90 91 87 87 95 95 90 92 93 93 92 93 94 93 94 93 92 93 93 93 95 94 93 93 95 95 91 92 93 93 91 90

17 44 48 57 66 77 78 78 74 76 87 87 85 91 93 92 88 88 92 92 91 91 95 94 93 93 93 92 93 93 94 94 93 94 94 92 89 89 92 92 90 89

14 23 45 46 69 61 78 80 81 85 84 84 89 91 93 93 94 95 91 95 93 93 94 92 92 92 91 91 92 91 93 93 93 93 93 92 93 92 91 90 89 87

22 13 32 37 64 61 69 79 70 82 73 81 81 79 88 92 93 90 89 94 92 87 92 91 94 91 91 91 95 89 92 91 95 94 92 95 91 91 94 93 85 85

10 14 22 22 35 41 46 66 63 67 79 75 85 85 79 85 84 92 89 93 90 93 93 81 93 90 91 87 91 90 88 91 95 92 90 94 94 90 86 90 81 82

3 4 11 4 4 5 12 6 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 10 12 8 15 12 11 19 16 12 17 18 14 13 18 17 17 11 28 11 30 11 10 8 8 9 9

4 4 11 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 9 11 9 9 10 12 13 18 15 20 25 22 28 45 29 26 17 17 11 28 11 30 11 10 8 8 9 9

4 4 4 11 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 10 10 12 12 12 12 16 17 17 17 25 24 13 13 25 25 34 21 20 28 28 12 13 13 12 10 12 11

4 4 5 12 5 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 8 14 15 15 16 16 17 13 15 40 37 42 36 40 39 21 25 46 43 42 28 26 35 32 15 16 12 11 16 13

5 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 10 11 16 16 19 49 38 44 30 35 43 36 42 43 44 38 33 54 52 46 18 25 39 39 21 18 22 20 14 13 13

5 5 5 6 13 7 7 8 9 10 9 10 13 20 21 41 59 56 54 50 43 41 41 50 52 47 44 53 62 59 51 39 55 48 49 37 27 27 37 21 16 15

5 5 6 6 14 7 7 8 8 10 10 11 15 16 57 61 24 23 65 65 45 44 57 56 52 50 58 57 71 71 57 60 61 59 56 44 33 39 49 34 20 17

13 6 10 7 14 7 8 8 9 13 15 17 17 34 64 53 32 57 68 63 51 60 63 62 60 62 63 69 75 74 70 70 47 45 66 64 52 48 52 46 32 27

6 7 7 7 7 8 9 9 13 15 16 34 37 40 41 44 62 67 67 64 63 62 70 74 73 72 80 80 65 64 73 66 58 63 69 65 58 59 60 50 38 31

14 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 17 19 40 44 47 46 50 64 69 68 66 66 65 71 80 76 79 79 81 78 68 75 63 79 79 79 72 72 60 56 67 65 37 32

14 15 8 8 8 17 13 17 21 23 37 44 46 54 58 64 73 72 73 69 72 71 71 70 68 81 81 79 75 70 82 82 81 77 74 70 65 68 70 64 43 39

13 19 10 10 12 20 14 18 24 32 40 48 69 71 72 73 73 73 71 71 72 71 67 66 65 68 67 67 85 86 83 83 82 79 78 77 74 73 72 62 63 56

17 18 10 11 16 18 34 27 26 39 56 63 74 75 76 74 74 73 72 73 82 78 79 69 70 69 69 69 82 85 86 83 80 80 80 78 75 74 67 65 62 68

21 19 15 15 17 22 44 38 40 59 71 73 76 77 74 74 74 73 78 81 84 84 81 79 82 76 82 83 83 85 84 85 87 86 85 77 83 81 82 66 75 70

22 16 20 14 28 28 39 50 61 68 71 73 74 74 75 75 75 75 76 84 83 85 82 82 81 80 88 87 86 84 86 89 88 88 88 85 84 83 75 74 73 72

18 28 40 31 27 34 52 55 51 63 64 81 83 80 85 76 76 76 75 83 83 82 83 83 86 89 88 88 88 90 89 89 89 89 84 84 84 81 77 76 75 73

24 25 27 34 20 27 52 55 46 62 78 81 83 84 77 78 78 81 84 83 84 84 90 90 89 89 89 89 82 85 90 89 87 85 84 84 82 78 78 78 77 74

22 22 25 25 30 38 56 56 54 51 75 77 78 78 80 79 80 84 84 84 87 90 90 90 89 86 85 84 82 82 87 90 87 86 85 83 80 79 78 79 83 82

24 23 23 29 34 48 51 58 64 72 74 75 76 80 80 81 83 84 84 84 87 90 89 90 87 86 86 84 83 83 85 88 88 87 87 81 80 80 80 85 83 82

23 21 22 22 40 65 62 64 69 72 74 75 84 84 85 88 87 87 85 86 86 87 87 89 88 88 87 86 86 86 87 88 88 88 86 85 83 81 88 87 86 77

26 21 22 37 59 66 57 65 69 71 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 89 87 87 87 88 88 89 89 89 87 87 86 87 88 87 87 87 86 86 87 89 88 87 82 78

38 23 30 32 46 50 68 69 70 75 78 81 83 85 88 88 87 86 87 87 87 88 88 88 88 89 88 87 86 86 88 87 89 88 87 86 84 86 86 88 82 80

42 41 38 36 39 66 67 71 75 76 77 78 85 86 87 87 87 87 86 86 89 89 89 91 91 91 89 88 88 92 90 90 89 88 87 85 85 84 83 84 83 82

28 33 34 36 38 58 68 71 73 75 80 84 85 86 87 88 93 87 90 90 90 91 91 91 90 89 88 91 91 92 91 90 89 89 91 89 88 85 87 86 85 86

34 40 39 49 62 60 67 70 85 86 88 84 84 84 87 87 87 90 90 90 90 89 91 91 91 89 88 90 92 92 91 91 92 91 91 91 90 88 87 86 86 86

34 29 37 41 48 62 73 79 84 85 80 81 81 93 93 92 89 89 89 89 91 90 90 90 90 90 92 92 92 92 91 91 92 92 91 91 89 88 87 86 91 89

22 36 35 44 50 55 53 74 80 81 79 86 89 92 93 96 89 89 89 89 89 90 90 90 91 92 92 92 92 89 92 92 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 92 91 90

43 44 37 41 43 51 49 67 73 76 77 79 91 92 92 91 91 90 89 89 90 90 91 90 90 91 92 90 88 88 88 90 91 91 92 91 90 87 88 89 89 90

22 37 53 41 46 62 67 70 72 74 86 86 87 90 90 91 90 90 89 89 89 93 92 92 91 91 91 89 89 88 88 87 92 92 92 92 91 88 87 86 86 91

21 26 30 39 48 58 67 68 76 84 86 86 86 90 90 90 90 90 89 91 93 92 92 91 91 91 90 92 92 91 88 88 93 93 92 92 91 90 89 90 92 91

44 32 39 47 51 63 66 69 84 85 85 85 88 88 88 91 92 92 92 92 92 92 91 91 91 92 92 92 92 92 94 94 93 93 92 91 91 90 90 91 91 90

33 33 40 39 52 60 72 78 80 84 86 87 87 89 90 91 91 91 91 91 91 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 91 90 90 92 92 93 91 91 90 91 91 90 90 89

26 44 44 63 70 62 70 75 81 83 90 90 89 87 91 91 91 91 91 91 92 91 92 92 92 92 91 91 92 92 90 91 91 91 91 90 90 93 92 91 89 88

38 39 51 58 66 59 70 71 86 87 89 90 90 87 87 87 91 92 92 88 88 90 91 91 91 91 92 92 92 92 91 91 93 92 91 92 93 92 92 91 89 87

37 45 46 55 61 65 71 74 82 83 85 87 86 87 89 90 91 90 90 88 88 88 92 92 91 91 90 91 92 92 92 93 92 92 92 93 93 92 91 91 90 88

43 44 43 46 46 54 67 80 81 81 80 80 84 87 87 90 91 90 88 88 91 91 92 92 91 90 93 93 92 92 91 92 92 93 93 93 93 92 91 91 90 89

48 45 55 56 63 66 74 78 79 78 79 80 81 91 91 92 92 92 91 89 93 93 93 92 93 93 93 92 91 91 91 91 91 92 93 93 93 91 91 90 90 89

36 49 48 52 57 63 72 75 78 78 79 85 90 90 90 91 91 91 92 93 93 93 93 94 93 93 92 92 91 91 91 91 91 92 91 91 92 91 91 90 90 89

46 43 45 50 53 54 73 76 78 79 80 89 89 89 89 90 91 91 90 91 91 93 93 93 93 93 91 91 91 91 91 91 92 91 91 91 92 91 91 90 89 88

36 41 43 46 67 76 71 74 79 80 90 91 91 92 92 92 89 89 90 90 90 94 93 93 93 93 94 93 92 92 91 91 91 91 91 90 92 92 91 90 89 87

31 49 40 48 64 74 72 81 82 86 89 91 92 92 92 92 90 89 90 90 92 92 92 92 94 94 94 94 92 90 91 90 90 90 93 93 92 92 91 90 88 92

47 47 37 38 78 75 84 80 82 84 82 84 89 91 91 89 89 89 91 91 91 91 91 94 94 94 93 93 93 92 90 90 90 93 93 92 92 91 92 92 92 91

38 32 32 68 75 79 83 78 79 80 81 83 84 92 92 91 89 89 92 91 91 93 93 94 94 93 93 93 93 93 92 92 93 92 93 92 93 92 91 91 91 91

28 29 46 38 71 79 80 80 80 80 81 87 92 92 92 92 91 91 91 91 91 94 94 94 93 93 92 92 92 92 93 92 92 92 92 92 93 92 92 91 91 90

49 39 39 52 74 77 77 78 79 81 83 91 91 91 92 92 92 91 91 90 91 91 90 92 92 92 92 92 94 96 96 96 96 94 93 93 93 92 92 91 90 89

46 32 33 51 58 76 79 79 79 80 89 90 90 88 90 91 92 91 91 90 90 90 90 91 91 91 92 92 95 95 96 96 96 93 93 92 92 92 91 91 90 88

46 28 34 46 46 78 79 79 89 89 89 89 89 88 89 91 91 91 94 93 92 91 91 91 91 91 96 95 95 95 95 95 93 92 92 92 92 91 91 91 90 92

40 46 34 69 72 78 81 82 83 89 89 89 86 87 89 93 93 93 93 93 93 92 91 91 91 91 95 95 95 95 95 93 92 92 92 92 92 92 91 91 92 92

15 23 46 62 71 77 80 81 82 83 83 89 89 91 93 93 93 93 93 93 92 92 92 91 95 95 95 95 96 97 98 97 97 93 93 93 92 92 91 92 91 91

44 29 57 67 70 74 78 80 81 84 88 88 89 91 92 92 93 93 92 92 92 92 91 93 93 93 94 94 95 96 97 96 95 93 93 93 92 92 91 91 90 89

46 49 57 54 61 67 70 75 79 80 87 88 89 86 87 87 90 91 91 91 91 92 93 93 92 92 95 95 95 95 96 96 93 93 93 94 93 93 91 90 90 91

44 43 50 50 63 67 66 71 79 81 82 85 86 86 87 88 90 90 90 95 95 94 93 92 92 92 91 92 93 93 95 93 93 93 94 93 93 93 89 90 91 91

30 41 45 46 54 67 71 73 78 79 81 84 87 87 87 88 89 92 95 95 95 95 96 95 94 92 91 91 90 94 93 93 93 93 93 93 92 89 89 88 88 91

48 44 36 67 68 77 72 75 77 81 84 86 86 87 87 87 87 94 94 94 95 95 95 95 95 91 91 93 94 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 89 89 88 91 90

42 37 59 61 63 65 72 80 82 83 82 85 85 86 86 86 87 93 93 93 89 91 92 94 96 96 96 93 93 93 93 93 94 93 93 93 93 92 92 91 90 88

32 44 40 58 70 67 82 78 80 81 89 89 90 84 85 95 93 92 91 91 88 88 93 96 96 96 96 94 94 94 93 92 91 92 92 92 92 92 91 91 88 88

44 34 47 52 64 72 81 75 83 87 88 89 89 86 86 90 92 92 92 90 87 87 88 92 93 95 94 93 93 93 91 91 90 90 89 92 92 91 90 93 92 92

48 44 58 52 56 64 70 74 81 84 86 86 85 85 85 85 91 91 91 91 90 89 86 86 86 93 93 93 93 93 94 93 92 91 92 92 91 92 93 92 92 91

40 54 59 50 51 55 74 76 79 81 92 90 89 84 87 90 90 90 90 90 90 89 85 85 95 95 95 92 90 92 94 93 93 94 94 93 91 91 91 91 91 89

30 29 38 46 47 54 70 74 81 87 90 91 92 91 91 91 89 89 89 89 89 90 95 95 95 94 92 89 90 90 92 93 94 94 94 93 91 91 90 89 89 88

26 48 31 51 49 52 67 70 81 85 88 89 89 89 90 90 87 87 87 92 91 91 93 93 93 94 91 91 90 91 90 91 92 92 93 90 90 89 90 90 89 87

44 46 38 53 47 63 68 79 80 81 87 87 88 88 87 85 86 88 90 91 92 92 93 92 92 91 91 91 90 92 91 91 90 90 90 89 89 90 91 90 88 87

42 32 36 57 61 76 78 77 78 83 86 86 86 91 91 88 85 85 86 88 87 93 92 92 94 93 92 90 91 90 91 91 90 90 90 89 89 88 87 87 87 91

46 27 43 54 57 70 76 76 78 82 85 88 91 91 90 90 86 85 86 86 86 90 91 92 93 93 92 90 90 90 90 88 89 88 88 88 88 86 85 85 91 90

48 48 54 62 39 55 68 73 72 77 79 81 89 89 88 90 89 87 85 87 88 88 87 91 93 92 95 94 92 89 89 91 90 89 86 90 88 88 90 89 88 89

40 40 47 38 48 42 52 60 69 73 74 77 84 86 87 88 88 88 91 91 89 87 86 91 92 93 95 94 94 92 89 89 89 90 90 90 89 89 89 88 83 82

45 40 45 60 69 44 46 49 63 66 77 80 82 83 86 87 93 90 90 89 91 91 90 89 89 92 94 92 91 92 91 91 88 88 88 88 88 88 87 84 82 79

34 32 32 42 46 46 70 64 58 65 79 80 82 83 92 92 92 89 88 90 90 89 87 88 87 94 94 94 91 90 91 90 88 87 86 85 87 86 85 85 83 80

37 23 30 38 41 52 64 59 67 71 75 79 85 89 90 91 85 85 86 89 88 88 84 88 89 93 93 93 92 89 83 84 86 86 85 85 85 84 85 83 80 70

31 40 32 35 36 40 42 52 62 64 78 79 83 87 88 92 83 84 88 87 85 83 82 82 91 91 80 88 91 87 86 82 86 85 90 88 83 82 86 84 70 67

21 26 30 27 31 34 36 42 52 62 72 73 81 82 76 77 87 86 86 85 87 85 79 78 87 83 75 85 90 87 74 79 80 86 89 89 82 83 84 81 69 66

21 21 27 30 39 45 48 44 48 48 71 73 75 76 72 79 84 84 84 85 85 84 85 85 85 79 78 75 82 84 85 83 83 84 87 84 79 76 77 73 66 64

13 18 29 29 31 33 42 49 42 50 63 69 61 60 81 82 66 75 82 82 79 80 81 80 83 80 74 75 78 79 86 83 79 79 85 84 72 72 73 73 68 65

7 15 15 21 25 35 36 37 32 33 55 56 54 67 76 69 60 60 77 76 74 74 83 81 78 75 73 72 75 74 85 84 79 80 80 74 65 64 73 71 66 63

7 8 15 15 29 23 40 40 46 49 48 45 61 64 73 72 84 85 72 83 70 69 79 68 74 72 65 65 71 66 74 75 75 74 71 70 72 71 69 67 63 59

7 7 10 13 27 24 32 40 31 43 32 40 47 37 55 68 80 64 60 78 68 58 69 64 74 63 65 66 78 61 69 66 83 74 67 79 65 65 74 71 55 54

7 7 8 8 12 13 16 32 25 27 41 36 52 49 38 51 51 66 59 70 63 73 70 41 72 64 68 57 64 64 60 66 77 69 64 75 76 63 56 65 50 48

3 3 10 3 3 4 11 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 6 7 7 7 9 10 9 10 9 8 7 8 6 7 7 11 8 11 7 7 5 6 7 6

3 3 10 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 5 6 6 7 6 7 7 7 7 9 9 10 10 10 10 20 12 9 6 7 7 11 8 11 7 7 5 6 7 6

3 3 3 10 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 9 9 10 10 13 14 9 11 10 9 9 9 9 7 10 7

3 3 3 11 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 17 10 17 11 13 12 10 10 19 20 21 15 10 12 12 9 11 8 7 11 8

3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 14 10 11 9 9 17 11 17 13 13 11 11 22 21 19 8 15 15 15 10 10 10 10 8 8 7

4 4 4 4 11 5 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 10 17 15 13 12 10 11 13 18 15 14 12 18 26 26 23 11 17 18 14 12 10 10 12 10 9 8

4 4 4 5 12 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 13 14 10 10 16 15 10 10 13 13 12 12 13 13 31 31 26 23 20 18 16 13 11 12 14 12 10 9

11 4 8 5 12 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 10 14 12 10 13 19 14 11 13 15 14 14 14 15 27 38 38 34 34 12 12 25 23 12 12 13 12 11 9

4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 10 11 12 12 12 15 19 21 16 16 16 26 32 30 27 46 46 20 19 38 26 19 19 29 25 14 14 15 13 11 10

12 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 11 12 13 12 13 16 24 21 17 20 19 27 44 35 41 44 50 42 25 41 19 58 56 55 36 36 16 15 21 18 11 10

7 13 6 6 7 14 8 8 9 9 11 13 13 13 14 16 33 32 33 22 37 33 31 25 24 53 51 46 37 29 63 63 62 49 39 30 18 24 29 19 11 11

7 14 7 7 7 14 8 8 9 10 12 13 20 22 24 31 39 39 29 33 37 37 25 23 21 23 21 21 63 67 58 60 56 56 50 48 45 42 40 16 19 13

8 14 7 7 8 8 16 9 9 12 15 16 30 30 35 44 44 37 32 38 66 54 50 28 27 25 24 24 67 72 65 61 60 58 56 55 49 47 26 20 16 29

9 9 8 8 8 9 18 12 12 19 29 32 34 36 39 39 40 38 51 59 70 69 63 50 63 48 62 66 68 71 66 64 74 71 69 56 68 63 64 24 43 32

10 8 15 8 10 9 12 15 20 24 30 34 38 39 42 42 45 44 46 70 69 70 63 64 63 60 73 73 72 69 72 78 75 75 76 71 70 68 44 41 37 35

8 11 19 11 9 11 16 17 16 19 22 46 56 52 54 48 48 46 45 68 67 64 68 67 72 76 75 75 77 79 78 77 77 78 69 69 69 62 48 45 45 38

11 10 10 17 8 10 15 16 15 21 37 48 54 61 48 56 53 62 71 70 70 72 80 79 77 77 77 76 66 72 79 78 75 71 71 70 63 52 50 52 48 42

12 9 10 15 11 12 17 17 17 16 41 44 48 47 55 54 61 70 71 70 74 82 80 80 78 73 71 69 67 66 75 79 75 73 71 66 57 55 52 58 69 65

11 9 9 10 12 16 17 20 22 32 39 43 47 57 56 62 67 70 70 71 74 81 78 82 75 74 73 70 68 68 71 76 76 75 74 62 59 56 62 71 69 66

10 9 9 9 19 22 22 23 27 33 38 43 67 68 68 74 74 74 73 74 74 74 74 81 77 76 76 75 74 73 74 77 76 76 73 70 69 65 75 74 73 52

16 9 9 13 25 20 19 23 27 29 54 63 66 70 73 75 76 77 76 76 75 75 76 79 78 78 77 76 74 75 76 76 75 74 73 72 74 77 75 74 67 54

20 9 11 12 21 17 26 27 29 36 48 55 62 70 75 76 75 74 75 75 75 76 76 76 76 79 77 76 75 74 76 76 78 76 74 72 70 72 72 76 67 62

22 18 16 13 14 28 25 30 40 42 45 48 70 72 72 75 75 74 74 74 79 79 78 84 81 80 77 77 77 82 80 79 78 77 74 72 70 70 69 70 68 66

12 14 13 14 14 21 25 29 33 40 51 64 71 72 73 75 83 74 80 80 80 81 81 82 80 78 76 83 80 82 81 80 79 77 81 78 75 71 75 73 71 73

19 16 16 21 30 20 24 27 69 72 74 70 70 70 74 75 74 79 79 80 80 79 83 81 81 78 75 82 85 82 81 81 83 82 81 81 79 77 75 73 73 72

19 12 14 16 19 26 31 44 67 70 57 61 63 84 85 82 79 78 78 78 81 81 79 79 79 79 84 84 85 86 81 81 83 82 81 81 78 76 74 73 80 77

9 14 14 16 18 25 20 34 55 57 54 71 76 83 84 88 78 78 79 79 79 79 79 79 80 82 84 83 83 80 85 84 82 81 79 79 77 75 73 82 80 78

21 22 13 15 16 23 17 26 32 40 45 54 80 81 83 81 82 80 78 78 79 80 80 78 80 81 83 80 76 76 75 78 81 80 83 82 80 74 77 78 78 80

9 15 24 15 16 22 26 28 30 33 66 72 73 79 80 81 80 79 78 78 78 85 85 82 81 81 80 78 79 79 75 74 83 84 84 83 81 77 76 74 73 82

9 10 11 14 16 20 27 27 37 53 70 70 71 78 80 80 80 78 78 82 86 85 83 82 81 80 80 84 83 83 76 75 87 87 85 82 81 79 77 79 82 80

20 12 14 17 20 23 28 32 68 69 69 68 74 75 75 82 83 83 83 84 84 84 83 82 81 82 84 83 82 82 87 87 87 87 85 81 81 80 79 81 79 78

14 14 15 14 20 23 32 42 51 64 68 70 74 77 79 81 82 82 82 82 82 84 83 83 84 84 84 82 81 80 79 83 85 86 82 81 80 81 81 80 78 77

11 19 18 26 30 23 29 39 54 59 78 78 77 73 80 81 81 82 82 82 83 82 83 84 83 83 82 81 85 83 80 81 81 81 81 81 80 85 84 81 79 76

16 17 22 24 26 22 30 32 66 65 76 78 79 75 75 76 82 82 83 76 76 79 81 82 82 83 83 83 84 84 81 81 85 84 82 83 85 84 83 81 78 75

16 20 20 22 24 24 32 37 57 63 67 74 73 74 77 79 81 80 79 76 76 75 83 83 82 80 80 82 84 83 84 85 85 84 84 87 85 84 81 81 79 76

17 17 18 18 17 21 27 46 47 54 52 54 71 74 74 80 81 79 76 75 82 82 83 83 83 80 86 85 84 83 81 84 84 85 87 86 85 83 80 80 79 77

20 19 23 22 28 27 35 40 49 50 58 63 64 82 83 83 82 82 82 77 88 86 85 85 87 86 85 84 82 81 81 82 82 85 86 85 84 80 81 80 79 77

15 19 19 22 24 26 31 39 50 50 58 72 80 81 80 81 81 82 85 87 87 86 87 88 87 86 85 84 82 81 81 81 82 82 83 83 83 82 81 80 79 77

25 18 19 18 19 21 33 39 50 56 63 78 77 77 77 79 81 82 80 81 82 87 88 87 87 86 82 82 82 81 81 81 83 83 82 81 83 82 81 80 78 76

16 22 16 17 23 34 29 35 59 61 78 80 82 84 84 83 78 78 79 79 80 88 89 86 88 85 88 87 85 84 81 82 81 82 81 81 83 82 80 80 77 75

14 27 16 18 23 33 33 55 66 72 77 81 83 83 83 83 79 79 79 79 83 83 82 85 88 88 88 87 84 80 80 79 80 79 85 84 83 83 82 79 77 82

23 25 14 15 42 36 49 51 60 69 64 69 77 82 79 78 79 79 81 82 82 82 84 89 88 87 87 87 86 84 80 80 79 85 85 84 82 81 84 83 83 82

17 12 13 33 37 43 47 46 49 54 60 65 70 83 84 81 78 79 83 82 82 85 86 88 88 87 86 86 86 88 84 82 85 84 85 85 85 83 82 82 81 81

11 12 23 16 34 43 47 45 46 52 57 73 82 83 84 84 81 81 82 82 82 89 88 87 86 86 84 84 84 85 86 85 84 84 84 84 85 84 83 81 81 80

22 17 19 22 37 38 39 41 45 51 68 80 81 82 83 84 82 81 81 81 82 81 80 83 83 83 83 83 89 92 92 92 91 88 86 86 84 83 83 81 79 77

21 13 12 24 20 37 44 42 45 51 76 79 80 76 80 81 82 81 81 81 80 80 79 83 82 82 83 83 91 91 91 91 91 85 84 84 83 83 82 81 79 76

23 11 12 21 16 39 42 43 71 73 75 74 79 78 79 81 82 82 89 86 83 84 83 82 82 82 91 91 91 91 91 89 85 84 83 82 82 81 83 81 80 83

18 22 13 36 35 39 47 50 59 71 74 77 74 76 79 86 87 88 88 88 88 86 83 84 81 81 90 90 90 90 90 86 85 84 83 82 85 84 83 81 84 82

7 10 20 30 37 39 44 49 57 62 66 77 77 81 85 85 85 87 88 88 84 83 82 84 90 89 89 89 92 95 95 94 94 86 86 84 84 83 82 83 79 79

21 11 28 32 32 32 42 48 52 62 73 74 76 81 85 85 85 85 83 83 83 83 82 88 87 87 88 87 91 92 94 91 89 85 85 84 83 82 81 79 78 77

26 22 26 22 27 25 30 38 47 50 72 75 76 75 75 75 81 81 81 82 82 84 85 85 84 83 90 90 91 91 92 93 86 86 86 87 86 85 81 80 78 81

23 19 21 22 23 25 26 31 47 53 58 66 72 74 76 78 79 80 81 89 89 88 87 84 84 83 82 84 87 87 91 86 86 86 87 87 86 85 78 79 80 82

13 17 18 18 21 25 30 35 45 49 52 64 74 75 74 76 79 85 89 89 89 89 91 89 89 82 82 85 81 88 86 86 85 85 86 86 82 79 77 77 76 81

25 23 15 28 29 37 32 36 45 55 69 72 73 74 75 75 75 88 88 88 89 89 89 89 89 81 80 86 89 87 86 86 85 85 88 87 86 78 78 77 80 78

20 20 23 24 25 27 31 48 53 60 59 70 71 72 73 74 75 86 86 87 79 82 84 88 93 92 92 87 87 87 86 85 88 88 87 86 86 84 83 81 80 77

13 22 17 29 34 28 44 41 46 53 75 76 78 70 71 87 85 85 82 80 77 77 88 92 93 92 91 87 87 88 85 84 81 82 83 84 83 82 82 80 77 76

20 14 24 24 30 35 43 38 64 72 74 75 75 72 73 79 83 83 83 79 75 75 78 83 87 90 87 87 86 86 81 80 80 79 78 83 83 81 79 84 83 81

24 21 31 25 26 28 31 36 49 60 70 72 69 70 70 70 81 80 80 80 79 80 74 75 74 86 85 85 87 87 88 85 83 80 83 83 82 84 85 83 82 80

19 27 32 23 21 23 37 40 44 47 75 74 74 68 76 79 79 78 77 77 79 81 73 72 89 89 89 84 79 82 88 87 86 89 86 85 80 80 79 80 80 77

13 13 16 23 19 22 32 37 47 60 71 73 82 80 81 80 77 75 75 75 75 79 89 89 88 88 84 78 79 79 83 87 87 87 87 85 81 79 78 75 78 76

12 23 12 25 20 22 30 33 50 58 63 65 76 78 79 79 75 75 75 80 81 84 85 86 86 87 81 81 80 80 79 82 83 83 86 78 77 77 76 75 77 74

22 21 15 26 19 26 31 43 46 50 70 72 72 72 72 70 71 77 79 81 83 86 84 83 82 81 81 80 79 81 80 79 77 79 78 77 78 79 80 78 76 73

20 13 15 26 28 41 43 40 43 53 69 70 71 79 82 77 70 68 74 76 75 86 82 85 86 84 82 78 81 77 79 79 79 78 78 77 77 76 76 71 71 78

24 11 19 28 28 36 39 39 45 55 65 74 81 81 80 80 72 72 72 72 72 80 79 83 85 84 80 76 77 76 75 73 77 76 75 77 76 74 70 66 77 76

25 25 28 35 15 24 31 35 34 41 46 53 70 73 75 79 77 73 69 74 73 72 70 79 82 81 88 85 82 76 75 79 78 76 71 77 72 75 78 75 75 73

19 17 21 14 23 16 21 26 33 36 37 40 56 61 72 73 73 74 80 79 74 67 64 77 81 84 87 86 86 81 77 77 77 78 76 76 77 77 76 73 59 56

23 17 19 28 36 17 17 20 30 32 41 44 50 54 64 68 78 79 78 75 78 76 76 74 73 80 85 82 77 79 81 79 74 71 68 67 68 71 66 60 54 49

15 12 12 18 20 19 38 33 27 32 44 47 58 58 78 79 74 69 69 77 71 70 66 69 68 84 83 84 76 75 79 76 68 66 64 63 65 63 61 60 57 52

16 10 11 15 17 24 33 28 35 37 39 45 62 69 70 72 61 60 65 71 67 66 58 64 68 76 76 76 79 70 61 61 63 63 64 64 62 59 60 57 52 37

13 19 13 15 15 17 17 24 31 32 45 45 56 65 65 68 55 58 67 63 59 56 54 52 73 73 47 70 75 68 65 57 63 62 72 68 59 57 64 59 38 35

9 10 12 11 13 13 14 17 25 32 40 40 50 51 43 44 63 62 61 60 63 58 48 47 64 55 42 62 75 64 47 52 53 64 70 68 57 59 60 53 40 37

10 10 11 12 16 19 21 21 22 21 36 42 45 44 41 49 57 56 56 59 59 58 60 61 59 50 48 46 55 58 61 59 57 58 65 61 51 48 54 47 37 34

7 9 13 11 12 12 17 22 17 22 31 38 30 28 56 58 34 42 51 51 48 51 54 54 54 50 46 47 48 49 62 56 51 50 61 60 42 44 48 46 41 37

6 7 7 9 11 14 15 15 12 13 29 28 26 35 48 39 30 30 49 46 41 41 59 54 48 47 46 43 48 48 59 58 54 55 56 47 34 32 47 44 38 34

5 7 7 8 12 10 19 17 22 25 24 20 33 35 45 44 58 59 42 56 43 41 52 37 46 43 34 36 43 34 47 48 48 46 44 42 44 42 41 39 33 30

6 5 7 7 11 11 13 19 12 20 14 16 23 16 29 38 48 34 28 48 39 29 41 33 50 34 35 37 55 30 39 37 59 50 39 58 37 37 50 45 27 26

5 5 6 7 7 7 7 16 11 11 19 15 29 24 16 28 28 38 28 42 34 46 44 17 46 36 41 28 35 36 30 39 53 42 34 52 54 33 28 37 24 22

DAYLIGHT AUTONOMY

DA@250: Average- 54.2% DA@200: Average- 71.7% DA@150: Average- 87.1%


600MM SKYLIGHT OPENING- Acute Angle Panel options

CASE 1A

• With translucent panels, daylight levels drop by more than 40% to around 150 lux as compared to the above case.

• Glare is also high due to the brightness of the translucent panels.

CASE 1B

350mm overhang

800mm overhang 600mm

overhang

Acoustic panels along this edge

60

0m

m2

25

0m

m

CASE 1A

PLT white DGU

• Clear DGU with 0.75 VLT is used • Position of Acoustic panel as per architect’s

drawing

• This configuration of acoustic panels doe snto provide sufficient shading from direct sun. It also results in high visual contrast in the line of sight (as seen as red patches) that results in glare.

• Daylight levels are adequate

350mm overhang


overhang


60

0m

m2

25

0m

m Translucent Panel

CASE 1B

• Translucent panel with 0.7 VLT is used • Position of Acoustic panel as per architect’s

drawing


600MM SKYLIGHT OPENING- Obtuse Angle Panel option

CASE 2

• This configuration of acoustic panels with clear DGU provides adequate daylight as well as good glare control.

Recommendation• Increase the spacing between the roof monitors by reducing the

number. 350mm overhang


overhang

60

0m

m2

25

0m

m


PLT white DGU

CASE 2

• Position of Acoustic panel as per report 9• Clear DGU with 0.75 VLT is used


Detailed Design StageMasterplan

Concept Design

Building level


Construction


Post Occupancy


CLIMATE DATA

SOLAR STUDIES




STUDIES

TOOLS USED

Rhinoceros+

Rhinoceros+

Rhinoceros+


Grasshopper+ladybug



OpenFoam


Ecotect, DAYSIM








TOOLS USED

TOOLS USED



Such as understanding the impact of U-Value on cooling loads as well as comfort in a fully shaded space…..

-5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

% R

ed

uct

ion

–A

nn

ual

Co

olin

g Lo

ad

U-Value, W/m2K

U-Value Sensitivity Graph - Fully Shaded Judge's Chambers

Fo- J.Chamber 13- I Fo- J.Chamber 16 - I Fo- J.Chamber 19 - I

Fo- J.Chamber 20 - I Fo- J.Chamber 23 - I Fo- J.Chamber 26 - I


Such as understanding the impact of U-Value on comfort in a fully shaded space…..

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

38

40

42

44

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Tem

pe

ratu

re C

Hours

Court Complex 13 -Resultant Temperatures -Day 158

External Temperatures Single Glazing Double Glazing

Planitherm Pristine White SKN 165 Dry Bulb Temperatures

SKN 165+U-0.4(walls and roof)

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

38

40

42

44

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Tem

pe

ratu

re C

Hours

Court Complex 13 -Radiant Temperatures -Day 158

External Temperatures Single Glazing Double Glazing

Planitherm Pristine White SKN 165 Dry Bulb Temperatures

SKN 165+U-0.4(walls and roof)


Irradiation studies-North Facing Balcony for all east and west facing Villa

Unshaded Area

Un-Shaded (% of Time Annually)

Shaded (% of Time Annually)

Hot to Very Hot

(>38°C)

17% 4%

Warm(34-

38°C) 6% 4%

Slight Warm

(30-34°C)

8% 7%

Cool to

Comfortable(<30°C

)

65% 85%

shaded Area

• Based on the irradiation studies it is recommended to shade the open terrace on the North since the irradiation is higher than 2064kwh/m2 throughout the year to allow the occupants to use the space.

Project: Organo AntaramArchitects: FHD Studios

West Facing-First Floor Bedroom Typical Summer Week Results

W-Bedroom FF-1

Case-1

Window A 2.4 X 2.4 m

Open from 7am to 10 Pm

Window-B0.6 X 1.5 mOpen all day

W-Bedroom FF-1

Window-A1.8 X 2.4 m




Case-2

W-Bedroom FF-1

Window-A1.8 X 2.4m



Case-3



-2000

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 24 48 72 96 120 144

Wat

ts

Tem

p °

C

Hours

Case-1Bed Room FF_1 Solar Gain (W) Bed Room FF_1 External Conduction Opaque (W) Bed Room FF_1 External Conduction Glazing (W)External Temperature (°C) Bed Room FF_1 Dry Bulb (°C) Bed Room FF_1 Radiant Temp (°C)Bed Room FF_1 Resultant Temp (°C)

-2000

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 24 48 72 96 120 144

Wat

ts

Tem

p °

C

Hours

Case-2

Bed Room FF_1 Solar Gain (W) Bed Room FF_1 External Conduction Opaque (W) Bed Room FF_1 External Conduction Glazing (W)

External Temperature (°C) Bed Room FF_1 Dry Bulb (°C) Bed Room FF_1 Radiant Temp (°C)

Bed Room FF_1 Resultant Temp (°C)

-2000

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 24 48 72 96 120 144

Wat

ts

Tem

p °

C

Hours

Case-3Bed Room FF_1 Solar Gain (W) Bed Room FF_1 External Conduction Opaque (W) Bed Room FF_1 External Conduction Glazing (W)

External Temperature (°C) Bed Room FF_1 Dry Bulb (°C) Bed Room FF_1 Radiant Temp (°C)

Bed Room FF_1 Resultant Temp (°C)

Project: Organo AntaramArchitects: FHD Studios

At 1.5mt from floor level

Option 1– Temperature in C

Due to low wind speed and weak eddies only 1c drop in temperature is observed.

The corridor though having less windspeed manages to have 2c temperature drop.

1c temperature drop is observed.

The inlet regions can feel too hot .

1c temperature drop is observed.

The corridor though having less windspeed manages to have 2c temperature drop.

Project: TCS PuneArchitects: Edifice Architects

It is also important to understand what simulations can’t help with in relation to Comfort

⁻ Privacy

⁻ Security

⁻ Dust

⁻ Noise pollution

⁻ Mosquitoes and flys

⁻ Spiders and spider webs

⁻ Pigeons

⁻ Rain (water tightness)

⁻ Accessibility of openings

Performance criteria is defined

Design generation

Simulation

Evaluation

Optimisation

Design process uses Simulation and optimization as techniques to

formulate a design problem and generate an optimum solution. This

iterative performance optimization requires a responsive approach to

design that anticipates design modification.

An Iterative Design ProcessEvery building is unique

‘Cookie Cutter’ solutions seldom work well

Comfort is

• Very subjective

• Unpredictable sometimes

However, if not considered, it has the potential to ruin any design

ANGAN 2019, New Delhi, 9 September 2019 · 2019-09-20 · ANGAN 2019, New Delhi, 9 September 2019...

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